Environmental Ethics

Submitted by:

Submitted to:

Date:

July 7, 2019

Academic Year 2018 - 2019

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

Introduction 3

Statement of the Problem 5

Objectives 6

Review of Related Literature 7

1. Dramatic Growth in Law to protect the environment but failure to enforce 7
2. Paris Climate Talks 8
3. DENR to be more aggressive on implementing environmental laws 8
4. Problems in enforcing environmental law 9
5. Environmental Justice and Sustainability 9
6. What on Earth led to the failure of environmental ethics 10
7. Forty years of Environmental Ethics and the world is getting worse 10
8. Ecology and Environmental Ethics 11
9. Environmentally sustainable development in the Philippines 11
10. Goals of Environmental Education (EE) 12

Detailed Outline 14

Significant of the Problem 15

Conclusion 16

Bibliography 17

Introduction

The research’s aim and focuses are on ethical concepts of the environment. Ethics are
a broad way of thinking about what constitutes a good life and how to live one whether to live

2
morally or ethically. They address questions of right and wrong, making good decisions, and
the character or attributes to live a good life (Warner. K & DeCosse. D, 2009). The
environment includes the surroundings, conditions or influences that affect an organism or the
surroundings of the natural world (Davis, 1989). The environmental ethics is the ethical
relationship between human beings with the natural world such that environmental ethics is
the value and moral status of the whole environment including all living things, and states that
society needs to base their behavior and actions on a set of ethical values that approaches
towards other living things in nature.

Environmental ethics are a key feature of environmental studies, and with the context
of ecological problems and how they should be addressed but they have application in many
other fields as human society flaws with pollution, resource degradation, the threat of
extinction, and global climate disruption. It comprises an important area of ethics, which are
important for the guidance of socialites such as individuals, corporations and governments in
shaping the principles affecting their lifestyles, their actions and their policies across the entire
range of environmental issues. However, the human race is considered the primary concern of
the society, but environmental ethics considers that humans, animals, and plants have a right
to have a fair share of existence. With biodiversity, environmentalists take different views
about the grounds for preserving biological diversity (diversity, that is, of species, sub-species
and habitats), there is widespread agreement that such preservation is vital for humanity, quite
apart from the intrinsic value of the creatures preserved. Such preservation involves the
funding of species-rich but materially poor countries (biodiversity hot-spots) on the part of
richer ones, and the willingness of such species-rich countries to forego certain forms of
development in species-rich areas to make possible such preservation (Attfield, 2012).

On the contrary, with all the use of modern technology to improve the quality of life
of the citizens and developing various ways to reduce the use of fossil fuels. There is still the
ongoing problems of climate change and global warming. It has been widely studied and
recognized by many institutes and have all agreed that it is largely caused by human activity,
from the emission of carbon dioxide and other chemicals which greatly affect many habitats
and the gradual increase of water level in the ocean, where many low lying area are endangered
Davey, T. The UN recognizes the historical responsibility of the developed countries in
causing global warming even though current industrial activity in major developing countries
such as China. And If developed countries do not make significant and absolute reductions in
their emissions there will be a progressively smaller carbon space available to accommodate
the development needs of developing countries. There is a difference between the emissions
of developing countries which are “survival” emissions and those of developed countries
which are in the nature of “lifestyle” emissions (Shyam, 2015)

As of today, there are many environmental organizations and local governments that
are working side by side to prosper for the future and for the better of the future. That with the
use of modern technology, it is still in the process of finding the right solution to replace the
use of fossil use and to clear out as much pollution as possible in the ocean, land and air.
Nonetheless, many are still working to find other alternatives to improve the environment and
to implement better policies or laws that would deem applicable to many for a good cause for
the environment.

3
 This research paper will determine what is the use and cause of environmental ethics
and how society implements such ethics morally and ethically. Such that this research will
allow the researcher to find out the impact of the implementation of environmental ethics with
the current situation of this generation.

Statement of the Problem

1. What is valuable in such a way that the society are obligated to generate, maintain, and
facilitate the environmental ethics?

2. How effective are the laws being implemented towards the environment?

3. What can possibly be the future outcome for our ecosystem if the society use
environment Ethics?

4
Objectives

1. To determine out the obligation of society to help maintain the environment

2. To find out how effective the laws implementing to help the environment

3. To learn about the society’s opinion and beliefs towards the environmental ethics.

5
Review of Related Literature

Dramatic growth in laws to protect the environment, but widespread failure to enforce
The first-ever global assessment of environmental rule of law finds a weak
enforcement to be a global trend that is exacerbating environmental threats, despite prolific
growth in the number of environmental laws that were being implemented worldwide over the
last four decades. Despite a 38 increase in environmental laws place since 1972, failure to fully
implement and enforce these laws is one of the greatest challenges to mitigating climate
change, reducing pollution and preventing widespread species and habitat loss (UN
Environment, 2019) The report released by the climate experts, political and economic leaders
are seeking in addressing the findings in October which were released by the United Nations’
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which urged rapid action to transform the global
economy at a speed and scale that has “no documented historic precedent.” The report which
solves the mystery of problems such as pollution, declining biodiversity and climate change
persist despite the implementation of the environmental laws in recent decades in many
countries, ”David Boyd, a UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment said,
unless the environmental rule of law is strengthened and implemented and strictly by the

6
government in the respective countries, even seemingly rigorous rules are destined to fail and
the fundamental human right to a healthy environment will go unfulfilled."

While international aid did help countries to enter into over 1,100 environmental
agreements since 1972 and develop countless environmental framework laws, aid, nor
domestic budgeting, has led to the establishment of strong environmental agencies capable of
effectively enforcing laws and regulations to the general public. The report authors had
identified multiple factors contributing to poor enforcement of environmental rule of law,
including poor coordination across government agencies, weak institutional capacity, lack of
access to information, corruption and stifled civic engagement. The report details the many
developments in environmental law since 1972, including the adoption of a constitutional right
to a healthy environment by 88 countries, with another 65 countries having enshrined
environmental protection in their constitutions. In addition, over 350 environmental courts and
tribunals have been established in over 50 countries, and more than 60 countries have at least
some legal provisions for citizens’ right to environmental information.

The international community can do more,” Carl Bruch, Director of International

Programs at the Environmental Law Institute said. “Too often donor support focuses on very
specific areas of the environment, resulting in robust environmental programs in some areas,
and no funding or attention to other areas. This patchwork approach can undermine
environmental rule of law by not providing consistency in implementation and enforcement
and by sending confusing messages to the regulated community and the public. As a result,
many of these laws have yet to take root across society, and in most instances, the culture of
environmental compliance is weak or non-existent.”

Paris Climate Talks: Developed Countries must do more than reduce emissions
Under the United Nations there have been many talks and negotiations that have been
taking place with regards to the issues of global warming and greenhouse gases. Countries,
especially the developed countries are required to present their climate pledges which is known
as the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), which is voluntary and still up
in an international review but with no compliance strict procedure. It is a review system which
will be the template for the action of climate change. What many people fail to realize is that
global warming is the consequence of the stock of greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon
dioxide, which has accumulated in the Earth’s atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel based
industrial activity in the industrialized countries of the world.

Many developed countries are far from accepting their responsibilities and are blaming
to shift the burden to the developing countries. And they have been doing such and focusing
their attention to another rather than trying to improve the emissions in the atmosphere that
they caused. Nonetheless, a sustainable and effective climate change regime cannot be built
on the basis of such inequity. Climate negotiations have become less about meeting an
elemental challenge to human survival and more about safeguarding narrowly conceived
economic self-interest of nations. There are negotiations that have been conducted in a
competitive frame, in which each party are to give and provide contributions as much as
possible. However, there are and will be inevitable result which is what expected at Paris at
conference on global and environmental issues.

7
 So imagine if every country have the right and similar intention and will be able to
contribute since every country is faced with their own problems but having each country to
contribute would at least benefit many especially for the use of the future and having to be
able to live in a cleaner environment.

DENR to be more aggressive on implementing environmental laws

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has committed to be
more aggressive with the enforcement of environmental laws to sustain the momentum after
the Boracay Island rehabilitation. According to the Environmentalist Secretary Roy Cimatu,
he stated that “I hope to send a strong message to environmental offenders and to the public
of our seriousness in implementing and enforcing environmental laws, rules and regulations.”
Since the six-month rehabilitation of the famous tourist destinations in the country serves as
the centerpiece of 2018 accomplishments and it aims to achieve more this year.“In Boracay,
our mettle was put to the test. We not only passed that test, but also carried over the momentum
to other prime ecotourism destinations like El Nido and Coron in Palawan, Panglao Island in
Bohol, and Puerto Galera in Oriental Mindoro. Secretary Roy Cimatu said that Boracay’s
success had spawned demands for replication, prompting the DENR to have the rehabilitation
of Manila Bay as its “next big target.”

The Manila Bay rehabilitation calls for a change in approach considering that its water
quality has not improved despite a Supreme Court mandamus for its cleanup issued a decade
ago. “We are putting up a Manila Bay command center, we will get the local government units
more involved, and we will be more aggressive in enforcing environmental laws, particularly
against the discharge of untreated wastewater into the bay,” Cimatu said. Apart from the
Boracay rehabilitation, the DENR, through the National Water Resources Board (NWRB),
was also successful in enforcing the Clean Water Act in other parts of the country last year
(Simeon, 2019)

Problems in enforcing environmental law and ensuring environmental rights for legal
aid beneficiaries
The poor and marginalized groups are provided with legal aid services to protect their
rights and interests, and to improve their legal knowledge. Thus, legal aid plays an important
role in raising people’s awareness on environment, and poverty eradication. Environment is
linked with poverty, and poverty can induce vulnerable communities especially to those who
are heavily dependant on local natural resources. Poverty will lead to the lack of investment
on environment. In addition, the growth at no cost strategy and population boom in Vietnam
will supplement to this, causing the serious environmental problems.

However, statistics on legal aid cases reveal that the number of environment-related
matters is quite small, and none of them are successful. Although a large amount of water, air
and noise pollution happens every day and is affecting the lives of large numbers of people,
and leading to many diseases and those people are often not sufficiently aware of their
environmental rights or their right to legal aid to protect these rights. Even when they are aware
of their rights, there is no mechanism to support the complaints process such as assisting with
inspection, testing or collecting evidence.

8
 Realizing the importance of a clean environment for the life of present and future
generations, our legal aid center has conducted many communication activities including
circulating leaflets, organizing law briefing meetings, club’s meetings, providing explanation
of laws, and supporting the preparation of dossiers and other required procedures for filing
complaints. Only when local people have the chance to detect violations, make requests for
handling them, ask for compensation and when authorities settle these problems in a strict and
uncompromised manner, will environmental infringement be addressed, and pollution be
mitigated.

Environmental Justice and Sustainability

Environmental justice is an important aspect and is a key concern of environmental
ethics. It is defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless
of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and
enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies by the US Environmental
Protection Agency. There are research that has shown that with low-income and high-minority
communities where they are disproportionately and have been exposed to environmental
hazards, particularly chemical exposure and air and water pollution, stemming from living
and/or working near transportation depots, industrial facilities, and waste processing facilities.

Environmental ethicists have raised many global concerns about the environment and
justice. One such concern arises when the creation of parks and reserves restricts indigenous
communities from accessing historical lands and resources. In cases like these, environmental
ethicists have worked to define the operative principles of justice to evaluate the acceptability
of current policies and practices. Moreover, environmental hazards are not geographically or
temporally contained. The issue is often referred to as climate justice. Central to climate justice
is determining the moral status and significance of future generations and distant
contemporaries, as well as working out what practices would be just with respect to them.
These are conceptually and ethically interesting and difficult issues that have been extensively
discussed by ethicists.

What on Earth led to the failure of environmental ethics?

According to the survey conducted the current wreckage of federal environmental
policies, across the board with clean air and water regulation is being aggressively rolled back,
commitments to public lands undercut, credible science linking environmental responsibility
to human and planetary health rejected out of hand. There is still the lack of an environmental
ethic, a value system strong enough to make the madness unthinkable.

According to William Rees, a scientist and the co-inventor of the ecological footprint,
that with such ecological footprint analysis and shows that we would be needing several other
planets like the Earths if everyone consumed like the Americans. In contrast,
environmentalism is at its core is about heeding limits; and while limits on growth,
consumption, stuffing the atmosphere with carbon dioxide and saturating the ocean with
chemicals. Environmentalists have gotten used to mainly playing defense, said Gerald
Winegrad, former Maryland state senator and one of the environmental stalwarts of my
generation. And that needs to change; we, the citizens need to think Civil Rights movement,
marches, sit-ins, civil disobedience. The great rise of environmentalism in the decade around
the first Earth Day coincided with a major swing toward strong government. Environmental
awareness has never been higher, Lewis noted. That’s not the same as an ethic, but still,

9
“there’s a lot of dry wood sitting around in the environmental forest for something to spark it,”
he said. Our democracy itself emerged hand in hand with the exploitation of natural resources
and other peoples.

We've had forty years of environmental ethics - and the world is getting worse
For many of the environment movement, it has long been clear that the ruthlessly
instrumentalist has shaped Western civilization and now directs the entire project of modernity
around the globe is morally bankrupt, and that a more expansive, bio-inclusive and Earth-
friendly moral orientation is urgently needed. Environmental philosophers have rigorously laid
out various versions of biocentrism or bio-inclusiveness in ethics, and the case for these
positions has been detailed in a variety of ways from arguments concerning the intrinsic value
of non-human life to defences of living things as ends in themselves, to critiques of the
human/nature, mind/matter, culture/nature dualisms that have framed most thinking in the
Western tradition. Meanwhile, the categories and arguments that had been developed in
environmental philosophy were taken up across a range of academic disciplines. In the
humanities, discourses such as ecocriticism, eco-cultural studies, animal studies, multispecies
studies, biosemiotics, cultural geography and the new materialisms emerged, reconfiguring
their disciplines-of-origin through the lenses of the new eco-ethical categories.

Ecology and Environmental Ethics

Environmental ethicists often make erroneous appeals to ecological science, however,
when they attempt to justify their specific ethics and policy conclusions. However, the biggest
problem with environmental ethicists mentioned that all of whom appeal to some sort of
ecological homeostasis or balance of nature is that there is no clear, confirmed sense in which
natural ecosystems proceed toward homeostasis, stability, or balance. As a result, ecologists
have rejected the diversity-stability view held by MacArthur, Hutchinson, and others. Indeed,
there are dozens of empirically-based counterexamples to various ecological-stability claims,
that have challenged them on both mathematical and field-based grounds. Given that natural
ecosystems do not proceed toward homeostasis, stability, or balance, the only uncontroversial
basis for condemning actions. And there are no clear, confirmed universal theories of
ecological “balance” that can be used to condemn environmental “damages.” Thus, one can
support an environmental ethics, but not on the basis of some predictive, general, ecological
theory of some “hard ecology.” The situation in ecology is thus a bit like that in medical
science, in which one also might try to define criteria for what is “balanced” or “healthy.”
Ecology is unlike medical science, however, because medicine’s goal is always the welfare of
the individual patient, whereas the goal of ecology is the welfare of some whole or system and
cannot precisely define the whole that is being “balanced.”

Moreover, since ecology is much more empirically underdetermined than many other
sciences, and which still it cannot provide clear, precise directives for environmental ethics.
Such choices are evaluative as they are never wholly determined by the data. In the nature-
reserve case, as already mentioned, ecologists must decide whether ethical and conservation
priorities require protecting an individual species, an ecosystem, or biodiversity, when not all
can be protected at once. Different design choices are usually required to protect a particular
species of interest, as opposed to preserving a specific ecosystem or biotic diversity. Also,
ecologists often have the dilemma of choosing between maximizing present and future
biodiversity. Currently, they are able to determine which types of reserves, for example,
contain the most species at present, not which ones will contain the most over the long term.

10
Environmentally sustainable development in the Philippines
Human beings are still learning how to design a complex, modern, high-productivity
industrial economy that more closely which follows the planetary requirement of ecological
cycles and sustainability. As organic wastes from crops, farmrs and cities can be composted
and returned to the soil. Metals, paper, glass, plastics and exotic chemicals can still re-fabricate
and reused, and often is a great economic and environmental benefit. Populations of living
organisms tend to grow exponentially, when they are able to grow. The limit to the rate of
production of any renewable resource base puts an upper boundary, called the carrying
capacity, on the number of organisms that can be sustained on that resource base. Carrying
capacities can still be enhanced or either be degraded by human activity. Efficient use of
resources increases the number of organisms, and people, that can be carried on a resource
base. Restoration of a degraded carrying capacity is far more difficult than preservation;
prevention of big or small damages is still cheaper than the cure. The earth’s resources may be
considered sufficient for all living creatures’ needs, only if those resources are widely managed
and distributed. Both poverty and affluence can merely cause environmental problems.
Economic development and care for the environment are compatible, interdependent and
necessary. High productivity with modern technology and economic development can co-exist
with a healthy environment. The key to the development is the participation, organization,
education and empowerment of people. Socially sustainable development is not production-
centred but should it be people- centred.

Sustainable development must be appropriate not only to the environment and

resources but also to the culture, history and social systems of the place where it is to occur.
Development must be equitable and fair. As development certainly involves the continuous
balancing of opposites and breaking down of barriers and separations between freedom and
order, groups and individuals, work and leisure, settlements and nature. Environmental ethics
education can foster a way of creating an awareness of sustainable development issues and
enhancing knowledge and skills to work individually and collectively for the solution or
prevention of environmental problems. It also involves the development of cognitive, affective
and skill-behavior processes, especially for the development of attitudes and values that
motivate people to become involved in environmental problem solving (Hart. 1981). Under
the Philippines National Environmental Education Action Plan (NEEAP), the environmental
education is considered as a process which promotes learning that leads to action (Guzman
and Guzman, 2000).

Goals of Environmental Education (EE)

Ensuring greater knowledge of nature is a basic common goal by environmental
educators around the world in many subjects and context. Ecological ethics education can be
made even more effective with understanding of actions played out at the ecosystem level and
group level (Pollard, 2016). Environmental citizenship is one of the important aspects of
mature citizens, and EE also includes a focus on changing the behaviour of learners. In some
countries there are goals of environmental education enshrined in law. For example, in the
Philippinee Republic Act 9512, the Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008,
stated that state shall promote national awareness on the role of natural resources on economic
growth and the importance of environmental conservation and ecological balance towards
sustained national development. Under this law, it mentions the scope of the environment
education, invariably in this manner inclusion of environmental education in school

11
curriculum to reflect all levels, whether they be in private schools, the barangay day care, pre-
school, non formal, technical, vocational, professional level, indigenous learning and even the
out of-school youth courses and programs. It talks about a whole range of environmental
concepts and principles, environmental laws, the state of international and local
environment, what are local best environmental practices, the threats of environmental
degradation and its impact to the human beings, the responsibility of the citizenry to the
environment, values of conservation, protection and allocation of natural resources in
environment and economy in the context of sustainable development.

The Republic Act 9512 also mentions that environmental education needs to be part of
the National Service Training Program (NSTP) where the education department in the higher
education level and the technical education level must include environmental education and
awareness programs under the Republic Act No. 9163, or the NSTP Law, the National Service
Training Law which is in our collegiate level. And this serves as part of the civic competency
service component required for all collegiate students and education courses with a curriculum
of at least two years. It likewise declares November under the law as being National
Environment Awareness Month. Most high school whether its private or public, their
curricular needs to include topics, within Science and Geography, addressing environmental
issues. For this reason and the fact that many issues are raised in the media, the majority of
students could readily list many environmental concerns such as deforestation, climate change,
human population growth, and energy use.

12
Detailed Outline
This paper will consist of six parts. The first part will be about a brief introduction of
the topic and a brief understanding of the term environment and ethics. Such that it includes
some details about the implementation and how the government of the developing and the
developed countries opt to action on such causes. Also, with the use of modern technology,
there are many benefits of it as well as drawback in this generation.

The statement of the problem is the second part of this paper and it focuses on the main
purpose of this research paper, as there are three statement of the problem that is given by the
researchers to comprehend the study of the topic of environmental ethics. Despite many
options and many possible questions, the researcher would like to answer the following
questions: the variability in such a way that the society are obligated to generate, maintain, and
facilitate the environmental ethics, and the effectiveness of the laws being implemented
towards the environment, and the possible future outcome for our ecosystem if the society use
environment ethics.

The third part of this paper is the objectives that will support the questions in the
statement of the problem. The first objective is to determine out the obligation of society to
help maintain the environment. The second objective is to find out how effective the laws
implementing to help the environment. And the third objective is to learn about the society’s
opinion and beliefs towards the environmental ethics.

The body of this paper includes ten different review and related literature about
environmental ethics. Which particularly focuses on the implementation of the different laws
and policies of the environmental laws. And many conferences between other government and
local environmental organizations which they discuss further about the future cause of the
environment. Therefore, the researchers opt to justify the statement of the problem as well as
the objectives of the research.

The fourth part of this research will be the significance of the study, this part will show
the importance of having knowing such knowledge about environmental ethics. Since the
significance of the study are likely to have the resources and up most knowledge with regard
to the environment of the country. This paper will be significant for them as they can benefit
from this and they would get answers from the issues and problems of environmental ethics.

The Final part of this paper is the conclusion, where the researcher main intention is to
leave the readers or other researchers to have a clear and better understanding of the

13
environmental ethics, as of answering the statement of the problem. In this part, the researcher
summarized all the fundamental information about the environmental ethics.

Significance of the Study

This study of environmental ethics will ought to benefit the following:

Business Professionals.
This study will help the business professionals to understand the importance of
environmental ethics. As the business industry, they provide and produces items that the
consumer will be needing or wanting, thus with the environmental ethics businesses will have
to really abide with the corporate social responsibility not just towards the consumer but to the
environment as well for the sake of the future.

Educators.
This study will benefit educators since they have the voice towards the learners and
students, where they are able to share and to inform the students about the importance of
environmental ethics, especially the children today will have to face the future and the
environment.

Filipino Citizens.
This study will help the fellow filipino citizens as to understanding the changes that
the world is facing and the importance of everyone's contribution to environmental ethics.
Since the people are the ones living in such an environment that they made it to become as
today.

Students.
This study will help the students to gain and have knowledge to the cause of changes
in the society, especially the importance of the environment. As the changing world will affect
the students in different aspects and the students will be very much affected for the near future,
especially with the negative changes in the environment (i.e. Global warming). Hence, with
the study of environmental ethics, students would be able to take action on current
environmental issues of the country.

The Government of the Philippines.

The study of environmental ethics will benefit the government of the Philippines to
understand the need and changes of the environment. Especially with the fact that the
government having the upper hand and sources about the environmental situation of the
country. With the environmental ethics, the government would be able to implement better
law and articles regarding the need and care for the environment.

14
Conclusion

The importance of understanding of laws in general and environmental laws in

particular by the public is limited. This is partly because environmental laws are written using
complicated language that is very difficult for the public to understand. Meanwhile, local
people are both polluters and victims of pollution. They are not fully aware of the
consequences of their actions. And many communities, organizations, and companies still
operate for short-term gains, without consideration of long-term targets or impacts on the
environment, society or future generations. In terms of public administration, even though the
government claims that environmental protection is an important concern, when conflicts
between economic and environmental benefits arise, economic growth is still prioritized.

Then the awareness and capacity of authorities to handle violations of the law is weak
with cumbersome procedures to enforce the law. Detection of violations does not always lead
to action. When penalties are issued, fines are often low and there is no requirement for the
defendant to take steps to restore the breach. Although companies may pay the fine it may be
cheaper than investing in modern sewage discharge technology to prevent further breaches.
The lack of follow-up means that one violation may be repeated many times. Fifth, there are
various factors that deny local people access to justice in order to protect their rights. Primarily,
local people lack the resources to bring proceedings.

In addition, local unemployment sometimes means that polluting companies are not
requested to close. Similarly, provinces eager to increase employment and income may not
always conduct environmental impact assessments (EIA) before issuing operating licenses.
Future generations also do not directly enjoy the benefits of the current consumption that
causes climate change, but they will inherit a host of environmental challenges as a result of
it. Also, with the Republic Acts of the Philippines, it will be very much beneficial to the
incoming generations in the Philippines such that having subjects like the NSTP to be
mandatory to be taken will help the students to understand the environmental ethics and
morality towards the needs of the environment.

15
Bibliography

Attfield R (2012). Research Gate - Environmental Ethics: An Overview Retrived 2019, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271194987_'Environmental_Ethics_An_Ov
erview'

Davey T (2016). Future of Life Institute - Developing Countries Can’t Afford Climate
Change
Retrieved 2019, from https://futureoflife.org/2016/08/05/developing-countries-cant-
afford-climate-change/?cn-reloaded=1

Horton T (2018). Bay Journal - What on Earth led to the failure of environmental ethics?
Retrived 2019, from
https://www.bayjournal.com/article/what_on_earth_led_to_the_failure_of_environme
ntal_ethics

Manzanero L (2019). Environmental Ethics Education. Retrived 2019, from

https://eubios.info/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Environment_Ethics_Educationsma
ll.7201622.pdf

Manzanero L (2015). Environmental Education, Environmental Ethics, and Environmental

Perceptions of Food Establishment Employees in a Philippine University Retrived
2019, from file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Manzanero_EnvEducandethics.pdf

Mathews F (2018). We've had forty years of environmental ethics - and the world is getting
worse Retrived 2019, from https://www.abc.net.au/religion/weve-had-forty-years-of-
environmental-ethics---and-the-world-is-/10214334

Open Mind. Values and Ethics for the 21st Century - Ecology and Environmental Ethics.
Retrieved 2019, from https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/ecology-and-
environmental-ethics/

Shyam S (2018). The Guardian. Paris Climate Talks DevelopedCountries Must do more than
Reduce Emissions.Retrived 2019, from
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/23/paris-climate-talks-
developed-countries-must-do-more-than-reduce-emissions

Simeon L.M (2019). The Philippine Star - DENR be more aggressuve implementing
environmental laws. Retrived 2019, from
https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/01/07/1882807/denr-be-more-aggressive-
implementing-environmental-laws#4jmmPqrMXBOewQrT.99

SOAS University of London. Ethics for Environment and Development - Unit 1 Introduction
to
Ethics. Retrived 2019, from

16
 https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P563_EED_K3736-
Demo/unit1/page_12.htm

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (2012). Problems Enforcing

Environmental
Rights Legal Aid. Retrieved 2019, from https://www.iucn.org/content/problems-
enforcing-environmental-law-and-ensuring-environmental-rights-legal-aid

UN Environment (2019). Environmental Rights and Governance - Dramatic Growth Laws

Protect Environment Widespread Failure Enforce. Retrieved 2019, from
https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/dramatic-growth-
laws-protect-environment-widespread-failure-enforce

Warner K.D & DeCosse D (2009). Southern Cross University - A Short Course in
Environmental
Ethics. Retrieved 2019, from
https://www.scu.edu/environmental-ethics/short-course-in-environmental-ethics/

17