Industrial Engineering Sheets

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1) What is meant by product design and product development?
Product Design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing
and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. It covers more
than the discipline name - Industrial Design.

2) What is the role of product designer and which aspects does he deal with?
The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing
manager, Product management, industrial designer and design engineer - The role of
product designer combines art, science and commerce for tangible non-perishable
items. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to
communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater
manpower in the past.

3) What is a new product?

A New Product is the one which is truly innovative and is significantly different from
the other existing products.

4) Mention the stages in the development of new product.

1. Needs Identification.
2. Advance product planning.
3. Advanced design, Detailed engineering
4. Production process design and development
5. Product Evaluation
6. Product use & support.

5) Briefly discuss each of these stages; Idea generation, screening, evaluation

, Development and commercialization.
Idea generation: The starting stage for new product development in which typically
an organization develop a number of ideas for new product - Such types of alternatives
idea are develop into a meeting called brain storming session.

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Sources for idea generation:

Internal sources (R&D Cell - Employees feedbacks)
External Sources (Customer Questions & Complaints - Distributor Feedbacks –
Compotators activates)

Idea screening: In this step one idea is selected from the alternative idea of the first
stage. The basis for best idea are:
Utilization How much that product will be able by the target customer with the sense
of that product utilization.
Resources Which type, quality and at which price that resources will be available.
Ethical Aspect What will be the responses of society to whom that product will launch.

Idea evaluation: Once the idea is selected in the idea screening stage, then in this stage
the concept of product is developed. Some time alternative concept of the same product
is developed according to customer needs, wants etc.

Product development: In this stage the product concept is came into its physical form,
then this product is presented to the market for testing - Testing Marketing help the
organization in creating financial decision about whether to launch that product in the
market or not.

Commercialization: After successful passing the product from the “testing market”
then the firm properly introduce that product into market.

6) What are the types of new products?

1. Innovative products
2. New product lines - to allow the firm to enter an existing market
3. Addition to product line - to supplement the firm's existing product line
4. Improvements and revisions of existing product
5. Repositioned products - existing products targets at new market
6. Cost reduction new product that provide similar performance at lower cost.

7) Briefly discuss the product life cycle.

The Product Life Cycle refers to the succession of stages a product goes through.
Product Life Cycle Management is the succession of strategies used by management as
a product goes through its life cycle.

The product lifecycle goes through many phases and involves many professional
disciplines and requires many skills, tools and processes.

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Products tend to go through five stages:

1. New product development stage (very expensive - no sales revenue – losses)
2. Market introduction stage (cost high - sales volume low - no/little competition -
competitive manufacturers watch for acceptance/segment growth – losses)
3. Growth stage (costs reduced due to economies of scale - sales volume increases
significantly – profitability - public awareness)
4. Mature stage (costs are very low as you are well established in market - no need for
publicity - sales volume peaks - increase in competitive offerings - prices tend to
drop - seeks to differentiate from competition - profitability)
5. Decline or Stability stage (costs become counter optimal - sales volume decline or
stabilize - profitability)

8) Draw curves that show the product life cycle in different stages.

9) What is meant by process design?

Process design means the complete delineation and description of specific steps in the
production process and linkage among the steps that will enable the production system
to produce products systems to produce products of desired quality in required quantity.

10) Show the interrelation between product and process design.

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11) What is the major objectives of designing a process flow?

The major objective of designing a Process flow is to ensure that the goods and
services are produced at the minimum cost.

12) What is meant by R&D?

R&D is a method of investigation where it is assumed new scientific knowledge is
discovered due to a series of linear and sequential stages that consists of Basic Research,
Applied Research and Development. The R&D model assumes that science has a
monopoly over knowledge, technology is an outcome of science, and economic
development is due to technology development. The R&D model confines innovation
to technology and then technology to R&D.

13) Draw the Triple Helix Model for technology development.

14) What are the main five paradigms of innovation and Give an example.
1. Trial and Error (Semi-Systematic) Invention: Represented by the steam engine.
2. Systematic invention: Represented by the light bulb and electricity.
3. Research and Development - R&D: Represented by the A-bomb, rockets and main-
frame computers.
4. Technology and Market Development- T&C: Represented by personal computers.
5. User Created Contents: Represented by Linux, Wikipedia, YouTube and Facebook.

15) Differentiate between R&D and D+D.

D+D always starts with a product in mind and going back to get it.
Three examples serve to underline the main difference between R&D versus D+D:
Atomic Bomb, Airplane and Light Bulb.

The A-Bomb probably is the best example of an R&D invention. Basic Research was
done Albert Einstein, who had no clue about it final application.
The invention (design) of Aircraft is good example of D+D. The Wright brothers, from
day one knew the final goal, a heavier than air aircraft and they did everything to get it.
The invention of the Light bulb by Edison is another example of a D+D case. The idea
was to make electric-base light source that can compete with gas-base light source.

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16) What are the benefits behind combining R&D and D+D?
The combined model of D+D plus R&D is more practical and comprehensive than the
R&D model for the following reasons:
1. The combined model already includes the R&D model, but the other way is not
applicable.
2. The D+D model provides a non-linear outlook that cover both Forward Design and
Reverse Design. While the R&D model is linear model that goes from Research to
Development.
3. The D+D model embraces an integrative methodology, which is nonlinear but it
already includes linear methods which is consistent with the R&D.

17) Draw the Combined Model diagram of R&D and D+D.

18) Differentiate between forward and reverse design.

Forward Design includes the forward flow of information that initiates from Design
and Development to provide information needed for Production which leads to new
products for Market. Example: developing a new idea and take it from design to market.
Reverse Design involves the activities to legally make a product similar or superior to
one already available on the market. Example: taking an existing product in the market
and then re-design it.

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19) Mention the groups names of technology and mark push.

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