Report

On
Industrial Training
At
Sadbhav Engineering Limited
Submitted in
Partial fulfilment of the requirement
For the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil engineering
By
YASH H.VAJA
ID No: 14CL113

Under the provision of

Astt. Prof. Kanchal Dave

July 2017
MANUBHAI SHIVABHAI PATEL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF TECHNOLGY AND ENGINEERING
CHAROTAR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CHANGA-388421, GUJRAT, INDIA.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I have been supervising the Industrial Training (CL413) of Yash Vaja
(14CL113) for the partial fulfillment of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.

This Project report is comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation. The results of the
report in part or whole have not been submitted to any other Institute / University for the
award of any degree or diploma.

Assistant Professor
Kanchal Dave

Faculty Supervisor

Date:
 INDEX
SR DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO. NO
1. CHAPTER-01- INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE 6
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 6
1.3-ORGANISATION 7
1.4PROGRESS OF WORK DURING 7
TRAINING
2. CHAPTER-02-THEORITICAL 8
BACKGROUND
2.1-ROAD DESIGN 8
2.2-STEPS FOR LAYING LAYERS 11
2.3-CROSS SECTION LAYOUT OF 11
ROAD
2.4-TEST ON ROAD COMPLETION OF 12
LAYERS
3. CHAPTER-03-STRUCTURE 13
3.1-INTRODUCTION 13
3.2-BOX AND PIPE CULVERT 13
3.3-CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF 13
BOX AN PIPE CULVERT
4. CHAPTER-04-LABORATORY 14
4.1-INTRODUCTION 15
4.2-TEST ON SOIL 15
4.3- PROCEDURE OF TEST 15
5. CONCLUSION. 19
 ABSTRACT

Project training is a very important aspect of technical studies as it provides an opportunity to

expose one's self to the industrial ambience, even before we complete our graduation. It is an
opportunity to use theoretical knowledge in practical circumstances and enhance technical
skills.
This project report represent comprehensive information about training at four lane national
highway- a project by sadbhav engineering and various activities done within the training
period of three weeks. Like major bridge, minor bridge, culverts.
There were many things I experienced and learned during these weeks of training. The whole
training was very informative. I personally observed and learned various construction
activities like in highway planning, soil investigation, shuttering, steel work, concreting,
plastering and bridgeworks. Report includes procedures for the previously mentioned
activities and their specifications.
Practical aspect of performing these activities is different from what we learn from theory.
This knowledge can also be gained from training. Industrial training also helped me develop
my soft and functional skills and learn professionalism.
From the entire process, I fully agree that industrial training program has achieved its primary
objective. It is also the best way to prepare student for the future real life scenario.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure and satisfaction in presenting this report on internship under
taken during 8th semester of B.Tech.
As it is the first step into my professional life, I would like to take this opportunity express
my special thanks to several people, without whose help and encouragement it would be
unfeasible for me to carry out the desired work.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to my Head of Department, Dr. V. R. Panchal and
my internal guide Ms. Kanchal Dave, who gave me an opportunity to undertake such a great
challenging and innovative work. I am great full to them for their guidance, encouragement,
understanding and insightful support in the development process.
 CHAPTER -01 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SADBHAV ENGINEERING:-

Founded in 1988 by Mr. Vishnu Bhai Patel, Sadbhav Engineering Limited (SEL)
today is considered among the few elite infrastructure companies in the country. In the last
couple of decades, we have truly risen above and beyond. By executing projects of national
significance, we have powerfully integrated ourselves in the Indian Infrastructure sector.
Every new endeavour of our company has the ultimate goal of enhancing the quality of life
for people across the country and creating new opportunities without compromising on
quality.

We have implemented projects including Construction of Roads & Highways,

Bridges, Mining and Irrigation supporting infrastructure. We have successfully constructed
more than 4500 Lane kms of Roads and Highways (both National and State Highways) while
an additional 2200 Lane kms are under various stages of construction. We are listed on both
BSE and NSE and have had the privilege to work for and with highly reputed organizations
from all over the country such as NHAI, Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam, Coal India, GIPCL,
GHCL, L&T, HCC, Punj Lloyd among various others.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:-

1. Four lane national highway (8E) of Bhavnagar talaja section design chainage
(5.945km to 54.990km).
2. Major bridge, Minor Bridge, Pipe culvert, Box culvert.
3. Laboratory section
1.3 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF PROJECT:-

SADBHAV
ENGINEERING

MINNING ROAD IRRIGATION

LABORATORY CIVIL MECHENICAL

HUMAN
ESTIMATION SURVEYING STRUCTURE MACHINERIES LABOURS
RESOURCE
1.4 PROGRESS OF WORK DURING TRAINING:-

Work that had been completed at the time of joining are as follows
1. In road:-
a) Surveying and setting in bench mark on existing road.
b) Ground clearance and levelling
c) Embankment layer, subgrade second layer.
Work that had been completed after joining is as follows
1. On road Subgrade last layer, GSB layer has been prepared
2. In structure: Formation of pipe culvert, box culvert, pile foundation, pilling.
3. In laboratory
a) Free Swelling Index.
b) Grain Size Analysis.
c) Liquid limit/plastic limit.
d) Maximum dry density.
e) California Bearing Ratio.
 CHAPTER-02 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Road design:-

National highway 8E has design life of 30 years. Road design is completely done
under the supervision of NHAI (National Highway Authority of India) and process of
tendering is done.
First of all traffic population is been calculated using sensors and commercial traffic
population is been calculated and with the help of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) actual
thickness of pavement is calculated and according to it individual thickness of layers are
calculated. And additional calculation for future expansion is done.
After calculation, it is been approval by NHAI (National Highway Authority of India)
then process of surveying the land starts along Bhavnagar to Somnath. With the help of bench
mark and total station, center line of road is been marked and with the reference of that, new
road is design.
2.2 STEPS OF LAYING LAYERS:-
1. FIRST STEP GROUND CLEARANCE:-ground is been clear with the help
of labours and machineries (by removing bushes and trees)

Fig 2.1 Ground Clearing

2. SECOND STEP:-After clearing ground OGL (Original Ground Levelling) is done

by compacting the area which is been clear earlier.

3. THIRD STEP:-After that, embankment layer is laid over it.Thickness of

embankment depends up undulation of ground. It is done till the highest point of the
land and lowest point of the land are completely filled with embankment layer with a
constant gradient. It is well compacted because base must be strong enough to bear
the upcoming load of soil and vehicular pressure.
 Fig 2.2 Embankment layers
4. STEP FOUR:-Dumping of subgrade layers over embankment layers. Then is been
equally spreaded over area with the help of grader. The total thickness of subgrade is
about 500mm. It is lay in 3 layers of thickness about 200mm, 200mm,100mm.It is
divided in 3 layers because we cannot directly compact 500 mm of soil rather then it
is divide and compacted.

Fig 2.3 Dumping of soil

5. STEP FIVE:-Granular Sub Base (GSB) total thickness of this layer is about 150-
200 mm it contain coarse aggregates which are having high bearing strength.

Fig 2.4 Granular Sub Base laying

6. Step six:-laying of dry lean concrete (DLC).Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) is an important
part of modern rigid pavement. It is a plain concrete with a large ratio of aggregate to cement
than conventional concrete and generally used as a base/sub base of rigid pavement.

Fig2.5 laying of DLC

7. Step seven:-laying pavement quality concrete (PQC), generally bound base layers
are used for concrete pavement construction. ... The concrete slab is generally of M40
to M50 grade of concrete as per Indian specifications, and is called as Paving
Quality Concrete (PQC) (IRC: 15-2002).

Fig 2.6 Laying of PQC

2.3 CROSS SECTION LAYOUT OF ROAD:-

Fig no 2.7 Cross section of road

2.4 TEST ON ROAD AFTER COMPLETION OF LAYER:-

Density of soil after compaction is been tested by two methods. 1) Nuclear density gauge. 2)
Core cutter method
1) NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE: - A nuclear density gauge is a tool used in
civil construction and the petroleum industry, as well as for mining and archaeology
purposes. It consists of a radiation source that emits a cloud of particles and
a sensor that counts the received particles that are either reflected by the test material
or pass through it. By calculating the percentage of particles that return to the sensor,
the gauge can be calibrated to measure the density and inner structure of the test
material.

Fig 2.4 Nuclear Density Gauge

 2) CORE CUTTING METHOD: -A core sample is a cylindrical section of
(usually) a naturally occurring substance. Most core samples are obtained by drilling
with special drills into the substance, for example sediment or rock, with a
hollow steel tube called a core drill. The hole made for the core sample is called the
"core bowling". A variety of core samplers exist to sample different media under
different conditions. More continue to be invented on a regular basis. In the coring
process, the sample is pushed more or less intact into the tube. Removed from the
tube in the laboratory, it is inspected and analyzed by different techniques and
equipment depending on the type of data desired.

Fig 2.4 Core cutting equipments

This test is done to determine the water content in soil by calcium carbide method as per IS:
2720 (Part II) – 1973. It is a method for rapid determination of water content from the gas
pressure developed by the reaction of calcium carbide with the free water of the soil. From
the calibrated scale of the pressure gauge the percentage of water on total mass of wet soil is
obtained and the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil.

Apparatus require:-
i) Metallic pressure vessel, with a clamp for sealing the cup, along with a gauge calibrated in
percentage water content
ii) Counterpoised balance, for weighing the sample
iii) Scoop, for measuring the absorbent (Calcium Carbide)iv) Steel balls – 3 steel balls of
about 12.5mm dia. and 1 steel ball of 25mm dia.
v) One bottle of the absorbent (Calcium Carbide).

Fig 2.5 caco3 gas pressure

 CHAPTER-03 STRUCTURE
3.1 INRODUCTION:-
The structure which are built at the time when road is crossing a river or a stream and give
support to road are structure.
There are three types of structure we have seen 1) Culvert:-pipe, box. 2) Minor bridge. 3)
Major bridge.

3.2 BOX, PIPE CULVERT:-

A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction from one side to the other side. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by
soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material.

3.3 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF BOX, PIPE CULVERT:-

First of all excavation is done according to size or data given then after the base (PCC) is
laid according to the base of head wall. Then after shuttering is done of head wall and
concreting is done.

3.4 BOX CULVERTS:-

• Short-span bridges (over highways, waterways, railways, for golf courses, etc.)
• Conveyance of storm water, sewage or industrial wastes (storm drains)
• Tunnels (to house conveyers, utilities, etc.; to provide access, escape routes, etc.)
• Detention Three-sided culverts
• Short-span bridges (flat and arched) APPLICATIONS Benefits:
• Box culverts can be made in large sizes to accommodate increased flow rates and
capacities.
• Boxes can be set with 0 feet to 100 feet of cover. Typical small stream crossing.
Fig 3.1 Detail plan of box culvert
 CHAPTER-04 LABORATORY TEST
4.1 INTRODUCTION: -
The laboratory part in sadbhav engineering consisting of testing of materials like soil
testing, and how can we get better strength in concrete by combination of cement, plasticizer,
fly ash, sand and aggregate.
4.2 TEST ON SOIL: -
1) FSI (Free swelling index).
2) GSA (Grain Size Analysis).
3) LL/PI (Liquid limit/Plastic limit).
4) MDD (Maximum Dry Density)
5) CBR (California Bearing Ratio).

4.3 PROCEDURE OF TEST:-

1) FSI: -Free Swell Index is the increase in volume of a soil, without any external constraints,
on submergence in water.
PROCEDURE

Take two representative oven dried soil samples each of 10 grams passing through 425
micron sieve.
 Pour each soil sample in to each of the two glass graduated cylinders of 100ml capacity.
Fill one cylinder with kerosene and the other with the distilled water up to the100ml mark.
 Remove the entrapped air in the cylinder by gentle shaking and stirring with a glass rod.
Sample kept for free swell index
 Allow the samples to settle in both the cylinders.
 Sufficient time, not less than 24 hours shall be allowed for soil sample to attain equilibrium
state of volume without any further change in the volume of the soils.
 Record the final volume of the soils in each of the cylinders.

Fig 4.1 free swelling index

2) GSA: - First of all 1kg of sample is cure (kept in water) for 24 hours .After that slurry
is been pass through 75 micron sieve. The soil which get retain on 75 micron is taken and
oven dry. Then 1kg of sample is been pass through various sieve size and according to it
percentage wise granular, sand, silt, clay are distributed.
3) LL/PI:-The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a
fine-grained soil: its shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit. As a dry, clayey
soil takes on increasing amounts of water, it undergoes distinct changes in behavior
and consistency.

Procedure to Determine the Liquid Limit of Soil

i) Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit device.
ii) Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1cm.

iii) Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the symmetrical axis of the cup,
holding the tool perpendicular to the cup. For normal fine grained soil: The
Casagrande’s tool is used to cut a groove 2mm wide at the bottom, 11mm wide at the
top and 8mm deep.

iv) For sandy soil: The ASTM tool is used to cut a groove 2mm wide at the bottom,
13.6mm wide at the top and 10mm deep.

v) After the soil pat has been cut by a proper grooving tool, the handle is rotated at the
rate of about 2 revolutions per second and the no. of blows counted, till the two parts
of the soil sample come into contact for about 10mm length. Take about 10g of soil
near the closed groove and determine its water content

Vi) The soil of the cup is transferred to the dish containing the soil paste and mixed
thoroughly after adding a little more water. Repeat the test

vii) By altering the water content of the soil and repeating the foregoing operations,
obtain at least 5 readings in the range of 15 to 35 blows. Don’t mix dry soil to change
its consistency.

Fig4.2 casagrande's tool

4. MDD:-The Proctor compaction test is a laboratory method of experimentally
determining the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type will become
most dense and achieve its maximum dry density

 Procedure to Determine the Maximum Dry Density and the Optimum Moisture
Content of Soil
A) Soil not susceptible to crushing during compaction –
I) A 5kg sample of air-dried soil passing through the 19mm IS Sieve should be taken.
The sample should be mixed thoroughly with a suitable amount of water depending
on the soil type (for sandy and gravelly soil – 3 to 5% and for cohesive soil – 12 to
16% below the plastic limit). The soil sample should be stored in a sealed container.

ii) The mould of 1000cc capacity with base plate attached, should be weighed to the
nearest 1g (W1). The mould should be placed on a solid base, such as a concrete floor
or plinth and the moist soil should be compacted into the mould, with the extension
attached, in five layers of approximately equal mass, each layer being given 25 blows
from the 4.9kg rammer dropped from a height of 450mm above the soil. The blows
should be distributed uniformly over the surface of each layer. The amount of soil
used should be sufficient to fill the mould, leaving not more than about 6mm to be
struck off when the extension is removed. The extension should be removed and the
compacted soil should be levelled off carefully to the top of the mould by means of
the straight edge. The mould and soil should then be weighed to the nearest gram
(W2).
iii) The compacted soil specimen should be removed from the mould and placed onto the
mixing tray. The water content (w) of a representative sample of the specimen should be
determined for a minimum period of 16hrs.

Fig 4.3 Apparatus for standard proctor test

 CONCLUSION

From this industrial training i got quite knowledge about construction of roads and roads
structure build to complete the road connection, Also get knowledge about how the test are
performed during and after the formation of roads. I also learn about how different layers of
road are been layered, and structure like culvert uses to connect roads. And it also help me to
convert my theoretical knowledge in to practical experience.
 REFERENCE
1. Indian standard code for road construction.
2. Mix design in laboratory.
3. IS 456:1996.
4. MORTH. etc