Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
SONIC PERCUSSION
EFFECTS
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SOLDERING EQUIPMENT ABOUT BOOKS BY 0. A. 6RI60S IN
313
GOODMANS HIGH FIDELITY ne'309
OOOMALMt MANUAL AUDIO
wsHjqocurY A Guide to full
listening enjoyment TRANSDUCER
The Manual Is much more "than a cata-
logue ol Goodmans High Fidelity Loud- A new concept
speakers—it contains informative articles,
*1 including advice on slereo, special begin-
ners page, and full cabinet drawings. in sound SI
You'll find It inlereslina as well as
11!i informative.
The Perfect Combination reproduction
MAXAMP 30
TRANSISTORISED STEREOPHONIC HIGH FIDELITY AMP-
LIFIER 15 4-15 watts * Silicon solid state • Integrated pre-amplifier The '309' Audio Transducer repre-
Negligible distortion • £49.10.0. sents a breakthrough in sound repro-
STEREOMAX duction "without the use of hard to
MATCHING AM/FM STEREOPHONIC FM TUNER place loudspeakers. It has been
Transistorised • Outstanding specification ■ Stereo de-coder (optional) designed to reproduce sound by
£60.0.0, 4- El 1.18.3. P.T, inc. Surcharge. CEUINONO utilising the vibrant qualities of
MOUNT wooden, plastic, glass, metal and
Both MAXAMP 30 and STEREOMAX have polished wood cases similar surfaces. It has an exception-
(10i" x Si" x 7i" deep) in Teak or Walnut to order. ally good frequency response and
Full specifications of the Maxamp 30 and Stereomax are given in provides excellent quality music and
the High Fidelity Manual—send the coupon for your FREE copy — speech. A versatile unit, fully water-
or pay an early visit to your Goodmans dealer, proof and suitable for many indoor
and outdoor uses. Impedance 8-IS
^ BOBC Please send Hi-Fi Manual together with name and addtes^ ohms. Power Handling 10 watts.
I ■ of my nearest Goodmans dealer. 1
I Name — - - | WALL
MOUNTINO
' Address — - I WGUS. P. & P. 4/6
I P.E.S | Complete with simple instructions
L Available from most dealers or direct from the Sole U.K. Distributors
GOODMANS LOUDSPEAKERS LTD
AXIOM WORKS • WEMBLEY • MIDDLESEX. Tel: 01-902 1200 ELECTRO-APPARATUS (LONDON) LTD.
BENTFIELO END. STANSTED, ESSEX Telr Stansted 3437
URTIN IS HIGH-FIDELITY
wmmmm PREFERRED FOR RELIABILITY,
QUALITY, ADD-ON-ABILITY AND
ECONOMY
You can do so much with MARTIN so that your Installation is always
0 kits. Thesystem.of using pre-fabri- up to* date. Most important of all
F.M. TUNER cated transistorise^ units which can is the power and quality which
be interlinked In a variety of ways MARTIN Audioklts give you. Their
enables you to assemble the com- sturdy construction assures com-
bination of your choice and then pactness without sacrifice to quality
extend it unit by unit until you or efficiency. They offer excellent
gjjJ/SM possess a full stereo gramophone value, are very easily installed and
and radio assembly. When new units will give years of unfailing service.
are produced, they can be added to That is why people prefer MARTIN
existing equipment very easily with — It's simple to Insfal, good to
the advantage that you can continue listen to, and looks completely
to use equipment you already have. professional.
STEREO CONTROL
ASSEMBLY AMPLIFIER SYSTEMS • TUNERS • RECORDERS
ONLY FROM MARTIN UNITS INCLUDE: ..................................
MARTIN AUDIOK/TS are available for ■ 5-stage input selector MARTIN ELECTRONICS
Mono, and can be doubled up for ■ Pre-amp/tone controls
stereo, or as complete slereo units. 3 ■ 10 watt amp. (3 ohms) 154 High Street, Brentford, Middlesex
ohm and IS ohm systems are available. Please send Recordakit/FM. TunerjAudiokit
There Is a special pre-amp for low out- ■ 10 watt amp. (15 ohms) Hi-Fi Leaflets. (Strike out items not wanted)
put pick-ups and escutcheon panels to ■ Mains power supply
suit the arrangement you choose. The Name
tuner is styled to match. ■ F.M. Tuner
Start by sending for leaflets at once Trade enquiries invited Address
154/5 HIGH STREET, BRENTFORD Z •
MARTIN ELECTRONICS LTD. MIDDLESEX. ISLeworth 1141/2 I P.E. 5/68 ■
314
BUILD YOURSELF A QUALITY TRANSISTOR
315
A SS»r«lS!!e
^C.R.E.I. (LONDON) (DEPT. P.E.8), WALPOU HOUSE. i73-f?5 SLMNE STREET. S.W.I^ ff££ LIND-AIR OPPOSITE
ALL POST
■ ■ ■
LIIMD-AIR 1
1 ORDERS TO
(OPTROMICS) LTD. Shop3 A Dept. P.E. 568
i
25 Tottenham
Tel. 01-580 453417679 Court Road
Open 9-6 p.m. Monday to Saturday inclusive. Open Thursday until 7 p.m. London, W.I
l-J WATT AMPLIFIER
An Ideal baals for bniltUng yourspeaker
own port- 6ARRARO DECKS
able record player. Jtut add and
turntable, and yon will have an above- 3000 with Boaolone 9TAHC Stereo Cartridge .. 18.19.6
average model lor a mere fraction ot the 3000 with Souotoue 9TABC Diamond Stereo
coet. 2-3 watt' printed circuit with Cartridge .... 89.U,6
control panel on flying lead. ON/OFF, AT80 MK1 less cartridge 810.19.8
TONS CONTROX. AND VOLUME, ATSO MKH less cartridge .. .. *12.19.8
colonrful eMotobeoo. Brimar vahea: ROMTWfTTf ATM MKII with Decca Derain Stereo Cartridge 817.14.0
BZ80, KCL82 and compoelte Installation SP. 25 MKII less cartridge £10.19.8
booklet. Price £4 g Q P. A P. 3/8. TEAK FINISH SP. 25 MKII with Decca Deram Stereo Cartridge 816.14.0
PLINTHS with perepex AP.75 less cartridge
LAB.SOMKII less cartridge .. .. *23.11.8
824.19.8
MAGNAVOX-COLLAtlO Ml TAPE TFS cover 6i gns. (for LAB80
DECKS 8t gns.).lor Tboreos,
Agents 12/6 Mono Cartridge 17/6Allextra.
P. A P. Dual. plus P. * P. 12/6
The very lateat S-speed model—I}. 3|, i.pj. Ooldrlng, etc. Stereo Cartridge 22/6 extra.
available with either
Features Include: Paose3 control;
track ordigital
4 trackcounter;
head.
faat forward
screened andmotor;
Induction rewind;interlocking
new 4-pole, keys. fully
Sire
of top plate J8J x 11 x ejln deep below unit TRANSISTOR F.M. TUNER
plate. For 280/250V a.c. mains, 00 c/s operation.
New, unused and fully guaranteed.
^ and £10.10.0 SAVE £2.2.0
Carriage Packing 12/8 extra. £13.19.6 6108Mo/s.
Ttansleior FMxtuner. Frequency
Beadyrange
built 88-
use with most6amplifiers,
Sire 4 x 2}in.
9V battery for
operation.
MAKTIN TAPI AMI'l'StftS FOE USE WITH ABOVE BECKS Completelwith Instructions. LIST PEXCB 9 gne, Multiplex adaptor lor Stereo Radio
LIND AIR PRICE 7 gns. P. A P. 4/-. Reception 86.19.8 extra.
2 track model £14,18 8; 4 track model £16.19.8. Carriage and Packing 12/8.
HULTIME T t*5 9 in I ELECTRONIC KIT
MODEL TTC.lOOl.
20.000 O.P.V. with
overload
d.c. volts,pretecthm;
8,23,126,
BOO, 2,600V: a.c. Specially ileslgned to replay the welltape known and
volte,
100 V; d.C.BO. 260.
10, mA popular Mnelcasaeltes—prerecorded cassette
260mA to 50A. offering a wide choice of all types of music from pop
With prods and to classical. Up to 40 minutes of quality repre-
Carrying ease ductkm through built-lo speaker. Simple off/play
ONLY and volume controls. FullyModem
transistorised
compactoperating
P. A P. 88/-.
3/8. Bulld nine different
baste kit—simple prelects from
Instructions, one
no tech- on six penllght batteries.
with earpiece socket and wrist strap. Sire 6i x
atyllng
nical knowledge required for you to build 4i x 2iQ.
a Police Siren,
anrpllfler. Metronome,
Electroolo Morse Code
Massager, W/T LIND AIR PRICE, £9.19.6. &***' ^
MODEL XTC. Transmitter. Badkt. Telephone, One-
1030. 50,000
OJ.V,; d.C. tramdsior Eadio Two-transistor Radio,
volts, 0-3, 12, Electronic Music Kit. Completely safe-
60, 120, 300, operated oq 9V PP3 battery. Hours of COMPLETE HI-FI STEREO SYSTEM
600. 1,200V; bin for boys and dads of ail ages. Complete
aid. volte, 8,80. with all parts and simple step by step
120, 600, hvrtrnotlons. ONLY 80/8, P. A P. 5/.. ALL TRANSISTOR 6 ONLY
1,200V; d.C. © WATTS PEE CHANNEL 3S
mA 6-03-300. AERIALS TV UHS VHf STEREO STEREO El-FX SYSTEM GNS.
With prods OFFERING A PEBFOH-
nod carrying Vantena Table Top' V Aerial BBC/1TV, MANCB EQUAL TO IP
case ONLY 88/8.
811.19.6. Creita Boom Aerial Bond I/JI/1II. Cream
P. 6/-. P. & or Black. 88/6. NOT BETTER THAN
SIMILAR SYSTEMS
Yesmuter Table Top VHF/TJHF Tunable COSTING UP TO
Aerial. Chrome or Grey, 78/6, DOUBLE THE PRICE.
YAOl all Channel
2/ITV1VHF, 86/-.Table Top Aerial BBC1/ •Modern styling plus ad- ra
AUTO TRANJSOSWtHS HL628 Loft Aerial HJXO V + B for vertical vanced elroultry using
Band
bracket,I/JII.
68/-. With mounting arm and latest silicon transisiora
New Hsjor 10 element BBC2 Aerial for lott tbroofhont. . vr _
Input 0-200,220. 240V or outdoor axing. With rotter bracket for The fwnorw GARBARD 3000 Record Ciumger fitted lifchtweight lubular ann with SONO-
Output 110V
BOW £1.7.6 l.QOOW 89.9.0 op to 2ln dla. mast. 45/9. TONE 9TAHC STEREO/MONO DIAMOND CARTRIDGE will piny oil sires of records.
76W £1.17.0
100W 88.6.0 816.16.0 HI.
1.6O0W 818.10.0
S.OOOW above,Hunter
57/-. IS element BBC2 Aerial as (4 speed! 78, 45, S3 1/3,16 2/3 r.p.m.). Will play up to 9 records automatically, also pro-
vision for manual play. Ampllfiera and controls are mounted below record player and Incor-
1B0W 88.16,0 3.000W 828.10.0 Kl, Explorer 18 element BBC2 Aerial as
above. 69/-. porate Boss. Treble. Volume and Balance controls oad On/Off. Cram/Radio, Mono/Stereo
200W 88.6.0 4,000W 884.18.0 Lolt Six. 6 element BBC2 Aerial lor loll or slide switches. TWO IDENTICAL LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS each Incorporating
300W 84.6.0 0-80V. 1A 80/- outdoor fixing. With arm and brocket. separate base speakers and high frequency units with crossover network provide full
400W 84,10.8 0-80V, JA17/0 87/8. 4 clement outdoor Baud II frequency reproduction and are complete with 10ft leads and plugs for connection to
600W 86.9.8 0-S0V.
0-30V, 8A2A 42,'-
17/6 T-Beam amplifier. Will fit easily on to bookahelves. room dividers or existing furniture. BRIEF
600W £0.6.8 VHF/FM
Post extra. Please addStereo Aerial. With mast, 87/-.
4/- postage. SPEC. PJayer/Ampllfler unit, Teak finish, size I6i X 14 x Slln U0O/26OV a.c. operatioo.
Inputs lor Radio Tuner/Tape Recorder also ontpute lor Tape Recorder. Loudspeaker
mains TRANSfORMERS H STFREO HEADPHONES Systems. Teak finish, site teach) IS x 7 x 81n. Supplied complete with Instruction booklet,
ready to plug In and play. SEND YOUR ORDER NOW OR CALL AND HEAR THIS
8TKR.RO HEADPHOffSfl MARVELLOUS HI-FI STEREO SYSTEM (Teak flnlsb). Only 69 fU». plus 29/- Carriage
Input
24V 3A 200-2S0V
£2.12.8BOc/s.24V 8A *8.6.0 Enjoy Stereo Sound and Insurance, (Rosewood 8 gns. extra.) (Clear Pcrspex Cover 3 gns. extra,)
24V OA 98.16.0 24V 12A 88.16,0 as you
heard have never
Post
Mains extra.Output Tnuuformer Hate avail- MODELIt before. TTC. LINEAR AMPMfiCRS |
able onand
request. Qllll as Illustrated -
soft padded ear- s| at Latest a.c.cost.
Mains Models oflerfa* highest quality
phones.
headband.Adjustable modest
aOODMAKS SPEAKER BAKQAIKSI
Sin 3 ohms, 16/6; flln. 3 ohm, 29/6; Sin, 6*. dance 8 ohms per
Impe- ! r.t8«. AH Transistor 12 watte „Stereo. Inpute, ,for
phone.aS-lS.OOOc/s.
Frequency f -runer. Gram, Mike. Separate Bass, Treble,
33 ohm,
ohm. 82/fl:
88/8; llln 6 ohm.
Tweeter. 88/-:P.10& xP, 61n.
J0/8. 3/6 range
With Sit lead. Price p || Balance and Volume Controls 816,16,0. Carr# 7/8.
Teak case 89.10.0 extra.
per Speaker. 89/8. P. * P.types
4/6. PTA 16 (as I tins.). All Translator, 10 watte Mono.
Other similar Inputs for Tuner. Gram, Mike. Gulter, Bass. Treble
available. AKAI ASEfiS. 8 ohms, 88.8.0; and two volume controls, £16.16.0. Carr. 7/6. Teak
CORAL case 88.10.9 extra.Gram,
LT46,Baas,
2 Valve
TrebleG watte Mono.
see opposite 8E1, 16 EI02,
ohms, 1879/6.
ohms,T.T.C.
85.19.8; EAGLE
Btetboseope, Inputs for Tuner,
controls, 88.19.8. Carr. 7/6. Metal cover IB/-extra. Full details sent on requret.
and volume
8 ohm*. 49/6. P. fi P. 4/6 each.
317
FANTASTIC BARGAINS
SONOTONE
SOLENT
Jjt&o&l 2 SPEAKER
HI-FI
SYSTEMS
# LIST £18 EACH
SPECIAL
20 WATT
OFFER
EACH
SOLDERING 17 gns. POST 9/-
# Impedance 8 ohm. Power input up to 12 watts.
INSTRUMENT
0 Suitable for valve or transistor amplifiers.
# Frequency response 40c/s to 20 k/cs.
# Scandinavian style cabinet,
# CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE # Small attractive size 14 x 9 x 84.
Design holds max. temp, of 380oC. 9 On permanent demonstration.
within close limits. 9 Reviewed by Hi-Fi News, The Gramophone, etc.
Send large s.a.e. for FREE Leaflets and Test Reports available
from our Showrooms.
# EASY BIT REPLACEMENT J. J. FRANCIS LTD. LEE ELECTRONICS
123 ALEXANDRA ROAD 400 EDGWARE ROAD
Simple, fast replacement of low-cost London, n.s bow 1662 RADDINCTON 5521
copper bits. Non-wearing PERM ATIP
bits cut servicing costs.
0 ALL VOLTAGES
All item* proviouily ad- FANTASTICALLY POPULAR
The LITESOLD range includes six other vertised available, alto tee
models (10,18. 25, 30. 35 and 55 watts), and item* advertised In Prac- TAPE
many accessories. Please ask for colour tical Wirele**. Huge Hi- We otter roa lallr ttntllmi polreiter/mrlu
Fi and Components stock* and P.V. 0, tapes
range tecordln* ol Identical qnality
ebaracteristica hl-fl,grade
as top wide
catalogue L'37. at all branches. tapes. Quallip control manolactnre. The*
are tmJ: worth a tew more coppers than
TECHNICAL acetate, xar orb sab-standard,
Aim prove Jointed orit cheap imports
xotoseu.
Standard Pta* Dong Pit*
'fRADING Sin. IKtlt. 4/8
4in. 30«ft. E/t 3m. 225ft. 8/8
Shi. 600ft. tel. 450ft.
7/8 Sin. 900ft. 10/9 6/8
* LONDON (MUS2639) Sjia. »00<t. 10/8 Sltn. 1.200ft. 18/-
LIGHT SOLDERING 10 Tottenham Court Road 71b. Doable 1.200ft. 18/8 7in. 1.800ft. Triple Pla* 18/9
PORTSMOUTH Sin. 300(1.Pta* 4h 4In. 900ft. 18/-
tTV. 22031) 4in. 600(1. 15,'-
Sin. 1.200tt. 61- 5>n. 1,800ft. SSh
Siin,2,400ft- 34/-
350-151 Fratton Road Sjln. 1,800ft. 10/8 7in. 3,600ft. Pit*44/-
DEVELOPMENTS LTD. * SOUTHAMPTON 7in. 2.400It. 87/- Qasdrnpie
72 East Street (Tel. 2i«Si) Sin. 600ft. 8/8
* 6BRIGHTON (Te). 23975) Potlagtt 1/- reel.
28 Sydenham Road, Croydon, CR9 2LL Oueen's Road Past
Dnantit* and Trade emoiriesreels.
Pree less 6% on three inrited.
Tel. 01-688 8589 & 4559 alt moil order Brighton ROTE, iarpo fepe tlocit al alt iranrhct.
318
PRINTED sir TRAWBISTORISED FX TDBKE
"'-n >>,0CIRCUITS 6 TRANSISTOR
g: HIGH QUA-
Five LITY TUNES.
piloted aaworled
circuit SIZE ONLY
x3 din
6In
x stages.
2Jln. Catalogs® j CATALOGUE
boards with LF.
trwnittora,
resUtets, diodes,
conden- Double tuned
: : sers. etc. Guaran- dlsorlminator.
-W teed mlnlmam Ample output to ★ ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
'.^zo- 20 Inmsistcre. feed most amplifiers. Operates on SV
battery. Coverage 8S-108Mc/b. Ready
T^& Ideal
meotera. lor6 experi-
lot V)l— P.boards* P.
built ready for use. Fantastic valac for
money. SOW *8/7/8. P. ft P. 2/6. \ Iqulp" ® " 1 1 ic TEST EQUIPMENT
ic COMMUNICATIONS
—— r? E/-. STEREO MULTIPLEX ADAPTORS S gns. EQUIPMENT
if HI-FI EQUIPMENT
P.M. WIRELESS AVOMETERS
MICROPHONES Supplied in ex- We Me proud to introduce out Brit
84-I0<Mc/b. cellent condition
taed. OperatesTranaistor-
Irotn 9V fully tested and
checked. Com-
comprehensive catalogpe o! Electronic
Components and Equipmeol. Over ISO
battery.
additionalComplete with
seerel tie-clip plete with prods,
(nicrophooe.Liat £12.10.0 leads and Inatruo- page* lolly IDnstrated, fitting thomand* of
ONLY M/15/0. P. ft P. thins. Hem*, many at bargain pricet. Free diacount
2/6.
These cannot be operated Model 47A coupons with every eatslogne. Everyone hi
in U.K. 19.18.8 electronic* ibonld have a copy.
Model 8 *18.
Model 9 *20. P. A P. 7/6 each, CLEAR PLASTIC PANEL METERS
MODEL TE.SO TE22 SINE SQUARE WAVE First grade quality Moving Coll panel meters available
20,000 O.P.V. ex-stock. B-A-E. for illustrated leaflet. Discount for
AUDIO GENERATORS quantity. Available ns follows: Type MR 38P, 1 21/32In
square fronts.
MDITIMETER Sine: 20«/a to 100-0-100(^82/8 200mA .. 28/- IQOVd.c. . 26/-
0/10/80/100/#00/ 200 ko/a on 4 6O0-O-6OfluA 86/- 300mA .... . 25/- 160V d.c. . 26/-
bands. Square: l-O-l mi 26/- aOOmA
3.000V »,o. 0/8/26/ 20c/8 to SOkc.'B, 26/-
2mA.. 26- S60m.i
IroA., ., ,,26/-
26/- 300V d.c, . 25/-
80/280/0-60uA
600/ l,000v. Output Imped- IA d.c. .. . 26/- 800V d,c. . 26/-
d.c. 6/60/ ance 6,000 Ohms, omA.. 2A d.c. .. . 25/- 760V d.c, ., 28/-
16V a.c.
600mA. C/O/SOK/
600K/6i»l.«/X7/6, 200/260V a.c.
Supplied brand 80uA 87/B lOdlA
20mA
£6/-
26/- 3A
3V d.c..,
d.c...
.28/- 60V
150V a.o.
a.c. . . 26/-
28/-
P. ft P, 31: new and guaran- lOOuA 36/- BOmA .26/-
26/- 10 V d.c. 25/- 300V a.c. .. 26/- 28/-
teed with Inatroc-
tion manual and leads, *16. Carr, 7/9. 600uA 200(iA 82/8 100mA 26/- 20V d.c 25/- 600V a.c. , 85/-
NEW MODEL M0 0(( A....27/9
60I-6-BOij 86/- ISOmA.... 86/-
POST EXTRA. Larger 80V sizesd.c,. 26/- for•S'lists.
available—send Meter . 1mA
28/6
30,000 o.p.v. 'With TE-20RF SIGNAL GENERATOR
overload
mirror scaleprotection,
0-6/1/2-6/ ADMIRALTY B.40 RECEIVERS
10/28 /100 / 250 /600 / Accurate
range signal wide
gen- Just released by the Ministry. High quality 10 valve receiver,
1,000 V d.c. erator covering manufactured by Mnrphy. Coverage In 6 bands OSOkc/s-SOMc/s.
0/2-6 / 10 / 25/100/250/ Ifilter,
F. BOOkc/s. Incorporates
crystal2 controlled
R.F. and 3B-F.O.,
X.P. stages, bandpass
600/1,000V a.c. * 120kc/8 — 260
Mo/s on 9 bands. noise llmiter, calibrator,
output, etc. Balit-in epcaher, output for phones. (Operation
I.F.
O/S0aA / 5/ 60 / 500mA Directly cali- 160/230V e.c. Size 19|to X 13}la x 16ln. Weight 114 lb.
12A d.e.
o/eokn/fiMa/eoMQ- brated. Variable Offered In good working condition,B.41
*22.10.0. Cart. 30/-. With
£8/17/0. Post Paid. R.P. attenuator. circuit diagrams. Also available LA', version of above,
240V a.c. Brand new with Operation 200/
lostructioDS- 16kc/B-700kc/a. *17.10.0, carr. 30/-.
MODEL ZQU TRABSISTOft CHECKER *12/10/0. P. ft P. 7/6. S.A.E. for details. UNR-30. ^-BAND
It has the fullest capacity for COMMUNICATION
checking
Equally onadaptable
A, B and forIco. LAFAYETTE TE-46 RESISTANCE
checking diodes, etc. Spec.; CAPACITY ANALYSER RECEIVER
A; 0-7-O0-60
9B67.mtcroampa
B: 6-200. 2pf - 2,000 Covering
variable 650 for
BFO Kc/sCW/S8B
— 30 Mc/a Incorporates
reception. Built-
Ico: mfd 2 ohms in
0-8raA. Resistance
diode ZOOO-IMO. (or 200 megohms.
Also checks Im- Operation 220/24OV. A.C. Suppliedcabinet.
speaker and phone Jack. Metal brand
Supplied complete with pedance turns 6 new, guaranteed with
Instructions, InatruetlODS. £12.10.0 Carr. 7/6
leodi. C5.19.6.battery and
P. ft P.2/8. ratio, InHuIation.
800/260V a.c.
Brand Hew *15. HEW LAPATETTE
8SB AMATEUR COMMDHIOATIOK MODEL HA-700RECEIVER
AM/CW/
VARIABLE VOLTAGE Carr. 7/8. 8 Valves, 6 bands Ineorporatlng 2 MECHANI-
TRANSFORMERS CAL FILTERS for exceptional selectivity and
ARF-100 COMBINED AF-RF sensitivity,
160-400 ko/sFrequency coverage l-6-4-0Mc/s,
660-1,8fl0kc/fl. on 6 bands
Brand New—lully60/60c/e.
Shrouded. Input0-280V.
Output 230V 4-8-14-6MC/5 10'6-30Mc/a. Cixcult incorpor-
1A .... JW.IO.O SIGNAL GENERATOR ates R.P. stage, aerial trimmer, noise Ifmller.
2-6A *8.16.0 AP. 8 [HE WAVE c/s. B.F.O. product
6A *9.16.0 20-200.000
Square wave 20- Htometer, slide ruledetector, electrical
dial. Output forbandspread,
phones, low- R.C.A. ARBS InSPEAKERS
Sin, 3 ohm epeakers metal case.
8A *14.10.0 30,000 c/s. O/P, 220/240V 2k 0 ora.c.speakerSize 4TJin
or 8(J,
x ISln Operation
x lOin. Black qrackle flnlBh to match oar
10A *18.10.0 88
12A
20A ........ *87.0.0
*21.0.0 HIGH IMP. 31V
P/P 600 [J S-8V Supplied
book 89 GHS.brandCarr.
new and10/-.guaranteed
S.A.E. forwith hand-
leaflet. New and Boxed with Brand
Receivers. AVHllablc leads,
p/p. 59/9. Carr. 7/C.
Post extra. TF.
Me/a. 100kc/o-800 UMTETTE LA-224T TRANSISTOR STEREO AMPLIFIER
Variable R.F. attenuation int/exl. modu- 19 transistors,
power, 30W 8atdiodes, 8n. 1HF musio
Response
SILICON RECTIFIERS lation. Incorporates dual purpose meter to 30-20,000 ± 2dB at 1W. Distortion
aoov monitor AF. ootpnt and % mod. on H.F.
200V P.I.V.
P.l.V. 200mA
8A 2/0
6/8 220/240V a.c. *27/10/0. Carr. 7/9. 1% or Output
260JIV. less. Inputs
3-16(1. 3MV and
Separate
400V P.I.V. 3A 7/6 L. and
l.OOOV P.I.V.
400V P.I.V, OA 6A 7/8
6/8 TE-G5 VALVE VOLTMETER and bossR.control.
volumeStereo
controls,
phoneTreble
lack.
400V P.I.V. 8A 7/8 High quality taatru- 'Brushed
extruded aluminium,
panel gold
front case. with snodlsed
compli-x
l.OOOV P.I.V. 680mA 8/8 ment with 29 ranges. mentary metal Site lOtin
800V P.I.V.
800V P.I.V. 6A 600mA 6/8
7/8 D.e. volts I-fr-l^OOV 3A-x7ftln. Operation 116/230V
A.c. volts 1-6-1,500V
Resistance up to 1,000 a.c. *26. Carr. 7/9.
400V
70 V P.I.V.
P.I, V, 600TOA
1A 8/8
2/8
160V P.I.V. 186mA 1/- MO- a.e. opera-
220/240V SINCLAIR EQUIPMENT
IllflV Z.12 12Supply
watt Unit,
ampufler,
89/6. 89/8.
StereoFZ4 SPECIAL OFFER
700V P.I.V.
P.I.V. 25A
100A 10/8
40/8 tion.
Complete with probe Power 25
Preamp., 19,19,8. Q14 Speakers, 2 Z12 Amps.. FZ4 Power
400V P.I.V.
100V P.I.V. 3A
P.I.V. BA (3.C.R.)
6A (S.C.R.) 7/8
XS/6 and instructions.
P.Additional
ft P. 6I-. rroWes.*16. *8.19.9. Mkromatk RadioBadio
Kit, 49/6.
200V (8.C.R.) 16/0 Built, SO/e. Micro FT Kit, Supply.
amplifier,Stereo
*22, 26 Pre-
400V P.I.V. 6A (8-C-R.) 17/8 available:
H.V. 42/8. R.F. 36/- *6.19.9. ALL POST PAID
DitcounU lor quantities. Post extra.
»j ■'r/M'S'X '
I 13 (RADIO) LIMITED
P/ionc CERRARD 8204/9155
Cables: SMITHEX LESQUARE
3-34 LISLE STREET, LONDON, W.C.2
319
POCKET MULTI-METER STAR SR 150 C0MMUHIGATI0N RECEIVER
Size 3| x2i >i I Jin. Meter size 2} x I (in. Sensitivity Frequency range: 535 fcc/s-30 Mc'/s.
1000 O.P.V. on both A.C. and D.C. volts. 0-15, four wavebands, four valve plus
0-150, 0-1000. D.C. current O-ISOmA. Resistance metal rectifier superhet circuit. In-
O-l00k Q. Complete with test prods, battery and full corporates B.F.O. bandspread
instructions, 42/6, P. & P. 3/6. FREE GIFT for tuning, "S" meter, external telescopic
limited period only. 30 watt Elfctric Soldering Iron aerial—ferrite aerial, built-in 4'
value 15/- to every purchaser of the Pocket Multi-Meter. speaker, casy-to-read dial. For240v.
A.C. operation._ Complete, brand r
3 to 4 WATT AMPLIFIER BSR TAPE DECKS new, with full instruction manual.
£17.17.0. P. &P. 10/-.
3-4 watt Amplifier built and 200/250 v, A ,C. mains. Type TD2
tested. Chassis size 7 x 3i x I in. Tape speed 3i twin track. Type 600 milli-watt solid state
Separate bass, treble and volume TDI0 2-track. 3 speed, plus rev. NEW! DORSET 7. transistor plus diode
control. Double wound mains counter. Type TDIO 4-track, 3 and thermistor*
transformer, metal rectifier and speed, plus rev. counter. Transistor Portable Radio
output transformer for 3 ohms Due to 3ii%
speaker. Valves ECC8I and 6v6. applicable on Purchase tax prices
these Items, whicn will
is now
be plus Baby Alarm Facilities
£2.5.0 plus 5/6 P. & P. announced as soon as available. Special offer—Power Supply Kit to
purchasers of Dorset Portable Radio parts,
Special offer ELEGANT SEVEN mk III mcorporatingthains transformer, rectifier
and smoothing condenser, A.C. mains,
SPECIAL OFFER. Power supply kit to 200/250v., output 9v,, 100mA. 9/6 extra.
purchasers ol 'Elegani Seven' parts, incorporating Completely modulised high quality port-
mains transformer, rectifier anil smoothing con- able radio featuring complementary
denser, A.C. mains 200/250 volts. Output Sv. 100 N.P.N. and P.N.T. output stage.
mA. 9/6 extra.
Buy yourself an easy to build 7 transistor radio and The comprehensive easy-to-follow drawings supplied make this
save at least £10.0.0. Now you can build this superb the easiest-ever transistor radio set .of parts, with the following
7 transistor supsrhet radio for under £4.10.0. No ONLY features;
one else can offer such a fantastic radio with so £4.9.6 # Simple connection% to only 6 # High Q internal ferrite rod
many do luxe star features. tags on the R.F./I.F. module, aerial on both wavebands.
•k De luxe wooden cabinet size I2i' x BJ' x 3i': Plus 7/6 Post & Packing 3 l.F, stages, osc. coil and 3 9 Class "B" modulised output-
-*■ Horizontal easy to read tuning scale printed grey with black letters, transistors which with their stage with thermistor controlled
size Hi' x 2*. ★ High 'fj* fernte rod aerial, l.F. neutralisation on associated components arc heat stabilization. Class " B "
each separate stage. * D.C. coupled push pull output stage with completely wired. output stage ensures long
separate A.C. negative feedback, -fc Room filling output 3S0mW. # Only 4 connections on the A.F. battery life. Current drain is
ic Ready etched and drilled printed circuit board back printed for . module to complete the 4 tran- proportional to the output level.
foolproof construction. * Fully comprehensive instructions and point to Total current drain of the
point wiring diagrams, yt Car aerial socket. ■ArFully tunable over medium sistor 600 milli-watt solid state
amplifier. receiver under no signal con-
and long wave, 168-535 metres and 1250-2000 metres. •A* All com ponent9; ditions is 10-I2mA. At reason-
ferritc rod and tuning assembly mount on printed board, -k B' P.M. # Pre-aligned R.F./I.F. module able listening level 20-30niA- _
Speaker. Paris list and circuit diagram 2/6, free with parts. built and tested. # Extension sockets for car aerial
9 A.F. module built and tested. input, tape recorder output
X101 10 WATTS (RMS) SOLID-STATE HI-FI • Fully tunable over M.W. and (independent of vol. control)
L.W. bands. M.W, 540-1640 and Ext. Speaker.
AMP. WITH IHTEGRAL PRE-AMP Kc/s (557-183 metres). L.W. # All components(except speaker)
mount on the printed circuit
Its great versatility ranges" from: a simple 1 50-275 Kc/s (2000-1 100 board. Easy to follow instruc-
intercom, to a modern Hf-FJ STEREO metres). , tions. Size of cabinet 12* long,
AMPLIFIER (two %re required for Stereo). • Intermediate Frequency 470 8* high and 3' deep.
The X10I Is a brilliant new addition to our Kc/s. # Finger tip controls.
highly successful range of products. I is • Sensitivity: M.W. at I Mc/s 10 Circuit and parts list 2/6, free with
professional performance and advanced microvolts plus or minus 3db. parts.
solid-state circuitry techniques ensures L.W. at 200 Kc/s 40 microvolts PRICE: £5.5.0 plus 716 P. & P.
reliability, combined with high fidelity' plus or minus 4db.
reproduction, at an unbeatable price of
49/6 + 2/6 P. & P. FIRST QUALITY P.V.C. TAPE
SPECIFICATIONS: R.M.S. Power Output: 13W (music power), TV sr Std. 850ft. 91- L.P. 850ft. 10/6
10W (SINE WAVE). Sensitivity: for rated output ImV into 3kQ 7' Std. 1200ft. 11/6 T.P. 600ft. 10/6
load. Frequency Response: minus 3dB points are 20Hz and 40kHz. 3' L.P. 240ft. 41- T.P. 1800ft. 25/6
Total Distortion: at I kHz for rated output I'5%; for 5W output 51* L.P. 1200ft. 11/6 T.P. 2400ft. 32/6
0*35%. Output Impedance: 3 ohms (3-15 ohms may be used). Supply 7' L.P. 1800ft. 18/6 T.P. 3600ft. 42/6
Voltage: 24V d.c. at 800mA (6-24V may be used); output at m 53" D.P.I 800ft. 18/6 T.P. 900ft. 15/-
14Y d.c. supply with 3 ohms speaker 7W. Size: 2Jin :: Jin-x I-ft in. P. & P. on each 116, 4 or-more post free
The fully comprehensive instruction manual does not only show the
basics, such as circuit diagram and connections, but also gives practical 600mW SOLID STATE Features NPN and PNP
easy-to-understand detailed Information about the X101. Standard Complementary Sym-
equalisation networks are given for most types of conventional 4-TRANSIST0R AMPLIFIER Size: metrical Output Stage.
inputs. They Include: Tape head, Mag. P.U.. Xtal. P.U., Tuner, Mic, etc. 21' x V x iT.
CONTROL ASSEMBLY. (including resistors and capacitors); Speaker output impedance 12 ohms. Frequency response 3db points
1. Volume, price S/-; 2. Treble, price S/-; 3. Comprehensive 90 c/s and 12 Kc/s. Price 19/6 plus 1/- P. & P. 7* X4" speaker to suit.
bass and treble, price 10/-. 13/6 plus 21- P. & P. ^
POWER SUPPLIES FOR THE X101: P10I/M (for Mono) 35/- 2i WATT ALL TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
P. & P. 2/6. P101/S (for Stereo) 42/6 P. & P. 2/6. AC mains 240v. Size 7' x 4i* x 1J*. Frequency response 100 c/s—10
Kc/s, Semiconductors, two OC 75's, two AC 128's and two stabilisers
PRJ01/M: A High Quality, Monoral Pre-amp and Control Unit, AAI29. Tone and volume controls on flying leads. £2.10.0. P. & P.
particularly suitable for use with the XI01 if a ready-built, 3/6, Suitable 8* x 5'10,000 line high flux speaker 18/6. P. &P. 2/-.
comprehensive, multi-input system is desired.
CONTROLS: Selector Switch, Tape Speed Equalisation Switch (3J and 8-WATT 4J/ALVE PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER & Metal RECTIFIER
7i I.P.S.), Volume, Treble. Bass, three position scratch filler and Size 9'x 6'x 11°. A.C. Mains, 200-250 v, 4
three position rumble filter. valves. For use witli Std. or L.P. records,
SPECIFICATION: Sensitivities for 200m V output at \kH:. Tape Head: musical Instruments. All makes of pick-ups
3mV(at 3 j I.P.S.). Mag. P.U.: 2mV. Cer.P.U.: 80mV. Radio; and mikes. Output 8 watts at 5 per cent of
/lujr.: lOOmV. Tape/Rec. Output; lOOmV. Equalisation for each input total distortion. Separate bassf and treble
is correct to within rt2dB (R1AA) from 20Hz to 20kHz. Tone Control lift control. _ Two inputs, with controls for
Range: Bass: ± 13tfB at 60Hz; Treble: i4dB at 15kHz. Total . _ _ gram, and mike. Output transformer tapped
Distortion; (for 200it)V output) <0-02%. Signal Noise: > —60dB. for 3 and 15 ohm speech coils. Built and tested. £4.4.0. P. & P. 11/-.
Supply Voltage: 24V, d.c. S9/6 plus 2/6 P. & P. A STEREO 8" X 5" Speaker to suit. Price 14/6 plus 1/6 P. & P. Crystal Mike to
VERSION (PR 101/S) WILL BE ANNOUNCED SHORTLY. suit 12/6 plus 1/6 P. & P.
THE CLASSIC: High Quality Solid-State Amplifier (Mono). RADIO AND T.V. COMPONENTS.(ACTON) LTD.
SPECIFICATION: Switched inputs for: Tape head. Mag. P.O., Cer. 21D HIGH STREET, ACTON. LONDON, W.3
P.V.. Radio and Aux. Mains Input 220-250V, a.c., 50Hz. The Classic Shop hours 9 a.m. to 6Goods
p.m. not despatched outside _ U.K.
Early closing Wednesday
is the combination of the above described items (XIOI, P10I/M and
PRIOI/M) on one common chassis. Its performance and space age All enquiries
styling makes if the ideal choice for the value-conscious Hi-Fi enthusiast. Also at 3Ustomped
EDGWAREaddressedROAD,
envelope. LONDON,
Terms C.W-O.
W.2. '
P£RSON4t SHOPPERS ONLY. Early closing Thursday.
Available within 4 weeks. 8 gns. P. & P. FREE. At) orders by post must be sent to our Acton address.
320
Now available
]0
**19S8
ii^iMdii968 Data Book
TRANSISTOR A reHUy Brstdara HI-FI Stereo Amplifier Kit. Uses 14 transistors giving PRICES
8 watts push-pull output per channel. (18 AV mono). Integrated pre-amp
with Bass, Treble and 'Volnioc controls. Suitable lor use with Ceramic or Amplifier Kit '£9.10.0 P. & P, 4/6
STEREO 8 + 8 Crystal cartridges, Output stegB for any speakers Irom 3 to 15 ohms. BufB aai Tested £12.10.0 P. & P. 4/6
Compact design, all parts supplied Including drilled metal
I work, Clr-Klt
solder, board, attractive
nuts, bolts—no extras to buy.front Simple
panel, knobs,
step bywire.
step Power Pack Kit £2.10,0 P. & P. 4,'-
Instructions enable any constructor to build an amplifier to Bnill and Tested £3.0.0 P. h P. 4/-
bo proud of.
Brief Specification! Freq. response ±3 <lb 20*20,000 c/s. Cabinet (Special
(is iUus.)
offer—£14.10.0.
£2.10.0
Post Free itbuilt
P. & P. 5/8
all above kits
Basa
—18 boost
db. appro*,
Negative to +13
feedback db. 18 Iteble
db cut
over appro*,
main amp.to ordered at same time or can be supplied and tested
Power requirements 28 V at 0 0 amp. tor £18.0.0 Post Free).
Circuit
with kit)diagram, construction details and parts list (free
1/6 (S-A.E.)
- STEREO AMPLIFIER 2-VALVE AUDIO AHFUFIEB MODEL HAS4
Incorporating Designed lot HI-FI reproduc- LATEST COLLARO MA6KAV0X 383 opSTEREO
double wound 2mainsECL66stnmslortner.
and 1 EZ80, Outputheavy4 watta
duly,
* tion of records. A.C. Mains TAPE
operation. Ready built on spools.
DECK.
£12,10.0,
Three speeds,
Plus 7/6 Carr.
4 track, takes
4 ins. (Tapes
to "in.
extra).
per channel. Fall lone and rolume controla. AlMolnteiy plated heavy gauge metal B.8.R. TD.2. 4 trmck Stereo Tape Deck. Bws. Can. 7/6.
conipletc. chassis, size 'Jin, w. x 4in. OUALITY PORTABLE TAPE
" OHIZ d. x 4|in. h. Incorporates new. Beautifully.made. OnlyRECORDER
49/6. P. 4CASE. P. 8/8.Brand
Doal
EOC83. EL84, double
EZ80 valves. Purpose Bulk 4 P, Tape
31-. Eraser and Tape Head Denugnetiser
£5.9.6 Heavy duty,
mains transformer wound 35/-. F.4-SPEED
and output
P. 4 P.K/- transformer mateh«l Mains models. RECORD
for packing, Ail brandPLAYER near inBARGAINS
maker'! original
j luper De- 3Negative ohm speaker, separate Bass, Treble and volume
feedback line. Output 4) watts. Front panel controls.
nxe vetalon LATEST B.S.B. MODELS
with KCBS6 can be detached and leads extended for remote
sep. of controls. Complete with knobs, valves, etc., wired am I TD/12 mounting SinglePlayer
Playerwith
withmono
monoBut Cart <3.9.6
basa. treble_ _and. balance
valves, con-
P. 6/-.Similar In appearance OD7 Single — £4.18.8
trols. Full feedback. 8 gns. tested HSL '• for
FOUR only" £4.5.0.
AMPLIFIER P. 4 KIT. OAAS Changer AB with
phu mono
Carriage Cartand Packing 8/6. £0.7.6
P. A F. 8/-. to KA34 above but employs entirely different and ad- See below lor mitable stereo cartridge 1
H1QH PAD? 4 TEAHSISTOR vanced circuitry.Conjplste set of narts. etc. 79/6. P.4 P. Hi- LATEST1000,8P85.
BARE ARB MODELS
F Riff TED ciBCxnr Toxrwpprsm ALL types available 3000, ATM. etc.
AMPLIFIEB KIT AMFtmBE SIT Send S.A.E. for latest Bate sin Prices 1
Typo TA1 Amonaural
elyltshlyamplifier
finished BRANDX3M NEWMONOCARTRIDGE BARGAINS i LATEST B.8.R.
• Peak out- with nn output of COMPATIBLE CARTRIDGE
put in excess 14 watts from 2 With turnover sapphire styh soliable for playing 78, EP,
of If watts. EL84S in push-pull. LP and Stereo records with mono ccmpment.
• All stan- Buper reproduction SONOTOSE BTAHO ONLYCompatible
22/6. P. &Stereo P. 1/8. Cartridge with
dard British jar- of both music nml diamond etylna SO'- or with, sapphire styJus 40/-.
components.
• Built on speech, with neg- P. 4 p. 1/6 each.
pdoted
• Generous circuit panelDriver 3iu..Output Transformers. ligible
sire 6..nod hum. sep-
arate Inputs for QUALITYrecord
A top-quality RECORDplayerPLAYER
amplifierAMPLIFIER
employing heavy
mike and gram duly
• Output transformer tapped for 3 ohm and 16
speakers. « Transistors- (GET 114 or tfl Mullard nnnouncemeuts toohm allow records ami KZ80 valves. Separate Bass. Treble ECC8S,
double wound mains transformer, and VolumeEL84,
OC81D and matched pair of OC81 o/p). # 0 volt follow each other. Fufly nhroudvl section wound output eontruis. Complete with output tranaformep-matched
operation. • Everything supplied, wire, battery clips, for 3 ohm and epeaker.
tested.SizePRICE
7m. 75,'-.
w. x Sin.P. &d.P.X0/-.Sin. h.
aolder.etc. • Comprehensive easy to follow inslructlons transfonner volume controls, to match 3-IS{} speaker
ami sepuruto bass andand 2 independent
treble controls are Ready built
and circuit diagram
separately. SPECIAI,2/8PRICE
(Free 46/-.
with Kit).
P. & AllP. parts sold provided
3/-. Also giving good ftfl am! cut. Valve line-up 2 ELBIs, ALSO AVAILABLE mounted on board with output
Irausforrner and speaker ready to fit into cabinet below.
ready built and tested, 52/8. 1', fc P. 3/-. BCC83, BF8R, mat EZ80 rectifier. Biluple instruct ion PRICE B7/8. P. 4 P. 7/0.
imoklct
ONLY 2/6. (Free
£7.9.8. P. with
4 I*. parts.)
8/5,. AlsoAUiivallabta
parts soliready
separately.
built DB LUXE QUALITY PORTABLE B/P CABINET21n.
FM/AM TO REE HEAD anil tested Uncut motor board size 14{in. x 12m. cleotanee
Beautifully
cision designedbyand
engineered pre-
Dormer P. 4 P. 8/5. complete with slit, input sockets. £9.6.0. ImjIow. B.8.R.
6/iii. above. Will take above amplifier and any
or GARBAKD Aotocfannger or Single PlayerxUnit
and Wadsworth Ltd. Sup- MH^WHSfoemeeT For trmislator power supplies. (except AT60 and SP25). Size 18in. x 16in. Sin.
plied ready fitted with twin
•0805 tuning condenser for
Pri. 200/240V. Sec. It-O-tl at 500 mA. 11/..
Pri. B00/240v. Sec. 12-0.12 at 1 amp. 14/8. P. & P. 2/6. P. 4 P. 2/6. PRICE £3.9.6. P. 4 P. 9/6. ■
AM connect)on, Prealigned MAINS TRAHSFOKMEE. For transistor power supplies.. VYNAIR AND REXINE SPEAKER AND CABINET
FM seclton Tapped pri 200.250V. Kvc. 40-0-40 at 1 amp (with FABRICS npp, 64in. wide. Uaoally 85/- yd., our price
I.P. outputcovers 86-102Mc/s-
10-7 Me/s. Com- electrostatic screen) anil 8'3v. at '5 nmp for dlnl lamps etc. 18/8 per yd. length,, p. & p. 2/6. (inlo. 1yd.). 8.A.E. for
Drop thro' mounting. Stack size 1 iln. 32in. 3Jln. eawplcs.
plete with ECC85 (81.12) valve 27/6. P. 4 P, 4/6.
and lull circuit diagram of BRAND
tuner head. Another special bulk purchase enables us , MATCHED PAIR OP 2J WATT TRANSISTOR Stack size IJDRIVER
- 1J - din., 14/-; $iln.,NEW
XB;6i 38in.,27/«j
OHM LOUDSPEAKERS
7ln. x 4In. 18/6; JOin.
to offer these at 87/8 each. P. & P. 3/-. Order quickly I J in. OUTPUT AND TRANSFORMERS. . < 8in., 27/8.
HATCHES
Snd I.F. PAIR AH/FK LF.'s.
discriminator. (465 ComprisingMe/s),
Kc/8/10-7 and put. -Output
let I.F. Hire trans, lapped for 3 ohm and 15 ohm out- E.M.I. Sin. :< Sin. with high flux inagnct^l/-,
10/-pair plus 2/-P. 4 P, . E,M.I. ISJln. X Sin. with high Ho* ceramic magnet. 42/-.
lln. 'a 1 (in, x 2!in. H. AVill match above tuner head. PARHEK0 match pair iof7-10 ECI,wslt
82'b OUTPUT
In push-pull.TRANSFORMERS
Bee. tapped a-76.I" (15
12(n. ohm.
3/6 45/-).
per P. 4 P. Sin. 2/-, 6{ln. & Sin. 2/6, lOin. 4
speaker.
Ill- pair. P. 4 P.2A.
GORIER 15/-, P.H. TUNER HEAD. 88-100 " Me/s. 7-5
Mc/a8/810extrj.) IB!-.and P.134OUTPUT
ohm.
P. .V:Stack else 21"X I'XS* appro*. ON'LV BEAND NEW. I2in. low. H/D Speokera. 3 Of IS ohrn.
I.F., Plus 2/6 P. & P. (ECC8S valves. 7-16 watt TRANSFORMERS to match pair of Current production by well-known British maker. Offered
s-T.c. snjcoa avalahche halp-wave rectx-
FIBR8. Type RAH. 508 AF. 6 amps- 960 P.I.V. lio. long P. k P. 2/6. BCD 86's In puBh-pull lo 3 ohm output. ONLY* 11/-, below list price at 89/6, F. 4 P. 5/-. Guitar mode's!
26w. £5.5.0; 39w. £8.8.0.
X fin. dla. appro*. List 50/-. OCR PRICE 8/8. P- Free. 10-12 wxtt OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS. »i*c2}Iii. 21a. E.K.I. 3;in. HEAVY DUTYmTWEETERS. Powerful
SPECIAL OFFER 1 PLKSSEY TYPE 29 TWIH TCSCTS t.'lamp fitting. For two KL84's Id push-pull. State 3 or t-ernnilc magnet.
P. 4" P. 9,-6. Available 3, 8 or 33 ohms. 15/-,
OAIO. 400 pf + 146 pf- Filled with trinimeraand 5; I 13 ohm impedance. 18/6. P. 4 P. 2/6.
Integra! alow motion. Suitable for nominal 470 kc/a. I.F. ACOS HIGH IMPEDANCE CRYBTAL STICK MIKES. LKn. "EA" TWIN CONE LOUDSPEAKER.
peak output. 3 or 15 ohm. 36/-. P. 4 P. 3/6. 10 watts
SDeappror.
FEW 2-Xl'XIi"-
ONLY!contacts.
BIEMEHSSlae ONLY 8/8.RELAYS.
MINIATDRE P. St P-D.P.C.O.
2/6. Listed ai 42,'-. Our price, 81/-. P. 4 P. 1/6. SS 21/-.
OHM st'SA^s
Gold plated appro*. 1}* X X11'. 8v. AHighCOSsensitivity,
CRYSTAL KIKES. 18/8. P. High
4 P. Imp. For desk or hand use. 3|ln. 12'6; 7 X 4in. P. 4 P. 2/- per speaker.
at 30 mA. ONLY 16/-. P. 4 P. 1/6. J/B.
NEON A.C. HAIRS INDICATOR. For panel mounting, cut SPECIAL OFFER 1 MOVIHO HARYERSON SURPLUS CO. LTD.
out
fenssire
giving11Xbrighter
t X I in.light.
deep Inc.
Forterminal. "White case
mains 200/2S0v. with COIL- - MIKE. Fitted on/off
8/6 each.
F. 4 P. 5d. (6 orLarge poat free).of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and switch
moreselection lor renwte control.High 170 HIGH ST.. MERTON, S.W.I9 01-540 3985
VIBRATORS. quality. High or Low impe- Open oil day Saturday Early closing Wed., I p.m.
dance. (Stale Imp. reqd.)
32 Volt, Non-sync. 8/6: Sync. 10/-. P. A P. 1/8 per BARGAIN PRICK 30/-. A few minutes from South Wimbledon Tube Station. (Please write clearly)
vibrator. S A ,E. with all enquiries. P. 4 P. 2/8. OVERSEAS P. * P. CHARGED EXTRA, S.A.E. with all enquiries
321
OUTSTANDING HIGH FIDELITY
The
world's
smallest
radio
SINCLAIR
Q.I4
LOUDSPEAKER
IE
SlffClAlB
BRILLIANTLY EFFICIENT
►
SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., 22 Newmarket Road,
imdlsir- Cambridge Phone OCA-3 52996
322
PS
• ^ <F5v^ EL- xTL^J F
SINCLAIR
ELECTRONICS
f
MfflBEI »l
— "i
Tis article-describes the construction of a simple low probably familiar with the conventional multivibrator,
cost alarm that will prove effective as a deterrent easily recognised by its crossed pair of feedback
to vandals or marauders visiting your yacht or motor- capacitors. The circuit employed in this boat alarm
boat. produces a similar output pulse, but it is very different
Although primarily designed to prevent unlawful in its operation.
entrance through boat doors and hatches, it may also be In the standby condition the electrolytic capacitors
employed as a burglar alarm for cars or as a domestic C1 and C2 are discharged, but with the closing of RLA1,
sentinel. Current consumption on standby is exceed- Ci charges through the point contact diode D1 and RLB
ingly low, in the order of microamps and the choice of a coil with a time constant appropriate to this series train.
silicon transistor in the first stage insures against Simultaneously C2 charges by way of RLB coil, VR1,
fortuitous switching of the relay through thermal and R3—with a relatively larger time constant.
influences. Since the charging of C2 is exponential from zero, a
negative potential will appear at the base of the npn
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION silicon, transistor TR2, proportional to the values of R3
The circuit diagram for the alarm system is given in and the frequency control potentiometer VR1. This
Fig. 1. In essence the circuit consists of an npn negative bias holds off TR2 and consequently TR3,
emitter follower TR1, the load of which is a 500 ohm since no collector current is being passed to the base of
600 type relay RLA, followed by an astable pulse this transistor. With the charging of C2 the negative-
generator (TR2, TR3) switching an alarm at a selected hold-off bias is removed and TR2 is switched into con-
frequency. duction with consequent bottoming of TR3.
In the standby condition the transistor TR1 is held This means that most of the supply volts now
off by the loop of closed microswitches which are fitted appears across RLB so closing the normally open
to hatches and doors. It was found in practice that the contacts of RLB1. At this point the diode D1 is
relay would not trip even for a loop resistance of reverse biased and does not allow the rapid discharge" of
50 kilohms, so it can be seen that high contact resistance, Cl through TR3. This capacitor now acts as a
effected by alternative choice of contact plate switching temporary supply to maintain the cOmplementaiw pair
through poor connection, should not reduce the in conduction. With , the discharge of Ci, and C2 by
efficiency of this alarm. way of the base-emitter junction of TR2, pi , and VRl,
the circuit reverts to its original state, with relay
contacts opening prior to the next cycle of'charging
ACTIVATION OF ALARM 'events. ■ ■ : '
If the Iqqp line is broken through forced entrance, "■ :S. ' ' i" '*
the sntall quiescent current through RI is diverted to the MARK-SPACE RATIO ^
base of TRl which switches on, so energising relay RLA. Whilst the consumption of the opbratiag unit is a
The normally open contacts RLA1 close. This has the nominal 20mA, the current taken by thfe alarm audio
initial effect of providing a latching potential to the transducer will be very much greater. A degree of
relay by Way of R2 thus ensuring that any attempt to power conservation,can be achieved bv adjusting VRl
cut off the alarm by closing doors or hatches and so for the smallest mark-to-space ratio.
completing the loop is frustrated since the relay This setting will of course, be a. compromise between
armature is held in effect by its own contacts. an urgent alarm repetition rate, if this is required, and
Any attempts by the marauder to rip out the loop the available capacity of the batteries employed.
wires are equally ineffectual with this latching action, If a bank of high power zinc-carbon dry cells, such
as Ever Ready HPTs are used with a car horn, the
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR mark-space potentiometer setting should be at its
The closed relay contact RLA1 also completes the lowest—although it must be stated that these cells
circuit for the complementary astable multivibrator would be more suited to a large underdome bell as
circuit composed of TR2 and TR3, Most readers are an alarm.
326
I PL A
COMPONENTS .. 2H29Z6 t
Resistors dD i I 500 I I r_
%
Rl JOOkn 2
R2 3300
R3 270k fl H C2 OA 81 VRI
I00UF
All 10%, i watt carbon
Capacitors 2&6
PTRi 1
RLBl I
Cl IOO/zF elect. 15V TR2 TR3 -
C2 8/iF elect. 15V 350 1
2N2926 RY1
2NZ926 0C7i M
Potentiometer
VRI )0kQ horizontal preset
z
T ransistors recrowitnwj
ftl lobotehes, *
TRI 2N2926 (Yellow) f00 <ioors, ttc HORN
TR2 2N2926 (Yellow) kfl /SMnimulti-way conrtctor t
TR3 OC7I Connmtlon H«'s shown odjaetnt
to symbol on drcuit %
Diodes c:
Dl, D2 OAS I (2 off)
Fig. I. Circuit diagram of the boot alarm
Switches I
51 Buigin s.p.s.t. key operated rotary snap Connectors
switch (Home Radio) PL I, SKI 8-way standard multi-pole connector
52 Push-to-break-singie pole miniature push (plug, socket, cover shell and retainer,
button switch (Radiospares) Radiospares)
SW-SZ Alarm switches—miniature button or
lever type (Buigin) (Quantity as Miscellaneous
required) BY I 12V battery (see text)
XI Car horn (see text)
Relays Diecast Box (S.T.C.) 8Jin x 5Jin x 2^in (Elec-
RLA 9V 500Q coil, I make light duty contacts troniques)
600 Type (Keyswitch) Miniature p.v.c. wire 7/40 (Radiospares)
RLB 9V 5000 coil, I make heavy duty contacts
600 Type (Keyswitch) SKI
S2 cms RLA1 Pma Pin 4
VR
—o mi #»
TR? I
•« Ot
n
I
%
%
r
A
%
%
I
%
%
%
i
I
I
r
i
Items used In the
i i> boat alarm system
%
s
i
I
4 .O
4
\ rig. 3. installation wiring of the boat
•A alarm system
i
4
t
Reli^md
4 Priritdcrcut
Unit K PL1
4
4
r-
4
L-? . '
4
4
4 Typical
4 witch
r 52 Birtlen
i
4
I Typical mlcro-swrtch
Instollatiow ^ "
I
4
'4
'4
r
ri
l
r
4
NOTE Rtlqy Brocktl
Mcurtd to box w»h
I hoi*
\ Insutatkm
buthss. Jhow
3 holes Vattl
Vgdio
1
GROUP M ,
IN 2 POSITIONS
329
<-4
OKI
Now that stereophonic broadcasts are in full swing leather. Browse through and make jottings of special
in the U.K. (albeit of insufficient quantity and in interests. See the equipment on the ground floor
a limited number of areas) the manufacturers are booths; then after further jottings find your way to the
jumping on what is now an established bandwagon. demonstration rooms of your choice. The catalogue
The trend to what is termed the "tuner amplifier" is will help here again to locate these although, with a
spreading to include stereo. little common sense and observation of the direction
The problem re-emerges: What is the best unit to arrows at strategic points, you should have no difficulty.
buy? This is one question constantly being asked, and Now for the gear! The following is a preview of some
it is almost impossible to answer in a few words, of the equipment to be seen. It is interesting to note,
because of the many and varied aspects which anyone during the current national prestige boosting campaign,
would look into—not least of these being the capital that imported products are generally more expensive
cost. than the "home grown" varieties.
Probably the best approach is to take advantage of
free entrance facilities offered to that popular event,
the Audio Festival and Fair (April 18 to 21), This year TUNER AMPLIFIERS
the Hotel Russell, Russell Square, London. W.C.I, The "tuner amplifier" mentioned earlier is a term
will open its back doors once again to the hoards of applied in recent years to equipment combining radio
enthusiasts who diligently sort their way through the tuning and amplification. The addition of a loud-
hotel rooms looking (or should 1 say listening) for the speaker (or in the case of stereo, two loudspeakers) is
ultimate in sound reproduction. usually left to the choice of the user, since there is a
Among a plethora of equipment, no doubt, the regular wide variety of types at different prices according to
visitor will find his pet subjects and the newcomer will one's requirements.
be baffled by what may appear to him to be the old Typical examples are shown by the Sansui range.
game of hunt the thimble. How best can we help The one illustrated here is the Model 2000 stereo
him? First of all, decide before you go whether your tuner amplifier which overcomes input matching
visit will be confined to certain types of equipment or a problems by using a field effect transistor at the front
general survey of the whole scene. Stamina could be end of the amplifier, inputs are provided for tape head,
sucked dry if you attempt to take in every single item pick-up, or tuner (internal) for mono or stereo listening.
and demonstration, so that by the time you reach the Later this year the Sansui Model 3000A will be
fourth floor you will be glad to go down again. available and offers a higher power output than the
If you are set on a particular branch of the audio current Model 3000. This is also in stereo. The
scene, get a catalogue—it will save quite a bit of shoe importers are Technical Ceramics Limited.
«1 Mooa-ooe
ilU'Cl *+0*
Sonsui Model 2000 stereo
tuner amplifier
330
Arena stereo tuner amplifier type TISOOF with two HT2I speaker units
Arena of Denmark will be introducing their new stereo the usual audiences for comparative listening. Of
tuner amplifier type TISOOF through Highgate course, they all use different records, pick-ups, and
Acoustics. Modular construction has been used and it amplifiers, which may give slightly differing results.
offers an output power of 6 watts per channel for input So it is difficult to make direct comparisons, especially
sensitivities of 10/iV for a.m. and 1/iV for f.m. The when the rooms are packed with steaming bodies
picture shows the unit with two matching speakers under the floodlights. Perhaps you may be athletic
type HT21. enough to dash from one room to another before the
In addition to their current range of tuner amplifiers, memory of what was heard first has faded.
the Trio Corporation of Japan are presenting a new In between the aural bliss ofSatchmoand (he "1812".
solid state amplifier, the TK150E stereo, through their take a look at the Titan Minor loudspeaker by Audio &
agents B. H. Morris & Co. (Radio) Ltd., a subsidiary Design, This uses a titanium cone on beryllium
of Lasky's Radio. The price compares modestly with copper suspension. It is claimed to reproduce bass
the Supreme I—a 64W per channel stereo amplifier, more efficiently than conventional types for its size. It
employing separate bass, mid- and high-range amplifiers, is available housed in a cabinet 174i.h * llin x Sfin.
expected to retail at £280, Power handling capacity is 15 watts from 40Hz to
Armstrong will be showing their Series 400 and 22kHz, ± 4dB.
Series 27 equipment which includes amplifiers, tuners,
and stereo decoders. DISC EQUIPMENT
When selecting f.m. tuners, look for a.f.c. This Ancillary equipment can be added at various stages
overcomes many drifting and fading problems often as funds permit, but it is always worth making notes at
caused by intervening obstructions between trans- the Fair for future reference.
mitter and receiver, or varying atmospheric conditions. Pick-ups have seen some design changes in recent
Provisional information obtained from Rogers years and it will be interesting to see what is new.
Developments (Electronics) Ltd., reveals a new f.m. Tracking weight is frequently a subject of much
tuner using an f.e.t. front end enabling it to handle confusion. Let it not be assumed automatically that
large signals without cross modulation, while at the the lighter the stylus pressure, (he better the performance.
same time being suitable for areas of low signal strength. Similarly with record wear, much depends on the
A.F.C. is incorporated in this model. A multiplex design of the pick-up arm and, even more, on the
stereo decoder is available as an optional extra. This true running of both turntable and disc.
"Ravensbourne 2" tuner has been designed to match Where these factors are near perfect, then one can
the "Ravensbourne" stereo amplifier. entertain the f ounce pressure, otherwise there is the
risk of groove jumping on less accurate turntables and
SPEAKER UNITS discs. Pick-up arms should be very free moving both
Many people have different ideas on what is the best horizontally and vertically.
' speaker. It is largely a matter of personal choice since Of unusual design, the Shure M75E-95G "Gard-a-
almost all manufacturers claim the best from their Matic" Hi-Track cartridge, is designed specifically for
units. Look for a specification with a high flux the new Garrard SL95 transcription turntable (see
density magnet and strong rigid frame if going for a later). The performance is equivalent to that of the
moving coil type. Of course, it must have an impe- M75E but with a retractile safety suspension system,
dance to match the amplifier. Excellent results are claimed to provide scratch-proof, bounce-proof opera-
obtained with the established Quad electrostatic unit. tion where floor vibration is a problem. Shure also"
Well known names such as Wharfedale, Whiteley,
Celestion, Goodmans, and so on, will no doubt attract
Rogers "Ravensbourne 2" f.m. tuner
■eh* •i
332
A
w
*
By G.K. FAIRFIELD
R,.
Te most useful test for a transistor is to plot its com- Since the transistor is put through this cycle of applied
plete range of input/output characteristics. Not collector voltage change at a rate of 50 times per second
only will this show up the transistor limitations but a (actually 100 times if the reverse change of Vc Is also
great deal of useful information can be derived from a used as in Fig. 1) then a clear trace of this characteristic
study of the curves. is maintained on the face of the tube. This curve is,
These characteristics can be produced by making of course, applicable to the particular bias current
measurements point-by-point using meters to indicate chosen which depends on Vu and the value of bias
the value of currents flowing. However, this "static" resistor Rb. To plot a series of such curves it is only
method Is subject to a number of serious limitations, necessary to change the value of .Kb in steps, allowing
the most important of which is the overheating and one complete curve to be traced for each fixed value
possible destruction of the transistor when measure- of i?b.
ments are attempted at the higher current end of its With the simple arrangement of Fig. 1 it is possible to
characteristics. plot /i /Kc curves for common-emitter or common-base
A itiuch better method is to allow the transistor to configurations by suitable settings of SI. Both pup and
reach its high current values for only a very short npn transistors can be tested by choosing the correct
period of time. This is called the "dynamic" method polarity of half-sine wave obtained by the appropriate
and to use it a cathode-ray oscilloscope must be used setting of a reversing switch S2, ^connected to the
to display the transistor characteristics. rectifier Dl,
This article describes a unit which may be connected In order to convert this circuit into a practical arrange-
to almost any conventional oscilloscope in order to ment it is necessary to add a means of changing the
display the transistor characteristics. Single curves
can be shown and arrangements are included to permit Vtttta^ewovtftnn wttch r«v«m*
"families" of ten or more curves to be displayed. ""».wav*form potortty
IX1
—
-ffp the dfsOtov JVftem
value of Rb between each curve traced in order that 2^16 2 9..:
716
multiple curves can be displayed. It will also be neces- (75 mm) (63 mm)
sary to include a cathode follower (or emitter follower)
between the X output of the circuit and the oscilloscope
in order to avoid loading the high impedance collector
circuit. This is particularly important when common
base curves are to be displayed. Several different
collector voltage and current ranges will be required to 0
accommodate all the transistors that are likely to be
tested. 0
PLOTTING FAMILIES OF CURVES
A convenient number of curves to produce a useful
"family" is about ten. These curves will be traced
one by one and in order to see them all together on the
oscilloscope screen it will be necessary to repeat them X
fairly regularly (or alternatively a cathode-ray tube
could be used having a very Jong persistance phosphor
screen). What is required is a rapid single-pole ten-
way switch stepping on automatically and continuously
to repeat its sequence of ten positions. A Post Office
type uniselector switch meets this specification admir-
ably. For those not familiar with this device a brief !
description will not be out of place. Refer to Fig. 2.
The uniselector switch is operated by applying a pulse
through the coil which pulls down an armature carrying
a claw to engage on, the ratchet wheel. This wheel is
attached to the wiper arms of the switch; the fixed Fig. 2. Side view of uniselector; the armature is at top
contacts are arranged in a semi-circle around the switch left above the coil
arm. Thus each applied pulse rotates the switch arm
by one position and engages with the next fixed contact. through the meter is direct current; a full-wave bridge
Many versions of the uniselector are available and rectifier has been included in the circuit. This is to
can generally be adapted for our purpose. A number avoid changing connections to the meter when the
of parallel banks of switch contacts are usually found polarity of the input voltage is reversed by S8. If
and three will be required for the Curve Tracer. A desired this bridge can be omitted and its place taken by
standard type of driving coil is one requiring 50 volts a reversing switch similar to that shown for S2.
to initiate a switch operation. Other types may be The configuration of the transistor undergoing test is
found and the driving voltage can be changed or coil selected by means of S4. This permits the current set
rewound to accommodate a different design. The one by VR2 to be applied to the base or emitter depending
used in the prototype had a 75 ohm coil. upon whether it is desired to display the grounded
emitter or grounded base characteristic.
FINAL CIRCUIT The collector voltage is a rectified sine wave supplied
The complete circuit is shown in Fig. 3. A stabilised via D3 from the 50V secondary of a mains transformer.
power supply is included which uses two 150V refer- The maximum amplitude of this sweep voltage is con-
ence tubes VI and V2. This supplies the constant trolled by the setting of potentiometer VR1. The
voltage source for the base current determining net- polarity of the sweep voltage is selected by S2 to suit
work, and also voltage supplies for the cathode fol- either/wp or transistors.
lower V3 driving the X-plates of the oscilloscope. The sweep voltage is also applied via the cathode
A five-pole, two-way switch S8 enables either a single follower V3 to the X-plate of the oscilloscope tube. A
curve to be traced or a family of characteristics dis- preset adjustment VR3 is provided in V3 cathode
played. (S is for a single sweep display; A is for circuit to give zero adjustment.
auto-repetition.) It is convenient to commence our The current axis voltage, representing the change in
description of the curve tracer by considering switch collector voltage as the transistor collector potential is
S8 to be in the "single" position. swept through its range of values, is taken from across
The appropriate polarity of base current is selected a resistor, selected by S3, and fed to the Y-axis ter-
by switch S5 (generally negative far pnp and positive for minal of the oscilloscope tube. . -
npn transistors, although a reverse characteristic may Six current ranges are provided , for maximum
be required sometimes). currents of approximately 5mA, 2 5mA^ SOOpA,
The reference voltage is applied to a potentiometer 250/fA. lOOpA, and lOpA. depending on the position of
network S6 which allows a selection of input currents S3. Resistor R7 is included to complete the circuit and
covering the range 10mA, 5mA, 2mA, 1mA, 500/t A, and prevent a surge in current which would otherwise occur
200/iA, depending on the switch position. Fine each lime S3 was moved to a new position.
control of input current for a single trace is provided by When switch S8 is moved to the "auto" position, the
potentiometer VR2, which can be calibrated 0-1, 0-2, uniselector is brought into action. Instead of the
and 0-5 if desired, to correspond with the choice of value of the input current being set by the position of
range available. VR2, a set of resistors, R26 to R34, are sequentially
A meter is also included in the circuit to measure the brought into circuit as the uniselector is stepped round
exact value of current supplied to the base. This has to each of its contact positions in turn.
current shunt resistors, wound to give full-scale A separate curve is displayed during the time that
deflection of 10, 1, and 0-lmA. The current passing the uniselector is stationary and a particular resistance
334
PRACTICAL!
VISUAL!
^Wng,
■9} Q T
TOT
L7A |C38 I'd. !80e.
"pop I'f
iK
"SEE
To:
P OST N 0 W I BRITISH NATIONAL RADIO SCHOOL, READING, BERKS. Please
^ j send your free Brochure, without obligation, to; we da not employ representaciyes J
FREE BROCHURE 11 NAME
BLOCK CAPS 1
I
or writ# if yoo prefer not to cut page 1 ADDRESS PLEASE PE 5 1
335
VARIABLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERSi
A
f- 50 ;6° j(LIGHT SENSITIVE SWITCH MTCH i COLOUR TELEVISION
OUTPUT VARIABLE 0-260y. Kkof parts including ORp,2Csd.
BRAND NEW * mium Sulphide Photocell, Relay, With particular reference to the
i 50 Keenest prices in the country, | Transistor and Circuit, etc.. 6-12 PAL SYSTEM
AMPS All Types (and Spares) from . volt D.C. op. price 25/- plus 2/6
t to 50 amp. from stock. I P. & p. ORP 12 including circuit, There are 157 diagrams and photographs and
83 illustrations in colour.
SHROUDED TYPE I 10/6 each, plus I/-P. & P.
I amp. £5. 10. 0. 2.5 amps. I A.C, MAINS MODEL Incorporates by G. N. Patchett
£6. 15. 0. 4 amps, £J.' 0. 0.' Mains Transformer, Rectifier and special
iAMP 5 amps, £9. 15. 0. 8 amps, | relay with 3, 5 amp mains c/o contacts. 40/- Postage I/-
► £14. 10. 0. 10 amps, £18. 10. 0. | Price inc. circuit 47/6 plus2/6P. & P.
£3.10.0. £25. T
S 1
0. 0.a" "on nmn, £37. "a^n
20 amps. 0. I ELL light source'and pHOTO
Mr>iiN.TiMr:|j| ► MODERN TAPE RECORDING AND
37.5 amps, £72. 0. 0. 50 amps, ] „C HI-FI, by K. Peters. 30/-. Postage I/-.
£92. 0. 0. .
„ . , |J light ' Precision engmeereo
source
OPEN TYPE (Panel Mouotmg) |ens as5em b|ywith focusiblc-i
and ventilated -~
PAL COLOUR T.V., by Mullard. 12/6.
Postage I/-.
jamp.EJ. 10 0. lamp. £5. I®. 0. | |am p housing, to take MBC bulb. Separate
m 2.; amps. £6. 12. 6. j ceii mounting
ting assembly
i for ORP. 12
PORTABLE TYPE or similar cell. Both units are single hole PRACTICAL WIRELESS SERVICE
PORTABLE TYPE 1.5 amp. portable fitted metal fixing. Price per pair £2.I5.0. P. & P. 3/6. MANUAL, Pub. Newnes. 25/-. Postage
£9. 5. 0. voltmeter, lamp, switch,
Similar toabo^e 2.5 amp.etc. £
£11.7.6. HIGH SPEED
| COUNTER. 4 figure, 1,000 ohm coil, ELECTRONIC COUNTING.
100 Wi\n POWER RHEOSTATS (NEW) I 36 48 v. D.C. operation. £3/10/-. P. & by Mullard, 27/6. Postage I/-.
' P. 1/6. 3 figure, 24 v. O.C, £1/12/6.
AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWINB VALUES ^ kW ——
I ohm, 10 a.; S ohm, 4.7 a.; 10 ohm, 3 a.: 'A, j DRY READ SWITCHES. New BASIC THEORY & APPLICATION
25 ohm,2a.! 50 ohm, 1.4 a.; 100 ohm, I a.; ''lii OF TRANSISTORS, U.S. Dept. of Army.
250ohm,.7 a.:500ohml.4S a.; 1,000 ohm. I special offer of Dry Read Switches half
amp. Contact. Size N x 4 for 10/- 12/-- Postage I/-.
200 mA: 1,500 ohm, 230 mA; 2,500 ohm, .2 a. Diameierl Post Paid.
"** ':!in- A" " "" ^iMiMiJTUiwTMlSEllarRTwiTai RADIO VALVE DATA, 8th ed. compiled
SO WATT. I ,'5/10/25/501100/250/500/1.000/1.500/2,500 ■ 3 banks of 11 positions plus ■""" by " WW 9/6. Postage I/-.
ohm, 21/-. P. & P. i/6. I homing bank. 40 ohm coil.
25 WATT. 10/25/50/(00/250/500/1.000) 1,500/2.500 I 24-36 v. D.C. operation. TRANSISTOR SUBSTITUTION
ohm. 14/6. P. & P. 1/6. ' T«ted^ 22.'fi^phis2/6mmm ^ HANDBOOK, Pub. F.Sams. IS/-, Post-
VENNER ELECTRIC TIME SWIT j ColdPACT hTaVY DUTY Av"-DX~R£UY age I/-.
200-250 v. A.C. 20 amp- contacts twice on, 12 change over, 30 ohm coil. 7/6 each.
twice off. at any manually pre-set time. | P. & P. 1/6. 3 lor 20/-. Post paid.
Spring'reserve (in case of power cut) fully 4T j nIckel" -cai^ i um "battery THE MODERN BOOK GO.
tested £3/9/6. P. & P. 4/6. Or complete 'Sintered Cadmium Type l'2 v. 7AH.
in weatherproof metal case (illustrated) | Size: height 31 in., width 2^ J! Iin. BRITAIN'S LARGEST STOCKISTS
£3/19/6, plus 4/6 P. & P. Can be supplied I Weight; approx. 13 oz. Ex-R.A.F. British and American Technical Books
with solar dial, on at dusk off at dawn.
Prices as above. »» ry. ■ Tested. 12/6. P. & P. 2/6. 19-21 PRAED STREET
ATR-BLOWER ! LONDON, W.2
Highly efficient blower unit fitted with r/Mitf MULTI Phone: PAOdlngton 4I8S
totally enclosed 200/250 v. A.C. SO cycles. RANGE METERS
h.p. motor producing 2.000 r.p.m. New Model U50D Multi tester,
Outlet 21 " 11, used, but in first class con- 25/000 OPV, mirror scaled with overload
dition and tested. Price £3/IS/-. P.& P. 7/( protection. Ranges-d.c. volts: lOOmV,
230/250V. A.C. SOLENOID 10 5 v. 5 v.. 250 v., 1,000 v.; a.c. volts: NEW
Heavy duty type, appro*. 3 lbs. pull. Price; 2-5 v.. 10 v.. 50 v., 250 v., 1.000 v.; D.C.
17/6 plus 2/6 P. & P. current; S /-A. 0 5 MA. 5 MA, S0MA. FROM OLSON
12/24V. D.C. SOLENOID 1250 MA. Complete with battery and test
probe. £7/5/0 post paid. Three other
Approx. 8 ot. push. Price 8/6 plus I '6 P. & P. | models available from stock. Descriptive
PRECISION INTERVAL TIMER I leaflet on request.
From 0-30 seconds (repetitive). Jewelled TH"ro~~piv, Tamp., H/T
balanced movement. Lever re-set. | THYRISTOR 400 piv. 8 amp., 28/6
Operates 230V. A.C. 5 amp. c/o Micro- l~220/240~A.C. FAN UNIT""
switch. New. Price 17/6 plus 2/6 P. & P.
CONDENSER 4.000 mfd 25v. 10,6 plus 1/6 P. & P. j| 2,300 Smoothr.p.m. 6" blade
powerful size.
motor
'All Allmetaf construction.
metal construction.
CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER | Continuously rated.
Input 185 -250 v. A.C. Output 230 v A.C. - ■ individually tested.
Capacity 250 watt- Attractive metal case. J Offered at fraction
Fitted red signal lamp. Rubber feet. I maker's price £2.15.0.
Weight 17 lb. Price £1 I1/10/0. P._& P. IS/- . ' i. S-Jl i^—
photoTIultiplieb. Type ——• CV337. This sup" sTnGAMO WEST0N
scdes type 931 A. Complete with special
- P.T.F.c. base!■ D_ uai, range voltmeter. , .-
and divider network. 57/6 ind.■ P.- &- P, j and 0-100 v. D.C. FSD I m/a.
0-5
RADIO In carrying case with test
I prods and leads, 32/6, P. &
ALTIMETER _ P. 3/6.
This precision instrument, built ^ f——■' t—| A.C. CONTACTOR
to highest Ministry specification, is based on a 24 v. D.C. ■ 2 make 2 break (or, 2
LOW INERTIA Integrating Motor. The Motor, fitted J c/o.). 15 amp, contacts,
with gold brushes and drawing only 800 microamp it|230/240V. A.C. operation.
24 v. D.C.. drives two precision pots with platinum J Brand new. Price 22/6 plus
wipers through close tolerance gear-trains, including J I/6P.&P. —
miniature slipping dutch, combined with two sufa-I -TS "r' gwnTH
miniature pots for calibrating the electrical bridge! 20 Amp LEVER rtlCKO jWllvn
circuit. The 3 in. calibrated dial, with a number'Brand new ievcr operated
aperture indicating one rev. per revolution of pointer I Micro Switch. 20 amp A.C.
with maximum of 5 revs, gives an effective scale length I c/o contacts. Price 4/6 each
of approx. 30 in. Offered at fraction of Manufacturer's • plus 1/6 P. & P. S for £1
price, 32/6. P. & P. 6/-. 1 Post Paid. INSTRUMENT CASES AND CHASSIS,
27 sizes and styles
SERVICE TRADING CO OLSON ELECTRONICS Ltd.
All Mail Orders—Also Callers—Ample Parking Space Personal callers only Factory No. 8 5-7 LONG STREET
57 BRIDGMAN ROAD. LONDON, W.4 Phone 995 1560 9 LITTLE NEWPORT ST. London, E.2 .Telephone 01-739 2343
SHOWROOM NOW OPEN CLOSED SATURDAY LONDON, W,C.2. Tel. GER 0576
336
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
JLcz
^4* 2
=5 400 VV2: 55
iwr x x
CORREKT 600
200V POURrr*
15002
R3 R4 VSJ
53V -w
OV 0 WkA
sA/V 500
lyADJUSTl
Ikfl
+(0V -150V
2iOV 27 KA
52a R1S
VR 200 SJ3K Transistor —V\A
undtr t«t RI5 15kfl
50 V kn
KA VOIT MPH
R{7
;, R18
NrUT
^kA CURRENT
COARSF
6kA
!c«t R20
(OuA 5m A CRO
54b 6kA 02
IOOJMO 2.5mA
250 500 H22
122 KO
100 R2J
Ik
R25
vWi^enA
BO R12 B24 K<l> fl27
155 60 R28
J555 (129
27,5 HJ0RJ1
« RJ2 R5J i.x
M 50
\B R54
27-5 15 to 64 U
500 kO_kfl_kn KA kQ kQ
kn
240V
ZIOV G£XS4(
S8tt
/ 000
Z
R8 . OV
22 kA A USIO US b A USlc
luF Sob SBc Sod SB«
337
The primary of this transformer is connected to the
mw cuftftiNT mntn mains supply via one of the arms of the switch S8a.
A time-constant (C5, R8) is included in the primary
circuit in order to phase the application of an operating
0k pulse to the uniselector to correspond to the half cycle
when the collector sweep is inoperative.
tww» Tpmumt euUSKTr
ixfur ewmeiT COMPONENTS
It is appropriate to mention some of the components
on. W h'* T used in the instrument. The majority of them are
easily obtained, but it may be necessary to select values
of some resistors by measurement of a batch of the
nearest preferred nominal types. Others will need to
be made up by combinations of suitable values, these
being indicated in the components list and in Table 1.
Resistors R35 and R36 are made from resistance wire
(eureka or nichrome) to give the required values to
indicate 10mA and 1mA f.s.d. on the meter. The
is in the circuit. The uniselector is automatically thinner the wire used, the shorter its length need be.
stepped on to the next position and a second curve is It can be wound on any insulating former to hand. If
displayed. The process then repeats and the whole the wire obtained is not insulated make sure that
cycle repeats every 200ms. This is sufficiently rapid adjacent turns do not touch; it is probably a good idea
to give the illusion of a stationary set of curves being to deposit molten wax on the finished article to keep
displayed on the screen simultaneously. the wire firmly in place.
The uniselector is energised from the 40V secondary As an example, 38 s.w.g. eureka wire has a resistance
winding of a mains transformer T3 via rectifier D4. of 23-8 ohms per yard or 1 -5 inches measures one ohm.
COMPONENTS...
Resistors Diodes
Rl l-5ka RI3 I00D *R25 13-8kD Dl BYZI2 or SJ403
R2 IkD RI4 ion *R26 l35kQ D2 BY2I2 or SJ403
R3 i-skn RI5 iskn *R27 60kD D3 GJ3M
R4 IkO *RI6 30k D R28 33kn D4 GEX54I
R5 27kn R17 ISkfl R29 27k n D5-8 Meter bridge rectifier lOmA
R6 680f2 *Rt8 S-4kn R30 ISkD Meter
R7 I2kn 5% *R19 6k a R3I lOkD Ml 0-1OO^xA moving coil
R8 22kn IW *R20 9-6kD *R32 6-4kD
R9 lOkfi *R2I 3ka *R33 3-8kD Fuse
*RI0 SkQ *R22 l2-2k£2 *R34 l-6kD FSI (A chassis or panel mounting fuseholder
Rl 1 IkD R23 l-SkD R3S, 36 (see text) Switches
*RI2 soon R24 l-2kn 51 Double-pole, on/off, toggle
All 10%, i watt except R7, R8. R35 and R36 52 Double-pole, changeover, toggle
Resistors marked with an asterisk are not standard 53 2-pole, 6-way wafer (only I pole Is used)
preferred values and should be selected from nearest 54 Double-pole, changeover, toggle
preferred values, or made up from combination of 55 Single-pole, changeover, toggle
two resistors to give each. required value. See 56 2-pole, 6-way wafer (only I pole is used)
Table \ 57 Single-pole, 12-way wafer (only 3 ways are used)
or 4-po!e, 3-way (only I pole Is used)
Potentiometers 58 6-pole, 2-way (only 5 poles are used)
VRI 50k O linear carbon
VR2 IOkfi linear wlrewound Uniselector switch
VR3 500n linear wlrewound US1 3 or 4 banks, each 25 ways, coil resistance 750
Terminals
Capacitors XI, X2, X3 Screw terminals (3 off)
CI 16uF elect. 450V C3 I0OmF elect. 450V Plug and socket
C2 16/iF elect. 450V C4 100/xF elect. 450V PL I Mains plug, chassis mounting, type P73
Transformers Miscellaneous
Tl Mains transformer (Parmeko type P2752) Chassis lOin x 7in x 2in or made from aluminium
Prl.: -f 10, 0, 200, 220, 240V; sheet J4in x llin 18s.w.g.
Sec. 1: 200-0-200V 75mA; Sec. 2: 6-3V I A; Plywood or aluminium sheet for case I2in x Sin X
Sec. 3: 6-3 V 2A; Sec. 4: 6-3 V IA Sin internal dimensions
(Sec. 3 and sec. 4 are not used in this circuit) Clamps and insulation for C3 and C4 (2 off)
T2 Mains transformer (Douglas type MT I02AT) Valveholders, B7G (2 off); B8A (I off)
Pri.: 0, 210, 240V Tags boards, double, 18-way, 12-way, and 7-way
Sec.: 0,19. 25,33.40, 50V 0-SA (Sec. 0-50V used for T2) Tag strip, single, 5-way
T3 Same as T2 but Sec. 0-40V used Brackets for 18-way tag board
Valves Pillars, 2Jin long, for 12-way tag board
Vi Gas filled stabiliser type 150C2 V3 6LI8triode Grommets; 3-way terminal block
V2 Same as VI Seven knobs, nuts and bolts, wire
338
Table I; NON-STANDARD RESISTOR
COMBINATIONS
Required
Resistor value Combination
RIO SkD lOkfl 4- lOkQ in parallel
RI2 500£2 IkD -1- Ikfl in parallel
RI6 30k fi ISkU I5kn in series
RI8 5-4k£> 2-7kfJ I- 2'7kQ in series
RI9 6kf} I2k£l-1 12kQ in parallel
R20 9-6ka 6-8kSii -i- 2'7kQ in series
R2I 3k£2 l-SkO -j- !-Skfi in series
R22 l2-2k£2 l2kO nominal selected by
measurement
R25 13-8ki2 56k£2 18kQ in parallel
r R26 I35k£2 560kQ 4- 180k£2 in parallel
R27 60k n I20kOri- 120k£2 In parallel
R32 6-4ki2 33kf2 S^kQ in parallel
R33 . 3-8kf2 8-2ki2 6-8k£2 in parallel
R34 l*6k£2 5-6kn r 2-2k£2 in parallel
SecSOV
T—^v r-A
Fig. 4. Front panel and chassis assembled. Hole sizes and II i if
rii |R(|B l ^ r' rii ri r;i
positions will depend on the components actually obtained, ^ Ri iS lR, | R iRI
but the wiring diagrams in Figs. 5, 6, and 7 appear half scale )t4ril3l <12(1111 dOi 9i 1241
L.J 1231 1221
L.i 12) i ! 20
L.J l.J I19I
L.J L18i ItT'
and give a reasonable guide to positions m-rr^ I
Chassis
D5-8
SBc
SilHlt
Soa-» S8h
Sinol
iS^ SBc
S8« Slitflci
Wipw S6JWip«
r
swr^s.
VRZ VR3 VRt
:has is
RI54R)6
Nl It
RZ R4 R6 US)e T2 pin
V3 6 US)a 12 13 T2 FS
VI V2 PL!
Prinyrtn Moins
PlUfl
COMMON
Fig. 5. Wiring the components on the front panel. The component group board Is tilted up to show connections, but
is in fact fitted to brockets on the front panel. This drawing appears approximately half scale
339
NOTE ,-mpontnt sooromountto To VW
on Pillar* abovoC5ondC4 Wiptr @51 @ To 05. , Wiptr
»S2b
Totl
2*0 V
*OV Toll
ToS«e
Avto TOSBO
Auto V;
50V
« IR- TS
IM rTR TR TR
129,128 127 Rtv.
mm
r ■''■irvi
: -tL V?,;r.t-
j vT- ^lIt', if
USf
Coi
ToS8»
3 ToSSb Auto
Auto
ToSBd
uS|b
ToSflb
Sinjl'
USla
US1 e ypql«_
ondVRJ
Wipor
Wipir
tags
PI
[us* • T: —— r-, — —
\3UM}
ZQOV 0v 5-3VIA
-Jf | OZ20V
I ,
O200
fybiVCA
200V ov
Ll.._ A3VIA O+.l0V:
CAoonmust b* C3 and C4 to project I
insolotod from through Chassis
Chassis v
Twisted
pairs
N c >-
f frz
JoBPn
and VR1
P"ToTZPri
wand Sib
ToSZj) [P JoSLji
^ Jo 51
To S5 To VRJi
02 CZ R3 M C1 R1 R6
Fig. 7. Underside wiring of the chassis. The group board is tilted to show the component wiring clearly
340
Do not allow the wire to become stretched or the
resistance will increase per unit length. The values of
resistance needed for R35 and R36 will depend on the
d.c. resistance of the meter coil. These can be cal-
culated from the formula:
R>i x /m
Rs =
/s — hi
where R* is the shunt resistance required,
i?ji is the meter resistance,
h is the current scale required,
hi is the nominal current rating of the meter (in
this case 100/fA).
When making the calculation, resistances are in
ohms and currents in amperes, so allowance must be
made for the multiple and sub-multiple signs.
Capacitors C1 and C2 are tubular types and usually
insulated. In any case the can of C2 must not be
connected to chassis. C3 and C4 are the kind that have
to be mounted vertically on the chassis, but here again
the can of C4 must not be connected to chassis. It
can be wrapped with plastics insulating tape.
The transformers have been selected as being readily
available types. TI has three 6-3V windings but only Photograph of a family of Icl^c curve* displayed on an
one is used fpr V3 heater. If desired, one of the other oscilloscope
6-3V windings can be used to supply a panel bulb,
although this is not shown. If there are "screen" tags on the transformers these must
The diodes originally used were AEI types SJ403 but be connected to chassis.
it may be easier to obtain the Mullard BYZI2, which The main power supply components are mounted
has a substantially higher current rating. • on a group tag board under the chassis, while C3 and C4
The wafer switches are pre-assembled types that can are fitted (as mentioned previously) to clamps on the
be bought for a reasonable sum, but S8 may have to be a chassis. It may prove to be helpful to make the holes
slightly more expensive "Yaxley" or "Maka-switch" for these large enough so that they can project through
type. to about one inch below the chassis top.
The uniselector switch is obtainable at many surplus A 12-way group board is mounted on pillars above
stores. At least three banks are required and a 750 these two capacitors to take the resistors for USlb,
"coil. Check the action of this component before Here again, easy access is achieved for alteration of
buying to make sure that the wipers ride smoothly component values.
through the arc of contacts. This can be done by Finally, before going on to the operation, a word of
pressing the armature several times. No parts should warning; if it is necessary to make alterations while the
be damaged otherwise operation may be intermittent. instrument is switched on, be careful where you put
The uniselector has 25 ways; two series of 11 contacts your fingers and soldering iron. Components on the
on each bank are paralleled. front panel, as well as T2 and T3 carry exposed live
FRONT PANEL mains.
Front panel mounting position is given in Fig. 4 with
the wiring below it (Fig. 5). The wiring to S8 has been OPERATION
abbreviated in the interests of clarity, but it should not The curve tracer must be used in conjunction with a
be difficult to ascertain the appropriate tags if wiring to directly coupled (d.c.) oscilloscope. The time base
them is followed in alphabetical sequence, from a pre- must be capable of being switched out of circuit and a
determined starting pole, in counter-clockwise fashion. d.c. amplifier substituted in its place. Not all oscillo-
The "common" terminal on the front panel must scopes have this facility and it may be necessary to add
make either direct connection to the panel (if metallic), an amplifier to the design of the unit. It need only
or wired to a chassis connection. have a modest gain of about a hundred times and quite
Resistors for connection to S3 and S6 are mounted a small bandwidth and could derive its power from the
on an 18-way group tag board, which is fitted to the supply incorporated within the unit.
top of the front panel by right-angle brackets. If the The type of display obtained is shown in the photo-
resistors are uppermost, minor alterations to their graph. The illuminated graticule shown in the photo-
values can be achieved in situ while the instrument is graph was made from |in perspex placed immediately
operating. in front of the oscilloscope screen. Edge lighting
through one edge of the perspex by means of a low
CHASSIS CONSTRUCTION power bulb will light up the scribed scale lines. This
Drilling details of the chassis are not given because graticule was found useful in calibrating the curves
some adjustment may be necessary according to the displayed on the screen.
components acquired. However, the top and under- The photograph shows the /c/ Kc characteristic of a
side wiring diagrams of the prototype (Figs. 6 and 7) are low gain pnp transistor having increasing values of
drawn to scale to give reasonable indication of the reverse.base bias. The ninth and tenth bias values
positions of the components. bring the transistor into its cut-off region and conse-
Transformer Tl is mounted so that the turret tags quently only a single straight line is traced for both
project through the chassis for connection underneath. steps.
341
k: <>>
v
V
The electronic cymbals unit uses the white noise SWITCHED FILTER
generator (described ift January) and a power One white noise generator will provide sufficient
supply (described in December) with a new filter circuit. output to operate a set of cymbal effects circuits of
The circuits of the white noise generator and power different pitches and qualities, giving a set of transis-
supply are reprinted in Fig. ! so that the whole extent torised "cymbals" of relatively small size, and at
of the circuit involved is realised from the outset. reasonable cost. The cymbals effect circuit is enclosed
The power supply is not shown in the photographs as in the dotted line box in Fig. la.
'it was external to unit, but there is plenty of room to The 100 kilohm potentiometer VR1 controls the
incorporate it in the box if required. Alternatively, level of the white noise signal fed to the filter circuit.
the performer may prefer to use dry batteries, so making The white noise is filtered and deliberately "coloured"
the unit entirely self-contained and portable. by transformer T1 and capacitor C5, then passes by
If required to be housed in the same box as the way of C6 to the base of TR1. This transistor is
Drummer's Whoosh amplifier, this can still be done, normally biased into non-conduction by a negative
but we would recommend the constructor to exercise supply applied through RIO. A I-5V or 3V battery
some patience until next month's article appears. The will usually suffice here, and serves to prevent a hissing
same box can house one white noise generator and noise between strokes.
filter for both purposes, with modifications to suit the
Drummer's Whoosh.
With all these circuits it is necessary to add a power
amplifier and, since there is a wide variety of commercial
types available, the user should select one that will suit
the environment in which he is performing. Tone
controls are a desirable facility as will be seen later.
.x"
342
WHTTE NOISE CtMSALS FILTER
SENERATM ATTACK i DEW SZu
'W +19
iUl toTTv
JK2
51 CW
0-003J Efftcti
Vf output
(OuF Ih lup
C4«or Ma
tOuF ME4I0} 0 001tiF O-liiF 15)50
jntn
TR2
JiMOJL
100 _ r
VRt 01 =0-01 > to
«- <4.7' DZ- :
potnt
contact < W kA 00 ♦MJI IStJO^ k C4Z4of
diode I ME4103
su R)0 negotlvt
Fig. la. Complete circuit of the vW biu
cymbals effect unit Pulse input wma
COMPONENTS....
CYMBALS FILTER
Resistors Transformers Switches
R7 IMD R9 lOMil Tl, 2 Transistor transformers type S! Single pole push on, release off
R8 IMO RIO 10MO LT44 (2 off) push button
All 10%, ^ watt carbon S2 Double pole on/off toggle switch
(S2a In low voltage line;
Potentiometer Transistor and Diodes S2b mains input to power
VRI 100klog. carbon TR2 ME4I03 or unit if used)
Capacitors C424 (S.G.S. Fairchild)
C5 0-001/xF ' D2 and D3 IS 130 (2 off) Miscellaneous
Printed circuit board
^7 n 'ow voltage Single core screened cable
S 2:1^ >poly««ter or Jacks (with Plugs) Chassis I2in x 4in X Jyin
C9 0-OI^F PaPer JKI, JK2 Standard ^-in jack sockets Knob
CIO 0-0033^F (2 off) Component layout shown In Figs. 2 and 3
f.
344
COMPONENfS...
in order to achieve a quiet background in between although the combin< value of R8 and R9 should
strokes, and a l^V battery is usually quite sufficient. not be reduced to a poi it which would result in excessive
If the positive line is quickly touched on to the junc- collector-dissipation TR1 (rated about 2C)0mW in
tion of D2 and D3 a few times in succession, a sound free air).
similar to a cymbal stroke may be heard, but may not
be very realistic at this stage, as adjustment of VR1 METHODS OF OPERATION
and the tone controls of your amplifier will have a For manual operation, the simplest method Is to
considerable effect on the output qualities. connect a 1 megohm resistor (R7) from C7 to the
VR1 must not be set too high, or the effect will result negative (common) supply wire, and apply pulses to this,
in a continuous roaring or crackling sound. This is input from the 18V to 24V positive supply point by
because the white noise is fed to the base of TR! at a use of a Morse key or a'push button switch. The
high level to overcome the negative bias. Turn down final circuit shown in Fig. I performs the same function.
VR1 to a level somewhat below that at which the roar The circuit may also be operated electronically by
occurs. If, now, the cymbal strokes tend to have a connecting C7 directly to an electronic switching
somewhat crackly ending, VRl must be set to an even circuit (via JK1) such as a slow running multivibrator
lower level to give a smooth finish to each stroke. (for automatic "repeat" effects); a ring counter (for
rhythm effects) or an electronic keying circuit. In all
these circuits the pulse may be supplied from the
VARIATIONS collector of the switching transistor concerned. If
The circuit is not by any means restricted to the using the multivibrator described in the article on a
component values given. By changing the values of Simple Rhythmic Control Unit (February issue) JK1
C5 and CIO the cymbals pitch may be altered; the use would be connected to the collector of either TR I or
of different transformers will give yet further ranges TR2 in that circuit.
of effects. A choke or other inductor could be used in The "Cymbals" circuit may be used very successfully
place ofT2, and the output taken from the collector of. with an electronic rhythm machine or a rhythm genera-
TR1 by way of an 01(«F capacitor. tor. An adaptation of the circuit may be used for
Changing the values of C7, C9, and R9 will affect beat group sound effects; this will be described next
the "attack" and "decay" characteristics of the circuit. month in the Drummer's Whoosh Unit.
345
four volumes are recommended as beginning texts for
those anxious to be taught the rudiments of electronics.
AL* BOOK ABC's of Transistors deals simply with the basic
physical and electronic features of these devices and
analyses their action in oscillators and amplifiers.
Practical servicing and testing procedure of these
circuits are also discussed.
F.E.T. Circuits is an excellent book for those readers
who like their electronics practical. From a brief
introductory chapter on structure and performance you
are launched into the whole gamut of circuit applica-
BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO ELECTRICITY tions of this versatile high impedance device: trans-
By Clement Brown mitters, receivers, test gear, control circuit, each one in
Published by George Newnes Limited effect a potted constructional project as all component
185 pages, 7^ln. x 5in. Price 15s and performance details are given.
Anyone starting a career or hobby in electronics ABC's of Vacuum Tubes. Dealing in the main with
might be put off by the title of this book when the construction and action, both dynamic and passive,
looking for an elementary guide. In order to under- of valves from the diode to the multigrid family-
stand and appreciate the technicalities of even the most Biasing and classes of operation are covered and the
simple of electronic circuits, one should have, or be able final two chapters deal with miscellaneous and special
to grasp, the fundamentals of basic electricity. It purpose valves. Altogether a painless introduction to
comes at a time when more and more schools and valve technology.
training colleges are giving courses in the subject, and
is therefore suitable for almost any beginner from Bridges and Other Null Devices. Measurement is
14 to 40 years of age. fundamental to all sciences. In electronics the bridge
It is written in an intelligently straightforward style type circuit predominates in this application and this
that will complement course lectures and lab. experi- book sets out (o explore its various forms for specific
ments. Of necessity it is not by any means exhaustive measurement purposes. From basic bridge circuit
but will certainly cover in adequate terms the theory to theory the reader is introduced to most of the equipment
be found in advanced level G.C.E. and O.N.C, courses. found in a test gear laboratory. Although the Illustra-
Electronics is not strictly introduced until Chapter 7, tions are of American equipment, the principles and
and even then in only basic form. measurement capabilities are universal.
Technical terms tend to baffle many beginners, but G.G.
here they will find explanations easily understood, and
related to everyday electrical appliances and electronic
circuits. Valve and transistor theory is included. The
relationship between theory and domestic and industrial
applications provides a suitable balance to a book that COLD CATHODE TUBES
could otherwise have been rather dry reading. By J. B. Dance, M.Sc.
The final chapter gives some guidance for those Published by Jllffe Books Ltd.
wishing to make a career in this fascinating activity. 125 pages, 8fin x 5^in. Price 3Ss
M.A.C. n a world largely dominated by the semiconductor,
glass enveloped devices are becoming increasingly
rare. But one group of tubes seems to have gained a
new lease of life due, indeed, to the general expansion of
electronic techniques brought about by soIid_ state
ABC's OF TRANSISTORS devices. For visual displays of data, or indication of
By George B. Mann the operational condition of circuitry, there is no real
112 pages. Price 20s substitute for the cold cathode tube. This can be a
F.E.T. CIRCUITS simple neon lamp (which may double as a voltage
regular), or a rather more complex numerical or
By Rufus P. Turner character indicator tube. The orange-red glow of neon
160 pages. Price 25s is the outward manifestation of electronic sophistry, as
ABC's OF VACUUM TUBES we well know.
By Donald A. Smith ' But the cold cathode tybe family includes the well
128 pages. Price 20s known G.M. tube for nuclear radiation detection,
stepping tubes for counting circuits, and other
BRIDGES AND OTHER NULL DEVICES important specialised types, besides.
By Rufus P. Turner The electronics enthusiast who is "genned up" on
143 pages. Price 26s solid state may be lacking in knowledge about cold
Published by W. Foulsham & Co. Ltd. cathode tubes. He can now find the basic facts of gas
All 8fin x Si in discharges and straightforward descriptions of those
Another four titles in the impressive catalogue of tubes he is most likely to encounter in modern electronic
Foulsham Sams educational primers in an apparatus in this book. Some experiments with neon
expanding technology. All four of the books present diodes and trigger tubes are described and there are
their subjects with a minimum of mathematics apart many practical circuits which show typical applications
from the last title which sets out the necessary bridge of the various devices. A good practical introduction
equations happily, without qualification, Treatment of to the subject, with a minimum of maths.
the subject matter is succinct and well illustrated and all D.D.R.
346
Transistor Amplifier
DESIGN 4»S:S
By A.Foord
Negative feedback occurs when a proportion of The phase reversal to obtain negative feedback
the output voltage of an amplifier is fed back to occurs in the amplifier; the arrows in the block diagram
the input in such a way as to reduce the overall gain, reassure us that the feedback is in fact negative. In a
so that the gain with .feedback is less than the gain simple case this is obvious, but for more complicated
without feedback. Feedback can be used to: arrangements a check will ensure that we do not
(1) Give a predictable mid-band gain, the greater accidentally use positive rather than negative feedback.
the amount of feedback the less sensitive the Take a simple example, Fig. 4.2. Without feedback
amplifier is to changes of transistor character- we require an input of O-IV to the amplifier for an
istics. output of — 10V. If negative feedback is added
making B equal to 0-1 times, 0-IV is still required at
(2) Increase bandwidth or to give a shaped fre- the input of the amplifier itself to obtain an output of
quency response curve which depends almost -10V.
solely on the passive components forming the The input to the addition point,needs to be HV, so
feedback network, and does not depend on an that when the — 1-0V is added to the input we are left.
accurate knowledge of transistor, parameters with 0-1V to give an output of !0V. The overall gain
(which may vary between one specimen and the with feedback is now
next of the same type).
(3) Increase or decrease input or output impedances;
- by using different feedback arrangements it is G' = —^ = -9-1 times
possible to obtain input or output impedances
higher (or lower) than those normally associated The negative feedback has reduced the gain from its
with transistor stages. In particular it is possible open loop value of 100 times to a closed loop gain of
to arrange for a high input impedance and a 9-1 times, therefore the closed loop gain is approxi-
low output impedance, so that amplifier stages mately l/B times (1/5 = 10). /
can be cascaded without interaction. A more detailed examination will show that the
(4) Reduce the distortion which normally occurs in gain with feedback is approximately l/B provided the
the final stages of an amplifier, where current closed loop gain is much less than the open loop gain,
and voltage swings are highest. Fig. 4.3.
Starting at the input to the amplifier (call this K)
then the output of the amplifier is A F, the voltage fed
BASIC PRINCIPLE back is A VB, and the input h V + A VB. Then the
Any study of negative feedback begins with a func- overall gain with feedback is given by
tional block diagram, Fig. 4.1.
The circuit has two signal paths; the forward path, , _ Fo ' AV _ A _ -1
which is usually an amplifier and contains all the Fi FT A VB I + AB I . _
active devices, is marked with its voltage gain A; the A + B-
feedback path B which has a gain less than unity.
The bar above the symbol A indicates that there is a
phase reversal in the amplifier, while B represents the If B is much greater than XjA (i.e. A is much greater
fraction of the output voltage fed back to the input. than 1/5) then C = 1/5.
Ikfl
Zvs
9 + 1 0-1 V, a v + +^d)
f/f, 4.1. Functional dia- Fig. 4.3. Voltage relation-
gram of an amplifier with Fig. 4.2. 4simple example ships between the amplifier
negative feedback path of negative feedback and the feedback circuit
347
X100
1k,o
fRtOUENCY
FREQUEKCr FREQUENCY
i FUEQUEBCY IOrA
Therefore, the ideal gain with feedback (C) is equal matical approach will be applied to the stability
to 1/5, if the gain without feedback (A) is much problem. For most purposes, it is in order to see that
greater than I /B. the frequency response curve does not have a peak of
To confirm this, compare the results using the more than a couple of decibels in it, and that the square
accurate formula and the approximate formula; drop wave response is satisfactory, i.e. free from ringing
the minus phase sign since we are interested in magni- effects.
tudes rather than the phase reversal we know occurs in The photographs show results obtained with a high
the amplifier. gain amplifier, this had a gain of 1,000 times (60dB)
without feedback, and a gain of 10 times (20dB) with
Actual closed loop gain G' = ~—^ feedback (see Fig. 4.6).
I - /! Photo A shows the leading edge of the 1kHz square
wave input; photo B shows the ringing on the output
Ideal closed loop gain G =^ waveform without the capacitor C, and this was con-
D sidered unsatisfactory. The capacitor was adjusted in
value to obtain the acceptable response of photo C.
Calculation will show that, if the required gain with Since for clarity the photographs only show the leading
feedback is one tenth of the gain without feedback, edge of the square wave, the time scale was extended to
then we do not need to use the accurate formula, since show the leading edge more clearly. The capacitor
errors in assuming G equal to 1 IB are small enough to was increased to reduce the bandwidth to 20kHz
be discounted. which increased the rise time to that shown in photo D.
Feedback around one stage only is called local feed-
STABILITY back, and since only the common emitter stage pro-
Having assumed that the design of the amplifier is vides a phase reversal of its output signal with respect
such that the feedback will always tend to reduce the to its input, it follows that local feedback can only
gain, but unfortunately this will not always be so, any be applied around the common emitter stage.
practical amplifier will contain reactive elements which There are two basic ways of applying feedback to
will introduce a phase shift in the signal as it passes the common emitter stage; one arrangement is con-
through the amplifier (quite apart from the 180 degree sidered next, and the other is dealt with later, in the
mid-band phase shift required to obtain mid-band section on virtual earth amplifiers.
negative feedback). The gain and phase characteristics
of the amplifier might appear as Fig. 4.4. SERIES LOCAL FEEDBACK
Above a certain frequency /, gain falls and an extra Referring to Fig. 4.7, the resistor Rk in series with
phase lag is introduced. If we applied 100 per cent the emitter accounts for the applied feedback, this
negative feedback to an amplifier with this character- resistor enables a feedback voltage Vt proportional to,
istic, to give an overall gain of unity, the amplifier would load current, to be fed back in series with the input
oscillate. voltage Vu The base-emitter voltage of the transistor
While there is still greater than unity voltage gain is reduced by the feedback so that Fhe is less than Vu
around the loop, there is an extra 180 degrees of phase If Rk is small and of the same order of value as the
shift to cause the feedback (which was negative below internal emitter impedance rn (say 100 ohms or so),
/) to become positive at /'. The system would there- then the amount of feedback is small. Distortion is
fore oscillate at the frequency/'. slightly reduced and bandwidth is increased very
Designing for stability is complicated when a con- slightly, at the expense of a small decrease in gain.
siderable amount of feedback is applied. Instability If Rk is large then the gain is given by
in a feedback amplifier is shown by a peak in the „ Vo Ri.
frequency response curve and ringing on a square
wave signal (see Fig. 4.5). T'i ~ RF,
Feedback over one or two stages is normally safe, The input impedance Is given by
although later on, when considering the use of 100 per
cent feedback to raise input impedance, a non-mathe- Zi — hicRii
348
In practice for a single stage amplifier biased in the
(NCR ■ASIN0 normal way with a divider chain on the base, this
increase in input impedance is masked to some extent
by the shunting effect of the chain. The effect of Jts
on gain and frequency response is as shown in Fig. 4.8.
' To avoid loading fit and to maintain a high gain
without feedback, the output can be taken via an
emitter follower, a practical circuit is shown in Fig, 4.9.
Since the transistor is used in common emitter we
FREQUENCY Hz must work out approximately the bandwidth we would
Fig. 4,y. Series local Fig. 4.8. The effect of Re expect. For TR1 the collector current is of the order of
feedback by the unby- on gain and frequency 0-5mA. Suppose the transistor current gain is typically
passed emitter resistor response 50 at 0 5mA. The 3dB down point in common emitter
is given by
At/OyA -i«v
HnA i-SlmA r h 1,000
]
w< TR2 Ate 50
tZOkn (JC75
C1 TRi /= 20kHz.
22yf 6V OC75 ZZJJF 12V
-5-3V One would expect the response to roll off somewhere
—Oh -1-5V Hh- at this frequency, the exact point depending on Ate and
ft for the particular specimen of transistor. Since
iOkn VTkll TR2 acts as an emitter follower the overall frequency
2-7kfl IQOur response is limited by TRI since an emitter follower
has a'frequency response far better than that of a
I common emitter stage.
Fig. 4,9. Emitter follower output to prevent undue
loading on the amplifier stage
At
AZ
SLOPE 6«19/OCTAVE
(20d3/DECA0E)
-
ATPROXIMA IE CURVE •
«
AC CURATE CU RVE— V
kri
(Ht t 101 sK
FREQUENCY 1 2 5
10 20 50 too
Fig. 4.14. Approximating the frequency FREQUENCY (kHz)
response, then deriving the accurate Fig. 4.15. Summing the response of two amplifiers in cascade
response (solid line)
350
Where each amplifier was 3dB down (at /), the 23kHz upwards would be attenuated according to the
response is now 6dB down (for two identical amplifiers), roll-off of the amplifier response curve. The square
and the new 3dB down point is lower down at fi, as one wave would hardly be degraded at all, since the ampli-
would expect. The slope of the curve for a single tudes of these harmonics (relative to the fundamental)
amplifier is approximately 6dB per octave, and for are small. The loss in harmonics increases the rise
two amplifiers in series this will be 12dB per octave. time of the square wave. Fig. 4.17.
In the equivalent circuit of a transistor (Fig. 4.12) it To determine the bandwidth of an amplifier we would
appears as a transmission line for high frequencies, but feed in a square wave with a rise time better than we
as a first approximation it can be considered as a would expect the amplifier to handle, and measure the
single CR network, Fig. 4.13. degradation on the output.
Taking the CR network or single time constant on Suppose our square wave had a rise time of 5/iS and
its own, at low frequencies C has a high impedance after passing through the amplifier this was degraded
and Vo — V. At a frequency when C has a reactive to 25/48, then our amplifier has a rise time of \/(252—52)
impedance equal to R, Vo is 3dB down with respect to or 24-5/is and its bandwidth is given by:
V, and continues to fall at 6dB per octave (20dB per
decade) with increasing frequency, as in Fig. 4.14.
The solid line curve is the accurate frequency res-
ponse, while the dotted line is the straight line approxi-
mation. The point / where the impedance of the This method is only an approximate means of deter-
capacitor is equal to the resistor is called the "turnover" mining bandwidth, it would tell us if our amplifier had
or break point. The maximum error between the a bandwidth of 20kHz-or 10kHz, but we could not rely
accurate and straight line approximation is 3dB which on discriminating between bandwidths of 20kHz and
occurs at the break point. In practice the approximate 17kHz.
curve is drawn; /is 3dB down, 0-5/and 2/are IdB However the edges of the square wave do represent
below the approximate curve; the accurate curve is the type of signals present in a transient, Which simple
drawn from this information. sinewave testing cannot do, so that we can see immedi-
For two amplifiers in cascade the procedure just ately any instability or excessive overshoot or ringing
outlined is shown in Fig. 4.15. The bandwidth of the in the amplifier. The disadvantages are that we do
two amplifiers in series is almost identical, but the need a square wave of good rise time, and an oscillo-
ultimate slope is now 12dB per octave rather than the scope capable of showing it.
6dB per octave for a single common emitter stage. Next month: Negative feedback applied to prac-
tical circuits.
RELATION OF RISE TIME AND
BANDWIDTH
A square wave can be considered as the sum of a
number of harmonically related sine waves; these
include a fundamental sine wave at the bcisic repetition
frequency and frequencies of three, five, seven times,
and so on (odd harmonics of the basic frequency). BETTER SOUND
If a square wave of 1kHz is fed into an amplifier.with The BBC announces that four programmes in a new
a sharp cut off at I -SkHz all the harmonics are filtered series "Better Sound" will be broadcast on Fridays
out, leaving only the 1kHz fundamental, Fig. 4.16. at 7.00-7.30 p.m. in Study Session, Radio 3 from May 3
If the response of the amplifier is extended to 20kHz to 24. Listeners will be invited to send questions of general
the output would consist of the fundamental and interest, or requests for more information on particular
harmonics up to 19kHz. Harmonics at 21kHz, topics covered in the series and these will be dealt with in
two extra programmes which will follow the repeat of the
series later in the year.
The series will be repeated on Radio 4 on Saturday
mornings at 11.00-11.30 a.m. from August 17 to September
14. There will be no programme on August 31 (Bank
^>_ A A Holiday weekend), but there will be . two additional pro-
1-5k«z/^ \ j grammes on Saturdays, September 21 and 28.
-TLT - Each programme will focus attention on one area of this
INCUT wide field. A number of topics (e.g. microphones, loud-
speakers, stereo) will therefore be treated in more than one
programme. Advice on particular makes cannot be given
fig. 4.16. A square wave signal can, be filtered to and the construction and repair of equipment will not be
give the fundamental frequency only dealt with.
Programme 1: Transmission and reception of radio,
including stereophonic broadcasting. Explanation of
AM and FM, etc.
Programme 2: The nature of sound, and room
acoustics, with demonstrations of the effect of different
■ZOkHz^
,?
Tsr>- r~|
I i n placings of microphones and loudspeakers.
nr- Programme 3: The reproduction of music in mono
and stereo; U fi equipment.
INCUT uuirv. Programme 4: Tape-recording for the amateur.
1kHz Iktiz The diagrams in the Study Notes (BBC Publications,
2/6 plus 5d postage) will be helpful in following the broad-
fig. 4.17. Increase In the rise time of the square casts and the explanations in the text of the basic principles
wave by loss of harmonics of the transmission, recording and reproduction of sound
in mono and stereo will be useful for reference, particularly
for the less knowledgeable listener.
351
7-RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT; STRACE RADIATION METER
P"revioqs articles Jn this series have discussed nuclear kinds of radioactive atoms, whereas in the latter case, the
•radiatibn, atomic structure, and the practical- activity of a particular species of radioactive atoms can be
applications of nucleonic measurements; measuring observed selectively, to the exclusion of others which may
methods and various kinds of detectors have been be present at the same lime in. the radioactive sample.
considered in a general way. A distinction fias been However the principles of making activity measurements,
made between activity measurements and energy and the structure of the radiation meter used for the
measurements, and electronic methods for sorting purpose,- are the same in both cases.
elep|rical pulses from 4" speettoscojpic, i.e. energy-
distinguishing, nuclear radiation detector explained.
ACTIVITY AND DETECTION EFFICIENCY
Now the point |s reached where we have sequences of The activity of a radioactive sample is the .number of
pulses, ready for activity 'determination, i.e. for cbuniing atoms dtstintegrating in it in unit time,irrespective of the
the numbers arriving per unit time, corresponding to the type of disintegration or the energy of the emitted nuclear
radiation. Wc hayc already seen, (in Pact 3) that the unit
numbers of radioactive atoms distiftfegratihg per unit time. of activity is the curie (€«),_ corresponding to Z-2 X lO13
This counting process is the function of the actual radiutiun dislintegrating atoms per minute. This is the activity of
meter unit in any nuclconic equipment. This month, we 1 gram of purc radium, by definition. Convenient prac-
will/ discuss the basic rcqu1remcn|.s- and clectronie circuit tical units* for amateur measurements are the pico-curie
techniques which are involved. It is quite iftfmaterfal (pGi), corresponding to 2-2 disintegrating atoms per
whether the pulses originate from a non-spectroscopic minute in the given sample, and the nano-curie (nCi).
detector like a G.M. counter, or from a spectroscopiC corresponding to 2,200 distintcgrating ;atoms per minute
detector such as a Scintillation detector with kick-sorter in Jhc given sample.
amplifier. "It is customary to take one minute as the time unit for
radiation meters, so that their essential function is to
In the former case, the mean pulse frequencies may determine the pulse counts per minute. The abbreviation
correspond tq the? gross activity of a nlixiurc of different c.p m. is conventionally used for '-counts per minuter
St
.
STRACE
RADIATION Or- O.
METER
-■ >4
V-
'• -j-
V-..
352,
It is not possible to calibrate a radiation meter directly
in pCi or nCi, but only in c.p.m. This is because the
ratio of c.p.m, to pCi depends on the numerical detection
efficiency of the radiation detector employed. The ratio
is 2*2 only if every disintegrating atom in the radioactive
sample produces an electrical response pulse in the de-
tector. This is rarely the case in practice; a greater or
smaller proportion of the radiations will miss the detector,
so that the ratio c.p.m./pCi is practically always con-
siderably less than 2-2. Of course, it is the aim of any
detector and sample arrangement to achieve as high a
numerical detection efficiency as possible. This is also
referred to as the geometry factor.
TWO EXAMPLES
Two examples will make this point clear.
In the first case, consider a radioactive sample lying on
a large flat radiation detector, i.e. G.M. counter. The
nuclear radiations may be emitted in any direction by
chance. Thus, on the average one half of them will fly
upwards or obliquely upwards, and miss the detector.
The other half will travel downwards or obliquely down- One of the rotemeter
wards, and enter the detector to produce a pulse. The modules of the
ratio c.p.m./pCi would be J-I in this case. STfiACE Radiation /Meter
In the second case, consider the sodium iodide crystal
of pur scintillation detector (see Part 5), with the radio-
active sample placed at the bottom of the axial sample smooth exponential decay. Ultimately, when only one
well. Nuclear radiation emitted in almost any direction atom is left over, it is inherently impossible to predict how
will then strike the crystal, so that we would expect very long it will continue to remain intact.
nearly the ideal value of 2-2 for the ratio c.p.m./pCi. A similar indeterminacy prevails already at the outset,
In practice, we actually find values considerably smaller when we had a very large number of atoms. If we were
than I-l and 2*2 for the respective cases, because two to single out any particular atom for close observation,
further factors reduce the detection efficiency. Firstly, there is no way of predicting, in which successive half-life
some quanta of radiation may be absorbed within the period it will meet its fate. This is subject to pure chance^
sample, or other insensitive material, before reaching the Thus whilst we can be pretty sure that almost exactly one
sensitive detector region. Secondly, some quanta may half of a large number of atoms will disintegrate in a
pass straight through the detector without getting absorbed half-fife period, we are unable to determine in advance
to produce a pulse. Thus the ratio c.p.m./pCi is only which particular atoms will belong to the decaying half,
about 0-1 for a liquid sample in the MuIIard MX124/01
G.M. counter tube specified for our equipment (see STATISTICAL FLUCTUATIONS
Part 4). The scintillation detector possesses a considerably The inherent unpredictability of the lifetime of any
greater detection efficiency, under some conditions single radioactive atom introduces random fluctuations in
approaching closely to the ideal value of 2-2 for the ratio the predictable mean behaviour of a large number of
c.p.m./pCi. similar atoms. If the smooth exponential decay law
would ideally demand that n atoms should disintegrate in
RADIOACTIVE DECAY a given sample within a certain time of observation, then
Since the activity of a given radioactive sample is a the actual number of atoms observed to decay within that
statement of the number of atoms disintegrating per unit lime will in all probability differ from n. It may be
time in that sample, this activity must necessarily diminish smaller or larger. If we repeat the experiment numerous
with the progress of time, because the number of atoms times under identical conditions, the average of all observa-
left over is continuously decreasing. For any given tions will approach ever more closely to «. Regarding the
species of radioactive atoms, the activity is strictly pro^ discrepancies of individual results, we will find that these
portional to the number of atoms of that species which average to ± V"- This is called the mean uncertainty of
are present in the sample, i.e. the rate of decay is directly the count n.
proportional to the amount present. As far as practical measurements are concerned, this
This is the basic characteristic of any exponential means that if we want our activity reading to be 2reliable
process (the rate of fall of the voltage across a capacitor to within 1 part in n, we must count at least n pulses
discharging through a resistor is always proportional to before we stop the counter and divide by the total time
the actual voltage left across the capacitor at the instant taken. Otherwise random fluctuations will exceed our
considered, or the rate of growth of a sum of money on tolerance limit and the readings are meaningless to the
compound interest is at all times proportional to the envisaged accuracy.
accumulated capital). Thus the activity of a simple It is common practice to specify four accuracy classes,
radioactive sample decreases exponentially with time. namely 1, 5, 10, and 20 per cent. These correspond to
This is a very important principle, known as the radio' desired reliabilities of 1 part in 100, 20, 10 and 5, so that
active decay law. we must respectively count at least 10,000, 400, 100 or
Different species of radioactive atoms decay at different 25 pulses.
rates, which are specifically characteristic of the respective Note carefully that it is solely the total pulse count which
species, just as different capacitor/resistor combinations determines the statistical accuracy, quite irrespective of the
discharge at different rates according to the produce of time taken for clocking-up this count. The radiation
capacitance and resistance (time constant) of the circuit. meter must simply be left running until the required
number of pulses have arrived, and if this takes a very
DECAY HALF-LIFE long time in the case of low activities, the circuits must be
For radioactive samples, we specify a decay half-life. designed with adequate long-term stability.
This is the time taken for one half of a large initial number
of atoms to disintegrate. If we wait a further equal period RADIATION METER TIMING
of time, one half of the remainder will have disintegrated, The relationships explained in' the previous section
i.e. the number of atoms still left over is halved during dominate the design of practical radiation meters. In the
each successive half-life period. The process theoretically case of digital counting, there are few .basic problems as
never goes to completion. The smaller the number left far as long-term stability is concerned. Professional
over becomes, the greater the random departures from equipment often adopts count liming here. In other
353
nATEMETER PULSE PULSE
PfilNTEO CIRCUIT eOARO 4X6 INTEGRATOR
AMPLIFIER EXPANDER VOLTMETER
PHASE I II W.
wm IOUP
" RW 47011 ^ VR2
INVERTER IOpiF I 2-ikQ S22
Z-Tk/l ikil R2B
4-7U1 RZ7
4700.
TIX TR7 TR8
£ HI BSTS3 0ST5J TR9
IZCOpF BAY20 057 53
-- 27kQ 22uns
4 k JU-IKO VR1 : :2-bwi
zsknji- Q iKA TR4 TR5
B4Y20 0C465 0C465 i5Mn 2-2Mn
5-6 WO TR1
«465 TR2
85*51 TR6.
0C108
R6 5-6kfl 7i"kll
<85 ■VA— PUMP JTOUJ Iku
?2'2(.n 05 BAYZO im INTEGRATOR
TR3
00465 07 ZS J-5kfl
-' -BZ
' BAY 20 Wrl
11 BAY27 Riiazfkn
530kfl Z-Zkfl Ikft
4-7kA s-zkn 10 oo VR4
Z-SMO ifei
<R4k -Mi ZSOkfl
2-2KA - ro*BAY20 SZkft cf ts
857
S-Sktl# 0'1PF
JSkft R58 (OKU \-H-V
O-luf I -Wx—1 / CM 40)17 tOOX
09 TO PIP OENERATOR MICRBFOIL r F.S.O.
PU<4>
5 WIT BAY 20 AND/OR
COUNTER DKITAL S2AO)K_ 5 528 WW
NEGAilVt ')P12 IS) n.s<6> RANGE SWITCH r 21V
T 2POSITIVE
VOLT 5 VOLT ALI6WHENT CONTaOLS I K» UNSTASILISEO
POSITIVE : i: VR5 CALIBRATE,RANGE US
JL A. TRIGGER VR6 ZERO, RANGE 3 IJ ^0 If PULSE/MINUTE
"8 7.5.0, OF HI
PULSE INPUTS FROM RAOIATBN DETECTOSS ZERO, BANGE 1/2 VR7 ZERO,RANGE 4/5
CAUBRATE, RANGE 1/2 5 50,000J
Fig. 7.!. ST RACE RAD/AT/ON METER; Circuit diagram of the ratemeter module
words, the time taken to achieve a predetermined count is then obtained on ail ranges. This is most fortunate,
is measured. Suppose we desire a statistical accuracy of since only one capacitor is thus required. The capacitor
1 per cent. The clock will then be zeroed and the counter must be of immaculate quality, above all, it must have
set to 10,000. The clock is then set running forwards very low leakage and excellent long-term capacitance
and the counter backwards. When the counter reaches stability, so that it is rather expensive. Precision resistors
zero, it stops the clock automatically. are much cheaper, and only these are required in quantity
_ In the case of analogue counting, more special con- according to the desired number of ranges.
siderations are required. We remember that analogue
counting establishes the activity reading as the voltage STRACE RATEMETER MODULE
developed across a capacitor. Each pulse pumps a Fig. 7.1 shows the complete circuit of the ratemeter
definite small electric charge into the capacitor, whilst the module for the STRACE radiation meter unit.*
capacitor at the same time discharges through a precision The components within the broken-line rectangle are
resistor. The resulting voltage across the capacitor is accommodated on a 4in x 6m printed circuit board.
directly proportional to the rate of arrival of the pulses. Layout is in no way critical.
This voltage will fluctuate in a random manner, due to the Almost any silicon np/i transistors are suitable for
random fluctuations of the pulse race. The meter reading TR2, 7, 8, 9, and almost any silicon p/tp types for TR1, 3,
thus fluctuates over a certain range of the scale, instead 4, 5, provided collector voltage ratings are at least 12V
of being steady. working in all cases, TR6 may be any small germanium
pup audio power transistor, e.g. OC72 is also suitable.
RATEMETER TIME-CONSTANT The small diodes may be any silicon type with small self-
Consider the lowest range of the ratemeter in our capacitance and at least I00V p.i.v. rating. D7 is a 5V
STRACE equipment, which is 100 c.p.m. for full-scale miniature Zener diode, D8 is a 500mW dissipation (at
deflection. The design figure is the 5 per cent statistical least} 12V power Zener diode. Resistors should be
accuracy class, which calls for 400 pulses in the "counting ±10 per cent, except those connected to S2B, which must
time". These take four minutes to arrive at 100 c.p.m., be ±5 per cent, or better still ± I per cent. The specified
so that the product of the integrating capacitor value prototype semiconductors are all S.T.C./Intermetal types,
(vF) and its discharge resistor (megohms) should be 240 but in no way imperative.
seconds. TR1 is a polarity inverter for those radiation detector
If the value of the capacitor is kept constant, but the types feeding negative pulses to PL!, DI suppresses
value of the discharge resistor halved, then a given pulse positive pulses or components while D2 prevents overload
rate will produce only half as great a meter deflection. of TR1 on excessive negative pulse amplitudes at PLI.
The full-scale deflection c.p.m. value is thus doubled. But TR2 is the main pulse amplifier stage. It is fed at the
the statistical accuracy is unchanged, because although the base with the positive output pulses from TR1 collector,
time constant has been halved, the rate of arrival of the as well as with the inputs of positive-pulse radiation de-
pulses for full-scale deflection has been doubled, so that tectors connected to PL2 and/or PL3. D9 is included
the same number of pulses arrive within the time-constant here to prevent short-out of PL3 input by the low-
period. impedance output .stage of a detector connected to
In general, this leads to a simple rule. The various PL2, thus it is not necessary to disconnect the cables of
desired c.p.m. ranges are. obtained by switching corre- switched off detectors.
sponding different discharge resistors across the same
integrating capacitor, whereby the same statistical accuracy * (Ref to Fig. 2.1 for block diagram of STRACE Radiation Meter Unit.)
354
THRESHOLD LEVELS
VR1 is the collector load of the main pulse amplifier.
It is preset to give the response threshold levels marked next month!
against PL1 to PL3. D4 suppresses negative pulses or
components at TR2 base, and D3 prevents overload of
TR2 if excessive positive pulse amplitudes are applied to
. PL2 or PL3. The diodes D1 to D4 associated with TR1
and TR2 thus make the circuit very tolerant of large Build this
differences in input pulse amplitudes. The perforrhance
is still perfect even if the pulses fed to PL1, PL2 or PL3
are ten times larger than the specified threshold values.
Gain controls are thus not necessary on the front panel. Radio-Controlled
PULSE EXPANDER
TR3 is a driver emitter follower, to feed the pulse ex-
pander from the necessary low source impedance. The
pulse expander TR4/TR5 is a transistorised equivalent of MODEL
the valve-operated pulse expanders already introduced
last month in the gamma ray spectrometer kick-sorter
amplifier.
TR4 normally rests cut-off, and TR5 conducting.
When a trigger pulse arrives via C4, the roles of the two BOAT
transistors change over for a time determined by C9 or CIO
in conjunction with R19. Thereafter, the transistors
revert to the resting state of their own accord. The
duration of conduction of TR4 in response to each trigger
pulse from TR3 is independent of the form or duration of ^vV-V
that trigger pulse, being determined solely by C9, CIO
and R19.
PUMP INTEGRATOR
During each conduction pulse of TR4, a definite quantity
of positive charge is pumped via D6 and R20 into the
integrating capacitor C14. S2B switches the appropriate *51
discharge resistor across C14, to establish the different
c.p.m. ranges as discussed previously. The other wafer,
S2A" of the range switch selects C9 or CIO for determining
the pump pulse duration. On the lowest range (f.s.d. -
100 c.p.m.), C9 is in circuit and gives a long pump pulse, &
whereas the short pump pulse with CIO is used for all a
other ranges. • •
The value of the integrating capacitor CJ4 is 40^F, and $
the net value of the discharge resistance (R32, VR4 and
the input impedance of the read-off voltmeter TR7, 8. 9)
is 4 megohms for both range I and range 2. Due to the
different pump pulse duration, range 1 is 100 c.p.m. and
range 2 is 250 c.p.m. for full-scale deflection, so that the
statistical accuracy is in fact somewhat poorer than 5 per
cent on range I but somewhat better than 5 per cent on
range 2 and all other ranges. This is a compromise made
to avoid unduly high values for C14, or unmanageably
high circuit resistances. A pleasure to construct and a joy to run, this 34in
kit-built diesel-powered high speed craft carries a
READ-OFF VOLTMETER multi-channel control system which will make it the
The read-off voltmeter for the integrator capacitor C14 king-pin of any water on which it is sailed. Incor-
comprises the remainder of the circuit on the right of porates proportional rudder and progressive throttle
Fig. 7,1. The design figure is for a ImA fsd meter and/or control for good manoeuvrability, with simultaneous
chart recorder connected to the output. or one-at-a-time operation of these systems. Full
TR7, 8, 9 are cascaded current amplifiers to reduce the how-to-build Instructions, with details of transmitter
current drain on the integrator capacitor C14 for the and receiver (including control gear). Begins in next
voltage read-off process. VR3 sets a d.c. bias voltage month's issue. Don't miss it I
in series with CI4 on ranges 1 and 2, to overcome the
silicon threshold of TR7, 8, 9. TR6 is in parallel with
VR3 and possesses a compensating temperature co- Other Constructional Projects include:
efficient to cancel thermal drift of the threshold level of
TR7, 8, 9. TR6 must be positioned close to TR7, 8, 9 DRUMMER'S WHOOSH UNIT
to sense the same temperature as the latter components. CAMERA TRIGGER
VR6 and VR7 fulfil the same function as VR3 for the
other ranges. VR5 sets the meter sensitivity for all
ranges. D8 stabilises the supply voltage for all stages.
D7 limits the maximum voltage developed across C14, to PRACTICAL
prevent damage to the meter MI or TR7, 8, 9 if the range
switch is set to a range too low in relation to the input
pulse rate. ELECTRONICS
Next month: The remaining circuitry for the STRACE JUNE ISSUE ON SALE FRIDAY MAY 17
radiation meter; this includes the pip generator, audio Order your copy now!
amplifier, and power unit.
355
SEMICONDUCTOR
By 6. |. KING
6-OTHER SEMICONDUCTORS
effect of this causes a portion of the output signal to Fig. 6.4 shows basic f.e.t. amplifier stage, using an
get back to the input of the transistor in phase with the //-channel device. White the drain polarity is positive
real input signal, thereby creating conditions for on the //-channel type, it is negative on a //-channel
positive feedback. Even though oscillation may not device, and the latter often Incorporates a resistive
actually occur the effect can .distort the response potential divider across the supply, with the junction
characteristics of the amplifier. connected to the gate.
The "integrated screen" is a section of diffused semi-
conductor beneath the base bonding area. Feedback THYRISTOR
capacitance is considerably reduced making them The thyristor (or silicon controlled rectifier) is a
suitable for intermediate-frequency amplifiers in par- junction diode with four semiconductor layers in fip/ip
ticular. Their use ensures that the response character- formation, as shown in Fig. 6.5. The end //-type is
istics retain a close tolerance even when the equipment called the "anode" and the end //-type the "cathode".
is mass produced. The sandwiched p-type is the "gate" or triggering
electrode.
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS Owing to the four-layer make-up, current will not
The field effect transistor differs from the type of flow from cathode to anode (or vice versa) under
transistor that we have looked at so far, in that it is a ordinary conditions. However, when a pulse is
voltage amplifier (as is the thermionic valve) rather applied to the gate, current is allowed to flow in the
than a current amplifier. It has a very high input forward direction from anode to cathode.
impedance (millions rather than thousands of ohms) When the polarity of the applied source is reversed
stemming from reverse biasing of the input junction the thyristor, like an ordinary diode, only passes a
required for normal operation. It will be recalled small leakage current. Unlike an ordinary diode, it
that the ordinary transistor is biased on the emitter/base will not pass forward current again when the polarity
junction for forward conduction, and it is this which changes back, that is, not until it is once more gated
endows it with the relatively low input impedance. or triggered.
Basically, the f.e.t. consists of a slice of high resistance The gating pulse controls the instant during a
semiconductor sandwiched between two wafers of low forward input pulse at which diode conduction starts.
resistance semiconductor having either p- or /;-type Once triggered, conduction is maintained as long as
characteristics. One end of the high resistance slice is the supply polarity is correct and until the forward
called the source and the other end the drain. The current falls below a small holding value. In this way,
two wafers are connected together to form what is the thyristor is considered as the semiconductor version
called the gate. of the thyratron trigger valve.
The f.e.t. also differs from the ordinary transistor in
that its action is governed only by one type of current STRAIN GAUGE PRINCIPLE
carrier—either the electron or the hole—and for this Finally, a word or two about the semiconductor
reason it is sometimes termed "unipolar". Its symbol, strain gauge principle. While the inherent resistivity
too, is different, as shown in Fig. 6.3, where (a) is an of a piece of semiconductor like silicon depends on the
n-channel type and (b) a p-channel type, the carriers various factors that we have already discussed, like the
being electrons and holes respectively. addition of impurities, heat and light, it also depends
Sectional view through a typical Texas f.e.t. on mechanical strain. Thai is, by twisting, bending,
or straining a small chip of semiconductor the crystal
lattice is "distorted" and a change in resistivity occurs.
This is the basic strain gauge principle, currently
employed in various commercial and domestic devices.
A very interesting and fairly recent application of
the principle is adopted in the strain gauge pick-up
cartridge. The well-known crystal cartridge employs
the strain gauge principle, but more recently has been
replaced by. the ceramic type. Very recent strain
gauge pick-ups use a very small chip of silicon, less
than 0 01 in long and less than 0 00001 in in cross section.
d E=
DwQ o o
A ELLCTRONIC SWITCH
Last month's beginners project explored: the light pushes one transistor towards current cut-off and the
dependent resistor (l.d.r.) and its use as a "light- other towards full conduction.
operated switch". This month's project demonstrates Let us assume at the start that TRI and LP1 is
another "electronic" switch, namely the multivibrator. switched on andTR2 is off; the voltage at TRI collector
The multivibrator is basically a two transistor circuit charges Cl because the collector end of Cl is less
in which one transistor is switched on and the other off, negative than the base of TR2. At the same time, the
i.e. the circuit'has two distinct "states", and may.be base of TR2 becomes negative bringing it into con-
regarded as an electronic two-pole on/off switch, duction from its off state and switches LP2 on.
sometimes referred to as a "Flip-Flop". The capacitor Cl discharges through VR1 and C2
To demonstrate the action of the multivibrator, two starts charging, making the base of TRI go negative.
lamps have been inserted in the circuit and these flash The result is alternative conduction through TRI
on and off as first one transistor is switched on and then and TR2.
the other. The flow of current in the base of the transistors
causes a larger flow of current in the collectors and it is
CIRCUIT this larger current which drives the lamps.
The circuit diagram (Fig. 1) has numbered circles, The timing of the switch-over is determined by the
which represent the terminal strip connections; these values of the capacitors, the amount of charge on them,
are also indicated on the wiring diagram in Fig. 2. and the value of resistors Rl, R2, and VR1, through
The two transistors TR1 and TR2 employed in this which the charge leaks away.
circuit are inexpensive npn types 2N2926 readily
available from most components shops, and advertised SWITCHING TIME ADJUSTMENT
elsewhere in the magazine. By adjusting the setting of the potentiometer VRI,
The collector of TR1 is capacitively coupled to the the value of the resistance affecting the discharge of each
base of TR2 by Cl, and the collector of TR2 is coupled capacitor can be altered to change the switching time,
to the base of TR1 by C2. These capacitors are so that one bulb will be on for a different period of
electrolytic types and the polarities must be adhered to, time compared with the other. In fact, as one bulb
see Figs. 1 and 2. comes on for a longer time, the other does so for a
The cross-coupling of the multivibrator circuit shorter time.' This is called altering the mark-to-space
produces what, in effect, is an oscillator, due to the ratio of the generated waveform.
feedback action of the capacitors. Oscillation is
1
started by the unbalance in each half of the circuit due s'xsV/g
to component tolerances. The output waveform at the SOFTWOOD BASE
collector of each transistor is almost square. TSBYi
THE OPERATION
When power is first applied to the circuit from the TRI VM TH2
battery the unbalance between each half of the circuit
LP2
(0W1
I '1 J
BY1
TRi WuF SOLF TR2
LP2
2K29Z6 Vfv..st0f »■«*««• 2*2924
w T™'!?
wm ■ eoll«rtor
eb-boM
Fig, I. Circuit diagram of the mu/tivibrotor. The numbered Fig. 2 Constructional and wiring details. Note the transistor
circles represent the terminal strip connections and capacitor connections
358
Low consumption 6V lamps are used with a current A lead from terminal 11 is taken to LP2 bulb holder.
rating of 0-06A (60mA), but lamps rated at 0*1 A Two leads are taken from the other connecting screw
(lOOmA) will work just as well. Higher ratings should and wired to terminal 8 and LPl bulb holder, see
not to be used unless the transistors are changed for Fig. 2. The other connecting screw of LPl should be
higher current types. wired to terminal 2.
Finally, the battery leads should be wired in circuit.
USING PNP TRANSISTORS The negative lead is taken from terminal 1 and clipped
If the reader wishes to use pup transistors the on the battery negative connector by a miniature
capacitor polarities must be changed round, i.e. the crocodile clip. The battery positive lead is taken from
positive ends are connected to the bases of the transis- terminal connecting both lamps together,
tors. Also, the battery connections will have to be •The crocodile clip acts as a simple switch if removed
reversed, i.e. negative terminal connected to the lamps. when not used. All the wiring should be given a final
check before making the final battery connection.
CONSTRUCTION The multivibrator lamps will start flashing or switching
Commence the construction by cutting a softwood on and off as soon as the supply is connected.
baseboard Sin x Sin X fin. The next stage is to wire
the 12-way terminal strip before mounting this in AH components wired to
position on the baseboard. A plastics sleeved link the terminal strip. Note
wire should be inserted between terminals 1 and 12. the link wire
The two resistors R1 and R2 should be positioned
between terminals 3 and 6; 8 and 10.
The outer leads of the subminiature potentiometer
VRI should be carefully bent so that they can be
inserted in terminals 6, 7, and 8, see Fig. 2. The
electrolytic capacitors C1 and C2 are positioned in
terminals 2 and 10, 3 and 11. It is important that C1
and C2 are wired to the correct terminals; reference
should be made to Fig. 2.
Finally, before mounting the terminal strip on the
baseboard, the transistors should be mounted on the
strip, see Fig. 2. Particular care should be taken to m
ensure that the transistor leads are wired to the correct
terminals, as they can be damaged if wired incorrectly.
FINAL ASSEMBLY
The terminal strip and m.e.s. bulb holders can now be
screwed to the baseboard, see wiring diagram for
relative positions. The terminal strip should be
checked against the wiring diagram and screwed to the
baseboard with two |in No. 4 countersunk woodscrews. ^43
The m.e.s. bulb holders are screwed to the baseboard
with four fin No. 4 countersunk wood screws.
COMPONENTS ...
Resistors
Rl 2-2kO R2 2-2kC2
l0%< i carbon
Potentiometer
VRI lOkfi linear subminiature preset
Capacitors Fixing a connecting lead to one of the m.e.s. bulb holders
Cl, 2 50/iF electrolytic, 12V (2 off)
The completed multivibrator
Transistors
TRI, 2 2N2926 (2 off)
Lamps
LP1, 2 6V 0-06A (60mA) (2 off)
Miscellaneous
BY I 9V type PP9 battery
One 12-way plastics terminal block
Two m.e.s. bulb holders, batten mounting
Wooden baseboard Sin x Sin x ^in
Two miniature crocodile clips or battery connectors
Six fin No. 4 countersunk wood screws
Plastic covered, single cqre copper wire
Total cost £t approx.
The detailed explanation concerning the operation of THE INTEGRATOR IN EQUATION
UNIT "A" is continued in this month's article, SOLVING
with further practical examples. The electronic analogue computer does provide a
We resume by considering the use of the operational powerful technique for obtaining rapid solutions to
amplifier as an integrator. problems involving calculus, which cannot be equalled
An operational amplifier will be handling time as well either by numerical methods or by a digital computer.
as voltage when acting as an integrator, so some means If differentiation and integration are regarded as
must be found of inserting intervals of time onto the straightforward mathematical operations, it will be
computer. One method is to employ external oscil- found that the terms of, say, a second order differential
lators to provide known functions of time in terms of equation can be manipulated on the computer in much
frequency. An input to an integrator might consist the same way as the terms of a "steady state" algebraic
of a steady d.c. voltage which is switched on for a time t equation.
(step function or square wave), or alternatively, a sinu- For example, when an equation term y is differen-
soidal voltage of frequency /and period 1//. tiated against time its derivative dy/dt is obtained, and
If a graph is drawn of the resulting integrator output a z second differentiation yields the second derivative
function, and this is the form that answers to problems d y/dts. The reverse2 process is where integration of the
involving change or motion will usually take, the X axis second derivative d y/dtz produces the first derivative
of the graph will be calibrated in intervals of time, with dy/df, and another integration gives y as the result.
voltage on the Y axis. It follows that an oscilloscope, Fig. 5.2 shows how a simple integrator can handle
which also uses time on the X axis and voltage on the equation terms. Combined operations are made
Y axis, can provide a convenient form of output dis- possible by cascading integrators, while using coefficient
play, especially when an integrator is operating at high potentiometers and computing component ratios for
speed. summation, multiplication, and division (Fig. 4.1).
The operational amplifier is converted to an inte- The process of differentiation, although feasible if
grator when a capacitor Cf is inserted, in place of a care is taken, is generally avoided on analogue com-
resistor, in the feedback path; see Fig. 5.1. When an puters because it gives rise to unstable operational
input voltage —Fin is applied to the integrator by amplifier configurations, but this imposes only a slight
means of a simple switch S for a time /, the output Eo limitation since integration can be employed—in the
will take the form of an increasing ramp voltage pro- majority of cases—in place of differentiation.
portional to t with slope
1
f INTEGRATOR ACCURACY
xvinCf The transfer accuracy of an operational amplifier,
Note that the operational amplifier will continue to when it is used as an integrator, will be theoretically
invert an input voltage even when used as an integrator. limited by its finite value of open-loop gain. However,
A A
-5SH
J :
trt. i
t m - v-_ ff j
Sri
St? 19 19 *9 r? Zl 3
*7nt
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r t *
9
m
jK
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i/O- 4 volt 28 volt 360ttF 10 volt you'll learn the theory of electronic engineering,
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361
PRINTED CIRCUIT KIT SILICON RADIATION DETECTOR
BUILO 49 INTERESThNG PROJECTS on m PRINTED CIRCUIT The NUTRONICS semiconductor radiation
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40 TRANSISTORISED PROJECTS and by amateur experimenters.
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(Project No. I) which can be modified for modulaced-lighc operation. etc.
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__SEMD S.A.E. FOR LIST OF 2,000 TYPES
362
INPUT
FUNCTION
TABLE 5.1
the situation is much more complicated than with, for BASIC OPERATIONS IN CIRCUIT FORM SYMBOL
example, a summing amplifier (Fig, 3.8) since the
amplifier error can no longer be defined in terms of the «fCf
simple relationship between closed-loop and open-loop
gains.
As a guiding principle, integrating amplifiers may yO Wf -A
have very large values of closed-loop gain provided -ofl d, -fcr.
that the time t of an input function remains small.
Closed-loop integrator gains of 1,000 or more are not
uncommon in transistor computers, since low voltages
and low impedances discourage the use of computing
resistors of more than 100 kilohm, and capacitors of *mCr
more than J/iF are too bulky. Table 5.1 is calculated <1/
for UNIT "A" amplifiers, and sets out the maximum TT
df ■ lfl
,
363
resistor is inserted for Rl. Assorted polystyrene or Furthermore, as the computer will allow operation at
good quality polyester capacitors of lower value are almost any fraction or multiple of real time, a spring
then temporarily connected across the capacitor panel pendulum and a tuned LC circuit can be simulated
to increase Cx by small increments, while listening on simultaneously, and interesting electro-mechanical
the headphones for a drop in the level of the 1kHz parallels can be seen to exist between the properties of
tone as Cx approaches i/iF. inductance and mass, resistance and friction, and capa-
A typical computing capacitor might finally consist of citance and elasticity.
a parallel combination of the following values, 0 68/tF, The only real difference between the analogous
0-22/iF, 0 02/iF, and 0-005//F. behaviour of a weight on a spring, a servo shaft, and a
If the required value of Cx is exceeded, the note in tuned LC circuit is that the LC combination will nor-
the headphones will increase in volume when the null mally resonate at a much higher frequency.
point is passed. Allow capacitors to cool off" after
soldering, and before making a measurement, as heat PROBLEM EXAMPLE 3.
can cause a temporary or permanent change in capaci- TUNED CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
tance. With the Fig. 5.3 bridge circuit it is possible UNIT "A" will simulate any series tuned circuit by
to detect increments of less than O-Ol/^F in a nominal solving Equation 5.2, and will give answers in the form
1/iF capacitor. of a.c, meter readings or oscillograms. Tuned circuits
resonating in the MHz region are catered for by slowing
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS WITH down the problem to some convenient decadal fraction
UNIT "A" of real time, so that a simulated circuit on the computer
A second order linear differential equation with which is, for example, resonating at 300Hz, will serve
constant coefficients has become firmly established as as a model for a real circuit resonating at 30MHz, with
the "classic" introduction to differential analysis on suitable rescaling of.L, C, and t.
the analogue computer. To initially determine the relative values of L, C. R,
The equation describes an oscillatory system with voltage V, and current /, without too much paperwork,
variable damping which can be used to simulate it is helpful to start with a representative tuned circuit
indirectly many physical systems, such as the spring which allows computer operation in real time, at
pendulum, a tuned LC circuit, or a servomechanism. frequencies convenient for display by an a.c. voltmeter
Also, the equation is easy to set up on the computer, or an oscilloscope. 50Hz is a good frequency to
and does not necessarily demand the use of integrator employ as a datum because it can be readily obtained
mode switching. from the mains supply,' and rounded values of L ~ 1H
In general form the equation is, and C — lO/dF will also offer resonance at 50Hz.
Taking the circuit of Fig. 5.6a as a starting point,
a^ + b£ + cy=/(l) (Eq. 5.1) from the knowledge that a series tuned circuit will
exhibit an impedance equal to R at resonance, the
where a. b, and c are the constant coefficients, y is r.m.s. current flow at 50Hz will be EifR, or 20mA when
unknown, and f(j) represents some function of time. Ei — 2V r.m.s. and R = 100 ohms.
Equation 5.1 can be rewritten to suit a particular It is necessary to rearrange the basic equation.
system by substituting appropriate terms. Equation 5.2, for the computer by dividing through by
L. and solving for the second derivative.
Spring pendulum d2e (Eq. 5.5)
m
d/a - £ dr LC L
W^fl% + ky=m
(Eq. 5.2) Substituting known values from Fig. 5.6a,
where m is the mass of a weight suspended on a spring d2e _ JOOR d£> 1 o+M
of constant k, which is damped by friction p. The dr2 " 1H dt 1H x 10-SC^ ^ IH
weight is displaced by an amount y when subjected to a (Eq. 5.6)
force dependent on /(/).
/(/) in the present case represents a sine wave input of
Tuned LC circuit 2V r.m.s. In other circumstances the input function
r d2Q could be a square wave of amplitude E^n and period 2t.
Equation 5.6 is solved on the computer by successive
dfs *17 +^Q=/(0 (Eq. 5.3) integration. Looking at the symbolised diagram of
where L is an inductance tuned by a capacitance C, and Fig. 5.6b, it can be seen that there are two closed-loops,
damped by a series resistance R. Q is the charge in one linking the output of OA1 via CP1 to OA1/Input 1,
coulombs on C at any instant of time. The current and the other passing through OA1, OA2, and OA3,
flowing in the tuned circuit is given by dQ/di1, and/(/) v*a CP2, and thence back to OA1/input 3. The
represents an input function. coefficient of CP1 will be multiplied by the gain factor
associated with OA!/Input 1. -CP2 coefficient is
Ser vomechanism multiplied by the product of gains OAI/Input 3, OA2,
and2 OA3,2 i.e. 1,000 x 100X 1 = 100,000.
4- 2£ca ^ + <o200 ~ ^0, (Eq. 5.4) d £>/dr , obtained from the sum of the voltages
present at the inputs of OAI, is initially assumed to be
where Oo is the angular displacement of the output present. After one integration OAI provides an
shaft, C the damping factor, o) the angular velocity, and output dQ/dt, and from this all the terms on the right
Bi the angular displacement of the input shaft. hand side of Equation 5.6 are assembled. So, dg/dr is
The obvious similarity between the above equations is multiplied by RjL = 100, using CPI set for a coefficient
emphasised when, in Fig. 5.5, it is seen that they all have of 0-1, and is taken back to OA 1 /input 1 where it is then
virtually the same problem layout on the computer. added iof{t)}L = 2V r.m.s.
364
Nearly 1.700 Circuits and Diagrams plus lull repair aara for
annual
366
Moving in the other direction on the symbolised ah output voltage of less than ± IV from the back of the
diagram of Fig. 5.6b, d<2/ch is integrated by OA2 to UNIT "A" box, by means of VRl (Fig. 3.7). Repeat
obtain +£>. Inverting amplifier OA3 changes the for OA2 and OA3.
sign of Q before passing it on for multiplication by Set up the problem according to the patching circuit
ULC = 100,000 (CP2 coefficient ofl). — (1/£.C)0 is of Fig. 5.6b, but omit the feedback capacitors and the
then added, at OAl/Input 3, to patching link between OA3/SK13 and CP2/SK1.
Set CPI dial to approximately "1". Connect the volt-
meter to miniature socket OA1/SK6 (Fig. 2.9) and
_ *512 ,/[£) zero-set OA1 again, but this time using the- front
L di L panel control VRl 5.
Next, zero-set OA2 using VRl6, and OA3 using
and the sum of all OA1 input voltages yields the re- VR17. Insert 0-1/4F computing capacitors into OA1/
quired d2G/dr2. Because there are two closed-loops SKI 1 and SKI2, and OA2/SK1 i and SK12, and make
in the computer set-up the equation will be self- good the link between OA3 output and CP2- Set CP2
enforcing. for a dial reading of "10". Apply the voltmeter to
Routine. Switch on UNIT "A" power supply and OA2/SK7 and zero-set the complete assembly of
allow a warm-up time of at least 15 minutes. Ensure amplifiers by adjustment of VR15(OAI) only.
that the three operational amplifiers are disconnected The problem layout will now be ready for dynamic
from their summer networks, and have no feedback checks and should not need to be re-zeroed for several
components. Apply 10V d.c. voltmeter leads to hours if UNIT "A" is being operated in stable ambient
OA1/SK13 and an earth socket, and zero-set OA1 for temperature conditions.
ir A
dF o it O'^ a
— it £/
a it it
-s-y
O
COMPUTER LAYOUT FOR SOLUTION OF SECOND ORDER EQUATION
df1 m it m' m
-Ai: il. SPRING
m it -±L k
/M Tx it -/
m
Lf/''KX WEIGHT
o 0ASHP0T
LAYOUT TO SIMULATE THE MOTION OF A SPRING PENDULUM
_L ^ o
O
LAYOUT TO SIMULATE A TUNED CIRCUIT
Zr« <1 , dSo
iO1 -ft-
d/
-e^e;
[]>^{]>-
- wle0+ M1 Q; \
LAYOUT TO SIMULATE OVERSHOOT IN A SERVO SYSTEM *'
r-iOjiF
HI
i; TUNED
2Vcim. /-20™A CIRCUIT
50Hr RESONATES'
£-JK «-ioon ATMHt
i r -Wr—
REPRESENTATIVE TUNED CIRCUIT USED FOR SETTING UP
THE PROBLEM LAYOUT IN "REAL TIME"
J
INPUT1 C/ 0-1uF n- r Cf O-luf i r 10 ha n
lOIai
INPUT 2 100 Ml 100 Ml "10 Ml
—w» *1 V/*- JWr-
MJT3 WKfl I
FUNCTION I INPUT
SUMMER 2 AND SUMMER 3 AND
lU I _ SU»^E_R_1_ ANDJIP^AMM | [OP^ANPJ | L2t*ML3 I
369
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370
V V
371
□EIMTO PHONICS
BY F.R.BERTRAIMD, BD.S.
The term Dentophonics has been applied to the tech- Another advantage of DP is that there will be no need
nique of broadcasting speech from the mouth by the for the so called "microphone technique" that the public
use of electronics. speaker or performer has to learn.
Dentophonics works on the same principle as a throat One objection to DP is that the noise of the teeth
microphone, where a transducer picks up the sonic energy occluding will be picked up; but this objection would
transmitted through the tissues as a person speaks. only be valid where a subject has nervous clenching
This is quite distinct to normal microphone techniques habits, as normally the teeth mainly occlude during
which rely upon air pressure waves, mastication, the position of rest being with the teeth
Dentophonics (DP) is easily demonstrated by the follow- slightly apart.
ing experiment. Plug a sonic probe into the input socket
of an audio amplifier. Press the sonic probe against a POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS
subject's tooth as that subject is speaking, and the voice The applications of DP will be many and varied, but
of the subject will be clearly heard through the loudspeaker. this technique could certainly be used by the following
persons: outside television and radio commentators,
TISSUE TRANSMISSION motor racing drivers, aviators and astronauts, public
A sonic probe with a broad surface will pick up sound speakers, theatrical performers, and deep sea divers.
from various parts of the head, including the forehead, Where background noise is such that a subject's hearing
temple, cheekbone, and the cheeks themselves. To may be damaged, the ears could be protected by muffling,
obtain good speech reproduction from the cheeks, the and communication established by using the DP technique.
sonic probe has only to be gently pressed against a cheek. DP could be used for teaching deaf children to speak.
This shows quite clearly that sound is transmitted through The DP probe would pick up the sound of the deaf child's
both hard and soft tissues of the body, and it would own voice, and even if the child had no hearing whatso-
therefore be better to drop the term "bone conduction" ever, the child would be able to compare the movement
and use the term "tissue transmission". his or her voice produced with the movement that the
The extent of the.tissue transmission of sound is shown teacher's voice produced.
by the following experiment.
A sonic probe was held firmly in a subject's extended THROUGH SOLID MASS
right hand. This sonic probe was connected to the Another interesting experiment can be described.
output of an audio amplifier, and a signal generator was Two audio amplifiers were used, one had a microphone
connected to the input socket of the same amplifier. and a probe connected to it; the other had a DP probe
The same subject held another sonic probe in his extended and a loudspeaker connected to it. A subject spoke into
left hand and this second sonic probe was connected to the microphone, and as he was speaking the probe was
the input of another amplifier, a loudspeaker being con- pressed against the wooden casing of the first-amplifier,
nected to the amplifier output. The subject holding the and the second probe was pressed against the other end
probes was in one room, and the loudspeaker was in of the wooden casing of the same amplifier. The subject's
another room. When a signal of 1,000Hz was transmitted voice was clearly heard over the loudspeaker. Thus,
through the sonic probe in the subject's right hand, this audio sound had been transmitted through a solid and
signal was picked up by the sonic probe in the subject's picked up at the other end.
left hand, and was clearly heard by an observer in the Perhaps this technique could be applied as a means of
room with the loudspeaker. communicating with people who become entrapped in
certain tragedies such as occur in mines or at sea.
BUILT-IN ELECTRONICS Finally, it is apparent that dentophonics in conjunction
Whilst speech may be picked up by a transducer from with the audiodental technique opens up a new, relatively
various sites of the head, the mouth offers the most untried, but highly promising field of communications.
interesting possibilities, m that there would appear to be
no reason why miniaturised electronic equipment should
not be built-in, at this present time. Already in various
experiments to obtain information on the occlusion of For Future Reference
the teeth, up to six radio transmitters have been "built
into" the mouth.
' Any miniaturised electronic equipment designed for An index for volume three (January 1967
placing in the mouth could be incorporated into bridges # to December 1967) is now available price
or dentures. The miniaturised equipment could be Is 6d inclusive of postage.
designed to be removable, and capable of being switched
on or off. Easi-binders are available price 14s 6d
A dentophonic appliance will have the advantages over 4) inclusive of postage. State whether "Vol.
a throat microphone, of being less bulky, and also of 1", "Vol. 2", "Vol. 3" or'Wol. 4" is required.
giving better and clearer speech reproduction. A DP
probe will pick up speech from an artificial tooth provided Orders for Binders and Indexes should be
the artificial tooth is firmly fitted. addressed to the Binding Department.
The great advantage of dentophonics is the elimination
of background noise. Transducers used for DP are Orders for copies of the Index only should be
designed to pick up the transmission of sound in solids, addressed to the Pose Sales Department, George
and should not pick up airborne sound. This means Newnes Ltd., Tower House, Southampton
that the speech of a subject in a high level of background Street, London, W.C.2.
noise could be .heard quite clearly without any inter-
ference by the background noise.
372
HE LUXE nUYCR,s NOTICE
4-Sixed Mono Pl»yw* S-too« ALL THESE PBICES FIXED TO JUNE 1st. 1988 CANCELLED EXPORT
CltineU 17x15x8Jin. Hljh THE E.A.R, RECORD PLAYER CABINET SHIPMENT
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12 to loin. HEW TUBDLAB ELEOTROLYTTCS. CAN TYPES
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600/25 *.*. .... 2/6
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Post S/fl'iwr item. 32/450
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POETABLE CABINET 8OTEKI0R madeAMPLIFXER.
and tested. 50/60 *. .. 81- I 82+ 82/360 *. 4/8 100 + 200/276 T.12/6 15 ohm*. Overall depth Made to
Aa Ulnitratirf. To fit Be&dy SUB-MDf. ELECTKOLYTIC8. 1,2.4,5,8,16.26.
Better sound! llolatedAC 250 mid. 15*. 81-; 600.1000 mfd. 12*. 3/6 2000 mfd. 25*. 9/B. SO, SO, 100, only OJin. Weight 16 iba.
rtandard player f.Q 0 If. u
Mains Transtormer 3 watt sell at $40
Or antochancef. '/
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6/6 each. Ceo be ganged, Conpler* Od. each. LOUDSPEAKERS P.M, 3 OHMS. 2tin.. Sin., 4m., 10/6.
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x 2Jij>.
4/6.
Eagie Stereo Moyjng Coll Diamond 20-18,000 c.p.a, £5.5.0 •SONOCOLOR' CINE RECORDING TAPE Chrome Lead Socket 7/8. DIN 3-pIq 1/8,6-pia 1/6: Lead 3/6,
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3-w»y.4/64/8each.
each.
I: " 16/8
tin. JIS Jf*- 3 Am. 18/-i!',* l|in.,1 18,8
J'n- 34/3
- 20,'- Sin. 2/8 11Bit. 44/3 NEW
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Pricea 12-wiy.
ode 2 p.apiaCea,
dick 6-way, 8adiurtable
p. 4-way,
C lrp A 1
5l .?"and styiii ^? Complete with ACOS Lp.78 Turnover 40 inin. Cassette C60 {For Philips, etc.) 17/t awp«.apaee», etc.. 1 wafer, 10/8: 2water. 15/-;3 water, 19/6.
OP67
SPEAKEB PRET25/-;.
TygaoACOS OP67.15/-;
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or *2 v. ontpsta, 1}
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Input17/6.
200/250 v. LUXE TAPE SPLICER Cull, trima, 17 /Z
MT. 610/300-0-300
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17/6
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SDPERIOR MOVUia com MDLTXHETBR. OOIA 0 GENERAL PURPOSE LOW VOLTAGE. Outputs 3, 4. 6. Microphone, recordt, tape and tuner with CQ
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*13." ?'
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Edge TypeDJ.5/-,14/8. _lde8l FRINaE625LOWlinesLOSS I' l/Z0yi 8 valve plus rect. Siae 15' * 75" x 6' high
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gidea, 10 POTS. ohmsT.V.to Type.
30 E..Values3/3, LONG STANDARD SPINDLE SIZEVALUESPOTS.
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373
CRESCENT RADIO LTD.
4 STATI0N INTERCOM (electronic component specialists) NEW RANGE BBC 2 AERIALS
For all regular components try All U.H.F. aerials now fitted with lUttog bracket
40 Mayes Road, Wood Green, N,22 and 4 element grid reflectors.
For surplus components toft Mounting Arrays, 7 element, 37/6.
U element,
60/-. Wall45/-. 14 element.
Mounting with 58/6. 18 element.
Cranked Arm.
and equipment try 7 element, 60/-. U element. 87/-. 1+ element,
11 Mayes Road, Wood Green, N,22 75/-. 18 element, 82/6, Mast Mounting with
£7/5/0 BARGAIN BOARD NO. I 2ln. clamp. 62/-:
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18 element, element. 55/-:
Chimney
Solve your cotoraniuca* 7m x Sin board with the following eompo- Mounting Arrays, Complete, 7 element,
tloa problem! rrlth this nenta attached: traniistora
2 GET672A 72/6: ii element. 80/-: 14 element. 87/6:18 element,
4-SUtioo Trinjiilorplnatio
lots tcom tyelemfor(Xileafc
muter and 2 Muliard OAIOdiodea 85/-. Complete
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Cable, Instructions with every
1/6 yd. U.H.F. Pre-
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mountlnc, Cal^'talkflisten Item HuWr to Subi and 12 Midget 4-W Resistors various values requited on all ordets.
Baba to Huter. Ideally nullahle lor ISuslneaa, Sur- 6 Midget
Including Capacitors
postage various
in Great Britainvalues
d/- each
gery,oneSchoole*
on Hospital,
9V battery. Office
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switch. VolunioOperates
control. BARGAIN BOARD NO. 2 BBC ITV AERIALS
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Ho batteeler—no
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in lliu uiaiua lor TRANSISTORS AND DIODES ITV (Band 3). 3element loft
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BYI0S
Hi each
S/S each
each
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73 element. 60/-, 5clement.
Wall mmmtltiK,
P. ft P. 7/0 oxlta. ACI67 .SI' element. 47/6. 52/6.
AC 165 5/- each Combined BBC/1TV.
1+3, 40/-; 1+5. 50/-; 1+7, Loft
INTERCOM/BABV ALARM 2N397 2/6 each 88/-! Wan mounting 1+3,57/6;
Oriynobji 2Nt308
Matched 2C378B and 2G339B ..." 4/-the 3/6 eachpair 1+5,67/6: Chimney 1+3, 67/1;
•a.B 2G339A '/« "ch 1+5,75/-.
2G401 2/6 each VHP transistor pre-amps,
SPECIAL LINES 75/-.
Power transistor heat sinks 7in x 2in I/- each
65/ Double transistor copper cooling clips 9d each COMBINED BBC1—ITV—BBC2 AERIALS
Same aa l-Station Intercom (or two-way instant 2iin transistor speaker, 80 ohms 5/6 each 1+3+9, 70/. 1+5+9, 86-/. 1+5+14, »/-.
cormnunication. Ideal as Baby Alarm and Boor Double pole rotary ON/OFF mains 2/-switch each 1+7+14, 106/-. toft mounting only. Special
Phone, Complete with 06ft. connect Ing wire. Battery On one bracket 2-500k£l pre set pots plus leaflet available.
2/fl. P. ft P. 3/0. I D.P. rocker mains switch, 1/9 F.M. (Band 2).Externaltoft S/D, 15/-,available-
"H". 32/6, 3
TtmsistorrEUPHOHEmmm 250k0
Midget pre
5knsetpotpot linear
with D.P.I/-switch
each 2/6 each element,
cable, 8d, 55/-.
yd. Co-a*. plugs,units Co-a*.
1/4. Outlet boxes, Sh.
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD Dlplexet Ctwsovet Boxes, 13/6. C.W.O. Of CO.D.
p. &P. SI-. Send 6d. stamps for Illustrated lists.
59/6 9i!n
ainxSinx Sin .. 2l6
I/llt3ch
each
'Why not boost 12m X 3in 1/3 each CAUERS WELCOME
bnsloeea eBi- A. M. RADIO TUNER OPEN ALL DAY SATURDAY
crency with this incredible De-Luxe Telephone Ampll- 2power
valvesupply,
Medium
fl«r. Take down long telephone messages or converse
without holding the handset. A usclul office aid. On/ willand
giveLong
good Wave tuner
reception with
through K.V.A. ELECTRONICS (Dept. P.E.)
ofl swiioh. Volume control. Battery 2/0 extra. P. ft P. any amplifier. Price on this item includes
2/6. Full price refunded If not satisScd In 7 days, Postage and Packing, 64. 0. 0, 17 Central Parade, New Adding ton
PLEASE INCLUDE POSTAGE WITH Surrey—CRO-OJB
WEST LOSDOH BIBECT SUPPLIES (P/E5) ORDERS LODGE HILL 21M
in KEHSfBQTOH HIGH BTEEET. LOHDOH. W.8
HOME RADIO (MITCHAM) LTD. Dept. PE, 187 London Road, Mltcham, Surrey, CR4 2YQ Phone 01-648 3282
CAPACITORS. EUctrotytic CAPACITORS, Non Electrolytic
List No. Ctpacity Voltage Price List No. Capacity Voltage Price
IBGI I.SOOmF 50V 61- IBGI1 4mF 600V 61-
SALES a IBG2 5O0mF 2SV
12V 4/- IBGI2 2mF 800V
IBG3
IBG4 SOOmF 50V 3/-
2/6 41-
IMmF 4S0V 4/6 IBGJ3 2mF 600V 41-
IBCS
IBG6 32mF 350V IBGI4 2mF 500V 316
32mF
0mF 500V 3/-
2/6 IBGIS 1 mF 600V 31-
IBG7
Capacitor Pack
Capacitor Pack IBG17 Silver Mita, Moulded Mica and paper condensers.
containing . Silver Mica
value, 15,25,65,71.60, 160,200.240,330,470, 1,000, 1,500. 1,670.4,000 (the 470pF are
7S0V.) 12 out of the above 14 are included in thi« pack. Moulded Mica value, 68.
820, 1,000, 0 002, O'OOS. 0 0t, (The 0 002 are 2,250 Volts Test.) Five out of the above
six are included in this pack, plu, one 0'02 paper 7S0V and 0' Imp Pla,tiseal 7S0y.
Price 3/6
CAPACITORS, TUNING CAPACITORS, TRIMMING
Lite No. Capacity Gang,Air Note, List No. Capacity Notes Price
I6GI8 lOpF "Tune
Jackson
typo single (8022 1000 +300pF Compression 21-
hole fixing 18023 50+50x50 +
IBG19 fO+IQpF 2 (Ideal I4xllxli
1 P.M.) 50+ 50pF Compression 21-
IDG20 176+ l76pF 2 and With screen
trimmers CAR SUPPRESSORS
lA + IA + l 61- IBG26A Car Plug Suppressors 4 for 4/6
Every year we acquire a number of exceptional bargains which Send your cheque or P. O. with
we offer first of all to the purchasers of our Catalogue, in the this coupon today!
form of a special bargain list. To give you a taste of these
tempting bargains we reproduce a part of the list here.
The rest of the list consists of many other most interesting bargain
items—Diodes, Neon Lamps, Switches, Transformers, Valves, Please write your Name and Address in block capitals
etc. We can supply the complete list for a shilling, but better
still, why not buy our 1968 Catalogue and get the list free. The i
Home Radio Catalogue is acknowledged as one of the finest « NAME„
electronic components catalogue available today—its 256 pages |
list over 7,000 items, more than 1,300 of them illustrated. And
with the catalogue, in addition to the bargain list, you get five ADDRESS
vouchers, each worth a shilling when used as directed, a voucher
worth another five shillings if used to purchase a Weller Soldering
Iron, an order form and an addressed envelope. All this for 9/6!
(7/6 plus 21- P. & P.). Why wait? MiOME RADIO LTD., Dept. PE, 187 London Road, Mltcham, CR4 2YQ •
374
o-w to Sta
)0 sic
U5
Ik Oi Sib
riii o*
oS F5
0«|>0
660 o!!
Oil!
0<3 LPf
6 wore
By R.B.HAYLE 500
6Y
12V
MODIFICATION FOR PRE-HEATING
THE LAMP ELECTRODES ft
00
0.22 0.A7 j.
WE have been advised by a well known lamp manu- Uf
facturer that the 6W 9m lamp employed in the
Fluorescent Camping Light (March 1968) is designed to be Switch potrtrow 1- OFF
used only in_ circuits which arrange to pre-heat the lamp 2-ME HEAT 300--.
electrodes either before, or simultaneously with, the . ........ 3-START 440mA
application of a pulse or steady state voltage across the Fig. I. Modified circuit diagram. An extra resistor R4 Is
lamp in order to start it. needed
It is explained that,the practice of cold starting, as in our
published design, can result in very heavy lamp end nui
blackening, and a very short lamp life. nws
We are therefore publishing an alternative circuit by
R. B, Hayle which incorporates a pre-heat facility.
In the modified circuit Fig. 1 the "low" output switch Sib Sta
position is omitted, and a three-pole switch is used in place
of the two-pole switch specified in the original circuit. This
enables the electrodes to be energised via R4, which should
be selected so that, with a 12V supply battery, the pre- FS
heating current is not less than 160mA. holder
Under these conditions, switch SI should be held in Sic
position 2 (pre-heat) for at least one second before going
over to position 3. Capacitor C2 is permanently connected
to Cl, RI, _R2, and Tl. The switch is now used entirely
for preheating and running. The amount of rewiring in-
volved is not great, and readers will be able to convert their
Camping Lights with little difficulty, r«J OT«n LkhJS yellow
A modified wiring diagram Tat A TogF cnTl TagE
of SI is shown here in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. New wiring details of SI. Resistor R4 is 4 7i\ 3W
Similarly modified versions wirewound
of the main unit wiring are
shown in Fig. 3. ToSIa
TqgS
The pot-core assembly LAS
can be obtained from retail =■$
outlets of Mullard com-
ponents including Henry's i/ft fTrTTTTTTTTTTT
Radio Ltd. whose address is LP
on the back cover. [itiMiiipia
The author does not advise -S3 Hottt
the circuit to be converted Ltods pass through tubt
for a 6 volt battery supply.
The saturation voltage across
the transistor becomes a sig-
nificant factor and leads to
reduced efficiency. A 6V
version would have lead to
undesirable circuit complica-
tions.
Fig. 3. Top and underside ©
views of the electronics In- SI a 5a
cluding the modified wiring Tag 2 wiper
details Sfb
Tog 2
SI a
TogJ
. 133A
375
flashes become 50 per sec. " This
could be synchronised with a 50Hz
signal from the second track of a
tape recorder, if the flashes are
ffl detected by a light sensitive resistor.
At this point I am stumped, because
the next step is to convert any error
A SELECTION FROM OUR POSTBAG in the two frequencies into a signal
which will fire an s.c.r. in the power
leads to the projector. The problem
is set in the following diagram.
Could any readers possibly suggest
Traffic delay a circuit for the black box?
Sir—I am interested in the mechanical resistors, eleven capacitors, seven The tape recorder need not be a
delay system employed in car rever- transistors, five diodes, etcetera, why full stereo type, but it should be four
beration units that I have seen and not connect the electro-mechanical track with leads to the head winding
heard on recent visits to the U.S. counter to a pair of contacts and a which is pot actually playing the
Radiomobile have done some battery? The contacts may wear sound track. This is the case with
research-but have since dropped the but the saving on the other compon- many Philips/Cossor/Stella machines
idea as they feel there is insufficient ents would more than pay for them. which are mono with a stereo outlet
interest over here (or so they say). As for the steam presence alarm, same socket. If the model is transistorised,
One problem appears to be the issue, dare I suggest a whistling then the same socket could provide
harder springing of U.K. vehicles kettle? power for the "black box", since a
than that found on U.S. cars, however, F, Crimmins, few milliamps at about —20V are
I hear there is even one delay system Folkestone, Kent. available. Two-track machines could
now that allows the car to be driven have a third head mounted to scan
off the curb without vibration to the IMPACT COUNTER. To onswer this the lower track, which should be pre-
unit. criticism, it is necessary to explain the recorded, when the upper track is
I am told that the spring (or particular problem this device was recorded with 50Hz from a step-down
whatever) assembly should be designed to cope with. mains transformer.
mounted along the car axis and not The original purpose of the impact It is important to note that the
across it. counter was to count small neon lamps, s.c.r. will only control an a.c./d.c.
I am not deterred by hard springing which weigh ~\fOZ. The contacts must type motor, and the control should
and am keen to build one and use it in not close more than once per neon, and never feed a transformer which is used
conjunction with my car radio, and must always close whether the neon wire to power a low voltage projector bulb.
do not see the electronics posing too leads ore upwards or downwards, ft is D. Watts,
much of a problem. not possible to use anything but a very Lincoln.
I am advised that a 2 watt output open funnel as the neons tend to bridge.
from the echo amplifier would be The closure time must be long enough for
sufficient against the 8 watt output the counter to operate properly, therefore
of my radio. Control of echo is the monostable pulse is adjusted so that
normally done from a potentiometer it allows the neon to bounce inside the Disc lint
mounted under the dashboard. pulse length.
A speaker mounted on the back For inoustrial use reliability and ease Bulb
shelf (if possible) alongside the main of replacement ore important- This
speaker makes the sound appear to circuit divides readily into four parts /'//Riflictid
which can be tested independently. / light
be 100ft behind you. A marvellous Motor
sensation for relaxing in heavy STEAM PRESENCE AtARM. You can LDR ^ Funds mint# I
traffic. certainly suggest a whistling kettle, but frsgumcy
o vsrlst sbon
In conclusion, I should appreciate it would be no use to a deaf person, or if jinn, "jl?.* 10
any information you or any readers you ore out in the garden. The simple Smd SOHl "
could give me as to the best drive, sensor con be used with an electronic control
Trlggtr
pick-up units (to avoid microphony) relay to operate an audible oform, or even cnlst
and the best suspension to avoid to switch off the stove If you wish. w
rattle. May we suggest these ore two good SCR
M. C. Bell, examples of electronics being used BLACK BOX
Henley-o n-Tha mes. practically? SOHr from
Any suggestions ? Tim ncordir
377
Practical Electronics Classifieit Advertisements
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Treasury notes should always be sent registered post. Advertisements, together with remittance,
should be sent to the Classified Advertisement Manager, PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS,
George Newnes Ltd., 15/17 Long Acre, London, WC2, for insertion in the next available issue.
379
ELECTRICAL MISCELLANEOUS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
(continued) f continued j
REPANCO Transistor Coils and Trnnsfonner.
3 GANG 500pF TUNING CAPACITORS for the Constructor. Send Rfamp for lists
New and boned 7/6 pose paid RADIO EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTS
LTD., 33 Much Park Street, Coventry.
BIG BARGAIN PARCEL
Capacitors, resistors some high stab, rectifiers, MICROMINIATURE MICROPHONES
\ potentiometers, diodes, transistors, connecting Sensitive dynamic type. Will pick-
wire, etc.. only 10/- post paid.
com r S.A.E. for litts of other horgains up rustle of newspaper frpm 30 feet.
SALOP ELECTRONICS Size 9 mm. X 9 mm. X 3 5 mm.
\ r^TYPE—
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T.R. G.D.X/20.C ONLY 18/6
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Bnoil nt* fullyReceiver.u-nwistorisc^ and fully4. complete
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Conuimnlontlons SpeeiScatiiiiia:
ranges 650 K/« to 30 Mr/a, covering all ainolcur Imnda,
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highly
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c.w. ortuning
MWB receptluii.A.V.C.
WealamiforbolttUsedIn or mobile for 19 set Circuit and Note* 5/6 P.P. fid
1155 set Circuit and Notes .... 5/6 P.P. fid
DUXF0RD ELECTRONICS (PE)
reception. With speaker nmi heiulphmie output. DUXFORD, CAMBS.
Hatntucrbizo
design, tlnlsheil robust. steel
npprox.» easeBritish
7 fiin. of plenslng modem
nnuinfacturo. H.R.O. Technieal Instructions ,. 4/6 P.P. fid
Duo to huge purchase we van oftir I hose oxeollcnt 38 •etTeehnical Instructions.... 4/6 P.P. fid C.W.O. P. & P. l/~. Minimutn order value 5/-.
receivers at less then half their nnrtaml privc. Complete 46 set Working Instructions.... 4/6 P.P. fid (Trade inquiries invited)
with haiKlbooleIf required
£19/10/0. 15/-
carriage, 88 set Technical Instructions.... 6/- P.P. fid
Headphones extra,andp.p.
insurance
8,'«. KBt7/<5.
BE, BC. 221 Circuit and Notes 4/6 P.P. fid
Wavemeter Class DTech. Instr 4/6 P.P. 64
CAPACITORS
Electrolytic (Tubular,— Axial
(Muttard): 10% toLeadi)-.
+50%.
FRBE. Firstdele
publlention orilera received
of this up to fourteen
advert-lsenient flay* slier
will receive free 4V s Blip. 32^F, 64uF, IZSuF, 250fiF. -tOO/xF.
a wonderful battery elindnalor enabling yon i" run 18 set Circuit and Notes 4/6 P.P. fid 6-4V: 6-4mF, 2SpF, SO^F. IOOjjF.
10V! 4mF. Ifiuf. 32/tF, 6-fpF. IZSpF. 200(iF. 2Q0iiF, 320(iF.
this receiver and most transistor radios illrrct from the BC.1000 (31 set) Circuit & Notes 4/6 P.P. fid
tnalnn. CR.100/8.28 Circuit and Notes 9/6 P.P. 9d
R.I07 Circuit and Notes 6/- P.P. fid JSVs |-6nF, 6-4/iF, I2S/xF, 2SuF. SOpF, I2ShF.
16V: 2'5(iF. I O/iF, 20fiF, 40fiF, BOnF, BOfif.
A.R.8BD. Instruction Manual.... 16/- P.P. 1/6 40V:
64 V: 0luF. 64MF. 4IJF,ISuF,8uf,SfiF, I6MF,
lOpF, 32fiF. SOyF.
ZOfiF, 32^F.
62 set Circuit and Notes 5/6 P.P fid AM values 1/1 each.
52 set Sender & Receiver Circuits 7/6. post free Polyester (MultardJ: ±10%.
UGHT 160V: 0-OluF. O-OISuF,0-luF.
0022uF.
Circuit Diagrams 4/- each post free.
R-l I Ifi/A, R.t229/A. R.I3S5, R.F. 24, 25. & 26. 0047^F. 7d. 0068mF, 8d. 6d. 0 033nF,
0-ISftF, lOd.
P/, , A.I 134, T.I 154. CR.300. BC.342. BC.3I2. 0-12aF, lid. 0-33mF, 1/2. 0 47aF. 1/5. OM^F,
BC.348J.E.M.P, BC.624. 22 set. 2/1. ItxF, 2/6.
400V: O-OOIMF, 0-00ISHF. 0'0022iiF, 0-0033»iF.
'numi Resistor colour code indicator, 21- P.P. fid. 0-0047aF. 0-0068KF, O-OI/iF. 6d.0 068uF,
0-0t5;iF,
LATEST blifcCXKOMt-BILLS UKKAMMKOl.tiH. CUT S.A.E. with ail enquiries please. 7d. 0033uF, 8d. 0-047jiF. 9d.0-022/iF,
O ImF.
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TIP OOSTROL 0'47fiF, 2/6.
APPLIANCES UP TOOK ALL ELECTRICAL
3,000 WATTS. HEAT. Vary Mail order only to:
Instructional Handbook Supplies Polystyrene: ±5%. 160V: SpF. iOpF, ISpF,
the hunt Ideal
of yourforELECTRIC 22pF.
330pF.33pF,
470pF,47pF, 56pF.820pF,
fiBpF.5d.IQOpF. ISOpF.l.SOOpF,
220pF,
triclty. ELECTRICFIRES, and savehouse,
BLANKETS, eleo-
Dept. P.E., Talbot House, 28 Tatbot Gardens 6e0pF.
2.200pF. 6d. 3,300pF, 4.700pF. 5.600 pF. 7d.
I.OOOpF,
hold IRONS, simmer your ELECTRIC KETTLE. Leeds 3 tO.OOOpF, Bd. IS.OOOpF, 22.000pF. «d.
Excellent fur SUN-RAV LAMPS. LIGHT. Control
the brightness of all household LAMPS, from ft gllllllucr POTENTIOMETERS (Carbon): Long life, low
to full brightness. Ideal for SPOT LAMPS. ARC
LAMPS, the etc.speed
Useful for KLOOOLltJHTS. SPEED. RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS noise.
Body dia., iW at 70oC.Spindle, ±20% S xiM,iin,±30%> LM.
Controls
application. Superof ANY
lor KLECTlllC
LATHES, DRILL, for any
tiRIXDKKM, Linear ; 100,|in.250, 500 ohms,I inetc., per 2/-
decadeeach.to
FOOD MIXERS. VACUUM CLEANERS. \\ ASHING I0M. Logarithmic: Sk. 10k, 15k, etc., per decade
MACHINES. SPIN DRIERS, MEDfiK CUTTF.RS. to 5M.
WILL CONTROL ALL UNIVERSAL MOTORS UP BARGAIN PARCELS of new surplus Elec- SKELETON PRE-SET POTENTIOMETERS
TO 2 H.I'. These imlts must not that
lie confusedpnwer,
with tronic Components, 2/6, 5/-, 10/-, post free. (Carbon): Linear; 100. 250. 500 ohms, etc., per
ordlnnry decade to 5M.
Contnlueilroslstnnces
in n strongandmetalrheostats
case, in Idnrtcwneto
or grey, sire DOLPHfX ELECT RON'ICS. 5 Pooles Way,
Briar Close, Burntwood, nr. Liohfleld. Miniature: 0 3W at 70°C. ±20%
> FM. Horizontal (0-7in x 0-4in P.C.M.) or Ver-
±30%
now 11
specialised- 61 '.21
knowledge Inches. SIMPLE
required TO
A unique USE. No
elcclronlo tical (0-4in x 0'2in P.C.M.) mounting, 1/- each.
achievement, contains 7 transistors and Ihyrlolora Submin- OIW at 70''C. ±20% gIM, ± 30%>
4mI juanv micro miniature eleetroulc eomiKmentr. COMPUTER PANELS IM. Horizontal
(O-lin x 0-lin P.C.M.)(0-4inmounting.
x 0-2in P.C.M.) or Vertical
lOd. each. ,
COMPLETELY SAFE AND APPROVED. Brand Eight assorted printed
new and ready <<> use improved deluxe model, price circuit panels with tran- J RESISTORS (Carbon < film): High stability, very
<8,' 10/0 carriage
given nnd insuranceUniversities
10/-. C.O.D. andIf Research
required. sistors, diodes, low noise, i W at 70 'C. Body Jin x |in. Values in
Discount
Establishments. Free
to Schools,
dewODeUaUon at our premises.
-Dept.P-E.U. capacitors, etc. resistors,
Guaran- J ' each decade: 10. II, 12, 13, IS. 16, (8.20,22.24.27.
30. 33. 36. 39. 43. 47. 51, 56, 62, 68, 75. 82. 91 from
teed minimum
transistors. Ideal .30
for 4-7d to IM. ±5%, 2d each. 1-2M, I-5M, )-8M,
Experimenters. 8 boards r&. 2-2M. 2-7M. 3-3M. 3-9M. 4-7M, 5 6M, 6-eM. e-2M,
did BEHEHiHHBg 10/-. POST FREE. I0M. ± 10%, 2d. each.
Trade end Bulk enquiries SEMI-CONDUCTORS (All new): OAS, OA8I,
welcome. 1/6. OC44. OC4S, 1/9. OC7I. OC72, OC73,
2* CAWOODS YARD, MILL STREET OC8I,
OCI40. API OC8ID, OCB2D,
IS. AFI16. AFI17,OCI70,
3/-. OCI7I. 2/3.
LEEDS Callers
I TEL.welcome
LEEDS 25593 1500+2000
lytics MFDDCElcctro-
25 volt wkg, 400
3/-each. 9d. P. & P. SILICON
P.I.V., 3/-. 800 P.i.V.. 3/3. SA1,250at P.I.V,,
RECTIFIERS: 0 70-0, 3/9.
KEYTR0NICS, 52 Earls Court Road, 1,500 P.I.V,. 4/-.
MISCELLANEOUS London, W.8. Mail order only SENO S.A.e.CATALOGUE FOR JANUARY 1968
REDUCED PRICES
2NI073BPNP I20v 60W I.SMH* (TO-41 can) STUDENT ELEaRONIC SERVICES
IO/-.2N 2290 Eleetricaily
10/-, Ex-equipment, as 2NI073B(TO-3
tested, can)
either type 5/- each, FANTASTIC OFFER ! !!
5mA/hr
for 10/-. Rechargeable batt.. DEAC I2.2v 450 194 Regent Road, Salford 5 Computer printed circuit boards.
17/6, P. 3t P, 2/6. P/cet board Edge Con- We stock a wide range of Resistors i and Comprising transistor*, diodes, resistors,
nectors, 0.2 matrix, 12 way 1/6, 17 way 3/-,22 etc. Ideal for
way 2/6, 30 way 4/6, 32 way 5/-. 2W pots, I*
'spindle,
i watt. receiver*, etc.,constructing
etc. amplifiers,
min. pots5k,iW2k,270k,
Ik, 500,
100k,100330,270
ohms. ohms.
I/-, Pre-set,
9d. Buy individually OR try the S.E.S. Pre-Paek.
Stocks now include Potentiometers — Log, Price: 5 board* for only 10/- p. a p. 2/>.
Term. C.W.O.. Min. orderS/-, P. & P. i/.. and Lin. TELE-RADIO (1943) LTD.
S.A.E, for list. Mail order only. Enclose 6d. for complete price list
T. L- WILLIAMS IB9 Edgware Road, London, W.2
2 CHESTNUT CLOSE. ADDLESTONE, SURREY
381
RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS (centimed)
R & R RADIO
Lord Alexander House
Waterhouse Street 51 Burnley RoecL Rawtenstall
ADROIT ELECTRONICS He met Hempitead, Herts Ressendale, Lanes
008 ..... 5/- 2N2fr46 . 12/6 NKT2II .,. 419 NKT227 . . 8/3 Tel.: Rossendale 3152
OC35 .. 7/6 2N2926 . . 3/- NKT2I2 . 4/4 NKT228 . . 4H BRAND
OC36 .. .. 6/6 2N30S3 . . 10/- NKT2)3 . . 416 NKT60I . . 5/9 VALVSS BOXED,TESTED « GUARANTEED
OC44 ..... 1/9 2N30SS . . 19/- NKT2I4 . . 3/6 IMKT6I2 . . 416 NEW EBFB0 31- PCC84 31- PYB2 3h
OC45 .. .. 1/9 2NI482 . . s/- NKT2IS . . 3/6 NKT5I3 . ■ 4/9 G
U EBFBS 316 PCFBO 31- U19I 4/6
OC70 ..... 2/3 2NI720 . . 416 NKT2I6 . . 8/3 NKT$74 . sJr
OC7( .. .. 2/- NKTI24 . . 8/8 NKT2I7 . - 7/9 NKT575 . ■. 41- A
R
ECC82 V-
ECiBO 3h
PCF82 3/4
PCLS2 41- 4F23
U301 4/4
5^
OC72 .. .. v- NKTI25 . . s/- NKT2I8 . . 411 NKT477 . . 411 N KT676 . EF80 116 PCU3 *1- I0P(4 31-
OC8I .. .. 2/3 NKTI26 . . si- NKT2I9 . ■ 411 . 4/1 A
EF85 PCL84 51- 20PS *h
OC140 .. .. 416 MKT 127 . . 616 NK.T22I . ■ 416 TK20C . . 1/4 N V-
EFI83 316 PU6 51- 30FS 'V6
OCI70 .. 2/3 NKTI28 . ■ 5/9 NKT222 . ■ 41- TK40C . • Vr T EFI84 316 Pifil 41- 30LI5 51-
OCI7I .. .. 12/6 NKT129 . ■ s/- NKT223 . 411 OAS ■ Vr E
E EY86 41- Pl.83 41- 30P12 .416
2N695 .. .. 416 NKTI41 . . 5/9 NKT224 . . 3/4 OA200 . •■ IT
OA8I D EL4I 5/- PV33 51- 30CI5 5h
2N697 .. .. S/~ NKT142 . . 5/- NKT225 . • 3/4 EZ40 4/4 PYB1 3/6 30PLI3 9/4
2N706 .. .. 4/3 NKTI43 . • 419 NKT228 . ■ «/» OA2IO ■ 4/4 EBC4J 4/6 PY800 3/4 30PL14 5/4
Send 9d. stamps for complete lists Transistors, Rectifiers, Cash with order please. Postage 9d.
Integrated Circuits, Etc, Airmail extra ■ POST, ONE VALVE M. TWO TO SIX M.
OVER SIX POSTPAID.
382
RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
■ f zoniinued ) (conlinued)
TrimUtor lerritt foi HW and hW S»n long.
5/- no data.
Small 7 tmuiitor radios ideal lor sparea, or repair.
inbattery
niakeracharger,
boxes leather
»ith 4 nickel cadmlura
case, store soiledbatteries,
and no RESISTORS Thb RADIO AMATEURS
guaranlrt, bargain fqi 22/8 4- 2/- f. 4 P. ^ watt carbon film 5%
Soable
600k+S001c gang potsntiomctera, 250k+250k log., All preferred values in stock from
Perrlle rodr. lln,A xSJin.
Si- each.64 each,
10 ohms to 10 megohms 2d. each. HANDBOOK 45/-
Diio
each: ceramlor, l.OOOpP
2/3 cspre:tors,
dor. (600 VTV' [P.C.
i. type) short leads, S4 1968 Ed. by A.R.R.L. Postage 4/6
Trsnsirtor O-lmFSOVW, 44 each; 3/- doz. Send S.A.E. for free sample
etoP
fiVW.aVW. IBniP 44;javw,4inF6464TW, 60mF 6V»",
each; lOOmP 9VW, 100fnF
TOOmF COLOURTV PALSYSTEH.by Patcheu.
12V-W, 330mP 9VW. 64 each; 4(H)mF 1SVW, CAPACITORS 40/- P. & P. I/-.
OOOmP 9VW 1(.. Mullard Miniature Metallised Poly- F.E.T. CIRCUITS, by Turner. 25!-. P. * P-
Set of 8 transistor double toned l.F. trarisformers
<470k(-;s),
Mixed bag10/- withmica
of silver circuit.
capacitors. 100 (or 8/-. ester P.C. Mounting, all 250V D.C. I/-
Mixed bag of silver mica and tobular ceramics, working. 0 01 mf, 0'022mf. 0'047mf, BRIDGES AND OTHER NULL
100 for 9/- (our selection). . 0*1 mf, 0-22mf, all at 6d. each DEVICES, by Turnor, It/- P. & P. (/-.
Srsniiitori,
Zenef diodel.GT468 (OC45)
OAZ247 8/6.1/8OAZ224
each. 3/6. 187061A,
IS7076A 3/8. Hunts tubular 0*1 mf 200V working ABC's OF TRANSISTORS, by Hann.
94. ■/, in.thick.approx. Sin. x21d.
P.C.board,ilngle 20/-. P. & P. I /-.
4d: 4in.x41in,. sided. at 3d. each
RAPID SERVICING OF TRANSISTOR
Folyatrrsos capaeilors, 1.000 pF S%, S.OOOpP S}%, Send 6d. stamp for extensive list of
3d each;micaS,'9cspicllors,
Silver doz. (30VW>. 25. 30.wire47, 60, 76, 860VW;
32, 187, EQUIPMENT, by King. 30/-. P. & P. I/-.
220. 330. 376. 600. l.OOOpP, ended, low priced Electronic Components, HI-FI YEAR BOOK, I9M EDITION.
80.
type, 200VW. 370. 606, 880. 1.100, 1,600 pF, F.C.
230, SOO, Instruments and Equipment IS/-. P. & P. I/-.
Klulmnm
POSTAL order SERVICE 6/-. ONLY. Fostage: under £1. Please include I /- postoge ontf packing 101 WAYS TO USE YOUR OSCILLO-
1/8; £1 to £2, 2/8. Over £3 post free. 8-A.E. lor on all orders under £1 SCOPE, by Middleton. 21/-. P. & P. I/..
lists, COMPUTER CIRCUIT PROJECTS
A. j. H. ELECTRONICS (GSAQN) Dept. P.E.11 YOU CAN BUILD, by Boschen. 24/-.
SOWAVEHLCY ROAD, THE KENT P. & P. 1/-.
RUGBY, WARWICKSHIRE BRENSAl ELECTRONICS LIMITED
CHARLES STREET, BRISTOL 1 TRANSISTOR SUBSTITUTION
H AN DBOO K, new 7th edition, IS/-.
P. & P. I/-.
STUDENT ELECTRONIC SERVICES SILICON CONTROLLED RECTI-
194 Regent Road, Sal ford 5 FIERS, by Lytet.- 21/-. P. & P, I/-.
PHOTO ELECTRIC CONTROL
Constructional aids—-including OyOTCII Where possible 24-hour service guaranteed
Assembly Stand (each individually OiOILIH Coroprlsea
optional a light
toInfra
systemcontrolforce Redsource
filter unit
andAlsowith
lensa
made by craftsmen). photo-clectrie fietay unit.the Both
light.boosed In
metal case* for bench or wall mounting, seoaitivity UNIVERSAL BOOK GO.
LEKTROKIT—the biggest money and control, mains on-off switch. Works from 230/240V
a.c. Mains. Can be used as a simple on-off iwitch by
time saver since the breaking the beam of light (invisible if Infra Ked 12 UTUE NEWPORT ST., LONDON, W.C.2
safety pin! fitter
Everything to construct a pro- alarm,iaorneed)
wiiland
openasdoors,
such Itetc.
will operate
Also in as a burglar
eonjnnction (Leicester Squore Tube Station)
with a counter or other equipment it will perform
fessional job, from a variety of many functions in the factory or fQ IQ7 Mf,
boards, pins to chassis plates and warehoaee. | ".i *
rubber feet. P.M. WIRELESS MICROPHOKE
94-104HO/S. Transistorised. Operates from 8 V PLUS-3" MAINS CONVERTER
Special introductory kit in 2 sizes. battery. Complete with additional secret tie clip
microphone. List £12/10/-ONLY ff. I C fS Provides three separate
Write now for complete price list These cannot be operated In U.K. ' switched output vWcages
AND sample resistors, enclosing 6d. TEA5B1ST0RISED FK TOKER 6?^ 7lv. and 97. D.C.
8SIZETRASSI3TOH HIGH QtTALITV TONER. Suitable lot an types
TRANSISTOR CAPACITORS (ELEC- tuned ONLY 6in:< din Ample
discrtmioator. >; 21ln 3output
l.F. stages.
to feedDoable
most of transistor equipaent,
TROLYTIC) ampltftera. Operates on 6V botlery. Coverage radios. ampUfiers, record
SOOmfd 4V 64mfd 40V I6mfd 25V 88-108Mc/a. Ready built ready for ff. IT f.
320mfd (0V 50mtd 10V lOm'fd 2SV use. Fantastic yalue for money ** ' ' Players, etc. Attractive
2S0mfd 4V 30mfd 10V «-4mfd 64V FM MULTIPLEX STEREO ADAPTOR case wits todicatot light, ONLY
200mfd
lOOmfd 16V
16V 2Smfd
20mfd 2SV 12V 4mrd 64V
ImfdlSV Printed circuit biscuit, 4 trans. ,6 /£ 10 A mains lead, outpu t socket,
I/- each. 9/- per doz. Min. order 10/- diodes 9V with full Instructions plug and lead. Size S7/6
TRANSISTOR PANELS—OC45 or equiv,, BSS TAPE BEADS MULTIMETERS from "JT /_ 41* X 34* X 2|*. P. & P. 2/6
20 for 20/-. 30—IS/-, 50-35/-, 70—45/-, 40— ll&CK 39/6 pair (Extra lead with din plug for cassette recorden 7/6)
30/-, 60—40/-, 80—501- Poirage J/- per panel
Brand new STC sil. EPT planar cransistori BSS TAPE HEADS LOUDSPEAKERS. 2-(J/e Mains unit f« FLCord 202A 14.15.9. P. & P. 3/-.
300 Me/» 350 mW. all at J/-
2N7S3. 2N9I6. BSY26, BSY2B, BSY6S, BSYI8. each. 2N743. 40ohni.2J"80olmi. 3/0
BSY9SA. BSY29 f TRACK 39/6 pair 12-TWIKCOSE10 «/ R.C.8. PRODUCTS (RADIO) LTD.
TRANSISTORS OC4S. TK22C REFLEX CORK SPKR. watt, 13 or 3ohm uu/ "
TYPE TWEETER
OC76. OCI39,2G302, OC8(, OC44®(5) I/- each.
2/-each. 6WATERPROOF
watt, 3 ohm, 300- 10
I« ohm Ofl ID
watt. ISK-CPB 60/0 (INpi P.E.), 31 Ollw Road, LoadM, E.17
GET120.
41- OC83. 2NI30B, OC72. NKT2I6 @ I6.OM0/9 PA fA C f) WORK CROSSOVER RET- in)
10 each. OC23.sinkNKT4S2.
watt heat drilled NKT453
for power ® 6/- each5/-.
trans, A Music Relay 16 ohm 11/'
I.OOOmfd 30V 4/-. l.OOOmfd 10V 2/-. T.V. 80PE8 SILICON EECT. T.V., etc.. 1,200 P1V REPEAT OFFER OF CIRCUITS
capacitors 100 200 + 400mfd 27SV 7/6. 600mA, 6/-; or complete with lostr. resistor,
100 + 200mfd 300V 5/6. comlenser, 7/8; 400 PIV HW 6A. «/-; 200PIVHW • HODOftTS AMD GROSSES HICHINE
W.W.
Ik. 2I<.POTS
2-5k, S.5k,10. IIS.
Ok. 50;2Sk.100.50k.
250, 100k,
500 ohms,
not 6 A, 61-. • BIKARY ADDER AND SBBTRACTOR
preset 2/- each. Min. order 5/-. Postaga I/- Stamped envelope for lull selection null bargain • FOOTBALL POOL CDMPOTtR
ZENER DIODES—2-4, 2 7, 3-6, 4-75, 5-25, offers in Multimeters, Itadlos, Baby Alarms, Inter- • H0LTIPLYIM6/DIV1OIN8 ARSLO80E CDMFUTER
5-75, 6-2, 3/6
6'8, each,
7-S, 9-1,13, coms,
UNDERWalkle-Taikles.
«IV-P. 4 P. Kectillers ami£1Eaglepart Lists.
33 volts. mostly I15,watc 16. 10, 20.27. 30,
C.O.D. 3/6.
fid. OVER free. • SIHDLTAMEODS AHO DJADRATtC EDOATIOK SOLVERS
AH these circuits for 4/6 post 6d. Diagrams
POLYSTYRENE CAPACITORS
270. 330, 390, 470, 560, 680. a20pf. 1,600, 350V:2,200,
180. DOaHAM SUPPLIES (9 pp.) text <26 PP.) para and price lists. Ail
2,700, 3.300, 5.600, 6,800. 8,200 176F, Durham Road, Bradford, 8, Yorkshire purely electrical
in this field dotigns.
and can put a Wedateare
onthetheleaders
publi-
125V: 1,200, 1.500, 1,800. 2.200, 2.700. 3,300, cation of each circuit to show that wo were
3.900,ceramic
80pf 4,700, 5,600, 6,800,any0,200
200pf 5.M, . 0-0122/-
selection . 0-01S.
doz. the first. Our machines have appeared at
4-40pf trimmers 4/- doz. exhibitions in this country and abroad, before
BRAND NEW BOXED CHASSIS, contain- learned
have evensocieties
made moneyand the TV cameras and
for charity.
ing 2—OC3S. 2—OC29 12 WW resistors 30/-. PLEASE MENTION Again showing that wo lead, we have under
Po stage 1/6. development a new circuit, which will Add
STEREO POTS. Less switch, single spindle. PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS and
and Subtract
serially asBinary numbers
in a full scale both in parallel
computer. The
I meg -p I meg log and I meg log 4- I meg rev/ formation of the Sura and Carry is shown step
log. 7/6 each. When Replying to by step. This will prove an invaluable aid to
NEW CROSS RADIO teaching binary arithmetic and computer
6 0LDHAM ROAD, MANCHESTER 4 Advertisements method. Full details available shortly.
PIAXETINSTRUKEXT CO., 25(E) DOMINION AV., LEEDS 7
383
ERS N SHORT WAVE ONE VALVE
RECEIVER KIT 39/6 + 2/6 P.P.
PEA( ANAlOfiUE COMPUTER KIT IK STOCK
UNIT 'A' COMPLETE £26.0.0 + 15/- P.P.
Punched aluminium panels and
CORE SOLDER case for above £4.17.6 -1- 5/- P.P.
CLUBMAN Mk. 1 KIT COMPLETE £6.17.6 + 5/- P.P.
Contains 5 cores of non-corrosive flux, instantly Without metal work £4.12.6 + 2/6 P.P.
cleaning heavily oxidised surfaces. No extra flux CLUBMAN Mk. II KITCOMPLETE£10-17.6 5/- P.P.
required. Ersin Multicore Savbit Alloy also reduces wear Without metal work £8.12.6 + 4/6 P.P.
of copper soldering iron bits EXPLORER KIT COMPLETE £4. 2.6 + 2/6 P.P.
STABiLfZEP POWER SUPPLY KIT 0-20V. 500ma
SIZE 15 COMPLETE £4.17.6 + 5/- P.P.
SIZES SOLDER COMBINED AUDIO OSCILLATOR AND FREQUENCY
HANDY SOLDER DISPENSER METER £17 + 10/- P.P.
DISPENSER Contains 21 ft. coil PORTABLE TEST UNIT KIT
Contains 10 ft. coil of 60/40 Alloy, FLUORESCENT CAMPING LIGHT IN STOCK
of 18 s.w.g. Ersin 22 s.w.g. Ideal for
Multicore Savbit small components, SJV.E. FOR TRANSISTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS, FULL LIST
Alloy. 2/6 each. transistors, diodes, 700 TYPES
etc. 31- each. 3 SILICON RECTIFIERS, BYIOO TYPE 10/-
10 MIXED MARKED TESTED TRANSISTORS 10/-
40 UNMARKED UNTESTED TRANSISTORS NEW 10/-
BIB MODELS t LIGHT SENSITIVE CELL ORP12 8/B '
23 MIXED UNMARKED TESTED TRANSISTORS 10/-
SIZE 12 WIRE STRIPPER 2 TRANSISTOR COMP. PAIR ADI6I/I62 16/-
AND CUTTER P.P. I/-
Ideal for home OUR COMPONENTS CATALOGUE 8/- Poet Paid with 10/- worth of
constructors. Strips insulation diieount vouchers.
Contains 90 ft. cleanly and
of 18 s.w.g. Ersin quickly, fitted OLRUS ELECTRONICS LTD.
Multicore Savbit with unique 8
Alloy on a plastic gauge wire 748 HIGH ROAD, LEYTONSTONE
reel. 15/- each. selector. Plastic [NEXT TO GREEN MAN)
handles. 9/6 each.
LONDON, E.11. Tel. 01-989 2751
From Electrical and Hardware shops. If unobtainable, write to : CALLERS WELCOME—CLOSED ALL DAY FRIDAY
Multicore Solders ltd., Hemel Hempstead, Herts.
maH
which)SPEED
6/8 each.KASNETIC COtJHTEBS (4 X 1 X lln). 4 digit. 12/24/4SV. (state
P. 4 P. t/-.
COPPER LAMINATE
RK-BETTABLB HWHBOARD
SPEED (Six Six Aiu>.
COUNTER 2/9 each.3 digit.
<3XlXJini. B for 12/24/48V.
10/-. (state
•which) 32/8 each. PEAK-
BULK COMPONENT OFFESS - SOUND
10O Capadlora BOpF to .SpF.
360 Cortwn Reslatora i & iW. (Transialor types). 8 + 8W.
260 Carbon Resistors i 4c 1W.
100
26 Ceramio Capacitors S—lOOOpF.
12 Vltrcons
Precision W/W Resistors
Resistors (6%). standard values lucludcd).
(T% several TRANSISTOR STEREO AMPLIFIER IN KIT FORM
BoJJd tUi lor <8.10.0 (4/9 post). Power Pack Kit 22.10.0 (4/- port). Cabinet (see
26 Close Tolerance Caps. (2%). lltojtnhon) 60/- port paid or 2X4.10.0 the three itsmi post paid. Parts Hat Booklet
12 Silicon Diodes 800 Jj.i.v. 750 UiJl. and hUl dstails 1/6 (tree with kit), A.E.I, Circa It ol 14 Transistors; 8W per Channel
4 Silicon Recta. 400 p.f.v. 3 arop. into I bo 16 ohm Speskel, 60m V Id pat. Ceramic, Crystal Cartridge, Radio Toner or
8 Silicon Eects. 100 p.i.v. 3 amp. CIgdB,
patUfa.
tromxTape
60
60 Sllloon
Sllloon Trans.
Diodes <2N70«/798.
200 m.n, 100B8V28/29.
p.l.v. Sub.BCV4I/42
Slin. typos.) Umrankcd, UiitcsfeJ. Sin.Bscordu
high X may
Sin. be used. 20
Cabinet. to 20,000
Clr-KIt BoardBzConstruction.
± SdB. Neg,Bass.
FeedTreble
Back
ANY ITEM 10/-. ANY 6 ITEMS 62. and VoL Control, lor A.C, mains ol 200-2607. Bass Cut and Lilt; Treble Oat and
mt. Fully bttlH 2$ ertra. Delivery by retnm ot port.
5.0JU.
Ca83/40(Thyristors)
10/-; CB33/50CR81/30 5/9; 0881/40 7/«! CBS3/10 7/9! CRS3/30 8/8;
12/8 each. 66 ELMS ROAD
•MOO' TYPE RELAYS (ex. now oiuip-) 10 for 25/- (our choice) p.p. 5/-. GLADSTONE RADIO ALDERSHOT, HANTS.
PATTRICK & KIHNIE, 81 Park Lane, Romford, Essex (2 mine, dram Station and Roses.) AJderabot 22240
ROMIord 44473 CLOSBD WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON CAXALOGUB 6d.
384
VALUABLE NEW HANDBOOK
AMBITIOUS