* ONE OF THE OLDEST CIVILIZATION “GREEK & ROMAN”

* PRESERVED WORKS OF THE 1ST 5

* FROM THE GREEK MEANS “BETWEEN TWO * GREEK TEMPLES – BUILT AS A SHRINE TO
CENTURIES COMMON ERA, FOR THE 1ST 3
RIVERS” THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES THE ANCIENT GREEK GOD OR GODDESS
CENTURIES AFTER CHRIST’S DEATH ROMANS
* ZIGGURATS – “THE HOLY MOUNTAIN” * GREEK TEMPLE FORMS: IN-ANTIS, AMPHI-
BANNED CHRISTIANITY AND OFTEN
RECTANGULAR STEPPED TOWER ANTIS/DOUBLE ANTA, PROSTYLE, AMPHI-
PERSECUTED CHRISTIANS, CHRISTIANS
SURMOUNTED BY TEMPLE ON TOP PROSTYLE, PERIPTERAL, DIPTERAL, PSEUDO-
CONCEALED THEIR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES BY
* SUMERIAN: CUNEIFORM (1ST WRITING PERIPTERAL, PSEUDO-DIPTERAL
DIGGING TUNNELS OUTSIDE OF ROME.
SYSTEM), VOTIVE FIGURES (IMAGES OF MEN * INTERCOLUMNATION – SPACING BET.
* CATACOMBS – TUNNELS WERE
AND WOMAN WORSHIPERS AND GODS), COLUMNS IN A COLONNADE, AS MEASURED
UNDERGROUND PASSAGEWAYS WHERE
ERIDU (1ST CITY IN THE WORLD BY SUMERIAN) AT THE BOTTOM (DIA) OF THEIR SHAFT
COULD WORSHIP AND BURY THEIR DEAD
, ZIGGURAT OF UR (MOST FAMOUS * ORDERS: DORIC (OLDEST AND SIMPLEST OF
* CONSTANTINE THE GREAT – ROMAN
ZIGGURAT), STANDARD OF UR ALL, NO BASE, PLAIN CUSHION-SHAPED
EMPEROR ENDED THE SLAYING OF ROMANS,
* ARKADIAN: CITY OF LAGASH (RULED BY CAPITAL), IONIC (CHARACTERIZED BY THE
TURNED CHRISTIANITY IN RELIGION
KING GUDEA KNOWN TO MANY STONE SPIRAL OR SCROLL VOLUTES OF ITS CAPITAL,
* ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: INSPIRED
SCULPTURES OF HIM AND ELEVATED CITY MOLDED BASE), CORINTHIAN (MOST
FROM ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, USE ROMAN
BEC. OF FLOOD SURROUNDINGS) ORNATE, HAS DEEP BELL SHAPE CAPITAL
BASILICAS AS MODELS, CONVERTED IT INTO
* BABYLONIAN – CREATION OF MYTHS: KING DECORATED BY ACANTUHUS LEAVES
CHURCH TO HOUSE WORSHIP OF ITS
HAMMURABI (RULER OF THE BABYLONIANS), * CALLIMACHUS – INVENTOR OF
DISCIPLES CALLED BASILICAN CHURCHES,
UNIFICATION LAWS (THE CODE OF CORINTHIAN CAPITAL
ABOVE THE BURIAL PLACE OF SAINTS, ENTRY
HAMMURABI) * CARYATIDS – FEMALE FIGURE SUPPORT
AT WEST, ALTAR AT EAST
* NEO-BABYLOANIAN: HANGING GARDENS OF WITHOUT BASKET ON HEAD
* BAPTISTERY – USED ONLY FOR
BABYLON, ARCHIMEDES SCREW, ISHTAR * CANEPHORAE – WITH BASKET
SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM, FESTIVALS OF
GATE, CHALDEAN PALACE, ETEMENANKI * ATLAS – MALE FIGURE SUPPORT CARRYING
EASTER, PENTECOST AND EPIPAHANY
* ASSYRIAN: KING ASHURBANIPAL (RULER OF THE WORLD IN KNEELING POSITION
* PARTS OF BASILICAN CHURCH: ATRIUM,
ASSYRIANS) * TELAMONES – STANDING POSITION
NARTHEX, NAVE AND THE AISLE,
* PERSIAN: PERSEPOLIS, APADANA OF * THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS (TEMPLE OF
SANCTUARY, CHOIR, AND APSE
XERXES, THE THRONE HALL DIANA)

EARLY
PREHISTORIC MESOPOTAMIAN EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN BYZANTINE
CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE

* REFERS TO THE TIME BEFORE * EGYPT – HAS SANDY DESSERTS WITH A * ETRUSCANS – EARLIEST CIVILIZATION, * ALSO KNOWN AS “LATER
PEOPLE COULD WRITE/TIME STRIP OF FERTILE ON THE BANKS OF NILE GREAT BUILDERS “RADIATING ARCH”, ROMAN” OR “EASTERN ROMAN
BEFORE WRITTEN RECORD * NILE RIVER – LONGEST RIVER IN THE INVENTORS OF CONCRETE AND TUSCAN EMPIRE”
* STONE AGE WORLD CAPITAL * CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES:
- PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE AGE) – * HIEROGLYPHICS – ANCIENT EGYPTIAN * ROMANS – ADOPTED COLUMNAR AND • PLANS FOR CHURCHES &
NOMADIC HUNTERS WRITING SYSTEM USING PICTOGRAPH AND TRABEATED STYLE OF GREEKS, DEVELOPED BAPTISTERIES; ROUNDED
- MESOLITHIC (MIDDLE STONE ALPHABETIC ELEMENTS THE ARCH, VAULTS AND DOMES OF ARCHES, ELABORATED
AGE) – 7,000 BCE * EGYPTIAN DWELLINGS: SIMPLE, FLAT ETRUSCANS, COMPLEX BUILDERS/MULTI COLUMNS & COLORS
- NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE AGE) – ROOFS, SMALL WINDOWS, CONTINUOUS STOREY • FEATURES THE GROUPING OF
BEGAN TO SETTLEYEAR ROUND, WALLS * ROMAN ORDERS: TUSCAN ORDER SMALL DOMES OR SEMI-DOMES
BUILT HOUSES, STONES AS TOOLS * EGYPTIAN TOMBS: MASTABA, STEPPED (COUNTERPART OF DORIC ORDER), AROUND A LARGE CENTRAL
* EARLY DWELLINGS: ROCK CAVE, PYRAMID, BENT PYRAMID AND GREAT COMPOSITE (COMBINATION OF IONIC AND DOME
HUTS, TENTS, WIGAM/ TEPEE, PYRAMIDS CORINTHIAN) • EXTENSIVE USE OF “MOSAIC
IGLOO, TRULLO, YURTS * SARCOPHAGUS – EGYPTIAN COFFIN * ROMAN BUILDINGS: DOMUS/HOUSE, DECORATION”
* TUMULUS – ANCIENT BURIAL * MUMMY – PRESERVATION TO INSULAE/APARTMENT, FORUM/MARKET • THEY DON’T USE CAMPANILE
MOUND IMMORTALITY (MUMMIFICATION) PLACE, THERMAE/PUBLIC BATH, AND ATRIUM IN THEIR
* TUMULI – BURIAL OF HUNDREDS * IMHOTEP – EGYPTIAN HIGH PRIEST AND 1ST BALNEUM/PRIVATE BATH, CURIA/SENATE CHURCHES.
OF ORDINARY PERSONS ARCHITECT IN THE WORLD HOUSE, PONS/BRIDGES, * BYZANTINE CAPITALS:
* TYPES OF RELIGIOUS * SPHINX – SYMBOL OF STRENGTH AND AQUEDUCTS/WATER SUPPLY, TRIUMPHAL CUBICAL, COMPOSITE,
STRUCTURES: MONOLITH, WISDOM OFTEN DEPICTED AS GUARDIANS ARCHES/EMPEROR’S VICTORIOUS CORINTHIAN
MEGALITHIC OF TEMPLES: ANDROSPHINX, CAMPAIGN, ROMAN BASILICA/INDOOR * SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE – 2ND
* RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES: HEIROCOSPHINX, CRIOSPHINX, THE GREAT PUBLIC PLACE, ROMAN THEATER/SEMI LARGEST IN THE CITY, 2
MENHIR, DOLMEN, CROMLECH, SPHINX CIRCULAR INPLAN, THE MINARETS-ALLOWED
TRILITHON * INSPIRED FROM PYRAMID: CANARY COLOSSEUM/LARGEST ROMAN * HAGIA SOPHIA – HOLY
* STONEHENGE – THE MOST WHARF TOWER, THE LOURVE MUSEUM AMPHITHEATER, ROMAN WISDOM OR DIVINE WISDOM
FAMOUSPREHISTORIC NEOLITHIC * THE BOOK OF THE DEAD – GOD ANUBIS TEMPLES/RECTANGULAR OR CIRCULAR, THE * ST. BASIL’S CATHEDRAL –
MONUMENT IN THE WORLD PANTHEON/TEMPLE OR CHURCH TRINITY CATHEDRAL
 * 1ST DISTINCTIVE STYLE * 15TH – 18TH CENTURY * MODERN ARCHITECTURE
* 18TH – 19TH CENTURY * MODERNISM STYLES:
* SPREAD OF * THE “REBIRTH” OR
* REVIVALISM - USE OF - ARTS AND CRAFTS
CHRISTIANITY/ROSE OF “REVIVAL” OF CLASSICAL
VISUAL STYLES THAT MOVEMENT (THE USE OF
PAPACY ARTS DEPENDS ON THE
CONSCIOUSLY ECHO THE INDIGENOUS MATERIALS
*ADAPTED THE FORM AND PURPOSE OF THE
STYLE OF A PREVIOUS ERA AND PICTURESQUE LOOK. IT
MEDIEVAL CONCEPT BLDG.
- ROMANESQUE, STOOD FOR TRADITIONAL
*STONE AND MASONRY * RELIGIOUS BELIEFS ARE
RENAISSANCE, GOTHIC, CRAFTSMANSHIP USING
CONSTRUCTION BEGAN TO CRUMBLE
ISLAMIC REVIVAL AND SIMPLE FORMS, AND OFTEN
* PROMINENT BLDS. * PRINTING WAS
NEOCLASSICISM/ NEO USED MEDIEVAL,
- CATHEDRALS DEVELOPED – MASS
CLASSICAL ROMANTIC, OR FOLKSTYLES
- CAMPANILES PRODUCTION OF BOOKS
* NEO CLASSICAL OF DECORATION).
- BAPTISTERIES * INVENTION OF GUN
ARCHITECTURE - A - ART NOUVEAU
- MONASTERIES POWDER
REACTION TO ROCOCO AND (CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHLY-
* ARCHITECTURAL * SYMMETRICAL FAÇADE –
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURAL STYLIZED, FLOWING,
CHARACTER: ROUND DIGNITY AND FORMALITY
STYLES CURVILINEAR DESIGNS,
ARCHES/ARCADES, BLIND * ARCHITECTURAL
* INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WHIPLASH OFTEN
ARCHES, DARL SOLEMN CHARACTER: DOMES,
– MASS PRODUCTION OF INCORPORATING FLORAL
INTERIORS, VAULTS, VAULTS, CEILINGS, ARCH,
IRON AND LATER STEEL IN AND OTHER PLANT-INSPIRED
BUTRESS, WHEEL, ROSE COLUMNS, PILASTERS, MOTIFS).
QUANTITIES WHERE IT
WINDOW, PIERS, WALLS, DOORS, BALUSTERS, - DE STIJL (THEY SIMPLIFIED
BECAME AN
TOWERS, CAPITALS WINDOWS, BALUSTERS, VISUAL COMPOSITIONS TO
ECONOMICALLY PLAUSIBLE
CHURCH DETAILS: PARAPETS THE VERTICAL AND
BLDG MATERIAL.
CHURCH PLAN, * BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS,
* MAJOR INVENTIONS:
INTERIOR, PORTAL, (ITALIAN HIGH AND USED ONLY PRIMARY
ROADS, RAILWAYS, COLORS ALONG WITHBLACK
CLOISTER, PORCHES, RENAISSANCE)
CANALS, SHIPS, STEAM AND WHITE)
CRYPTS, CHAPTER * ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE
ENGINE
HOUSES (FRENCH RENAISSANCE)

REVIVALISM AND MODERN AND

MEDIEVAL ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE MESOAMERICAN 20TH CENTURY CONTEMPORARY
INDUSTRIALISM INTERNATIONAL
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE

* SIMPLY REFERS TO - POST MODERNISM

- BAUHAUS (AN ART AND
ARCHITECTURAL * AN ARCHITECTURAL ERA (EMERGED IN THE 1960S
* 12TH – 16TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL IN
STYLES IN MEDIEVAL AND BLDG. TRADITIONS OF AS A REACTION AGAINST
* EVOLVED FROM GERMANY FOUNDED BY
THE INDIGENOUS THE AUSTERITY,
EUROPE DURING THE ROMANESQUE TO WALTER GROPIUS)
CULTURES IN PARTS OF FORMALITY, AND LACK
MIDDLE AGES RENAISSANCE - INTERNATIONAL STYLE
MEXICO AND CENTRAL OF VARIETY OF MODERN
* STARTED FROM * EVERYTHING WAS TALLER (MAJOR ARCHITECTURAL
AMERICA BEFORE THE ARCHITECTURE)
ROMANESQUE TO STYLE THAT IS SAID TO HAVE
AND FRAGILE LOOKING - DECONSTRUCTIVISM (A
GOTHIC 16TH-CENTURY SPANISH EMERGED IN THE 1920S AND
* GOTHIC STYLES: MOVEMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE CONQUEST RESULT OF 1930S, THE FORMATIVE
FRENCH/OGYVALE, POSTMODERN
* CRUCK FRAMED INTENSIVE CULTURAL DECADES OF MODERN
ENGLISH, RYONNANT ARCHITECTURE WHICH
EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE ARCHITECTURE)
HOUSE: HOOK-BENT, (RADIATING TRACERY OF APPEARED IN THE 1980S,
DIFFERENT CULTURES OF - ART DECO (A POPULAR
NO CHIMNEYS JUST A ROSE WINDOW WITH GIVES IMPRESSION OF
MESOAMERICAN HISTORY DESIGN MOVEMENT FROM
HOLE IN THE ROOF, ELABORATE GEOMETRICAL THE FRAGMENTATION
1920 UNTIL 1939, AFFECTING
ROOF (MADE OF * PERIODS OF OF THE CONSTRUCTED
PATTERNS), FLAMBOYANT THE DECORATIVE ARTS SUCH
THATCHED WITH TILE DEVELOPMENT AND BUILDING. IT IS
(FLAME LIKE) AS ARCHITECTURE, INTERIOR
CIVILIZATIONS: CHARACTERIZED BY AN
OR SLATES, WALLS * ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, AND INDUSTRIAL
- MAYAN (1500BC-300AD) ABSENCE OF HARMONY,
(MADE OF WATTLE CHARACTER: LARGE AND DESIGN. AT THE TIME, THIS
EXCELLENT MEDICAL CONTINUITY, OR
AND DAUB) STAIN GLASS WINDOWS, STYLE WAS SEEN AS
TECHNIQUE, ADVANCED ELEGANT, FUNCTIONAL, AND SYMMETRY)
* CASTLES – NOTABLE THIN WALLS, VAULTED
WRITING SKILLS, FOND OF ULTRA MODERN) * CHARACTERIZATION
BLDG. CEILING, FLYING
JEWELRY - METABOLISM (JAPANESE 1. FREE PLAN
- BUILT ON MOUNDS BUTRESSES, TALL THIN
- AZTEC (300-900) MODERN MOVEMENT 2. UNIVERSALSPACE
ABOVE RIVERS COLUMNS, POINTED
BRUTAL PEOPLE, AZTEC COMBINATION OF MEGA 3. WALLS FREED FROM
-THICK WALLS AND ARCHES, SPIRES, ROSE THE FUNCTION OF LOAD
CALENDAR, CODEX STRUCTURES TO BIOLOGICAL
SMALL WINDOWS TO WINDOW, TRACERY, FOILS, BEARING
BORBONICUS GROWTH)
RESIST FROM ATTACKS CIMBORIO, CROCKETS, 4. CANTILEVERS
- INCAS (900-1500) KIND - BRUTALISM (RAW / PURE
- KING AND QUEEN STEEPLE, EPI, FINIAL CONCRETE/ NAKED) 5. GLASS AT CORNERS OF
RESIDENCE ONES BUILDINGS
6. USE OF CONCRETE
AND STEEL