Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1. GENERAL
1.1 DEFINITION OF ELECTRICITY
• a form of energy generated by friction, induction or
chemical change, having magnetic, chemical and radiant
effect.
BATTERIES
GENERATORS
1.2 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
PRIMARY BATTERIES
• delivers electricity as soon as its parts are assembled,
or put together, provided that it is connected to a circuit.
STORAGE BATTERIES
• are used to supply emergency lighting circuits for
hallways, stairways, exits and to energize police and fire
alarm systems and certain types of signal systems.
1.2 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
GENERATORS
a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
TRANSFORMERS – for
converting one voltage to another, from
lower to higher or from higher to lower
ROTARY CONVERTERS –
for changing alternating current to direct
current and vice versa.
1.4 TYPES OF CURRENT
ALTERNATING CURRENT – a
current which is periodically
varying in time rate and in
direction. It rises from zero to
maximum, falls to zero, reverses
its direction and again returns to
zero.
UNIT OF ENERGY
VOLTAGE
WATTMETER
LEADS
KWH METERS – To measure energy, the factor of
time is introduced, such that; energy = power x
time. A-C electric meters are basically small
motors, whose speed is proportional to the power
being used. The number of rotations is counted on
the dials which are calibrated directly in kilowatt-
hours.
2. BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
2.1 BRANCH CIRCUITS
An electrical circuit may be defined as a complete conducting
path carrying current from a source of electricity to and
through some electrical device or load and back to the source.
The two wire circuit, which is the most elementary of all wiring
systems, consists of a live wire carrying the current to the
various power consuming devices in the circuit and a neutral or
grounded wire which is the return wire carrying the circuit
back to the source of supply.
SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
SERIES CIRCUIT – is one in which the components
are connected in tandem. All separate loads of the
circuit carry the same equal current and the total
resistance, R, is the sum of the resistances around the
circuit.
R1 R2
10 amp 10 amp
R3
ELEC
SOURCE
10 amp
10 amp R4
R5
CIRCUIT IN SERIES
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5
3 amp
ELECTRICAL R1 R2 R3
SOURCE
CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL
1
R=
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
C3
C3
C3
DINE
KIT
20 amp
C1
Range
C4
C2
Ref
3. Convenience receptacles in an area shall be wired to at least two
different circuits so that in case of failure in any one of the circuits,
the entire area will not be deprived of power.
4. General purpose branch circuits shall be rated at 20 amperes wired with
No. 12 AWG minimum. Switch legs may be No. 14 AWG if the lighting
load permits.
5. Limit the circuit load for lighting and small appliances on 15 amp and 20
amp circuit loads and on 15 and 20 amp overcurrent devices
respectively.
2.2 SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
For homes and small commercial buildings
SWITCH FUSE
DC (EDISON SYSTEM)
220 V
A N B C
Four-Wire Three-Phase AC
Lightning Arrester
A device for protecting electric equipment from
damage by lightning or other high-voltage
currents, using spark gaps to carry the current
to the ground without passing through the
device
Spark Gap
A space between two terminals or electrodes
across which a discharge of electricity may pass
at a prescribed voltage
Service Conductors extend from a main power
line or transformer to the service equipment of a
building
Servcie Drop
The overhead portion of service conductors extending
from the nearest utility pole to a building
Servcie Lateral
The underground portion of service conductors extending
Direct burial cable may be used for from a main power line or transformer to a building
residential service connections Servcie Entrance Conductor
The portion of a service conductor extending from a service
drop or service lateral to the service equipment of a building
A transformer is used by medium-sized and large buildings to step
down from a high supply voltage to the service voltage. To
reduce costs, maintenance and noise and heat problems, a Watt-Hour Meter
transformer may be placed on an outdoor pad. If located within a Measures and records the quantity of electric power
building, oil-filled transformers require a well-ventilated, fire-rated consumed with respect to time. Supplied by the public utility,
vault with two exits and located on an exterior wall adjacent to the it is always placed ahead of the main disconnect switch so
switchgear room. Dry-type transformers used in small- and that it cannot be disconnected
medium-sized buildings may be replaced together with a
disconnect switch and switchgear in a unit substation For multiple-occupancy buildings, banks of meters are
installed so that each unit can be metered
independently
The service switch is the main
disconnect for the entire electrical
Grounding Rod or Electrode
system of a building, except for any
Is firmly embedded in the earth to establish a ground
emergency power systems.
connection
The service equipment includes a main To panelboards
disconnect switch and secondary
switches, fuses and circuit breakers for
controlling and protecting the electric
power supply to a building. It is located
in a switchgear room near the entrance
of the service conductors
BLOCK DIAGRAM
A horizontal single
line diagram of the
building’s electrical
system from the
incoming service to
the utilization items
at the end of the
system where the
major electrical
components are
shown as blocks or
rectangles.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
When electrical symbols are used in lieu of the blocks, it is called a “one line”
or a “single line diagram”.
HIGH-VOLTAGE
PRIMARY FEEDERS
2,400, 4,160, 7,200
OR 13,200 VOLTS
MAIN DISTRIBUTION
SECONDARY SERVICE
FEEDERS PANELS
CONDUCTORS
MAIN RECEPTACLES
LIGHTING
TRANSFORMER SWITCH
MOTOR
VAULT 120/208 OR BOARD PANELS
120/240 OR
SWITCHES 227/480 VOLTS LARGE LIGHTING/
TRANSFORMER MOTOR APPLIANCE
FUSES PANELS SMALL
BRANCH MOTORS &
CIRCUIT CONTROL
RISER DIAGRAM
Is a vertical line diagram of the major electrical components of
the buildings electrical system presented showing the spatial
relations between components.
ELEVATORS
PP MACHINE
MR ROOF
ROOM
LP
5A 5B 5C
4A 4B 4C
LEFT 3A 3B 3C
RISER CENTRAL RISER SHAFT
2A 2B
2C
RIGHT RISER
1A LP 1B 1C
LOBBY
SPARE M.C.C.
MACHINE ROOM
FIRE ALARM
FA
PANEL
LPSE STAIR AND EXIT
PANEL
M METERING
2.5 EMERGENCY ELECTRIC SUPPLY SYSTEM
Emergency Systems – provide electric power and
illumination essentially for life safety and protection of
property during an emergency, such as, electricity for exit
lighting, elevators, fire alarm systems, fire pumps and the like.
RSCs and IMCs use the same fitting, called condulets, and are
threaded alike at the joints. EMTs are not threaded but use set
screw and pressure fitting and are not recommended for
embedding in concrete nor permitted in hazardous areas. IMCs
yield a larger inside diameter (ID) for easier wire pulling and is
lighter than the RSC.
Standard length of steel conduits is 3 M or 10 ft.
3.4 RACEWAYS – are channels or wiring accessories so
designed for holding wires, cables and bus bars that are either
made of metal, plastic, or any insulating medium.
3.5 OUTLETS and RECEPTACLES – An outlet is a point in the
wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization
equipment. It refers only to the box. A receptacle is the wiring
device in which the utilization equipment (appliance) cord is
plugged into.
BRANCH CIRCUIT-CEILING/WALL
PS LAMP HOLDER WITH PULL SWITCH BELL
BRANCH CIRCUIT-FLOOR
C
CLOCK OUTLET
3&4 WIRES CIRCUIT NO. BUZZER
MARK INDICATES 2 WIRES D DROP CORD OUTLET
CH CHIME
CROSSING WIRES FAN OUTLET
F
REFRIGERATOR OUTLET
ref
LIGHTING LAYOUT PLAN
POWER LAYOUT PLAN