ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

AT THE END OF THIS SECTION, STUDENTS ARE

EXPECTED TO
a. Explain the contribution of various
scientists to our understanding of
light and magnetism
b. Describe how Hertz produce radio
pulses
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
➢Scientists had investigated
electricity and magnetism
separately, treating them as
separate forces until 1873,
when James Clerk Maxwell
published his work A TREATISE
ON ELECTRICITY AND
MAGNETISM
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
➢ELECTRICITY – derived from the
ancient Greek word electron
meaning “amber,” a fossilized tree
resin often used for decorations in
ancient times
➢People noticed that when amber
is rubbed with cloth, it attracted
light objects, such as dust and hair
➢Today, we understand this
phenomenon as a manifestation of
static electricity
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
➢Discoveries in archaeology, however,
suggest electricity may have been used
extensively in ancient times in places like
Egypt and Babylon, in a process called
electroplating, a process in which a thin
layer of metal coating is deposited on an
object with the help of current
➢Ancient Egyptians and Babylonians may
have been using batteries to produce
electricity and electroplate jewelries and
ornaments
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
➢Magnets were a familiar object in
ancient Greeks, as it had practical uses in
navigation
➢Naturally occurring magnets are called
lodestones or magnetite.
➢The magnetic compass is one of the first
major application of magnets. It is
invented separately in major civilizations
in the ancient world, such as Greece,
China, and India
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 -1790)
➢A writer, publisher, scientist, and
diplomat, and was among the people
who wrote the Declaration of
Independence and the US Constitution
➢He investigated the electrical
phenomenon displayed by Leyden jars
and proposed that opposite charges
were at play in them which gave rise to
electricity
➢He was the first scientist to label these
charges as positive and negative
charges
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 -1790)
➢In 1750, he proposed that lightning is a form of
electricity, and he came to arrive at this conclusion
by observing their common characteristics:
➢Both create light
➢Both make sparks
➢Both make “cracking” sounds
➢Both are attracted to metal
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 -1790)
➢Franklin, through his private letters, gave hints about how
he investigated the connection between lightning and
current
➢He flew a kite under a thunderstorm but retreated to a
barn in order not to be struck by the conducted electricity
➢No lightning struck the kite, however, but he observed
that the string collected electric charges, which was
revealed by the bristling fibers of the string which
suggested they were repelling each other
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 -1790)
➢A Leyden jar was attached to one end of the dampened
string through an iron key. In this way, the jar was able to
collect electric charges (negative charges)
➢When he moved his hand near the key, a spark jumped
from the key to his hand
➢Through this experiment, Franklin demonstrated that
lightning is a form of static electricity
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 -1790)
➢Franklin is also credited for
inventing the lightning rod, a
conductor attached to the roof
of buildings going all the way
to the ground which gives
pathway for lightning to travel
➢This device spared many
buildings and houses from
catching fire from a lightning
strike
CHARLES DE COULOMB (1736 -
1806)
➢A French engineer and
physicist who made
pioneering discoveries in
electricity and magnetism
➢Credited for Coulomb’s
Law
CHARLES DE COULOMB (1736 - 1806)
➢Coulomb’s law, sometimes called Coulomb’s inverse square
law, describes the force that governs static electrical
charges (electrostatic force)
➢It is called inverse square law because the magnitude of
force is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between point charges
➢If you inspect Coulomb’s law closely, you will see its
uncanny similarity with Newton’s law of universal
gravitation
CHARLES DE COULOMB (1736 - 1806)
Coulomb’s Law
𝒒𝟏 𝒙 𝒒𝟐
F = ke 𝒓𝟐
➢Where ke is called Coulomb’s constant, q1and q2 are the signed charges each
carried by a point charge, and r is the distance between two point charges
➢Coulomb’s constant is
9 Nm2
ke = 8.99 x 10 C2
where C (Coulombs) is the unit of measurement for the charge possessed by a particle
➢The force of interaction between charges is attractive if charges have opposite
signs, and it is repulsive if similar
EXAMPLE 1. FINDING THE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
BETWEEN TWO POINT CHARGES
A point charge q1
carries a charge of 3x10-6
C. A second charge q2
carries a charge of -
1.5x10-6 C. They are 0.12
m apart. Find the
electrostatic force between.
EXAMPLE 1. FINDING THE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
BETWEEN TWO POINT CHARGES
Solution:
𝑞1 𝑥 𝑞2
F = ke 2
𝑟
9 2 (3𝑥10_6𝐶)(−1.5𝑥10_6𝐶)
= 8.99x10 Nm 2
0.12 𝑚
= -2.81 N
HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
(1777 - 1851)
➢A Danish physicist and
chemist who discovered that
electric currents create
magnetic fields
➢This was the first ever
demonstration that related
electricity and magnetism
HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED (1777 - 1851)
➢When delivering a lecture to a
group of students in April 21, 1820,
Oersted observed that electric current
deflected the needle of a magnetic
compass
➢He discovered that as current travels
through a wire, it creates a circular
magnetic field
➢His work was the first major step
toward unified concept of energy
ANDRE-MARIE AMPERE (1775 -
1836)
➢A French physicist and
mathematician after whom the
SI unit of measurement for
current was named
➢He was also the inventor of the
solenoid and the electrical
telegraph
ANDRE-MARIE AMPERE (1775 - 1836)
➢Ampere showed that in two parallel
wires which carry current, the
direction of current affects the force
between wires
➢They attract each other when they
flow in the same direction, they repel
each other when they flow in the
opposite direction
➢One of his major contributions to
electromagnetism is the Ampere’s law
ANDRE-MARIE AMPERE (1775 - 1836)
Ampere’s Law
𝑰𝟏 𝒙 𝑰𝟐
Fm = 2kA 𝒓 xL
➢The law simply states that the force action of two lengths of wires is directly
proportional to their lengths and the intensities of current, but inversely proportional
to the distance between the wires
➢The expression kA is the magnetic constant
𝑚
kA = 10-7 T
𝐴
➢The unit of measurement T stands for tesla which measures the strength of magnetic
field
BIOT-SAVART (1791 -
1841)
➢Jean Baptiste-Biot and Felix
Savart were French physicist
from the early 19th century who
described the fundamental
relationship between electric
current and the magnetic field it
produces based on the
experiments they did in 1820
➢That relationship is stated in
what now called Biot-Savart
Law
BIOT-SAVART (1791 - 1841)
➢An electric current through a
conductor produces a magnetic
field
➢A magnetic field is a region
around the conductor where the
force of magnetism is detected
➢The value of the magnetic field
at a particular point is the sum of
all magnetic forces contributed by
each segment of a current-
carrying conductor
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 -
1867)
➢An English scientist who
laid down the principles
behind electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism,
and electrolysis
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 - 1867)
➢In 1831, Faraday discovered electromagnetic
induction or simply magnetic induction, which is the
production of an electromotive force across an
electrical conductor due to its dynamic interaction
with a magnetic field
➢An electromotive force (EMF), denoted and
measured in volts, is a force that induces the flow of
electric current
MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 - 1867)
➢Shown in the next slide is Faraday’s experiment on magnetic
induction
➢Electric current provided by a liquid battery (object from the
right) flows through a coil (A) which creates a magnetic field
➢When the coil stays stationary, no current is induced
➢But when the small coil is inserted in and out of the larger coil
(B), a magnetic flux induces current in the larger coil
➢This is detected by the deflection of the needle in the
galvanometer (C) on the left
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831
- 1879)
➢Best known for his breakthrough
proposition about electromagnetism
➢His theory on electromagnetic
radiation is the first theory which puts
electricity, magnetism, and light as
manifestation of the same
phenomenon
➢Maxwell’s theories are considered as
the second great unification theory in
physics, second only to Newton’s laws
of motion
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831 - 1879)
➢In 1865, Maxwell, in his publication A Dynamical Theory of
Electromagnetic Field, showed that electric and magnetic fields travel
through space as waves moving at the speed of light
➢He also demonstrated that the field of energy where electricity and
magnetism can be detected displays a set of physical characteristics
similar with those found in light
➢He compared the velocity of waves generated by electromagnetism
with the known velocity of light and found them to have nearly the same
values
➢It is for this reason that light came to be understood as an EM wave
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857 -
1894)
➢The unit of measurement
Hertz was adopted in honor
of Heinrich Hertz
➢Hertz proved the existence
of electromagnetic waves
proposed by Maxwell
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857 - 1894)
➢His experiment demonstrated the
transmission of a radio pulse, which
proved, once again, the wave character
of light, electricity, and magnetism
➢His discovery will become the
foundation of wireless communication
➢In his experiment, he used two
engineering apparatus which today are
normally called a transmitter and a
receiver
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857 - 1894)
➢In 1886, while demonstrating electric sparks to students,
he noticed that sparks produce regular electric vibrations
when jumping from one point to another, which came from
accelerating and decelerating electric charges
➢Inspired by Maxwell’s theory about the similar
characteristics of light and electromagnetism, he conceived
the possibility that these electric sparks could travel
through the air just as light does
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857 - 1894)

➢In the same year, he

constructed this
apparatus
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857 - 1894)
➢Hertz constructed the first radio transmitter
➢At the ends are two hallow spheres each connected to a wire
which runs through the middle where there is a gap between them.
A spark is to be generated in this gap
➢Some two meters away, is a loop of copper (a receiver)
➢He applied a high voltage alternating current in the transmitter
creating a strong spark in the gap
➢A similar spark was created in the receiver even though no wires
connected it to the transmitter
HEINRICH HERTZ (1857 - 1894)

➢Hertz demonstrated that

electricity can travel through air,
and more than that, he discovered
the existence of radio waves
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SOLAR SYSTEM
AND BEYOND