LAB ACTIVITY 3

PROBLEM 1

First-born children tend to develop language skills faster than their younger siblings.

One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that first-borns have undivided attention

from their parents. If this explanation is correct, then it is also reasonable that twins

should show slower language development than single children and that triplets should be

even slower. Davis (1999) found exactly this result. The following hypothetical data

demonstrate the relationship. The dependent variable is a measure of language skill at age

3 for each child. Do the data indicate any significant differences? Test with ɑ=.05.

Single Child Twin Triplet

8 6 5

7 4 5

10 6 8

6 7 3

9 4 5

8 9 4

Use an ANOVA with ɑ=.05 to determine whether there are any significant mean

differences among the three groups of children.

 Single C hild Twin Triplet
8 6 5 S MEAN= AVERAGE(A2:A7)
7 4 5 TW MEAN= AVERAGE(B2:B7)
10 6 8 TR MEAN= AVERAGE(C 2:C 7)
6 7 3 OVERALL MEAN= AVERAGE(A9:C 9)
9 4 5
8 9 4

8 6 5 6.33333333
S MEAN TW MEAN TR MEAN OVERALL M

N C N=total number of observation

18 3 C =total number of groups/ columns/ treatments

S²= Σ(X-Ϥ)²
SOURC E VAR df SS MS F n-1
Between(SSC ) 2 28 14 5 SST= Σ(X-Ϥ)²(n-1)
Within(SSE) 15 42 2.8
Total(SST) 17 70

SSC =VAR(A9:c9)*2*6 df between=C -1

SSE=(VAR(A2:A7)*5)+(VAR(B2:B7)*5)+(VAR(C 2:C 7)*5) df within = N-C
SST=17*VAR(A2:C 7) df total = N-1
 SSC SSE MSC
MSC = MSE= F=
df column df error MSE

dfbetween 2
F= F=
dfwithin 15

F.05,2,15 0.051469095
Fα,dfc,dfe

ANOVA - Single Factor

Alpha 0.05

Groups C ount Sum Mean Variance

C olumn 1 6 48 8 2
C olumn 2 6 36 6 3.6
C olumn 3 6 30 5 2.8

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F critical

Between Groups 28 2 14 5 0.021684 3.6823203
Within Groups 42 15 2.8
Total 70 17

Fstat smaller than Fcrit, Reject null Ho

There is a significant difference in mean test by group of children.

ANOVA - Single Factor

Alpha 0.05

Groups C ount Sum Mean Variance

C olumn 1 6 48 8 2
C olumn 2 6 36 6 3.6
C olumn 3 6 30 5 2.8

Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F critical

Between Groups 28 2 14 5 0.02168375 3.6823
Within Groups 42 15 2.8
Total ### 17
PROBLEM 2

Researchers interested in determining if there is a relationship between death anxiety

and religiosity conducted the following study. Subjects completed a death anxiety scale

(high score = high anxiety) and also completed a checklist designed to measure an

individuals degree of religiosity (belief in a particular religion, regular attendance at

religious services, number of times per week they regularly pray, etc.) (high score =

greater religiosity. A data sample is provided below:

Death Anxiety Religiosity

38 4

42 3

29 11

31 5

28 9

15 6

24 14

17 9

19 10

11 15

8 19

19 17

3 10

14 14

6 18
1. Compute the correlation coefficient?

REGRESSION
REGRESSION /VARIABLES= Religiosity /DEPENDENT= Death.anxiety
/STATISTICS=COEFF R ANOVA /SAVE= PRED RESID.

Model Summary (Death.anxiety)

R R Square Adjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate
.70 .48 .44 8.61

ANOVA (Death.anxiety)
Sum of Squares df Mean F Sig.
Square
Regression 906.49 1 906.49 12.22 .004
Residual 964.44 13 74.19
Total 1870.93 14

Coefficients (Death.anxiety)
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
(Constant) 37.45 5.40 .00 6.94 .000
Religiosity -1.57 .45 -.70 -3.50 .004

Korelasi adalah 0.70

1. What does this statistic mean concerning the relationship between death anxiety and

religiosity?

Statistik menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan korelasi yang sederhana kuat

antara kebimbangan kematian dengan keagamaan. Seseorang yang mempunyai

keagamaan yang tinggi mempunyai kebimbangan kematian yang lebih rendah dan

begitu juga sebaliknya.

2. What percent of the variability is accounted for by the relation of these two

variables?

Daripada jadual analisis, kita mendapati bahawa r² = 0.4846, Oleh itu, peratusnya

adalah 48%

3. What would be the slope and y-intercept for a regression line based on this data?

Kecerunannya ialah -0.308. Persamaan y yang didapati ialah y = - 0.308x + 17.18

4. If a subject scored a 20 on the death anxiety scale, what would be their predicted

degree of religiosity? If they scored 35 on death anxiety scale? If they scored 7 on

death anxiety scale?

Sekiranya skor kebimbangan kematian adalah 20, ramalan skor keagamaan ialah

11.02

Sekiranya skor kebimbangan kematian adalah 35, ramalan skor keagamaan ialah 6.4

Sekiranya skor keagmaan adalah 7, ramalan skor kebimbangan kematian ialah 33.05
PROBLEM 3

A public opinion poll surveyed a simple random sample of 1000 voters. Respondents

were classified by gender (male or female) and by voting preference (Republican,

Democrat, or Independent). Results are shown in the contingency table below.

Voting Preferences
Row total
Republican Democrat Independent

Male 200 150 50 400

Female 250 300 50 600

Column total 450 450 100 1000

Is there a gender gap? Do the men's voting preferences differ significantly from the

women's preferences? Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Langkah 1: Nyatakan hipotesis

H0: Tiada hubungan di antara jantina dan kecenderungan mengundi

H1: Terdapat hubungan di antara jantina jantina dan kecenderungan mengundi

Langkah 2: Penetapan Aras Keertian

Aras Alfa ditetapkan pada α = 0.05

Langkah 3: Tentukan Rantau Kritikal

χ 2 bagi masalah ini mempunyai

df = [ (C-1) (R-1) ]
= [ (3-1) (2-1) ]
=2

nilai χ 2 kritikal bagi α = .05 ialah χ 2 = 5.99

Langkah 4: Laksanakan Analisis

Er,c = (nr * nc) / n

E1,1 = (400 * 450) / 1000 = 180000/1000 = 180

E1,2 = (400 * 450) / 1000 = 180000/1000 = 180

E1,3 = (400 * 100) / 1000 = 40000/1000 = 40

E2,1 = (600 * 450) / 1000 = 270000/1000 = 270

E2,2 = (600 * 450) / 1000 = 270000/1000 = 270

E2,3 = (600 * 100) / 1000 = 60000/1000 = 60

Χ2 = Σ [ (Or,c - Er,c)2 / Er,c ]

Χ2 = (200 - 180)2/180 + (150 - 180)2/180 + (50 - 40)2/40

+ (250 - 270)2/270 + (300 - 270)2/270 + (50 - 60)2/60

Χ2 = 400/180 + 900/180 + 100/40 + 400/270 + 900/270 + 100/60

Χ2 = 2.22 + 5.00 + 2.50 + 1.48 + 3.33 + 1.67 = 16.2

Langkah 5: Menyatakan Keputusan

Nilai chi-square yang diperolehi (chi-square obtained) melepasi critical value (5.99).

Oleh itu, keputusannya adalah menolah Ho. X2 (2, n = 1000) = 16.2, p < 0.05. Ini

bermaksud terdapat yang signifikan di antara jantina dan kecenderungan untuk mengundi.

Ini juga menunjukkan perbezaan yang signifikan di antara kecenderungan lelaki dan

wanita untuk mengundi. Dengan melihat kepada jadual, jelas bahawa lelaki kurang minat

untuk mengundi dan perempuan lebih minat untuk keluar mengundi. Oleh itu, kita boleh

menyimpulkan bahawa terdapat hubungan di antara jantina dan kecenderungan

mengundi.
PROBLEM 4

Many students graduate from college deeply in debt from student loans, credit card

debts, and so on. A sociologist took a random sample of 401 single persons, classified

them by gender, and asked, "Would you consider marrying someone who has RM25000

or more in debt?". The results of this survey are shown in the following table.

Yes No Uncertain
Women 125 59 21
Men 101 79 16

Test at the 5% significance level to find whether there is relationship beween agrrement

to marry someone with debt and age factor.

JAWAPAN
Langkah 1: Nyatakan hipotesis

H0 : Terdapat hubungan antara persetujuan untuk berkahwin dengan seseorang yang

mempunyai hutang dan faktor usia.

H1: Tiada hubungan antara persetujuan untuk berkahwin dengan seseorang yang
mempunyai hutang dan faktor usia.

Langkah 2: Penetapan Aras Keertian

Aras alfa ditetapkan pada α = .05

Langkah 3: Tentukan Rantau Kritikal

χ 2 bagi masalah ini mempunyai

df = [ (C-1) (R-1) ]
= [ (3-1) (2-1) ]
=2

nilai χ 2 kritikal bagi α = .05 ialah χ 2 = 5.99

Langkah 4: Laksanakan Analisis

nilai pengiraan, χ 2 = 5.92

Langkah 5: Menyatakan Keputusan

Dari jadual, χ 2 ( df = 2 ) dengan α = 0.05 ialah 5.99, manakala χ 2 yang diperoleh

daripada pengiraan ialah 5.92. Oleh itu, keputusannya adalah menerima hipotesis null.χ 2
(2, n = 401) = 5.92, p>0.05. Ini bermaksud tiada hubungan yang signifikan di antara
jantina dengan persetujuan untuk berkahwin dengan seseorang yang mempunyai hutang
dan faktor umur.
ACTIVITY 5

The table display the mid-term marks for students in a Statitics class. The second digit

represent gender, the third represent race. Analyze the data to determine the differences

with respect to gender and race.

Student code Marks (x/.20)

1 A24 7
2 B22 13
3 C12 15
4 D21 12
5 E12 18
6 F12 14
7 G11 9
8 H14 6
9 I11 14
10 J21 10
11 K12 10
12 L23 7
13 M22 10
14 N24 10
15 O11 16
16 P21 10
17 Q12 12
18 R21 13
19 S21 14
20 T11 7
21 U21 8
22 V21 6
23 W21 14
24 X12 16
25 Y21 8
26 Z22 18
27 AA22 13
28 AB21 14
29 AC21 15
30 AD12 13
ANSWER ( QUESTION 5)