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Applications
Point of load DC/DC converters
LCD TV
Set top boxes
DVD and Blu-ray players/recorders
Cable modems
Typical Application
VIN
C1 CSS
10µF
VIN SS
L1 4.7µH
EN VOUT
AOZ3018 LX
COMP R1
C2, C3
RC FB 22µF
CC AGND PGND R2
Ordering Information
Part Number Ambient Temperature Range Package Environmental
AOZ3018PI -40 °C to +85 °C EPAD SO-8 Green Product
AOS Green Products use reduced levels of Halogens, and are also RoHS compliant.
Please visit www.aosmd.com/media/AOSGreenPolicy.pdf for additional information.
Pin Configuration
PGND 1 8 LX
VIN 2 7 SS
PAD
AGND 3 (LX) 6 EN
FB 4 5 COMP
Pin Description
Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function
1 PGND Power ground. PGND needs to be electrically connected to AGND.
2 VIN Supply voltage input. When VIN rises above the UVLO threshold and EN is logic high,
the device starts up.
3 AGND Analog ground. AGND is the reference point for controller section. AGND needs to be
electrically connected to PGND.
4 FB Feedback input. The FB pin is used to set the output voltage via a resistive voltage divider
between the output and AGND.
5 COMP External loop compensation pin. Connect a RC network between COMP and AGND to
compensate the control loop.
6 EN Enable pin. Pull EN to logic high to enable the device. Pull EN to logic low to disable the
device. If on/off control in not needed, connect EN to VIN and do not leave it open.
7 SS Soft-start pin. 5 µA current charging current.
8 LX (Sense) Switching node. This pin has to be externally connected to exposed pad LX through PCB.
Exposed pad LX Switching node. LX is the drain of the internal power FET. LX is used as the thermal pad of
the power stage.
Block Diagram
VIN
Reference ISen
Softstart –
& Bias
Q1
ILimit
SS
SS
5µA
+
+ PWM Level
0.8V PWM Shifter
EAmp – Control
FB – Comp +
Logic
+ FET LX
Driver
Q2
COMP
Over-Voltage
Protection
500kHz
Comparator
Oscillator
+
0.96V –
AGND PGND
Note:
1. Devices are inherently ESD sensitive, handling precautions are
required. Human body model rating: 1.5 kΩ in series with 100 pF.
Electrical Characteristics
TA = 25 °C, VIN = VEN = 12 V, VOUT = 3.3 V unless otherwise specified(3)
Vo ripple Vo ripple
0.1V/div 0.1V/div
VLX VLX
10V/div 10V/div
IL
5A/div
IL
2A/div
2µs/div 2µs/div
Vin
10V/div
Vo
2V/div
Vo
2V/div
VLX
10V/div
Iin
1A/div
IL
5A/div
500µs/div 10ms/div
Vo
2V/div
Vo ripple
0.2V/div
VLX
10V/div
Io
5A/div
IL
5A/div
100µs/div 10ms/div
Efficiency
95
90
85
Efficiency (%)
80
75
70
65 5V OUTPUT
3.3V OUTPUT
60 1.8V OUTPUT
1.2V OUTPUT
55
50
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Load Current (A)
Detailed Description
The AOZ3018 is a current-mode step down regulator Steady-State Operation
with an integrated high-side PMOS switch and a low-side Under heavy load steady-state conditions, the converter
NMOS switch. The AOZ3018 operates from a 4.5 V to operates in fixed frequency and Continuous-Conduction
18 V input voltage range and supplies up to 5 A of load Mode (CCM).
current. Features include enable control, power-on reset,
input under voltage lockout, output over voltage The AOZ3018 integrates an internal P-MOSFET as the
protection, external soft-start and thermal shut down. high-side switch. Inductor current is sensed by amplifying
the voltage drop across the drain to source of the high
The AOZ3018 is available in an exposed pad SO-8 side power MOSFET. Output voltage is divided down by
package. the external voltage divider at the FB pin. The difference
of the FB pin voltage and reference voltage is amplified
Enable and Soft Start
by the internal transconductance error amplifier. The
The AOZ3018 has an external soft start feature to limit error voltage, which shows on the COMP pin, is
in-rush current and ensure the output voltage ramps up compared against the current signal, which is the sum of
smoothly to regulation voltage. The soft start process inductor current signal and ramp compensation signal, at
begins when the input voltage rises to 4.1 V and voltage the PWM comparator input. If the current signal is less
on the EN pin is HIGH. In the soft start process, the than the error voltage, the internal high-side switch is on.
FB voltage is ramped to follow the voltage of the soft start The inductor current flows from the input through the
pin until it reaches 0.8 V. The voltage of the soft-start pin inductor to the output. When the current signal exceeds
is charged by an internal 5 µA current. the error voltage, the high-side switch is off. The inductor
current is freewheeling through the internal low-side
The EN pin of the AOZ3018 is active high. Connect the N-MOSFET switch to output. The internal adaptive FET
EN pin to VIN if the enable function is not used. Pulling driver guarantees no turn on overlap of both the
EN to ground will disable the AOZ3018. Do not leave EN high-side and the low-side switch.
open. The voltage on the EN pin must be above 2 V to
enable the AOZ3018. When the EN pin voltage falls
below 0.6 V, the AOZ3018 is disabled.
Compared with regulators using freewheeling Schottky Since the switch duty cycle can be as high as 100 %, the
diodes, the AOZ3018 uses a freewheeling NMOSFET to maximum output voltage can be set as high as the input
realize synchronous rectification. This greatly improves voltage minus the voltage drop on the upper PMOS and
the converter efficiency and reduces power loss in the the inductor.
low-side switch.
Protection Features
The AOZ3018 uses a P-Channel MOSFET as the
high-side switch. This saves the bootstrap capacitor The AOZ3018 has multiple protection features to prevent
normally seen in a circuit using an NMOS switch. It also system circuit damage under abnormal conditions.
allows 100 % turn-on of the high-side switch to achieve
Over Current Protection (OCP)
linear regulation mode of operation. The minimum
voltage drop from VIN to VO is the load current times DC The sensed inductor current signal is also used for over
resistance of the MOSFET plus DC resistance of the current protection. Since the AOZ3018 employs peak
buck inductor. It can be calculated by equation below: current mode control, the COMP pin voltage is
proportional to the peak inductor current. The COMP pin
V O_MAX = V IN – I O R DS ON voltage is limited to be between 0.4 V and 2.5 V internally.
The peak inductor current is automatically limited
where; cycle-by-cycle.
VO_MAX is the maximum output voltage,
VIN is the input voltage from 4.5 V to 18 V, When the output is shorted to ground under fault
conditions, the inductor current slowly decays during a
IO is the output current from 0 A to 5 A, and
switching cycle because the output voltage is 0 V.
RDS(ON) is the on resistance of the internal MOSFET. To prevent catastrophic failure, a secondary current limit
is designed inside the AOZ3018. The measured inductor
Output Voltage Programming
current is compared against a preset voltage which
Output voltage can be set by feeding back the output to represents the current limit. When the output current is
the FB pin using a resistor divider network as shown in greater than the current limit, the high side switch will be
Figure 1. The resistor divider network includes R1 and turned off. The converter will initiate a soft start once the
R2. Usually, a design is started by picking a fixed R2 over-current condition is resolved.
value and calculating the required R1 with the equation
below: Power-On Reset (POR)
R 1 A power-on reset circuit monitors the input voltage. When
V O = 0.8 1 + ------- the input voltage exceeds 4.1 V, the converter starts
R 2 operation. When input voltage falls below 3.7 V, the
converter will be shut down.
Some standard value of R1 and R2 for the most common
Thermal Protection
output voltages are listed in Table 1.
An internal temperature sensor monitors the junction
temperature. The sensor shuts down the internal control
VO (V) R1 (kΩ) R2 (kΩ)
circuit and high side PMOS if the junction temperature
0.8 1.0 Open exceeds 150 ºC. The regulator will restart automatically
1.2 4.99 10 under the control of the soft-start circuit when the junction
temperature decreases to 100 ºC.
1.5 10 11.5
1.8 12.7 10.2
2.5 21.5 10
3.3 31.1 10
5.0 52.3 10
Table 1.
Application Information For reliable operation and best performance, the input
capacitors must have a current rating higher than
The basic AOZ3018 application circuit is show in
ICIN_RMS at the worst operating conditions. Ceramic
Figure 1. Component selection is explained below.
capacitors are preferred for input capacitors because of
Input Capacitor their low ESR and high current rating. Depending on the
application circuits, other low ESR tantalum capacitors
The input capacitor must be connected to the VIN pin and
may be used. When selecting ceramic capacitors, X5R or
the PGND pin of AOZ3018 to maintain steady input
X7R type dielectric ceramic capacitors should be used
voltage and filter out the pulsing input current. The
for their better temperature and voltage characteristics.
voltage rating of input capacitor must be greater than
maximum input voltage plus ripple voltage. Note that the ripple current rating from capacitor
manufactures are based on a certain operating life time.
The input ripple voltage can be approximated by
Further de-rating may need to be considered for long
equation below:
term reliability.
IO VO VO
V IN = ----------------- 1 – --------- --------- Inductor
f C IN V IN V IN The inductor is used to supply constant current to output
when it is driven by a switching voltage. For a given input
Since the input current is discontinuous in a buck and output voltage, inductance and switching frequency
converter, the current stress on the input capacitor is together decide the inductor ripple current, which is:
another concern when selecting the capacitor. For a buck
circuit, the RMS value of input capacitor current can be VO VO
I L = ----------- 1 – --------
-
calculated by: fL V IN
VO VO
I CIN_RMS = I O --------
- 1 – --------
-
The peak inductor current is:
V IN V IN
I L
if we let m equal the conversion ratio: I Lpeak = I O + --------
2
VO
--------
- = m High inductance gives low inductor ripple current but
V IN
requires larger size inductor to avoid saturation. Low
ripple current reduces inductor core losses. It also
The relationship between the input capacitor RMS reduces RMS current through inductor and switches,
current and voltage conversion ratio is calculated and which results in less conduction loss. Usually, peak to
shown in Figure 2 below. It can be seen that when VO is peak ripple current on the inductor is designed to be
half of VIN, CIN is under the worst current stress. The 20 % to 40 % of output current.
worst current stress on CIN is 0.5 x IO.
When selecting the inductor, confirm it is able to handle
0.5
the peak current without saturation at the highest
operating temperature.
0.4
The inductor takes the highest current in a buck circuit.
ICIN_RMS(m) 0.3 The conduction loss on the inductor needs to be checked
IO for thermal and efficiency requirements.
0.2
Surface mount inductors in different shape and styles are
0.1 available from Coilcraft, Elytone and Murata. Shielded
inductors are small and radiate less EMI noise. However,
0 they cost more than unshielded inductors. The choice
0 0.5 1 depends on EMI requirement, price and size.
m
Output Capacitor Usually, the ripple current rating of the output capacitor is
The output capacitor is selected based on the DC output a smaller issue because of the low current stress. When
voltage rating, output ripple voltage specification and the buck inductor is selected to be very small and
ripple current rating. inductor ripple current is high, the output capacitor could
be overstressed.
The selected output capacitor must have a higher rated
voltage specification than the maximum desired output Loop Compensation
voltage including ripple. De-rating needs to be The AOZ3018 employs peak current mode control for
considered for long term reliability. ease of use and fast transient response. Peak current
mode control eliminates the double pole effect of the
Output ripple voltage specification is another important output L&C filter. It also greatly simplifies the
factor for selecting the output capacitor. In a buck compensation loop design.
converter circuit, output ripple voltage is determined by
inductor value, switching frequency, output capacitor With peak current mode control, the buck power stage
value and ESR. It can be calculated by the equation can be simplified to be a one-pole and one-zero system
below: in frequency domain. The pole is dominant pole can be
calculated by:
1
V O = I L ESR CO + -------------------------
8fC 1
O f P1 = -----------------------------------
2 C O R L
where,
CO is output capacitor value, and The zero is a ESR zero due to the output capacitor and
ESRCO is the equivalent series resistance of the output its ESR. It is can be calculated by:
capacitor.
1
f Z1 = ------------------------------------------------
When a low ESR ceramic capacitor is used as the output 2 C O ESR CO
capacitor, the impedance of the capacitor at the switching
where;
frequency dominates. Output ripple is mainly caused by
capacitor value and inductor ripple current. The output CO is the output filter capacitor,
ripple voltage calculation can be simplified to: RL is load resistor value, and
1 ESRCO is the equivalent series resistance of output capacitor.
V O = I L -------------------------
8fC O The compensation design shapes the converter control
loop transfer function for the desired gain and phase.
If the impedance of ESR at switching frequency Several different types of compensation networks can be
dominates, the output ripple voltage is mainly decided by used with the AOZ3018. For most cases, a series
capacitor ESR and inductor ripple current. The output capacitor and resistor network connected to the
ripple voltage calculation can be further simplified to: COMP pin sets the pole-zero and is adequate for a stable
V O = I L ESR CO high-bandwidth control loop.
The zero given by the external compensation network, Thermal Management and Layout
capacitor CC and resistor RC, is located at: Considerations
1 In the AOZ3018 buck regulator circuit, high pulsing
f Z2 = ----------------------------------- current flows through two circuit loops. The first loop
2 C C R C
starts from the input capacitors, to the VIN pin, to the
LX pad, to the filter inductor, to the output capacitor and
To design the compensation circuit, a target crossover
load, and then returns to the input capacitor through
frequency fC to close the loop must be selected. The
ground. Current flows in the first loop when the high side
system crossover frequency is where the control loop
switch is on. The second loop starts from the inductor,
has unity gain. The crossover is the also called the
to the output capacitors and load, to the low side
converter bandwidth. Generally a higher bandwidth
NMOSFET. Current flows in the second loop when the
means faster response to load transients. However, the
low side NMOSFET is on.
bandwidth should not be too high because of system
stability concern. When designing the compensation In PCB layout, minimizing the area of the two loops will
loop, converter stability under all line and load condition reduce the noise of the circuit and improves efficiency.
must be considered. A ground plane is strongly recommended to connect the
input capacitor, the output capacitor, and the PGND pin
Usually, it is recommended to set the bandwidth to be
of the AOZ3018.
equal or less than 1/10 of the switching frequency.
In the AOZ3018 buck regulator circuit, the major power
The strategy for choosing RC and CC is to set the cross
dissipating components are the AOZ3018 and the output
over frequency with RC and set the compensator zero
inductor. The total power dissipation of converter circuit
with CC. Using selected crossover frequency, fC, to
can be measured by input power minus output power:
calculate RC:
P total_loss = V IN I IN – V O I O
VO 2 C C
R C = f C ---------- -----------------------------
-
V FB G EA G CS The power dissipation of the inductor can be
approximately calculated by the output current and DCR
where; value of the inductor:
fC is the desired crossover frequency. For best performance,
P inductor_loss = IO2 R inductor 1.1
fC is set to be about 1/10 of the switching frequency;
VFB is 0.8V, The actual junction temperature can be calculated by the
GEA is the error amplifier transconductance, which is power dissipation in the AOZ3018 and the thermal
200 x 10-6 A/V, and impedance from junction to ambient:
GCS is the current sense circuit transconductance, which is
8 A/V T junction = P total_loss – P inductor_loss JA
The compensation capacitor CC and resistor RC together The maximum junction temperature of the AOZ3018 is
make a zero. This zero is put somewhere close to the 150 ºC, which limits the maximum load current capability.
dominate pole fp1 but lower than 1/5 of the selected Please see the thermal de-rating curves for maximum
crossover frequency. CC can is selected by: load current of the AOZ3018 under different ambient
temperature.
1.5
C C = -----------------------------------
2 R C f P1 The thermal performance of the AOZ3018 is strongly
affected by the PCB layout. Care should be taken during
The above equation can be simplified to: the design process to ensure that the IC will operate
under the recommended environmental conditions.
CO RL
C C = ---------------------
RC
Layout Considerations
The AOZ3018 is an exposed pad SO-8 package. Several
layout tips are listed for the best electric and thermal
performance.
Gauge plane
D0 0.2500
C
L1
E2 E3 E1 E
D1 L1'
Note 5
D
θ
7 (4x)
A2 A
B e
A1
Carrier Tape P1
D1
P2
T
E1
E2 E
B0
K0 D0
A0 P0 Feeding Direction
UNIT: mm
Package A0 B0 K0 D0 D1 E E1 E2 P0 P1 P2 T
SO-8 6.40 5.20 2.10 1.60 1.50 12.00 1.75 5.50 8.00 4.00 2.00 0.25
(12mm) ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10 ±0.10
Reel
W1
S
G
N
M K
V
R
H
W
UNIT: mm
Tape Size Reel Size M N W W1 H K S G R V
12mm ø330 ø330.00 ø97.00 13.00 17.40 ø13.00 10.60 2.00 — — —
±0.50 ±0.10 ±0.30 ±1.00 +0.50/-0.20 ±0.50
Part Marking
Z3018PI
Part Number Code
FAYWLT
LEGAL DISCLAIMER
Alpha and Omega Semiconductor makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the information provided herein and takes no liabilities for the consequences of use of such
information or any product described herein. Alpha and Omega Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes
to such information at any time without further notice. This document does not constitute the grant of any intellectual
property rights or representation of non-infringement of any third party’s intellectual property rights.
ALPHA AND OMEGA SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL
COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS.
As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or 2. A critical component in any component of a life
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into support, device, or system whose failure to perform can
the body or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life
failure to perform when properly used in accordance support device or system, or to affect its safety or
with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be effectiveness.
reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of
the user.