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Measurement
Purpose
1. Learn and understand how to use chemical balance and how to transfer
liquids
2. Learn and understand experimental data processing and the meaning of
accuracy and precision
3. Analyze the solubility of compounds in any solvents.
Theory 1. Compound
Compounds are combination of two elements or more (different type) and
have different properties from their elements.
2. Mass, Weight, Volume, dan Density
Massa: It is the measure of an object's resistance to acceleration (a change
in its state of motion) when a net force is applied.
The weight of an object is usually taken to be the force on the object due to
gravity. (w=mg)
Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed
surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma)
or shape occupies or contains.
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance
is its mass per unit volume.
3. Apparatus for Volume Measurement
a. Mess Cylinder
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PERCOBAAN 1
Pengukuran
Tujuan Percobaan
1. Mempelajari dan memahami cara menggunakan neraca dan memindahkan
cairan
2. Mempelajari dan memahami cara memroses data percobaan hasil
pengukuran dan arti dari akurasi-presisi
3. Menganalisis kelarutan senyawa dalam beberapa pelarut.
b. Burette
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A pipette (sometimes spelled pipet) is a laboratory tool commonly
used Gelas ukur digunakan untuk mengukur volume cairan. Bentuk
silindernya sempit. Setiap garis yang ditandai dengan angka pada gelas
tersebut mewakili jumlah cairan yang terukur.
b. Buret
Buret merupakan alat yang digunakan dalam bidang kimia analitik untuk
mengeluarkan dan mengukur volume suatu zat kimia. Buret dilengkapi
dengan statif dan klem, dan keran yang mirip dengan syringe dengan
tingkat akurasi-presisi volumetri yang tinggi. Keran ini dapat didesain
untuk digunakan secara manual maupun digital.
d. Volumetric Flask
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4. Solubility of Compounds
Solubility is the property of substances called solute to dissolve in the solvent.
The solubility of a substance depends on the physical and chemical properties
of the solute and solvent as well as on temperature, pressure, and the pH of
the solution. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is
measured as the saturation concentration, where adding more solute does not
increase the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess
amount of solute.
Polarity
cairan dan melepas uap ini secara selektif untuk menarik dan
mengeluarkan cairan. Ketepatan pengukuran sangat bervariasi.
Labu volumetri (labu ukur atau labu takar) merupakan salah satu alat gelas
di laboratorium yang dikalibrasi agar mengandung volume yang tepat
pada suhu tertentu. Alat ini digunakan untuk pembuatan larutan standar
dan pengenceran.
5. Uncertainty of Measurements
Precision is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical
variability.
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Accuracy has two definitions: More commonly, it is a description of
systematic errors, a measure of statistical bias. Alternatively, ISO defines
accuracy as describing both types of observational error above (preferring the
term trueness for the common
definition of accuracy).
6. Significant Figures
The significant figures of a number are digits that carry meaning contributing
to its measurement resolution. a. Addition and Subtraction
The last significant decimal place in the calculated result should be the
same as the leftmost or largest decimal place of the last significant figure
out of all the measured quantities in the terms of the sum.
Example: 100.0 + 1.234 = 101.234 ... ≈ 101.2
b. Multiplication and Division
The calculated result should have as many significant figures as the
measured number with the least number of significant figures.
Examples: 1.234 × 2.0 = 2.468 ... ≈ 2.5
5. Ketidakpastian Pengukuran
Presisi dinyatakan sebagai suatu kesalahan yang acak dan dianggap sebagai
ukuran variabilitas statistik.
Akurasi memiliki dua definisi. Secara umum, akurasi dinyatakan sebagai suatu
deskripsi dari kesalahan yang sistematis dan disebut sebagai ukuran bias
statistik. Secara khusus, ISO mendefinisikan akurasi sebagai gambaran dua
jenis kesalahan pengamatan (lebih memilih istilah trueness untuk definisi
umum akurasi).
6. Angka Penting/Signifikan
Angka penting merupakan angka yang bermakna dan berkontribusi penting
dalam suatu pengukuran.
a. Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan
Penulisan angka terakhir hasil perhitungan ditentukan berdasarkan hasil
pembulatan. Berikut ini contoh penjumlahan dengan pembulatan ke
bawah.
Contoh: 100,0 + 1,234 = 101,234 ... ≈ 101,2
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b. Perkalian dan Pembagian
Hasil perhitungan harus memiliki angka signifikan sesuai hasil pembulatan.
Berikut contoh perkalian dengan pembulatan ke atas.
Contoh: 1,234 × 2,0 = 2,468 ... ≈ 2,5
Apparatus and Chemicals 1. Apparatus
a. Mass measurement: chemical balance, weighing paper.
b. Liquid transfer, solubility, dan determination of density: measuring pipette
10 mL, volumetric pipette 10 mL, drop pipette, graduated cylinder 10 mL,
beaker glass, burette 10 mL, stand, clamp, test tubes, test tubes rack,
spatula, stirring bar.
2. Chemicals
a. NaOH
b. Deionized water
c. Ethanol
d. Hexane
e. Methylene chloride
f. Diethyl ether
g. Chloroform
h. Acetone
i. Aluminium
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c. Pindahkan 10 mL akuades ke dalam gelas kimia dan catat massanya
d. Ulangi langkah a, b, dan c hingga 2 kali
e. Using the density of water, calculate the mean & standard deviation of the
volume transfered.
5. Solubility of Compounds
a. Add 1 mL of sample A to 3 test tubes using drop pipette
b. Add 3 solvents (deionized water, ethanol, dan hexane, 2 mL of each
solvent) to 3 test tubes above
c. Shake the test tubes for 5 minutes and observe the changes
d. Record the results of sample A, whether soluble or insoluble
e. Repeat the procedure a,b,c. and d for sample B.
Note: Sample A: Diethyl Ether, Sample B: Chloroform
5. Kelarutan Senyawa
a. Tambahkan 1 mL sampel A ke dalam tiga tabung reaksi menggunakan
pipet tetes
b. Tambahkan 3 jenis pelarut (akuades, etanol, dan heksana masingmasing
2 mL) ke dalam masing-masing tabung reaksi
c. Kocok tabung reaksi selama 5 menit dan amati perubahan yang terjadi
d. Catat hasil kelarutan sampel A, apakah larut atau tidak larut
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e. Ulangi prosedur a,b,c, dan d untuk sampel B.
Keterangan: Sampel A: Dietil Eter, Sampel B: Kloroform
b. Al: Timbang pelat aluminium dan catat perubahan volume saat pelat
aluminium dimasukkan ke dalam gelas ukur yang mengandung 3 mL
heksana
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deionized water 10 mL
weight (gram)
Volume of deionized water
(mL)
Density of deionized water
(gr/mL)
5. Solubility of Compounds
Solubility in Solvents:
Sample
Water Alcohol Hexane
Diethyl Ether
Chloroform
6. Determination of Density
a. Methylene Chloride (MC)
Measurements Result
Mess Cylinder Weight
(gram)
Mess Cylinder Weight +
MC 10 mL (gram)
MC 10 mL weight
(gram)
MC Density (gr/mL)
(Experimental Value)
MC Density (gr/mL)
(Theoretical Value)
b. Aluminium (Al)
Measurements Result
Al Weight (gram)
Increased Volume of
Hexane (mL)
Al Density (gr/mL)
(Experimental Value)
Al Density (gr/mL)
(Theoretical Value)
5. Kelarutan Senyawa
Kelarutan dalam Pelarut
Sampel
Air Alkohol Heksana
Dietil Eter
Kloroform
b. Aluminium (Al)
Pengukuran Hasil
Massa Aluminium
(gram)
Peningkatan Volume
Heksana (mL)
Massa Jenis Aluminium
(gr/mL) Hasil Praktek
Massa Jenis Aluminium
(gr/mL) Hasil Teoritis
Discussion
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2. Explain the solubility of chloroform and diethyl ether in various solvents and
polarity!
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EXPERIMENT 1
Preparing Solutions
Purpose
1. Learn and understand how to prepare and make solution from solid chemicals
2. Learn and understand how to prepare and make solution from concentrated
chemicals
Theory
Solution is homogeneous mixture between solvent and solute. Solutions can be
made from two kind of chemicals: a. Solid Chemicals
Compounds such as bases and salts are generally found in solids form. First,
determine the concentration of the solution that will be made, then the solids
weighed. After that, dissolve the solids in a beaker glass that contains
deionized water untill homogeneous. The solution can be transferred to the
erlenmeyer flask or the measuring flask and labeled the solution.
b. Concentrated Chemicals
Concentrated chemicals are highly concentrated liquids. Handling of
concentrated chemicals should be more careful, for example concentrated
hydrochloric acid with 37% content stored in dark glass bottles. Intake of this
concentrated chemicals should be done in a fume hood. The concentrated
liquid was dissolved in beaker glass that contains deionized water (diluted),
stirred to homogeneous, and labeled the solution.
Tujuan Percobaan
1. Mempelajari dan memahami cara membuat larutan dari bahan padat
2. Mempelajari dan memahami cara membuat larutan dari bahan pekat
Landasan Teori
Larutan merupakan campuran homogen antara pelarut (solvent) dan zat terlarut
(solute). Larutan dapat dibuat dari dua bahan yaitu: a. Bahan Padat
Senyawa seperti basa dan garam umumnya berwujud padat. Praktikan
menentukan terlebih dahulu konsentrasi larutan yang akan dibuat, lalu
padatan ditimbang. Setelah itu, larutkan zat padat dalam gelas kimia yang
berisi akuades hingga homogen. Larutan dapat dipindahkan ke labu
erlenmeyer atau labu ukur dan diberi label larutan.
b. Bahan Pekat
Bahan pekat merupakan cairan yang berkonsentrasi tinggi. Penanganan
terhadap bahan pekat harus lebih hati-hati, contohnya asam klorida pekat
dengan kadar 37% disimpan dalam botol kaca gelap. Pengambilan zat pekat
ini harus dilakukan dalam lemari asam. Cairan pekat diambil dilarutkan dalam
gelas kimia yang berisi akuades (diencerkan), diaduk hingga homogen, dan
diberi label larutan.
f. Stirring bar
g. Gloves
h. Googles Glass
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i. Mask
2. Chemicals
a. KOH
b. Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 98%
c. Weighing paper
f. Batang pengaduk
g. Sarung tangan
h. Kacamata pelindung
i. Masker
2. Bahan
a. KOH padat
Data
Mass of solid/
Volume of
No Chemical Formula Compund Concentration
concentrated
chemical
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Discussion
1. Explain how to handle and make solutions of harmful solids such as phenol!
2. Explain how to handle and make solutions of concentrated materials such as
ammonia!
Pertanyaan Pascapraktek
1. Jelaskan cara menangani dan membuat larutan dari bahan padat yang
berbahaya seperti fenol!
2. Jelaskan cara menangani dan membuat larutan dari bahan pekat seperti
amonia!
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