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Abstract. An approach to the analysis and design of a prevent unbalances during charging and discharging in a
bidirectional DC power converter for the cell voltage balancing series connected battery cells [3]. This repeated charge
control of a series connected lithium-ion battery string is and discharge phenomenon causes a cell mismatch
presented in this paper. The proposed Cell Balancing Circuit problem because lithium-ion batteries have inevitable
(CBC) is designed to transfer the energy from the fully charged differences in chemical and electrical characteristics from
battery cell to the weakest one using a switch mode power manufacturing, and accelerate asymmetrical cell
converter operation. This operation maintains cell batteries at the degradation with aging [4]. The problem is that when
same State-Of-Charge (SOC) and voltage range. Unlike previous
battery balancing circuits, the balancing method uses only one
these imbalanced batteries are left in use without any
magnetic component, resulting small size system. Simulation and control, such as cell balancing, the energy storage
experimental results show that the proposed cell balancing capacity decreases severely, and in the worst case, there
method can not only enhance the bidirectional battery may be an explosion or fire. Lithium-ion batteries require
equalization performance, but can also reduce the switching loss careful management, particularly with regard to
during the equalization period. Experiment results are provided to overcharge and undercharge problems. Thus, charge
verify the operating principle of the proposed balancing method. equalization for a series connected battery string is
Specific conditions of experiments are used to reproduce necessary to prevent these phenomena and extend the
photovoltaic operations.
useful lifetime. Numerous charge balancing circuits have
been presented and well summarized in [5]. They can be
Key words classified into two categories, dissipative and non-
dissipative. Example of dissipative balancing method
Active balancing, Lithium-ion battery, Bidirectional micro could be based on shunt resistive method. It is the
converter, Photovoltaic. simplest and cheapest cell balancing. This method could
be operated continuously on each cell independently but
1. Introduction this method presents high energy losses, which reduces
the energy efficiency. Example of a non-dissipative
Because a single battery cell presents low nominal method could be based on multiple winding transformers
voltage (limited due to the active materials chemistry), with advantage of being an effective low-cost
battery cells are usually connected in series to be equalization, but it is difficult to implement multiple
employed in many applications, such as electric vehicles windings in a single transformer [6]. In a dedicated DC
(EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), photovoltaic (PV) converter approach, a very low voltage stress can be
systems or telecommunication battery energy systems. achieved because the use of a bidirectional DC converter,
Unbalanced cell voltage within a series string can be but there is a high complexity of controlling the
attributed to the differences in the cell’s internal resistance, bidirectional DC power converter [7]. Another non
unbalanced State-Of-Charge (SOC) between cells, dissipative method could be based on a switched
degradation and the ambient temperature gradients during capacitor applied to every two adjacent cells [8]. This
charging and discharging [1]-[2]. Voltage monitoring and method can balance cells in a short time, but it requires a
current diversion equalization circuits and Battery large number of switches, so lots of energy is dissipated
Management Systems (BMS) have been developed to in the switches and capacitor. The main contribution of
3.4
architecture of the power architecture module with all 3.2
subsystems included. 3.0
The architecture of the system studied includes a PV 2.8
4.0
with a maximum security. The principal function of this 3.8
Voltage [V]
panel and store and/or restitute the energy to the load. For 3.4
Switched
PV Mode Battery Management Researches of new topologies of power converters for
Array Power System
(Energy Transfer Regulator)
Load battery management have been done in the Laboratory
Module Converter
for Analysis and Architecture of Systems (LAAS) and
specifically for renewable energy applications. Two cell
balancing method have been elaborated to compare
MPPT Li-ion Cell Balancing performances in different working conditions. The first
Circuit
Control Battery solution developed is a classical structure, the shunt
balancing method, which will be our reference. The
second solution is based on micro converters and tries to
Fig. 1. Functional power architecture module.
improve efficiency with same performances.
+ ↓ ICelln
+ ↓ ICell3
VCell3 MEQ3
poower convertter based onn the buck-boost converteer.
Cell3
- x3
Active balancinng methods aare intended to t optimize thhe
chharging of thee battery packk to make it uniform for all a
ICell_EQ2
C
REQ2 ceells and thus avoid any vvoltage dispaarity that couuld
↓
X0
M1D
The control of micro converters is realized by a
conventional voltage regulation. The operating time of
Y0 the converter are adjusted for balancing needs to maintain
Fig. 5. Principle circuit of cell balancing method using buck- permanently a maximum deviation of 20mV between
boost micro converter for n cell in series. each cell. Using this method and following figure 5, we
can generalized to any cells of the battery pack through
Micro converters will be controlled in voltage the command of MOSFETs (figure 7).
according to the system, protections and the battery cells.
A SPI bus is used for the all dialogues between µC and ICelln M(n+1)CnD MmC(m-1)D ICellm
↑
measurement devices. MOSFETs are most of the time high
↓
side driven. + Xn Xm
VCelln -
For example with two adjacent cells, if the cell noted Cell4 -
Celln Discharge VCelln L iL
2.8mH Charge VCellm Cellm VCellm
is fully charged and the Cell3 is the lowest charged when +
charging process, the current flows through the micro M(n-1)CnD MmC(m+1)D
X4 L iL X3
+ - Estimated losses for this active cell balancing method can
VCell4 Cell4 Cell3 VCell3 be evaluated by the following equation:
- M3C4D
Y3 +
Discharge VCell4 Charge VCell3
( ) ( )
2N 2R dson * i 2Lrms (t ) + 2N 2Vf * i Lavg (t ) + ri * i 2Lrms (t ) (4)
Fig. 6. Equivalent circuit of the buck-boost converter when
With N the number of micro converters involved in the
energy transfers between Cell4 and Cell3.
balancing action where two cells are included at every
stage of balancing ; Rdson (Ω), the conduction resistance
During TON = αTc (MnC4D and M3C4D => ON) the quantity
of the MOSFET; Vf (V), the diode threshold voltage, and
of charge which is transferred from battery Cell4 to the ri (Ω), the winding resistance of the inductor L.
inductor L is:
1 1 Vcell4 To obtain efficient results it is necessary to use voltage
QCell4 = i L maxαTc = (αTc )2 (2) sensors with high accuracy allowing optimal control of
2 2 L balancing actions. A LTC6802 is used to have a
maximum of voltage accuracy. A specific high
During TOFF = (1 − α )Tc (M3C2D and M3C4D => ON) the bootstrapped side control has been implemented to
quantity of charge which is transferred from inductor to control MOSFETs. Figure 8 shows the experimental
battery Cell3 is: prototype used to demonstrate the performance of the
proposed active balancing method in PV application.
1 Vcell4
QCell3 = QCell4 = (αTc )2 (3)
2 L
3.6
cells in
i series. 3.4
3.3
5. Experim
mental results 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00
Tim
me [h] VCell1 VCell2 VCe
ell3
VCell4
4 VCell5 VCe
ell6
0.030
To validatee proposed equalization
e c
circuits, the two 0.025
prroposed balanncing methodd was installled in a six cell
Max [V]
0.020
D lt M
0.010
Delta
thhe proposed balancing
b metthods. The drriving signalss for 0.005
m
module. Batterry charging will
w be optim mal and use a DC
Battery Current [A]
1.0
0.8
poower converteer associated with a Maxim mum Power Point
P 0.6
T
Tracking (MPP PT) optimizingg the researchh of the maxim mum 0.4
30 30 0.025
Max [V]
0.020
25 25
0.015
Ppv [W]
Ppv [W]
D lt M
20 20
0.010
Delta
15 15 0.005
10 10 0.000
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00
5 5
Tim
me [h] Delta
a VCell Maximun
0 0
00:00 01:00 0
02:00 03:00 04:0
00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00
Tim
me [h] Time [h]
40 30
shhow that usinng active baalancing circuuit the maxim mum 30
diifference volttage, noted ΔVCell
Δ max, beetween each cell 20
foollow specificcations definedd at 20mV duuring the full time
t
[mV]
10
exxperiment. Allso, system daata acquisitionn performs ressults 0
thhat the quantitty of charge sttore into the battery
b is senssibly Without W
With Withouut With
thhe same for both
b experimeents. Figure 12 and 15 resuume
vaalues of ΔVCeellmax and com mpare results without
w balanccing Sunny C
Cloudy
acction. Converrsion efficienccy during batteery charging with
w
acctive balancinng method is around
a 91.5% applying a suunny Fig.
F 12. Final reesults of ΔVCeellmax applying or
o not shunt celll
prrofile and 87.33% applying cloudy
c profilee. balancing for diffferent PV Profilles.
1.0
0.8
0.6
An intelligent cell balancing circuit was proposed for
0.4 bidirectional battery equalization of a series connected
0.2 lithium-ion battery string. A buck-boost converter was
0.0
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 employed to improve the dynamic equalization
Time [h] I Battery Pack performance, and to guarantee that each cell voltage of
3.7
the lithium-ion battery string would be operated within
3.6
the safety region during the cell balancing period. The
Cell Voltage [V]
3.5
advantages of the proposed intelligent battery
3.4
equalization circuit are summarized as follows.
3.3
The proposed buck-boost converter topology
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00
Time [h] VCell1 VCell2 VCell3 accelerates the equalizing process. The equalization
0.030
VCell4 VCell5 VCell6
time is abbreviated and continuous compared with
0.025
the conventional shunt balancing method under the
Delta Max [V]
0.020
0.015
same equalization conditions.
0.010 The bidirectional cell balancing control circuit can
0.005
be used in the charging or discharging state to
0.000
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 extend lifetime of lithium-ion battery cells used in
Delta VCell Maximun
Time [h]
photovoltaic applications.
In system design of a practical lithium-ion based
Fig. 13. Experiment of the charge of six lithium-ion cell in series battery pack, the scope of cell imbalancing effects in the
with the active balancing method. battery string applications must be evaluated comparing
Test conditions: Sunny PV profile at 25°C. various solutions for cell balancing and execution time it
requires in the charge process.
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1.2
Battery Current [A]
1.0
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