Functions of body membranes - Cutaneous sensory receptors detect touch,

- Cover body surfaces temperature, pressure, and pain.

- Line body cavities Epidermis
- Form protective sheets around organs. - Outer layer of skin
Classified According to Tissue Types - Stratified squamos epithelium
- Epithelial Membranes: Cutaneous membranes, - Cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to
Mucous membranes, Serous membranes. prevent water loss.
- Connective tissue membranes: Synovial membranes - Avascular
Cutaneous Membrane - Most cells are keratinocytes
- Cutaneous membrane = skin Dermis
- Dry membrane (sweat & oil glands) - Dense connective tissue
- Outermost protective boundary - Underneath epidermis.
- Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized - 2 layers: Papillary and Reticular
stratified squamos epithelium. - Where glands and hair follicles are.
- Underlying dermis is mostly dense, fibrous connective Hypodermis
tissue. - Deep to dermis (meaning underneath dermis)
Mucous Membranes - Not technically part of the skin
- Surface epithelium type depends on site (stratified - Anchors skin to underlying organs
squamos epithelium can be found in the mouth and the - Composed mostly of adipose tissue
esophagus while simple columnar epithelium is found int - Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper
he rest of the digestive tract.) tissue.
- Lamina propria: underlying loose connective tissue Layers of the Epidermis (Deep to superficial)
- Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body 1. Stratum Basale
surface. 2. Stratum Spinosum
- Most membranes adapted for absorption of secretion. 3. Stratum Granulosum
Serous Membranes (Serosa) 4. Stratum Lucidum
- Surface is a layer of simple squamos epithelium 5. Stratum Corneum
- Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective Stratum Basale
tissue - or stratum germinativum
- Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior - deepest layer of epidermis
of the body - lies next to dermis
- Serous memebranes occur in pairs separated by - wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two
serous fluid. (Visceral layer covers the outside of the together
organ. Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral - cells undergoing mitosis
body cavity.) - daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more
Specific Serous membranes superficial layers
- Peritoneum: Abdominal cavity Stratum lucidum
- Pleura: Around the lungs - Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
- Pericardium: Around the heart. - Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands
Synovial Membrane and soles of feet
- Connective tissue only Stratum corneum
- Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints (like the - Outermost layer of epidermis
bursae and tendon sheaths) - Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin.
- Secretes a lubricating fluid. Melanin
Integumentary System - Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
- Skin (cutaneous membrane) - Colour is yellow to brown to black
- Skin derivatives: sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and - Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
nails. - Melanin accumulates in membrane-bound granules:
Skin (Integument) Functions melanosomes
Protects deeper tissues from: - Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics
- Mechanical damage like bumps and exposure to sunlight.
- Chemical damage (acids/bases) Epidermal Dendritic Cells
- Bacterial damage - Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or
- UV radiation (sunlight) viral invasion)
- Thermal damage (extreme heat/cold) Merkel Cells
- Desiccation (drying out) (Keratin protects the skin from - Associated with sensory nerve endings
water loss.) - Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs
- Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by Papillary Layer
the nervous system. - Upper dermal region
- Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid. - Projections called dermal papillae
- Synthesizes Vitamin D - Some contain capillary loops
- Others house pain receptors (free nerve endings) and
touch receptors products, and the acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth.
- Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat - Odor is from bacteria
Reticular Layer Hair
- Deepest skin layer - Produced by hair follicle
- Blood vessels - Root enclosed in follicle
- Sweat and oil glands - Shaft projects from surface of the scalp/skin
- Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles) - Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
Overall Dermis Structure - Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
- Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the - Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum
dermis basale
- Collagen fibers give skin its toughness Hair Anatomy
- Elastic fibers give skin elasticity - Central medulla
- Blood vessels play a role in body temp. and regulation - Cortex surrounds medulla
- Nerve supply sends messages to the CNS. - Cuticle on outside of cortex (is the most heavily
Melanin keratinized region of the hair.)
- Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments Hair Follicle
Carotene - Dermal and epidermal sheath surrounding hair root
- Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables Arrector Pili Muscle
Hemoglobin - Smooth muscle
- Red colouring from blood cells in dermal capillaries - Pulls hair upright when person is cold or frightened.
- Oxygen content determines the extent of red colouring. Nails
Erythema - Scale-like modifications of the epidermis (are heavily
- redness keratinized)
- due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, - Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed (is
fever, or allergy. responsible for growth)
Blanching - Lack of pigment makes them colorlesss
- Pallor Nail Structures
- due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low - Free edge
blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area. - Body is the visible attached portion
Jaundice - Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the
- Yellowing nail
- Liver disorder - Growth occurs from nail matrix
Bruises - Root of nail is embedded in skin
- Black and blue marks - Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the
- hematomas nail body.
Sebacous Glands Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways:
- Produces sebum (oil) 1. Regeneration: Replacement of destroyed tissue by
- Lubricant for skin the same kind of cells
- Prevents brittle skin 2. Fibrosis: Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue
- Kills bacteria (scar tissue.)
- Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others Inflammation
open directly onto skin surface - Capillaries become permeable
- Glands activate at puberty - Clotting proteins migrate into the area from the
Sweat glands bloodstream
- Produce sweat. (Thank you captain obvious) - A clot walls off the injured area
- Widely distributed in skin Granulation Tissue forms
Eccrine Glands - Growth of new capillaries
- Open via duct to pore on skin surface - Phagocytes dispose of blood clot and fibroblasts
- Produce Sweat - Rebuild collagen fibers
- sudoriferous gland Burns
Apocrine glands - Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
- Ducts empty into hair follicles electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.
- Begin to function at puberty - Associated dangers are dehydration, electrolyte
- Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and imbalance, and/or circulatory shock
proteins (milky or yellowish color) - Results in loss of body fluids and invasion of bacteria
- Sudoriferous glands Rule of Nines
Sweat - Way to determine the extent of burns
- Composed of water, salts and vitamin C, some - Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
metabolic waste, fatty acids and proteins (apocrine - Each area represents about 9% of total body surface
only.) area.
- Functions to help dissipate excess heat, excrete waste - The perineum represents 1% of body surface area
Body Surface Area Percentages
- Anterior and posterior head and neck = 9% - A = Asymmetry (Two sides of pigmented mole do not
- Anterior and posterior upper limbs = 18% match.)
- Anterior and posterior trunk = 36% - B = Border Irregularity (Borders of mole are not
- Anterior and posterior lower limbs = 36% smooth.)
First-Degree Burns - C = Colour (Different colorus in pigmented area.)
- Partial-Thickness burn - D = Diameter (Spot is larger than 6mm/the size of a
- Only epidermis is damaged pencil eraser.)
- Skin is red and swollen Developmental Aspects of Skin
Second-Degree Burn -In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well hydrated
- Partial-Thickness burn -With aging, skin loses elasticity and thins
- Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged -Skin cancer is a major threat to skin exposed to
- Skin is red with blisters excessive sunlight
Third-Degree Burns -Balding and/or graying occurs with aging; both are
- Full-Thickness burn genetically determined; other factors that may contribute
- Destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless. include drugs and emotional stress
- Requires skin grafts
- Burn is gray-white or black.
Burns are considered critical if ...
- Over 25% of body has second-degree burns
- Over 10% of body has third-degree burns
- There are third-degree burns of the face, hands, or
feet.
Athlete's Foot
- tinea pedis
- fungal infection
Boils and carbuncles
- bacterial infection
Cold sores
- caused by virus (herpes simplex virus-1 specifically)
Contact dermatitis
- Exposures cause allergic reaction
Impetigo
- Caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus
or Streptococcus pyogenes specifically)
- Rash that kids usually get. Contagious.
Psoriasis
- Cause is unkown
- Triggered by trauma, infection, or stress
- Itchy, scaly, rash
Skin Cancer
- Cancer: abnormal cell mass
- Either benign (nonspreading) or malignant (moves to
other parts of body)
- skin cancer is the most common type of cancer.
Metastasizes
- cancer moves to other parts of the body
Casal Cell Carcinoma
- Least malignant
- Most common type
- Arises from stratum basale
Squamos Cell Carcinoma
- Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
- Early removal allows a good chance of a cure.
- Believed to be sun-induced
- Arises from stratum spinosum
Malignant Melanoma
- Most deadly
- Cancer of melanocytes
- Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
- Detection uses ABCD rule
ABCD Rule