Science 8

Unit A: Mix and Flow of Matter

Hazard symbol- Has a safety warning and a shape to indicate how hazardous the
material is.
WHMIS- Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. This is a system of
easy-to-see special symbols on hazardous materials.
Fluid- Is anything that has no fixed shape and can flow.
Pure Substance- is made up of only one kind of matter.
Mixture- combination of different substances.
Mechanical mixture- you can see different substances that make up the mixture.
Heterogeneous mixture- another name for mechanical mixture.
Homogeneous mixture- is a mixture that looks like only one substance.
Solution- Another name for homogeneous.
Suspension- is a cloudy mixture in which droplets or tiny pieces of one substance are
held within another substance.
Colloid- is also a cloudy mixture but the droplets or tiny pieces are so small that they do
not separate out easily
Solution- Dissolving one substance into another.
Solute- The substance that dissolves.
Solvent- The substance that does the dissolving.
Concentration-the amount of solute dissolved in a specific solvent.
Unsaturated solution-is when more solute can dissolve.
Saturated Solution- When no more solute can dissolve at a certain temperature.
Solubility- Is the maximum amount of solute you can add to a fixed volume of solvent at
a given temperature.
Saturation Point- Is when no more solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given
temperature.
Aqueous solution- It’s when the solvent is water (universal solvent).
Viscosity- How quickly the fluid flows.
Density-is the amount of matter in a given volume.
Buoyancy- is the tendency of an object to float when placed in a fluid.
Buoyant force- A force that pushes an object upward.
Compressibility- When an objects is pushed under the force compression.
Incompressible- Cannot be compressed easily.
Pressure- Is the amount of force applied to a given area.
Pascal’s Law- A law that states that an enclosed fluid transmits pressure equally in all
directions.
Hydraulic systems-uses liquid as the enclosed fluid.
Pneumatic systems- uses air as the enclosed fluid.
Pump- is a device that moves a fluid through or into something.
Valves- They are devices that are part of the system that control or regulate the amount
of flow.
Particle model of matter- ​Particle Model of Solids, Liquids and Gases. All matter is
made of up particles, these particles behave in different ways whether they are solid,
liquid or gas.

Sec 1
WHMIS SYMBOLS( RECENT ONE MADE)

➔
➔
LAB SAFETY RULES:

1. Read all written instructions before doing an activity

2. Listen to all instructions and follow them carefully
3. Wash your hands carefully after each activity and after handling
chemicals.
4. Wear safety goggles, gloves, or an apron as required
5. Think before you touch. Equipment may be hot and substances may be
dangerous
6. Smell a substance by fanning the smell toward you with your hand. Do
not put your nose close to the substance.
7. Do not taste anything in the lab.
8. Tie back loose hair and roll up loose sleeves.
9. Never pour liquids into containers held in your hand.Place a test tube in
a rack before pouring substances in it.
 10. Clean up any spilled substances immediately as instructed by your
teaching.
11. Never look into the test tubes or containers from the top. Always look
through the sides.
12. Never use cracked or broken glassware. Make sure you follow your
teacher’s instructions when getting rid of any broken glasses.
13. Label any container you put chemicals in.
14. Report all accidents and spills immediately to your teacher.
15. If there are WHMIS(Workplace Hazardous MAterials Information
System) safety symbols on any chemical you will be using, make sure
that you understand all the symbols. See Toolbox 1 at the back of this
book.

​ fluid is anything that has no fixed shape and can flow. An example of a fluid is
➔ A
water, soft drinks, and detergents. Fluids make it easier to transport, process,
and use different kind of materials. EX.) Fluids such as toothpaste contains
powdered materials such as bauxite, to polish your teeth. As well as containing a
detergent to clean your teeth and fluoride to keep your teeth strong.

​ ec 2
S
➔ The difference between is:

www.majordifferences.com
Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures. Pure
substances are further broken down into elements and compounds.Mixtures are
physically combined structures that can be separated into their original components. A
chemical substance is composed of one type of atom or molecule.
➔
➔ The main difference between the the saturated and an unsaturated solution is the
amount of solute.
➔ The four points of particle model of matter:
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles. Different substances are made up of
different particles.(To small to be seen, more particles in a given volume in a
solid than the liquid or gas)
2. Tiny particles of matter are always moving and vibrating. (For solid the particles
wiggle in one place, liquids the particles slide around and over each other, for
gases the particles move as far as the space they are in allows.)
3. The particles in matter may be attracted to each other or bonded together. (
Some particles such as water have more attraction for other particles, such as
salt, than for each other.)
4. The particles have spaces between them. ( For example the difference in the
amount of space between the particles of a solid and a gas.)
 ➔ How the temperature affects solubility:
For many solids dissolved in liquid water, the solubility increases with temperature. The
increase in kinetic energy that comes with higher temperatures allows the solvent
molecules to more effectively break apart the solute molecules that are held together by
intermolecular attractions.
➔ THREE FACTORS:
- Temperature( Increased temperature makes the particles move faster)
- Size of pieces( Small pieces dissolve more quickly than large pieces)
- Stirring( Stirring moves all the particles around, so the solvent particles bump into
the solute particles)

​ Sec 3
➔ As the the temperature increases, the viscosity decreases. As the temperature
decreases, the viscosity increases.
➔ Cold= More dense, Hot=Less dense.
➔ Density formula:

➔ Ships use buoyancy to float safely.

➔ Pascal's law basically states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed
system will transmit that pressure equally in all directions throughout the fluid.
This law is the basic principle that causes hydraulic power in heavy construction
machines to work.
➔ Compression makes it easier to function.
➔ Gases are easier to compress than liquids due to the more spaces between
them.

​ Sec 4
➔ Detergent is a substance that can remove dirt from fabric. Detergent contain a
cleaning agent called a surfactant. Surfactants are particles that attach
themselves to dirt and oil particles, separating them from fabric or other material.
➔ Valves are used for regulating the amount of flow.
 ➔ Pumps are used for moving fluid through or into something like pumping air into a
ball.

➔ On the surface, the ballast tanks of the submarine are full of air this helps float,
then to dive the submarine releases air from the ballast tanks through the valves
on the top of the tanks. Then to resurface compressed air is forced into the
ballast tanks through the valves at the top.

Unit B: Cells and Systems

~~~
Section 1.0
6 Characteristics of living things:
- Made of cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life .All organisms are made up of at least one cell, and
every cells comes from another cell. Cells are microscopic in size. This mean
unicellular organisms are usually tiny. Non-Living things have no cell unless they
were alive at one time.
- Need energy
- For organisms to survive, they rely on energy. Energy can be found on food or
sunlight for plants.
- Grow and develop
- Growth is not about getting bigger, it’s about change in structure. At one point
living things wear out and get damaged. Development is when an organism's
body shape changes.
- Respond to the environment
- A stimulus is something that causes an organism to response which is a reaction.
- Reproduce
- All organisms come from organism. This is named reproduction. This process is
optional but organisms die so reproduction is necessary for the survival of each
type of organism
- Have adaptation for their environment
-​An adaptation is inherited characteristics that helps an organism survive in their
environment with a higher percentage.
Structures and Function
Structures are body parts that performs different tasks.
Function carries specific tasks for each structure.

Section 2.0

Microscope enlarges the image of small objects with lenses that can be adjusted to see
the image properly.

FACTORS:
​ ​The factors that can affect the details of the internal part of the cells
are: The type of microscope, the power of lenses, and the quality of the prepared slides.
Cell Structure chart:
Structure Function

Nucleus Command centre

Mitochondria Powerhouses-converts energy into a

usable form

Cell membrane Controllable getaway- lets needed

materials in and waste out

Vacuoles Storage rooms- storages nutrients

cytoplasm Kitchen- contains the nutrients

Cell wall Frame- it provides strength and support to

plants

Chloroplasts Solar panels of the cell- convert the

energy into food for the cell.

Plant Cell:
 Animal Cells:

Unicellular and Multicellular

Difference of a unicellular and a multicellular is the amount of cells each have. A
unicellular only consists of one cell, while the multicellular cell consists of two or more
specialized cells working together.

Diffusion
Diffusion occurs when particles move from high concentration to a low concentration.
Selective Permeability allows specific particles to enter until both sides have the same
concentration.

Osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of WATER!

Section 3.0
How different organ systems interact?
(Example in Study Guide with Details!)
The respiratory system and the circulatory system work together to provide us oxygen.
Once we inhale in oxygen, it enters through the lungs and into the blood vessels. The
vessels then distributes the oxygen, along with blood, to the rest of the body. The blood
vessels also carries carbon dioxide and passes it back to the lungs, allowing it to be
discarded.

(Another Example)
The digestive system and circulatory system work together to provide us with
nutrients/energy. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces and
converts it into energy. The nutrients is then being distributed by blood cells to the rest
of our body, providing us and the other cells with energy.

The name,function of the system, and the purpose of 1 organ.

Digestive System (Stomach)
Digestive system converts food into energy that our body needs. The stomach breaks
down food into smaller pieces and is the one that turns food into energy(?)
Respiratory System (Lungs)
Respiratory system allows us to exchange gas. The lung’s purpose is to let oxygen in
and pass it through the bloodstream. Once the carbon dioxide is collected, it goes back
to the lungs and that's when we exhale it.
Circulatory System (Arteries)
Circulatory system allows blood circulation through the whole body. It also distributes
nutrients and oxygen. The arteries move blood away from the heart and into the rest of
the body, distributing blood, oxygen and energy.
Excretory System (Kidneys)
Excretory System gets rid of all waste our body makes in different forms. Kidneys filter
blood and removes waste and excess fluid.
Nervous System (Brain)
The nervous system controls the activity of other organ systems. The brain is where all
informations are gathered and processed.

5 Senses
Touch, taste, sight, hearing, and smell.

Section 4.0
Health of Humans
Some factors that affect our health are:
- How you take care of it
- Sensitivity to environmental conditions (or allergies) such as pollen etc.
- Diseases or conditions you’ve inherited from your family.
- How you respond to stress (emotional,physical,psychological stress)
3 dangerous ingredients
a) Tar:
The most damaging chemical out of three ingredients is tar which Is a dark
sticky substance that forms as cigarette burns. When the smoker takes in the tar the
smoke settles on the surface of all the organs of the repository system.
b) carbon monoxide:
Is a colorless, odourless gas that is released when a cigarette burns. Carbon monoxide
gets absorbed by the red blood cells instead of oxygen. So smokers get less oxygen
making the smokers heart to beat faster.
c) Nicotine
Nicotine is a chemical/ drug that speeds up your heart and raises your blood pressure.
This drug is also addictive. Which makes the smoker keep on going.

Flow Chart Example:

Cell: Basic unit of life
Example-Nerve cell
Tissues: Group of cells working together for a specific task
Example-Nervous tissues
Organ: A group of tissues working together for a specific task
Example-Brain
Organ system: Is a group of organs working together for a specific task
Example-Nervous system
Organism: Is a group of organ systems working together for a specific task/living thing

Effects of Smoking
Bronchitis
Occurs when mucus builds up and starts to clog up the bronchi, making it hard to
breath.
Emphysema
When the smoke from the cigarette damages the lung tissue, it doesn't function properly
and is hard to breath.
Lung Cancer
A tumour or a cancerous growth that develops in your lungs. As it expands, it takes up
space and it's hard to breath.

If you eat too much fat, the more cholesterol that enters the blood vessels. It builds up
on the walls of the ​arteries​ and clogging it, causing it to have less space for blood to
come through. When there's less space, the heart has to pump harder.

Ulcers
Ulcers are caused by the bacteria called H. pylori. The bacteria breaks down the mucus
lining(protects the stomach from the acid) in the stomach, causing the gastric juice(acid
that breaks down food) to break down the stomach.

Science: Unit C: )Light and Optical systems

Vocabulary 
Light- An energy source. (?)
Luminous - Objects that are considered the light source. Luminous objects produces
light, such as the sun, or a lamp.
Transparent - Allows all light to get through an object, therefore allowing us to see
what’s on the other side clearly. Examples are windows,glass, etc,
Opaque - Objects that do not allow light to travel through ; such as wood, metal, and
cardboard.
Translucent - Allows some light, but not all, to pass through an object. Examples are
leaf,frosted window pane, etc.
Wavelength - distance between the cres(top/highest point)t of one wave to the crest of
the next.
Frequency - The amount of times the medium vibrates in a given unit of time.
Amplitude -The height of a wave from the rest position to the crest(top/highest point)
Optical devices - Any devices that uses light. Examples are mirrors,
telescopes,microscopes, etc.
Nocturnal - Animals that are active at night
Rods - A type of photoreceptors that detects light.
Cones- a type of cells in the retina that detects colors

Sec 1)
➔ Pythagoras believed that light consisted of beams, these beams came from a
person’s eye in straight lines and the sense of sight occured when these beams
touched the object the person was look at, the only issue about this “theory” was
if that was how light really worked then we should be able to see in the dark.
➔ The 4 properties of light are:​ Light travels in straight lines, light can be
reflected, light can be refracted/bend, and light is a form of energy
➔ Two examples of optical devices are: microscopes and telescopes. Microscopes
allows us to see detail in really small objects.It consists of two lenses (eyepiece
and objective) As a light source hits the object, a large image is formed through
the eyepiece. Telescopes enlarges a distant object using lenses and mirrors, or
both. Types of telescopes: Refracting and reflecting telescopes.

Sec 2)

➔ Ray diagrams are diagrams used to display how light travels. Light travels from a
light source in straight lines(rays) and arrows can be put on the end of the rays to
directs where the light is going to.
➔ Examples of ​Translucent, Transparent, and opaque. ​As you know translucent
only allows some light to pass through, for example is a frosted window. While a
Transparents allows light all the way though, for example light can be transmitted
through glass. Opaque material do not allow light to pass through at all, for
example if light hit a brick instead of letting it go through,the brick would have
absorbed the light that comes.
➔ Luminous : Light source. Non-luminous : Doesn’t produce light. Opaque objects
are considered non-luminous.
➔ The difference between ​regular reflection​ and ​diffuse reflection​ is how light
rays reflect/bounces off. Regular reflection happen when light rays hits a smooth
object, therefore bouncing off in a same angle. Diffuse reflection occur when light
rays hit an uneven object, therefore bouncing off into different direction with
different angles.
➔ Law of Reflection (Diagram on pg. 196!)
The Law of Reflection states that when light rays hit a mirror in an angle, it bounces off
the object with the exact angle. Angle of incidence: angle between the incident ray and
the normal. Angle of reflection: angle between the reflected ray and the normal. Normal:
a line perpendicular to the mirror at the point of reflection.
➔ Concave mirror and convex mirror diagram( On pg 197-199)
Concave mirror reflects parallel rays of light back through the focal point
Convex mirror reflects parallel rays of light as if they came from a focal point behind the
mirror.
➔ Devices that uses ​concave mirrors​ are: flashlight, telescope, cosmetic mirror,
headlights of a car. (Found in pg. 199!)
➔ As light rays pass through concave lens they refract, diverge or spread out. While
convex lens bring the light rays together. ( See picture on pg 204-205)

Sec. 3.0 - The Wave Model of Light (Page 213!)

➔ The 3 properties of waves are: wavelength (the distance from the crest of a wave
to another.), amplitude(the height of a wave from rest position to the highest
point[crest].),and frequency(how many times the medium vibrates).
➔ The different type of waves on the electromagnetic spectrum
Radio waves- used for communication universally. Have the highest
wavelength of 700 nm( nanometre) on the spectrum.
Microwave waves - Shorter than radio waves meaning the frequency is
higher and carries more energy. Used to heat things up.
Infrared - can’t be seen but they are felt as heat.
Ultraviolet - Carries more energy than visible light and can burn your skin.
X-rays - These waves can penetrate the human tissues and show inside
the body.
Gamma rays - Kills cancer cells.
➔ Incandescent light bulb has a filament( thin piece of wire) and as energy flows
through the filament at high temperature it makes the wire glow white-hot. Now
the light appearing from the bulb means the filament is glowing. ​Percentage of
energy: Heat: 95% Light: 5%
➔ Fluorescent light bulb is filled with small amount of mercury vapour. Phosphor is
a white powder coated inside the light bulb. As electricity passes through, the gas
emits ultraviolet radiation and strikes the phosphor, which then glows and emit
visible white light. ​Percentage of energy: Heat: 80% Light: 20%
➔ Phosphorescent materials(Not a good light source, not a bulb, Glow in the dark)
emits light only when ultraviolet light is hitting it. This type of material have the
ability to store light energy. This ability to emit light is called phosphorescence.
 Once there’s no more light, it glows, releasing the stored energy. Examples are
the glow-in-the-dark toys.
➔ Factors that you need to consider when buying light is the energy efficiency, life
expectancy and cost. When it comes to efficiency you need to think about how
much energy the light bulb is wasting, as well as how long the light bulb will last
and the quality. For the cost you also need to make sure it doesn't go past
through the budget.
➔ The difference between ​artificial light ​and ​natural light ​is ​how they are
produced. ​Artificial light are created by us humans. A few examples of artificial
light source are flashlights,light bulbs, etc. Natural light are not created by us.
Examples are the sun, fireflies, etc.
➔ Primary colors: ​Red, green, and blue. ​The secondary colors is​ yellow, cyan,
and magenta. ​The main difference between them is primary colors make the
secondary colors.
​Red+Blue= Magenta
Green+red= Yellow
Blue+green= Cyan

Section 4.0 - Image Formation in Eyes and Camera (Page 231!)

➔ Parts of the eye: (Diagram on pg. 231!)
Cornea- The protective layer of the eye that covers the iris and pupil.
Iris - Controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light that can get in.

Pupil - A hole in the eye that allows light to enter.

Lens - Focuses the light to the retina to see the image clearly.
Ciliary Muscle - Controls the shape/size lens of the eye
Retina - A special layer filled with photoreceptors called the cones (color) and rods
(light)
Optic Nerve - This send messages to the brain in order for the eye to function.
Blood Vessels - Brings oxygen and nutrients to eyes in order to work.
➔ The eye takes in light by letting the light go through the pupil(which is in the iris).
The iris then regulates(revive) the amount of light that enters the eye. When it’s
dim the pupil becomes wider and the iris opens. In bright light the pupil becomes
smaller and the iris closes.
➔ Rods are used to see light while the cods are used to detect color.
➔ In order to create/capture an image the lenses in a camera and the lens of the
human eye are needed. These are both similar in that they both refract light
which then leaves an image on the retina or in a camera the film. The retina and
film are both related because this is where the image is first formed before it is
 processed by the brain or (for a camera) a film processor. There are different
steps taken before the image is formed. Light is needed and the amount is
controlled by the iris or (in a camera) diaphragm. The iris adjust the size of the
pupil and the diaphragm adjusts the size of the aperture (in a camera). The
image is then fully captured when the shutter (in a camera) or eyelid closes. The
pupil and the aperture are also similar because they are both holes in the eye or
the camera that let the light in.
➔ Camera eyes are eyes that have a cornea,lens, and a retina and are roughly
round in the shape. Compound eyes have small units called ommatidium.
➔ Digital cameras, Scanners, digital recorders can be used to capture digital
cameras. Light goes through the aperture goes to the light sensitive surface. The
difference between the regular and digital camera, is instead of lighting going to
the film it goes to the charged coupled-device(CCD).
➔ The computer divided the image when the image is collected into pixels and
assigned coordinates.
➔ Once the pixels become big the images starts to become blurry. The lower the
pixels are the lower the resolution, the more they are the higher the resolution is.
That means it will become clearer. Pixels stand for Picture elements.

​UNIT D STUDY GUIDE

Machine- A device that helps us do work
System- a group of parts that work together to perform a general function for a complex
machine
Mechanical advantage-amount by which a machine can multiply force;output force/input
force
Speed ratio-measure of how the speed of the object is affected by the machine ;input
distance/output distance
Friction- anything that causes motion/resistance
Efficiency- the measure of the energy being used by the mechanical device MA/SR
times 100
Work- when a force acts on an object to make to object move; Force x distance
Hydraulic system- a system that uses liquid under pressure
Pressure- measure of the amount of force applied to a given area
Function-purpose or task
Subsystems-smaller group of parts within a complex machine that performs a specific
function
Gears- a pair of wheels that have teeth that interlink, when they rotate together,one
gearwheel transfers turning motion and force to the other
Input force- force applied to operate the machine
Output force- force the machine applies to the object

Section 1
➔ A simple machine is a tool or device made up of one basic machine.
➔ A complex machine is a system in which simple machines all work together; for
example a bicycle is an example of a complex machine.

6 simple machines:
LEVER ​is a rigid bar or plank that can rotate around a fixed point called a pivot or a
fulcrum. Levers are used to reduce the force needed to carry out a task such as pulling
a nail, opening a bottle, hitting a baseball, and cutting paper. There are three types of
levers.
INCLINED PLANE ​is a simple machine that helps us lift heavier objects with less force
though this cost a larger distance compared with lifting an object up. The steeper the
inclined plane the harder it is to control. (Picture below is an ex..of inclined plane plane)

​ EDGE ​is similar in shape to an inclined plane but used in different way, it is used to
W
separate an object. ( ex of wedge below…)

SCREW ​is a cylinder with a groove cut in a spiral on the outside. A screw helps
increase the force you use. It converts turning motion into motions in a straight line.

PULLEY ​consist of a wire, rope, and cable moving on a grooved wheel. Pulleys are
used to lift to heavy objects. (Picture below)
WHEEL AND AXLE ​is a combinations of two wheels of different diameters that turn
together. Force multiplier basically.

➔ The 4 effects
1)Simple machines can ​change direction o ​ f force​(for example, a pulley on a flagpole.)
To raise the flag you pull down. Your pulley changes downward pull to an upward pull
on the flag.
2) ​Multiplying force​( an example would be a screwdriver when it undoes screws, it
wouldn't work without force)
3)​ ​Increasing or decreasing​ ​speed(​ For example, cutting paper)
4) ​Transferring force​(for example a staple remover transferring force)

➔ Gears are essential components of most mechanical systems. They consist of a

pair of teeth wheels that interlink together;one gear wheel transfers turning
motion and force to the other. The larger moves slower than the other but has
greater force. Gears can be used to decrease or increased speed in a machine.
Cars and bikes use gears.
Section 2
➔ Mechanical advantage-amount by which a machine can multiply force;output
force/input force
➔ Speed ratio-measure of how the speed of the object is affected by the machine
;input distance/output distance

➔ Efficiency- the measure of the energy being used by the mechanical device
MA/SR times 100

➔ Work- when a force acts on an object to make to object move; Force x distance

➔ Pressure- measure of the amount of force applied to a given area.

➔ Friction makes work input not equal with work output. It affects the machine’s
efficiency which is the amount of energy being consumed by the machine.
➔ Like in the definitions hydraulic systems uses liquid under pressure to move
heavy loads. Hydraulic systems can also increases the mechanical advantage of
a lever in machines.
➔ Pascal’s law: Unit of measurement for pressure; pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.This law makes
hydraulic and pneumatic systems possible.
➔ An example of a hydraulic device would be a backhoe, the fluids in the hydraulic
system of this backhoe transmits forces that move the levers for lifting heavy
loads.

​ Section 3
➔ Efficiency; how easily and quickly it helps you do the task
➔ Effectiveness; how well the machine does
➔ CRITERIA:Questions you need to consider when evaluating a mechanical
device/machine(The main ones)
Is it efficient? Does it work quick and easily?

Is it effective? How well does it work?

Is it safe? Is it safe to be used?

Is it convenient? Is the device when you need it?

Other things you consider is the cost……environment…...and…….quality.

➔ Function is what the device is supposed to do and the design is the physical form
of device that makes it usable

➔ AN example of change is science would be when electricity was invented, and 

how we found out how electricity is helpful. For example computers we use 
today require electricity to work. AN example in change in society would be 
robots. Since humans needed a way to replace workers they decided to design 
robots for their industries. Last but not least is the change in technology for 
environment. Over time people have noticed the damage being done to their 
environment and how much we waste, so they've decided to create new 
technologies such as recycling technology which helps save materials we would 
have wasted. 

➔ I think the environment is important in consideration of new technologies being

developed because at time passes the environment changes and human realize
as the environment changes they need to build more technologies that help with
each state of the environment depending the circumstances.

​ ​Unit E: Fresh and Salt Water systems

Potable water- Water that humans can drink safely.

Salinity- The amount of salt dissolved in the water.
Hard water- Contains a high concentration of the minerals calcium and magnesium,
leaves mineral deposits on objects.
Distillation- Distillation, the solution is boiled so the water evaporates and leaves the
salt behind.
Reverse osmosis- operates by forcing salt water through a filter or membrane with holes
too small for salts to pass through.
Waves- are changes in patterns that move along the water’s surface.
Tide- The rising and falling in sea level.
Sediments- eroded rock fragments and soil carried by water or wind.
Glaciers- large moving bodies of ice.
Watershed- is all the area of of land that drains into one main lake or river.
Stream characteristics- include the rate of water flow and the slope of a stream’s bed.
Climate- is the average weather measured over a long period of time.
Currents- are streams of water that move within a larger body of water.
Diversity-is an ecosystem refers to the variety of different kind of species living there.
Adaptations- Characteristics that increase a percentage of survivor for a specie living in
its environment.
Population- is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific area.
Monitoring- observing,checking, keeping track of something for a specific purpose.

Sec 1
➔ Water quality describes how pure the water is. You can determine the water
quality by measuring the amount of substances besides water that are in a water
sample.
➔ Organisms or bacteria in fresh water may be harmful or not. For example
bacterias such as E.coli is deadly if found in anything including fresh water.
➔ Criteria you have to go through to check water quality:

CRITERIA
Taste and odour
Turbidity(Cloudiness and color)
Toxic substances and other pollutants
Bacteria
Hardness or mineral content
pH( HOw acidic or basic the water is)
Dissolved oxygen
Solids, including floating materials.
Dissolved solids
Sec 2
➔ Waves are usually caused by wind, the more wind the bigger the waves are.
Waves moves along the surface of water.
➔ Tides are caused by the gravitational force of the moon.
➔ Force of waves crashing against a shoreline can change the shape of the shore.
While tides change the water level results. Tides can also erode and carry
sediments. Last but not least, ​ ​tides cause the draining and filling of tidal bays.
➔ The profile of a stream is the description of its characteristics.
PROFILE OF A RIVER
- A river or stream may start in mountains where the glacier is melting. The water
collects in a channel that forms a small stream. As it flows the volume increases.
- In the rivers early age it flows swiftly and fairly straight.
- After the river becomes more level, the river flows slowly. This makes meanders
which means it moves in large curves. That flatland now becomes covered with
water whenever the river overflows its bank, this area is called the floodplain. The
speed all depends on the volume. The greater the volume the greater the speed.
- At its mouth the river enters a lake or the ocean. The water flows slowly now and
drops of sediments that it carried. The sediment now forms a fan shaped deposit
called the delta.
➔ An erosion is the eroding by wind, water, chemical, or any other natural agents.
Erosion is the wearing away and transporting of rock fragments and soil. Erosion
can also occur due to chemical weathering, meaning it erodes through chemical
reaction.
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FEATURES ON THE OCEAN FLOOR:

The continental shelves are shallow areas around the edges of the continents.
They are mainly sedimentary deposits of materials eroded off the continents.
They are largest on the edges of oceans that are opening up. (EX; the atlantic,
where the plates are always moving away from each other.)

Volcanic Islands are formed by volcanoes that grow up all the way from the
ocean’s floor.

Trenches form where two plates are moving toward each other. The thinner
oceanic plate is pushed down below the thicker continental plate.

Seamounts are underwater volcanoes that do not come all the way to the
ocean’s surface.

Mid-ocean ridges form where molten rock pushes up from the interior of earth...
 On either side of the ridge are two different plates. They are slowly moving
away from each other as the molten rock hardens into new crust.
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GLACIAL FEATURES:

Moraines form from rock and gravel that build up along the sides and at the
end of the glacier.

Eskers form when glaciers melt.

Drumlins are small hills with a distinctive teardrop shape. They form when a
glacier moves over moraines that had formed earlier.

Mountain;sharp peaks;repeated glaciation wear the mountain to the rounded

hills.

Lakes form from action of glaciers scouring out depressions in the land; lakes
also form large chunks of ice left behind by the glacier melted away.

➔ Large bodies of water can affect the weather and climate, since water has a
higher heat capacity this means other substances around it also hold onto the the
heat.

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➔ Three Zones of a Lake: Lakes are freshwater bodies in low areas of land. Lakes
can also be affected by the local climate. Like in Northern countries the water
would have froze.
- From the shore down to where aquatic plants to stop growing is upper zone of a
lake. Plants here might include bulrushes and water lillies. Here you might see
small fish,clams, insects, snails,worms, leeches and frogs.
- The middle zone is the open water area that still has light penetration.
-The lowest zone is the deepest water of the lake. No light penetrates this zone,
so no plants grow here. Food or fish and other animals that live here comes
floating down as waste from the plants and animals that live near on the surface.
➔ The Four zone of the ocean:
-Intertidal zone: Animals and plants that live along the shoreline of the ocean
have to be able to withstand the pounding of the waves.
-Estuary: One of the most diverse and richest ecosystems is the estuary.Here
freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with the salt water of the ocean to form
brackish water, marshes grow here.
 -Continental shelf: Is a shelf of land that extends out from the edge of a continent
below the ocean’s surface. The water here is warm
- The oceanic zone: Here different kind of animals live here.
➔ An example of an organism adapting is the dragonfish adapting to an
environment without light . It produces its own light from spots on its body
called photophores.

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➔ The three major uses of water are: Agriculture, Industry, and Domestic.
➔ Agriculture= 73%, Industry =22%, and Domestic= 5%.
➔ Power stations, runoff, and sewage can affect water quality.
➔ Monitoring helps scientist observe the change in the water quality, this now
confirms whether the condition of the water is good or bad.