A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

“HEERAPURA 400 kV GRID SUB-STATION”

Submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Electrical Engineering

Guided by: - Submitted by: -

Dept. of Electrical Engineering Raja Agarwal
(14ESKEE075)
VII Sem Electrical Engg.

Session: 2017-18

Department of Electrical Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management & Gramothan,
Ramnagariya, Jagatpura, Jaipur (RAJ.)
 Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology Management & Gramothan,
Jaipur

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify, Mr. Raja Agarwal of VII Semester B.Tech (Electrical

Engineering) , have worked for his seminar entitled as “Heerapura 400

kV Grid Sub-Station”, under my guidance being submitted in partial

fulfilment of award of degree of B.Tech. from Rajasthan Technical
University, Kota during the session 2017-18.

Date: 3/10/2017

Mr. Jitendra Sharma

(Seminar Guide)

i Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel immense pleasure in expressing my regards to the chairman, SKIT Shri Surja
Ram Meel, Director Shri Jaipal Meel, Registrar Smt. Rachna Meel, Director
(Academics) Prof. (Dr.) S.L. Surana, Director (D&W) Prof. (Dr.) Ramesh Pachar,
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Jaipur for
proving me necessary facilities to complete this work.

I am grateful to my training guide in R.R.V.P.N.L., Shri D.K. Dixit (Executive

Engineer) and Mr. N.K. Gupta for providing me the valuable support and guidance
during my practical training at 400 kV GSS, Heerapura, Jaipur.

I express my gratitude to the Head of the Department, Dr. Akash saxena and Deputy
Head of the Department, Mr. Ankush Tondon for their valuable support.

I extent my thanks to our Seminar Incharge, Mr. Sarfaraz Nawaz, Associate

Professor and Mr. Jitendra Sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering for their cooperation and guidance.

Yours Sincerely,

Raja Agarwal

ii Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 ABSTRACT

Electric power is produced at the power generating stations, which are generally
located far away from the load centers. High voltage transmission lines are used to
transmit the electric power from the generating stations to the load centers. Between
the power generating station and consumers a number of transformations and
switching stations are required. These are generally known as substations. Substations
are important part of power system and form a link between generating stations,
transmission systems and distribution systems. Heerapura 400 kV Grid Sub-Station is
a transformer sub-station which step down voltage from 400 kV to 220 kV. The 400
kV feeders come from Bassi, Merta, Hindoun, Phagi, and Jaipur North. Then the
voltage is transformed to 220 kV and sent to Sanganer, SEZ, Phulera, KTPS and
NPH. A spare line is also kept for emergency purposes. There are four transformers
installed in which three are of 250 MVA and one of 315 MVA. This sub-station also
helps in prevention of major faults and fault correction. Circuit breakers, Isolators and
various other equipments are installed in this GSS to ensure a reliable supply of power
to homes. Heerapura village is located in Phagi Tehsil of Jaipur district in Rajasthan,
India. It is situated 22km away from sub-district headquarter Phagi and 39km away
from district headquarter Jaipur. Substation was commissioned on 19th July 2000 by
government of Rajasthan. Today, it has a total transformation capacity of (250*3 +
315*1) 1065 MVA.

iii Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 LIST OF CONTENTS
Certificate i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

List of Content iv

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

1 Introduction to Grid Sub-Station 1-4

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Why do we need a sub-station 2

1.3 Classification of sub-station 2

2 About Heerapura GSS 5-7

2.1 About 400 kV Heerapura GSS 5

2.2 Main equipments housed at Heerapura

5
GSS

2.3 Incoming lines 6

2.4 Outgoing lines 6

2.5 Single line diagram 6

3 Power Transformer 8-10

3.1 Introduction 8

3.2 Types of Transformer 9

3.3 Power Transformers Installed at

10
Heerapura

iv Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 4 Bus-Bars 11-13

4.1 Definition 11

4.2 Types of Bus-Bar Arrangements 12

4.3 Bus-Bars in Heerapura 13

5 Instrument Transformer 14-16

5.1 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 14

5.2 Current Transformer 15

6 Lightning Arrester 17-18

7 Isolators 19-22

7.1 Definition of Isolators 19

7.2 Types of Electrical Isolators 19

7.3 Operation of Electrical Isolators 20

7.4 Nomenclature of Isolators 21

7.5 Isolator Ratings at Heerapura GSS 22

8 Circuit Breakers 23-25

8.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker 23

8.2 Working of SF6 CB 24

8.3 Advantages of SF6 Circuit Breaker 24

9 Insulators 26-28

9.1 Types of Insulators 26

10 Relays 29-30

10.1 Buchholz Relay 29

10.2 Operation of Buchholz Relay 30

11 PLCC 31-32

11.1 Main Components of PLCC 31

v Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 Conclusion 33

References 34

vi Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Name of Figure Page No.

2.1 View of Heerapura Grid Sub-Station 5

2.2 Single Line Diagram 7

3.1 Power Transformer 8

4.1 Bus-Bar 11

5.1 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 14

5.2 Current Transformer 16

6.1 Lightening Arrester 18

7.1 Isolator 21

8.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker 25

9.1 Insulators 28

10.1 Buchholz Relay Schematic Diagram 30

vii Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 LIST OF TABLES
Table no. Name of Table Page No.

3.1 Transformer Ratings at Heerapura 10

5.1 Current Transformer Ratings 16

7.1 Isolator Ratings at Heerapura GSS 22

viii Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO GRID SUB-STATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Electric power is produced at the power generating stations, which are generally
located far away from the load centers. High voltage transmission lines are used to
transmit the electric power from the generating stations to the load centers. Between
the power generating station and consumers a number of transformations and
switching stations are required. These are generally known as substations.
Substations are important part of power system and form a link between generating
stations, transmission systems and distribution systems. It is an assembly of
electrical components such as bus-bars, switchgear apparatus, power transformers
etc. Their main functions are to receive power transmitted at high voltage from the
generating stations and reduce the voltage to a value suitable for distribution. Some
substations provide facilities for switching operations of transmission lines, others
are converting stations. Substations are provided with safety devices to disconnect
equipment or circuit at the time of faults. Substations are the convenient place for
installing synchronous condensers for the purpose of improving power factor and it
provide facilities for making measurements to monitor the operation of the various
parts of the power system. The substations may be classified in according to service
requirements and constructional features. According to service requirements it is
classified in to transformer substations, switching substations and converting
substations.

The present day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is
produce at the power station, which are located at favourable places, generally quite
away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of
transmission and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it may be
desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc,
frequency p.f. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus
called sub-station for example, generation voltage (11kV or 6.6kV) at the power

1 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 765kV to 400kV) for transmission of
electric power. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be
stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable
apparatus called sub-station.

1.2 WHY DO WE NEED A SUB-STATION?

Substation forms an important link between transmission network and distribution

network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient
transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such
that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power
supply.

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-SATATIONS

The substations may be classified in numerous ways, such as by nature of duties,

service rendered operating voltage, importance, and design.

1.3.1 Classification of Substations by Nature of Duties

The classification of the substation by nature of functions is explained below in

details.

 Step-up or Primary Substations – Such types of substations generate low

voltage like 3.3, 6.6, 11, or 33kV. This voltage is stepped up by the help of a step-
up transformer for transmitting the power over large distances. It is located near
the generating substation
 Primary Grid Substations – This substation lowered the value of primary
stepped up voltages. The output of the primary grid substation acts as the input of
the secondary substations. The secondary substation is used for stepping down the
input voltage to more lowered for further transmission.

2 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 Step-down or Distribution Substations – This substation is placed near the load
centre where the primary distribution is stepped down for sub-transmission. The
secondary distribution transformer feeds the consumer through the service line

1.3.2 Classification of Substations by Service Rendered

 Transformer substations – In such type of substation transformers are installed

for transforming the power from one voltage level to another level as per need.
 Switching Substations – The substations use for switching the power line without
disturbing the voltage is known as the switching substations. This type of
substations is placed between the transmission line.
 Converting Substations – In such types of substations, AC power converting into
DC power or vice versa or it can convert high frequency to lower frequency or
vice versa.

1.3.3 Classification of Substations by Operating Voltage

The substations, according to operating voltage, may be categorised as

 High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) – Involving voltages between 11

kV and 66 kV.
 Extra High Voltage Substations – Involving voltages between 132 kV and 400
kV.
 Ultra High Voltage – Operating voltage above 400 kV.

1.3.4 Classifications of Substation by Importance

 Grid Substations – This substation is used for transferring the bulk power from
one point to another. If any fault occurs on the substation, then the continuity of
whole of the supply is affected by it.
 Town Substations – These substations step down the voltage at 33/11 kV for
more distribution in the towns. If there is any fault occurs in this substation, then
the supply of the whole town is blocked.

1.3.5 Classification of Substations by Design

3 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 Indoor Type Substations – In such type of substations, the apparatus is
installed within the substation building. Such type of substations is usually for
the voltage up to 11 kV but can be raised for the 33 kV or 66 kV when the
surrounding air is polluted by dust, fumes or gasses, etc.
 Outdoor Substations – These substations are further subdivided into two
categories
 Pole Mounted Substations – Such Substations are erected for distributions of
power in the localities. Single stout pole or H-pole and 4-pole structures with
relevant platforms are operating for transformers of capacity up to 25 KVA,
125 KVA, and above 125 KVA.
 Foundation Mounted Substations – Such types of substations are used for
mounting the transformers having capacity 33,000 volts or above.

4 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 2
ABOUT HEERAPURA GSS

2.1 ABOUT 400kV HEERAPURA SUB-STATION

Heerapura village is located in Phagi Tehsil of Jaipur district in Rajasthan, India. It is

situated 22km away from sub-district headquarter Phagi and 39km away from district
headquarter Jaipur.

Substation was commissioned on 19th July 2000 by government of Rajasthan. Today,

it has a total transformation capacity of (250*3 + 315*1) 1065 MVA.

Figure 2.1: View of Heerapura Grid Sub-Station

2.2 MAIN EQUIPMENTS HOUSED AT HEERAPURA GSS

1. Auto transformer (250 MVA, 315 MVA)

2. Bus (400 kV)
3. Capacitor voltage transformer (220 kV)
4. Current transformer (220 kV)
5. Lightening arrester (220 kV)
6. Circuit breaker (400 kV, 220 kV, 33 kV)
7. Isolator

5 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

8. Bus coupler and sectionalizer
9. Power Line Communication Equipment (PLCC)
10. Different relay schemes for protection

2.3 INCOMING LINES

1. Bassi I
2. Bassi II
3. Merta
4. Hindoun I
5. Hindoun II
6. Phagi I
7. Phagi II
8. Jaipur North

2.4 OUTGOING LINES

1. Sanganer
2. SEZ
3. Phulera
4. KTPS
5. NPH

2.5 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concerned Electrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of power up to
the end of the scope of the mentioned work. As these feeders enter the station they are
pass through various instruments. The instruments have their usual functioning.

6 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 Figure 2.2: Single line diagram

7 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 3
POWER TRANSFORMER

3.1 INTRODUCTION

A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another without changing frequency. This is a very basic definition of transformer.
Since there is no rotating or moving part so transformer is a static device. Transformer
operates on ac supply. Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

Generation of electrical power in low voltage level is very much cost effective.
Theoretically, this low voltage level power can be transmitted to the receiving end.
This low voltage power if transmitted results in greater line current which indeed
causes more line losses but if the voltage level of a power is increased, the current of
the power is reduced which causes reduction in ohmic or I2R losses in the system,
reduction in cross sectional area of the conductor i.e. reduction in capital cost of the
system and it also improves the voltage regulation of the system. Because of these,
low level power must be stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission. This is
done by step up transformer at the sending side of the power system network. As this
high voltage power may not be distributed to the consumers directly, this must be
stepped down to the desired level at the receiving end with the help of step down
transformer. Electrical power transformer thus plays a vital role in power
transmission.

Figure 3.1: Power Transformer

8 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

3.2 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
Transformers can be categorized in different ways, depending upon their purpose, use,
construction etc. The types of transformer are as follows,

1. Step-Up Transformer and Step-Down Transformer - Generally used for stepping

up and down the voltage level of power in transmission and distribution power
system network.
2. Three Phase Transformer and Single Phase Transformer - Former is generally
used in three phase power system as it is cost effective than later. But when size
matters, it is preferable to use a bank of three single phase transformer as it is
easier to transport than one single three phase transformer unit.
3. Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer and Instrument
Transformer - Power transformers are generally used in transmission network for
stepping up or down the voltage level. It operates mainly during high or peak
loads and has maximum efficiency at or near full load. Distribution transformer
steps down the voltage for distribution purpose to domestic or commercial users.
It has good voltage regulation and operates 24 hrs a day with maximum efficiency
at 50% of full load. Instrument transformers include C.T and P.T which are used
to reduce high voltages and current to lesser values which can be measured by
conventional instruments.
4. Two Winding Transformer and Auto Transformer - Former is generally used
where ratio between high voltage and low voltage is greater than 2. It is cost
effective to use later where the ratio between high voltage and low voltage is less
than 2.
5. Outdoor Transformer and Indoor Transformer - Transformers that are designed for
installing at outdoor are outdoor transformers and transformers designed for
installing at indoor are indoor transformers.
6. Oil Cooled and Dry Type Transformer - In oil cooled transformer the cooling
medium is transformer oil whereas the dry type transformer is air cooled.
7. Core type, Shell type and Berry type transformer - In core type transformer it has
two vertical legs or limbs with two horizontal sections named yoke. Core is
rectangular in shape with a common magnetic circuit. Cylindrical coils (HV and
LV) are placed on both the limbs.
Shell type transformer: It has a central limb and two outer limbs. Both HV, LV
9 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT
 coils are placed on the central limb. Double magnetic circuit is present.
Berry type transformer: The core looks like spokes of wheels. Tightly fitted metal
sheet tanks are used for housing this type of transformer with transformer oil filled
inside.

3.3 POWER TRANSFORMERS AT HEERAPURA

Table 3.1: Power Transformer Ratings at Heerapura

I.D. No. Make Capacity Voltage Current

ILT-1 TELK 250 MVA 400/220 kV 361/656 A
ILT-2 TELK 250 MVA 400/220 kV 361/656 A
ILT-3 TELK 250 MVA 400/220 kV 361/656 A
ILT-4 TELK 315 MVA 400/220 kV 455/828 A
CG TR.
Reactor 50 MVAR Shunt Reactor 72.2 A
Mumbai

10 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 4
BUS-BARS

4.1 DEFINITION

An electrical bus-bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductors used for

collecting electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the
outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the
incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus-bar collects
the electric power at one location.

The bus-bar system consists of the isolator and the circuit breaker. On the occurrence
of a fault, the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the bus-bar is
easily disconnected from the circuit.

The electrical bus-bar is available in rectangular, cross-sectional, round and many

other shapes. The rectangular bus-bar is mostly used in the power system. The copper
and aluminium are used for the manufacturing of the electrical bus-bar.

Figure 4.1: Bus-Bar

11 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

4.2 TYPES OF BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENTS

The various types of bus-bar arrangement are used in the power system. The selection
of the bus-bar is depended on the different factor likes reliability, flexibility, cost etc.
The following are the electrical considerations governing the selection of any one
particular arrangement.

1. Single Bus-Bar Arrangement

The arrangement of such type of system is very simple and easy. The system has only
one bus-bar along with the switch. All the substation equipment like the transformer,
generator and the feeder is connected to this bus-bar only.

2. Single Bus-Bar Arrangement with Bus Sectionalized

In this type of bus-bar arrangement, the circuit breaker and isolating switches are
used. The isolator disconnects the faulty section of the bus-bar, hence protects the
system from complete shutdown. This type of arrangement uses one addition circuit
breaker which does not much increase the cost of the system.

3. Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement

Such type of arrangement uses two type of bus-bar namely, main bus-bar and the
auxiliary bus-bar. The bus-bar arrangement uses bus coupler which connects the
isolating switches and circuit breaker to the bus-bar. The bus coupler is also used for
transferring the load from one bus to another in case of overloading. The following
are the steps of transferring the load from one bus to another.

4. Double Bus Double Breaker Arrangement

This type of arrangement requires two bus-bar and two circuit breakers. It does not
require any additional equipment like bus coupler and switch.

5. Double Bus Double Breaker Arrangement

This type of arrangement requires two bus-bar and two circuit breakers. It does not
require any additional equipment like bus coupler and switch.

12 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

6. One and a Half Breaker Arrangement

In this arrangement, three circuit breakers are required for two circuits. The each
circuit of the bus-bar uses the one and a half circuit breaker. Such type of arrangement
is preferred in large stations where power handled per circuit is large.

7. Ring Main Arrangement

In such type of arrangement, the end of the bus-bar is connected back to the starting
point of the bus to form a ring.

8. Mesh Arrangement

In such type of arrangement, the circuit breakers are installed in the mesh formed by
the buses. The circuit is tapped from the node point of the mesh. Such type of bus
arrangement is controlled by four circuit breakers. When a fault occurs on any
section, two circuit breakers have to open, resulting in the opening of the mesh. Such
type of arrangement provides security against bus-bar fault but lacks switching
facility. It is preferred for substations having a large number of circuits.

4.3 BUS-BARS IN HEERAPURA

The bus-bar arrangement in 400 kV GSS at 400 kV side are two main bus A and B.
Both buses are aluminium hollow pipe bus with diameter 114.2 mm and current
carrying capacity is 2000 Amp. The bus-bar arrangement at 220 kV side are three
main bus D, E and F. These are twin moose conductor bus.

13 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 5
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or
transform voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument
transformers is to operate instruments or metering from high voltage or high current
circuits, safely isolating secondary control circuitry from the high voltages or
currents. The primary winding of the transformer is connected to the high voltage or
high current circuit, and the meter or relay is connected to the secondary circuit.

5.1 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Capacitor Voltage Transformers convert transmission class voltages to standardized

low and easily measurable values, which are used for metering, protection and control
of the high voltage system. As such, the need for accurate and reliable voltage
transformation is essential. Additionally, Capacitor Voltage Transformers serve as
coupling capacitors for coupling high frequency power line carrier signals to the
transmission line.

Figure 5.1: Capacitor Voltage Transformer

14 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

5.1.1 Rating of CVT Housed at Heerapura GSS

Type: CVE245/1050/50
Year: 2001
Frequency: 50 Hz
Capacitance C1: 4880 pF
Capacitance C2: 44455 pF
Equivalent capacitance: 4400+10% pF
Insulation level: 460/1050 kV
Emu oil: 95+10% Kg

5.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure AC

current. It produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional
to the AC current in its primary. Current transformers, along with voltage or potential
transformers are Instrument transformer. Instrument transformers scale the large
values of voltage or current to small, standardized values that are easy to handle for
instruments and protective relays. The instrument transformers isolate measurement
or protection circuits from the high voltage of the primary system. A current
transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately proportional to the current
flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a negligible load to the
primary circuit.

Current transformers are the current sensing units of the power system. Current
transformers are used at generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial
and commercial electric power distribution.

Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the
operation of the power grid. Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the
electrical utility's watt-hour meter on virtually every building with three-phase service
and single-phase services greater than 200 amperes.

15 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

High-voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain or polymer insulators to
isolate them from ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a high-
voltage transformer or circuit breaker, which automatically centers the conductor
inside the CT window.

Current transformers can be mounted on the low voltage or high voltage leads of a
power transformer. Sometimes a section of a bus bar can be removed to replace a
current transformer.

Figure 5.2: Current Transformer

5.2.1 Rating of Current Transformer Housed at Heerapura GSS

Table 5.1: Current Transformer Ratings

I.D. No./ Bay No. No. Of CTs Voltage (kV) Ratio

Bay no. 1 12 420/400, 5 core 2000/1000/500/1 A
Bay no. 2 12 420/400, 5 core 2000/1000/500/1 A
Bay no. 3 12 420/400, 5 core 2000/1000/500/1 A
Bay no. 4 12 420/400, 5 core 2000/1000/500/1 A
Bay no. 5 12 420/400, 5 core 2000/1000/500/1 A
Bay no. 6 12 420/400, 5 core 2000/1000/500/1 A

16 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 6
LIGHTNING ARRESTER

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and

telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-
voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge,
which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the
surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

In telegraphy and telephony, a lightening arrestor is placed where wires enter a

structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety
of individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge
protectors, are devices that are connected between each electrical conductor in power
and communications systems and the Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal
power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage
lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit
the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is
near to a lightning strike.

If protection fails or is absent, lightening that strikes the electrical system introduces
thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause
severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-
produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home
appliances or even produce death.

A potential target for a lightning strike, such as a television antenna, is attached to the
terminal labelled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in
the ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground
because there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and
D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed
to move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the
lightning arrester rather than travelling on to the television set and destroying it.

17 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting
material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. "Thyrite" was once a trade name for the
silicon carbide used in arresters. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most
modern varieties are filled with a precision gas mixture, and have a small amount of
radioactive material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap
reaches a specified level. Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge
tube (essentially like a neon glow lamp) connected between the protected conductor
and ground, or voltage-activated solid-state switches called varistors or MOVs.

Lightning arresters built for power substation use are immense devices, consisting of
a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in diameter, typically filled with
discs of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the occasional
internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder.

Lightning arresters are rated by the peak current they can withstand the amount of
energy they can absorb, and the break over voltage that they require to begin
conduction. They are applied as part of a lightning protection system, in combination
with air terminals and bonding.

Figure 6.1: Lightening Arrester

18 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 7
ISOLATORS

7.1 DEFINITION OF ISOLATOR

Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible
physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch
any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety there
must be some arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of the
circuit before touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of
circuit from system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system
from rest for safe maintenance works.

So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated

mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to
open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit
from the other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line.
Isolators are generally used on both ends of the breaker in order that repair or
replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.

7.2 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATORS

There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement
such as

1. Double Break Isolator

2. Single Break Isolator
3. Pantograph type Isolator.

Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as

1. Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.

19 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

7.2.1 Constructional Features of Double Break Isolators

Let’s have a discussion on constructional features of Double Break Isolators. These

have three stacks of post insulators as shown in the figure. The central post insulator
carries a tubular or flat male contact which can be rotated horizontally with rotation of
central post insulator. This rod type contact is also called moving contact.

The female type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted
at both sides of the central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the
form of spring loaded figure contacts. The rotational movement of male contact
causes to come itself into female contacts and isolators becomes closed. The rotation
of male contact in opposite direction make to it out from female contacts and isolators
becomes open.

Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a driving lever mechanism at the base
of the post insulator and it connected to operating handle (in case of hand operation)
or motor (in case of motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.

7.2.2 Constructional features of Single Break Isolators

The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other female
contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon which the
contact arms are fitted. Rotation of both post insulators stacks in opposite to each
other causes to close the isolator by closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both
post insulators stacks open the contact arm and isolator becomes in off condition. This
motorized form of this type of isolators is generally used but emergency hand driven
mechanism is also provided.

7.3 OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL ISOLATORS

As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there

is no chance current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or
open by isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by
isolator operation and also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator

20 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

operation to avoid huge arcing in between isolator contacts. That is why isolators
must be open after circuit breaker is open and these must be closed before circuit
breaker is closed. Isolator can be operated by hand locally as well as by motorized
mechanism from remote position. Motorized operation arrangement costs more
compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken before choosing an isolator
for system whether hand operated or motor operated economically optimum for the
system. For voltages up to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas
for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolators are
used.

Figure 7.1: Isolator

7.4 NOMENCLATURE OF ISOLATORS

ISO.189AT- First isolator connected ILT-1 in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

ISO.189AA- First isolator connected A bus in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

21 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

ISO.189AB- Second isolator connected A bus in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

ISO.189AC- Third isolator connected tie CB in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

ISO.189BC- Fourth isolator connected tie CB in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

ISO.189BA- First isolator connected B bus in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

ISO.189BB- Second isolator connected B bus in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

ISO.189BL- Line isolator connected B bus in bay no. 1 and 89 is isolator code.

7.5 ISOLATOR RATINGS AT HEERAPURA GSS

Table 7.1: Isolator Ratings at Heerapura GSS

I.D. No. Make Voltage (kV) Current (A)

Bay No.1 (8 no.) GR Power 420/142T 2000A
Bay No.2 (8 no.) S&S 420/142T 2000A
Bay No.3 (8 no.) S&S 420/142T 2000A
Bay No.4 (8 no.) Rade-Koncar 420/142T 2000A
Bay No.5 (8 no.) Rade-Koncar 420/142T 2000A
Bay No.6 (8 no.) S&S 420/142T 2000A

22 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 8
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current, typically resulting from an
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is
detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect low-
current circuits or individual household appliance, up to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. The generic function of a circuit
breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an automatic means of removing power from a faulty
system is often abbreviated as ADS (Automatic Disconnection of Supply).

8.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong
tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high
pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and an arc is struck between them.
The gas captures the conducting free electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile
negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough
insulation strength to extinguish the arc.

The sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers have been found to be very effective
for high power and high voltage service.

A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts
enclosed in a chamber. The chamber is called arc interruption chamber which
contains the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. This chamber is connected to sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas reservoir. A valve mechanism is there to permit the gas to the
arc interruption chamber. When the contacts of breaker are opened, the valve

23 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

mechanism permits a high pressure sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas from the reservoir
to flow towards the arc interruption chamber.

The fixed contact is a hollow cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with an arc
horn. The moving contact is also a hollow cylinder with rectangular holes in the sides.
The holes permit the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas to let out through them after
flowing along and across the arc. The tips of fixed contact, moving contact and arcing
horn are coated with copper-tungsten arc resistant material. Since sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas is costly, it is reconditioned and reclaimed using suitable
auxiliary system after each operation of breaker.

8.2 WORKING OF SF6 CB

In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at a pressure of about 2.8 kg/cm2. When the breaker
operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the contacts.
The movement of the moving contact is synchronised with the opening of a valve
which permits sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from the
reservoir to the arc interruption chamber.
The high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs the free
electrons in the arc path to form immobile negative ions which are ineffective as
charge carriers. The result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up
high dielectric strength and causes the extinction of the arc. After the breaker
operation (i.e. after arc extinction), the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.

8.3 ADVANTAGES OF SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Due, to the superior arc quenching properties of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas,
the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breakers have many advantages over oil or
air circuit breakers. Some of them are listed below:

24 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

1. Due to the superior arc quenching property of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6),
such circuit breakers have very short arcing time.
2. Since the dielectric strength of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is 2 to 3 times that
operation due unlike of air, such breakers can interrupt much larger currents.
3. The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breaker gives noiseless operation due
its closed gas circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere unlike the air blast circuit
breaker.

Figure 8.1: SF6 Circuit Breaker

25 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 9
INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely;
very little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field.
This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct
electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its
resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors.

A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of
mobile charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators
become electrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the
electric field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown
voltage of an insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have
high resistivity, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials,
even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent
significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are employed as
insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and
most plastics which can be thermostatic or thermoplastic in nature.

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical

conductors without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used
in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term
insulator is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach
electric power distribution or transmission lines to utility poles and transmission
towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the current
to flow through the tower to ground.

9.1 TYPES OF INSULATORS

Different types of Insulators used in Power Transmission for supporting the

conductors on Tower are as follows:

26 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 Pin Type Insulator: This is the first developed insulators and being used for
overhead lines for voltage grade up to 33 kV. The live conductor is place on the
top of the insulator and the bottom of the insulator in connected to earth. The
insulator has to withstand the potential stress between conductor and earth. When
insulator is wet, its outer surface becomes almost conducting. Hence the flash over
distance of insulator is decreased. The electrical insulator is designed such that the
decrease of flash over distance is minimum when the insulator is wet. That is why
the upper most petticoat of a pin insulator has umbrella type designed so that it
can protect the rest lower part of the insulator from rain. The upper surface of top
most petticoats is inclined as less as possible to maintain maximum flash over
voltage during raining.

 Post Insulators: Post insulator is suitable for higher voltage. It has higher numbers
of petticoats and has greater height. This type of insulator can be mounted on
supporting structure horizontally as well as vertically. The insulator is made of
one piece of porcelain and it has fixing clamp arrangement are in both top and
bottom end. For higher voltage application Two or more insulators can be fixed
together to meet the requirement.

 Suspension Insulator: Using post insulator in higher voltage is not economical and
suspension type insulator is evolved. Disc insulators are connected together in
series to make a string which is suspension type insulators. As per the voltage
grade the no of disc isolators are increased or decreased so that is is suitable for
any voltage level. When suspension insulators are used a conductor is always
hanging / suspended below the metallic tower level and it is always protected
from lightning. On the other hand in order to maintain minimum clearance
between conductor and ground/ equipment the tower high uses to be higher. The
amplitude of free swing of conductors is larger in suspension insulator system,
hence, more spacing between conductors should be provided.

 String Insulators: When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile

load of conductor it is referred as string insulator. When there is a dead end or
there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line has to sustain a great tensile

27 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 load of conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have considerable mechanical
strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating properties. In string
Insulator, each porcelain disc is designed for 11 kV. Thus for 132 kV overhead
line around 12 disc will be assembled.

 Stay Insulators: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at
a height. The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator and is
usually of porcelain and is so designed that in case of breakage of the insulator the
wire will not fall to the ground.

 Shackle insulators: It is usually used in low voltage distribution network. It can be

used both in horizontal and vertical position. The conductor in the groove of
shackle insulator is fixed with the help of soft binding wire.

Figure 9.1: Insulator

28 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 10
RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as
solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits
with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching.
Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
"protective relays".

Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil device,
the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and
will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage
is applied to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch
relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between operate
and reset commands.

10.1 BUCHHOLZ RELAY

A Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers

and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a "conservator".
The Buchholz relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric

29 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

failure inside the equipment. A generic designation for this type of device is "gas
detector relay".

10.2 OPERATION OF BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Depending on the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing
transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas
produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and
forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal.
Depending on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks.

If an electrical arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the
conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path
of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the
apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relays have a test port
to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the
relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas air found in
the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak.

Figure 10.1: Buchholz Relay Schematic Diagram

30 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CHAPTER 11
PLCC

For large Power System Power Line Carrier Communication is used for data
transmission as well as protection of Transmission Lines. Carrier current used for
Power Line carrier Communication has a frequency range of 80 to 500 kHz. PLCC in
modern electrical Power System is mainly for telemetry and tele-control. Power Line
Carrier Communication is used for the Carrier Tripping and Direct Tripping in case of
Distance Protection. For detail of how does Distance protection relay sends and
receives carrier signal, read Distance Protection.

11.1 MAIN COMPONENTS OF PLCC:

 Coupling Capacitor: Coupling capacitor or Capacitive Voltage Transformer

connects the carrier equipment to the transmission line. The coupling capacitor’s
capacitance is of such a value that it offers low impedance to carrier frequency
(1/ωC) but high impedance to power frequency (50 Hz). Thus coupling capacitor
allows carrier frequency signal to enter the carrier equipment. To decrease the
impedance further and make the circuit purely resistive so that there is no reactive
power in the circuit, low impedance is connected in series with coupling capacitor
to form resonance at carrier frequency.

 Wave Trap: Wave Trap is provided in the line after the CVT (If we see from
Transmission line side then CVT will come first and then CVT will come.). Wave
Trap is nothing but a Choke Coil which chokes out high frequency carrier signal,
as the impedance offered by inductor = wL will be high which will not allow the
high frequency carrier signal to enter into the substation.

 Transmitters and Receivers: The carrier Transmitters and Receivers are usually
mounted in a rack or cabinet in the control room, and the line tuner is out in the
switchyard. Thus there is a large distance between the equipment and the tuner,
and the connection between the two is made using a coaxial cable Fibre Optical

31 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 (FO) Cable. The coaxial cable provides shielding so that noise cannot get into the
cable and cause interference. The coaxial cable is connected to the line tuner
which must be mounted at the base of the coupling capacitor. If there is more than
one transmitter involved per terminal the signal must go through isolation circuits,
typically hybrids, before connection to the line tuner.

 Hybrids and Filters: The purpose of the hybrid circuits is to enable the connection
of two or more transmitters together on one coaxial cable without causing
intermediation distortion due to the signal from one transmitter affecting the
output stages of the other transmitter. Hybrids may also be required between
transmitters and receivers, depending on the application.

 Line Matching Unit LMU: LMU is a composite unit consisting of Drain Coil,
Isolation transformer with Lightning Arrester on its both the sides, a Tuning
Device and an earth switch. Tuning Device is the combination of R-L-C circuits
which act as filter circuit. LMU is also known as Coupling Device. Together with
coupling capacitor, LMU serves the purpose of connecting Audio/Radio
frequency signals to PLCC terminal and protection of the PLCC unit from the
over voltages caused due to transients on power system.

32 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 CONCLUSION

It is very important to have practical knowledge augmented with theoretical

knowledge. This training helped me improve my practical knowledge of power
system. We learnt that there is a difference between the theories we study and the
practical consideration that take place. In this summer training program, we were
taught about transmission and distribution of electrical power and we saw all the
devices installed in the switchyard. Those devices are very large in size and require
regular maintenance and sometimes even replacement.

Over all, this training has helped me broaden my perspective of transmission and
distribution of an electrical power and helped me think more professionally.

33 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT

 REFERENCES

1. energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/energy/...one.../Load_dispatch_manual.pd
f
2. http://rerc.rajasthan.gov.in/cnpl/PDFs/rvpninvest.pdf
3. http://energy.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/energy/corporate-one-lines-
viewer/pdf/ordercirculars/Secadmin/others/76_24062016.pdf

34 Department of Electrical Engineering/SKIT