Lesson - 1

Introduction

Introduction
Concrete is an artificial conglomerate
stone made essentially of Portland
cement, water, and aggregates.

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 Introduction

Introduction

Concrete Structures

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 Concrete Structures
Why Concrete ??
● Concrete cheaper than steel.
● Good combination of concrete and steel.
● Durability from concrete covering.
● Continuity from monolithic joint.

Introduction

Advantages & Limitations of Concrete

The advantages include the following 
● It has considerable compressive strength as
compared to other materials.
● It has great resistance to action of fire & water.
● It is very rigid.
● It is low maintenance material.
● It has a very long service life as compared with
other materials.
● It is economical, especially for footings, basement
walls, dams, piers, and slabs.
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Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
The advantages include the following 
● Its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of
shapes.
● A lower grade of skilled labor is required for
erection as compared to structural steel.
● The raw materials used in cement production are
widely available in great quantities.
● Needs little or no finish or final treatments.

Introduction

Advantages & Limitations of Concrete

The advantages include the following 
● Chemically inert concrete doesn't require paint to
achieve a given color; natural-mineral pigments
and coloring agents can be added at the mixing to
provide a rainbow of options.
● Can be reused or recycled. Concrete can be
reused with bituminous asphalt as road base
materials, can be recycled and reused by crushing
into aggregates for new concrete or as fill material
for road beds or site works.
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Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
Limitations of  Concrete
● Concrete has a very low tensile strength & ductility.
● Forms are required to hold the concrete in place
until it hardens sufficiently.
● The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is
relatively high. The cost of form material and
artisanry may equal the cost of concrete placed in
the forms.
● It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which
affect the final strength of concrete.
Introduction

Advantages & Limitations of Concrete

Limitations of  Concrete
● The low strength per unit of weight of concrete
leads to heavy members.
● Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of
concrete means members will be relatively large,
an important consideration for tall buildings and
long-span structures.
● Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and
the application of live loads.

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 Progress in Concrete Technology
Progress in Concrete Technology
●Lightweight Structural Concrete
●Ultra High-Strength Concrete
●High Workability or Flowing Concrete
●Shrinkage Compensating Concrete
●Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
●Concrete Containing Polymers
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Progress in Concrete Technology

●Heavyweight Concrete
●Mass Concrete
●Roller-Compacted Concrete
●Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)
●Nano Concrete
●Piko Concrete
●Pervious Concrete
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 Progress in Concrete Technology
●Waste-Material Based Concrete or
Green Concrete: Shell, GGBFS, Glass
Powder.
●Auclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
●Foam Concrete
●Concrete with Artificial Light-Weight
Aggregate (ALWA) and Artificial
Normal-Weight Aggregate (ANWA)
Introduction

The History of Concrete

The History of Concrete
Cement has been around for at least 12
million years.

When the earth itself was undergoing

intense geologic changes natural
cement was being created.

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 The History of Concrete

It was this natural cement that humans

first put to use.

Eventually, they discovered how to

make cement from other materials.

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The History of Concrete

12,000,000 BC Reactions between

limestone and oil shale during
spontaneous combustion occurred in
Palestine to form a natural deposit of
cement compounds. The deposits were
characterized by the geologists in the
1960's and 70's.

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 The History of Concrete

3000 BC Egyptians Used mud mixed

with straw to bind dried bricks. They
also used gypsum mortars and mortars
of lime in the pyramids.
Chinese Used cementitious materials to
hold bamboo together in their boats
and in the Great Wall.

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The History of Concrete

800 BC Greeks, Crete & Cyprus Used

lime mortars which were much harder
than later Roman mortars.
300 BC Babylonians & As Syrians Used
bitumen to bind stones and bricks.

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 The History of Concrete

1200-1500 The Middle Ages The quality

of cementing materials deteriorated.
The use of burning lime and pozzolan
(admixture) was lost, but reintroduced
in the 1300's.
1822 James Frost of England prepared
artificial hydraulic lime like Vicat's and
called it British Cement.
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The History of Concrete

1824 Joseph Aspdin of England
invented portland cement by burning
finely ground chalk with finely divided
clay in a lime kiln until carbon dioxide
was driven off. The sintered product
was then ground and he called it
portland cement named after the high
quality building stones quarried at
Portland, England.
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 The History of Concrete

1828 I. K. Brunel is credited with the

first engineering application of portland
cement, which was used to fill a breach
in the Thames Tunnel.
1830 The first production of lime and
hydraulic cement took place in Canada.

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The History of Concrete

1836 The first systematic tests of

tensile and compressive strength took
place in Germany.
1845 Isaac Johnson claims to have
burned the raw materials of Portland
cement to clinkering temperatures.

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 The History of Concrete

1849 Pettenkofer & Fuches performed

the first accurate chemical analysis of
portland cement.
1860 The beginning of the era of
portland cements of modern
composition.

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The History of Concrete

1886 The first rotary kiln was

introduced in England to replace the
vertical shaft kilns.
1889 The first concrete reinforced
bridge is built.

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 The History of Concrete

1890 The addition of gypsum when

grinding clinker to act as a retardant to
the setting of concrete was introduced
in the USA. Vertical shaft kilns were
replaced with rotary kilns and ball mills
were used for grinding cement.

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The History of Concrete

1891 George Bartholomew placed the
first concrete street in the USA in
Bellefontaine, OH. It still exists today!
1900 Basic cement tests were
standardized.
1930 Air entraining agents were
introduced to improve concrete's
resistance to freeze/thaw damage.
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 The History of Concrete
1967 First concrete domed sport
structure, the Assembly Hall, was
constructed at The University of Illinois,
at Urbana-Champaign.
1970's Fiber reinforcement in concrete
was introduced.
1980's Superplasticizers were
introduced as admixtures.
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The History of Concrete

1985 Silica fume was introduced as a

pozzolanic additive. The "highest
strength" concrete was used in
building the Union Plaza constructed in
Seattle, Washington.

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 Concrete Materials

CONCRETE is made by mixing:

●CEMENT
●WATER
●COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES
●ADMIXTURES (if required).

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Concrete Materials

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 Concrete Materials

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Concrete Materials

The aim is to mix these materials in

measured amounts to make concrete
that is easy to:
●TRANSPORT
●PLACE
●COMPACT
●FINISH
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 Concrete Materials

and which will set, and harden, to give

a strong and durable product.

The amount of each material (i.e.

cement, water and aggregates) affects
the properties of hardened concrete.

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Concrete Materials

CEMENT
The cement powder, when mixed with
water, forms a paste.

This paste acts like glue and holds or

bonds the aggregates together.

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 Concrete Materials

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Concrete Materials

There are six major types of cement

sold in Indonesia:
• SNI 15-0129-2004 White Portland
Cement
• SNI 15-0302-2004 Portland
Pozzolan Cement (PPC)

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 Concrete Materials

• SNI 15-2049-2004 Ordinary

Portland Cement (OPC)
• SNI 15-3500-2004 Blended
Portland Cement

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Concrete Materials

• SNI 15-3758-2004 Masonry

Cement

• SNI 15-7064-2004 Portland

Composite Cement (PCC)

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 Concrete Materials

Portland Cement (OPC) has 5 types, i.e.

• Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement /
OPC). It is for general purposes with
no special requirements, such as:
buildings, houses, bridges, runway,
and highway.

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Concrete Materials

• Type II (Moderate Sulfate

Resistance). It is known as Portland
cement with sulfate resistance and
moderate heat of hydration, such as:
offshore or swamp structures, port,
irrigation channel, mass concrete,
and dam.

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 Concrete Materials
• Type III (High Early Strength). It has
rapid chemical reaction at early age
of setting. It is developed to satisfy
the need of structures which require
high early strength after casting and
requires finishing as quick as
possible, such as highway,
buildings, and airport structures. It
is also suitable for Cold Weather.
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Concrete Materials

• Type IV (Low Heat of Hydration). It

can be used for structures which
require low heat of hydration. It is
suitable for use in Hot Weather
regions in which evaporation is an
important consideration during
casting.

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 Concrete Materials
• Type V (Sulfate Resistance). It can
be used for structures which are
located in the ground or water that
contains high sulfate and very
suitable for waste water
installations, underwater structures,
bridges, tunnels, port/offshore
structures, mines, nuclear plant, etc.
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Concrete Materials

General Chemical Content

• Trikalsium silikat
• Dikalsium silikat
• Trikalsium aluminat
• Tetrakalsium aluminofe
• Gipsum

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 Concrete Materials

Each type of cement will produce

concrete with different properties.

The most common types of cement are

OPC Type I, PCC, and PPC.

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Concrete Materials

Blended Portland Cements contain

portland cement and more than 5% of
either fly ash, ground slag, silica fume,
or a combination of these.

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 Concrete Materials

STORAGE
Cement should be stored off the
ground in a well-aired, clean, dry place.

Wrapping the cement bags in plastic

sheets gives extra protection.

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Bulk cement will normally be stored in

silos.

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 Concrete Materials

AGGREGATES
Aggregates are of two basic types:
• COARSE: crushed rock, gravel or
screenings.
• FINE: fine and coarse sands and
crusher fines.

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Sand should be concreting sand and

not brickies sand or plasterers sand.
Aggregates should be:
• STRONG and HARD: A
stronger, harder aggregate will
give a stronger final concrete.
Never use a crumble or flakey
rock like sandstone.
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 Concrete Materials

• DURABLE to stand up to
wear and tear and
weathering.

• CHEMICALLY INACTIVE
so the aggregates don’t
react with the cement.

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Concrete Materials

• CLEAN Dirt or clay sticking to

the aggregates will weaken the
bond between paste and
aggregates.

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 Concrete Materials

GRADED Aggregates should range in

size so that they fit together well.
This gives a stronger and denser
concrete.

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Concrete Materials

Rounded aggregates give a more

workable mix.

Angular aggregates make concrete

harder to place, work and compact, but
can make concrete stronger.

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 Concrete Materials

STORAGE
Aggregates should be stored where
they will stay clean, separated from
other materials and dry.
If the aggregates are very wet use less
water in the mix.

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Concrete Materials

WATER
Water is mixed with the cement powder
to form a paste which holds the
aggregates together like glue.
Water must be clean, fresh and free
from any dirt, unwanted chemicals or
rubbish that may affect concrete.
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 Concrete Materials

Many concrete plants now use recycled

water.

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Always check bore water before use.

Don’t use sea water as it may rust the
steel reinforcement in the concrete.

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 Concrete Materials

ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are mixed into the concrete
to change or alter its properties, i.e. the
time concrete takes to set and harden,
or its workability.

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HOW THE PROCESS WORKS

Measured
amounts of the
coarse and fine
aggregates are
mixed together.

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 Concrete Materials
A measured amount of cement is added
and mixed in.
Enough water is added to make the mix
workable. All the materials are then
mixed together well.
The cement powder and water form a
paste which bonds the aggregates
together like glue.
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