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SIGMUND FREUD CARL JUNG ERIK ERIKSON

BIOGRAPHY - A Jew from Moravia (now part of
Czech Republic)
- Lived 78 years in Vienna, Austria
- Studied self using self analysis
- Close to mother and hostile to father
- Died from cancer of the jaw and
mouth (addiction to cigars)
- Daughter Anna is a child
psychotherapist in London
- Father of psychoanalysis
- Swiss
- Extremely well read in anthropology,
the occult, mythology, archeology
- Rejected Freud’s sexual theory
- Does not believe that sex instincts is
the only determinant of behavior
- Born in Germany to Danish
parents
- Child with identity dilemma
- Used Homburger as his last
name instead of Erikson in his
early career
- Neo-Freudian
- Member of Vienna
Psychoanalytic Society
- Worked on longitudinal child
development program

VIEW OF MAN - Humans are driven by sexual and
aggressive instincts or drives
- Humans are in pursuit of pleasure
and satisfaction of bodily needs
- Humans are dominated by the
unconscious forces
- Early childhood experiences greatly
affect our personality
- Teleological: striving towards the
fulfillment of a certain goal or
purpose.
- Human is motivated by past
experience and future goals
- Primary mode of interaction among
the various elements of personality is
a tendency to achieve balance
- Libido: life force or psychic energy
which helps in achieving sense of
balance
- Personality extends until old
age
- Positive ego produces sense of
self
- Each person has “task of like to
master”
- Development is psychosocial
rather than sexual

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Level of awareness
1. Conscious
- Characterized by sensory
awareness
- Perceive through our sense organs
2. Preconscious Mind
- Below the level of consciousness
- Can be brought to consciousness
when needed
- Secondary censorship that keeps
threatening information out of
consciousness
3. Unconscious MInd
- Holds all unacceptable memories,
urges, desires and impulses
- These urges and drives threaten the
person’s sense of self if they are
expressed directly at the conscious
level
- Primary censorship keeps
threatening information from the
preconscious and conscious mind
- Most influential region of the mind
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Components of the Psyche Basic Assumptions
1. Ego 1. Ego psychology views the ego
- Center of conscious awareness as the central feature of
- Functions to make the individual to personality
be aware of internal processes like - Autonomous and giving
thinking, feeling, perceiving, sensing sense of meaning to
and remembering. personal experience
2. Personal Unconscious 2. Psychosocial Development
- Below conscious awareness and - Ego develops as it
unique to each individual, including successfully resolves
personal thoughts, memories that are crises that are social in
forgotten or repressed due to nature
emotional threatening. - Ego development has
- Contains Complex which is a lifespan perspective
collection or patterns of thoughts,
feelings, attitudes and memories that
center around a particular concept or
theme. (Prima Donna, Messianic,
Cinderella, Inferiority, Superiority)
3. Collective Unconscious
- Transpersonal in nature: universal
and common to all people and formed
since the beginning
- Collection of general wisdom that is
passed from one generation
- Storehouse of ancestral experience
which are the same for everyone
- Responsible for myths, legends and
religious belief
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Personality Structure
1. Id
- Located in the unconscious
- Present at birth which includes sex
and hunger drives
- Subjective and directed toward itself
- Operates with the Pleasure Principle
- seeks immediate gratification of
impulses and drives like
unacceptable urges, desires,
memories and impulses found in the
unconscious
- Satisfies needs through Primary
Process, set of behavior to
immediately reduce tension
- Reservoir for Instincts, inborn forces
physical (Bodily needs) and
psychological (Wishes)
- Types of Instincts or drives
A. Eros or Life/Sexual instincts
- Referred as Libido the energy
of life
- The physical desire, erotic
tendencies, sexual desires
and the motive of sexual life
- Energy for preserving life and
others
B. Thanatos
- Death instincts
- Promotes aggressiveness
- May explain wars, atrocities
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Archetypes
- Contents of the collective
unconscious
- Repeated in the lives from one
generation to another and becomes
imprinted in our psyche
- Inherited predispositions which
contains universal thoughts, symbols
and images which lead people to
respond in a certain way
- Main types of archetypes in
establishing balanced personality
1. Persona
- Masks or identity we assume
due to socially prescribed
roles
- Public self
- Necessary to get along well
with people but can be
harmful as it is not our true
nature
2. Aminus & Amina
- Masculine side of Females
- Feminine side of males
- Both should be expressed to
help in adjusting and
understanding the opposite
sex
3. Shadow
- Dark or more primitive side of
Psychosocial Stages
1. Epigenetic Principle
- Stages of development
occur in a specific
sequence and build upon
each other
- Sequence based on the
expectations of the
individual or by society at
certain period of life
2. Resolution of Psychosocial
Crises
- Striking a balance
between the need of the
individual and
expectations of society
- Can be reversible
3. Acquisition of Basic Virtues
- Basic virtues are
characteristic strengths
that the ego can use in
resolving subsequent
crises
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and religious persecutions personality

2. Ego - Contains animal instincts
- Operates with Reality Principles - Immoral and evil behavior
-Delaying gratification - Ego restricts expression of
- Objective and directed outside self these instincts
- In contact with the outside world
- Satisfies the desires of the id with 4. Self
reality and the demands of superego - Unifying core of the psyche or
- Considers only realistic total personality
- Higher level functioning Secondary - Seeks harmony and unity
Process between masculine and
- Thinking, evaluating, planning, feminine, the private and
making decision public, and conscious and
- Ego bridges to the reality unconscious aspects
- The superior strength of (horse) Id - Integration gives rise to
must be held in the check by its self-actualization
(rider) ego. - Symbolized by Mandala which
- Executive of the personality since it represents the striving of
acts as a mediator between the id balance and wholeness
and superego - Mandala is the perfect self,
- Experiences Anxiety the archetype of order and
- Defense mechanism are used to totality
minimize anxiety - Like God like figures

3. Superego
- Center of moral standards
- Operates with Morality Principle
- Suppresses expression of sexual,
aggressive and antisocial instincts
- Types of superego
A. Conscience
- Internal agent that punishes
when wronged

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- Experience guilt
- Always do it perfect
B. Ego Ideal
- Rewards all behavior that is
good
- Feeling of pride and self
respect
- Positive standards in the form
of internal representation of
idealized parental figures
- You are a good child,
make your parents
proud.

Personality - Five sequential stages of personality - Childhood: ego development begins

Development development
- Sensitive areas of the body from
which instinctual satisfactions can be
obtained
- Mouth, anus, penis and vagina
- Libido is used interchangeably for
sexual craving thus the term
“psychosexual stages”
- Basic personality established at age
5 balanced aspects of personality
- Determinism allows little room for
free will, and conscious purpose
Personality is a product of past
experiences
- Fixations: blockage in personality
development
when the child distinguishes between
self and others
- Puberty to adulthood: to adapt to the
demands of reality, school, career
and family
- Middle age: to balance the
unconscious with the conscious
1. Individuation - systematic
development of separate but
2. Transcendent Function - the self
blends all aspects of the personality
in unified system with a meaningful
purpose
3. Self- Realization - tendency to the
self to continue the development and
unification of the personality

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Theories Psychosexual Stages Jung’s Personality Types Psychosocial Stages

Stage 1: Oral Stage Dynamics of Personality Trust vs Mistrust

Pleasure: Mouth
Gratification: Needs of the mouth,
lips, tongue (eating, biting, etc)
Conflict: Weaning
Fixation: -
a. Oral Receptive Personality
- Immature, dependent, gullible
- Compulsive eating, drinking
b. Oral Aggressive Personality
- Verbally abusive and
demanding
- Sarcastic and argumentative
Stage 2: Anal Stage
Pleasure: Anus
Gratification: Discharging and
retaining bowel movement
Conflict: Power and Control
Fixations:
a. Anal Retentive Personality
- Orderliness, saves
- Preoccupied with rules
b. Anal Expulsive
- Hostile and defiant
- Shows temper tantrums
- Sloppy lifestyle
- Libido: life force or psychic energy in
achieving balance
1. Principles of Opposite
- Every wish immediately
suggest its opposite (good
and bad)
2. Principle of Equivalence
- Continuing redistribution of
energy or shifting or energy
from one aspect of personality
to another
3. Principle of Entropy
- Compensatory flow of psychic
energy from a high
concentration area to a low
concentration area to attain
balance
A. Personality attitudes
- Extraversion: outwards
orientation to the external
environment
- Introversion: inward
orientation towards the
subjective world of the
individual
Infancy (1st year)
Social setting: Family
Failure: mistrust
Virtue: Hope
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
Infancy (2nd year)
Social setting: Family
Failure: loss of self-esteem,
shame and doubt
Virtue: will power
Initiative vs Guilt
Early childhood (3-5)
Social setting: Family
Failure: sense of guilt
Virtue: Purpose
Industry vs Inferiority
Middle/Late Childhood (6-12)
Social setting: neighbourhood
and school
Failure: inferiority
Virtue: Competence
Identity vs Role Confusion
Adolescence (12-20)
Social setting: Peer group
Failure: weak sense of self
Virtue: Fidelity

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Stage 3: Phallic Stage B. Four functions Intimacy vs Isolation

Pleasure: Genitals - Sensation: related to the world Early adulthood (20-40)
Gratification: Penis and Clitoris through the senses Social setting: partners and
Conflict: Oedipus complex and - Intuition: goes beyond friendship
electra complex conscious functions (gut Failure: loneliness and isolation
Fixations: Castration anxiety, feeling) Virtue: Love
Homosexuality - Feeling: reacts to the world in
the basis of affective quality of Generativity vs Stagnation
one’s experience Adulthood (40-60)
Stage 4: Latency Stage - Thinking: relates to the world Social setting: Parenthood and
Pleasure: None through the ideas and intellect work
Gratification: shift of energy towards Failure: shallow involvement in
school the world
Conflict: Social conflict with others Virtue: Care

Stage 5: Genital Stage Ego Integrity vs Despair Old Age

Gratification: Genitals Old age (60 above)
Conflict: relationship Social setting: retirement and
Conflict: establishing intimate death
relationship Failure: bitterness and regret
Virtue: Wisdom

Contributions 1. Psychoanalysis 1. Jung’s Personality types 1. Coined the term “identity

- A system of psychotherapy crisis”
which aims to bring crucial 2. MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) 2. Psychohistory
unconscious material into and Humanmetrics
consciousness where it can - Analytic psychotherapy
be examined rationally
- Transference: emotions
associated with people from
the past are displaced onto
the therapist

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- Countertransference: therapist
displace their own feelings
towards other individual onto
the client
2. Interpretations of dreams
- Royal road to the unconscious
- A type of wish fulfillment

3. Free association
- Technique to know the
unconscious that allows free
expression of anything
- The first word that comes to
mind when a word is said

4. Freudian Slips
- Slips of tongue, misreading
- Sex/ Six

Strengths 1. Recognizes the complexity of 1. Stress the importance of 1. Lifespan perspective of

human behavior meaning of life, and first to ego development
2. Provides for the discovery and emphasize the process of self
investigation of many actualization
interesting phenomena

Weakness 1. Overemphasizing sex energy 1. Put emphasis on mysticism, 1. Some concepts like
or libido spiritualism, occultism and fidelity is not clear
2. Too much focus on past religion 2. Gave greater role to the
experience ego component
3. Negative perception of women
4. Too much focus on the
unconscious mind

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