Universe and the Solar System

EARTH SCIENCE

Manila Science High School

Celestial Tour
 A
________________"ordinary" matter consisting of B
protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises a) Dark matter
atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies b) Dark energy
________________ matter that has gravity but does c) Baryonic matter
not emit light. d) Thermonuclear reaction
________________a source of anti-gravity; a force e) Protostar
that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to f) Light years
expand. g) Main sequence stars
________________an early stage in the formation
of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of
gases.
________________ a nuclear fusion reaction
responsible for the energy produced by stars.
________________stars that fuse hydrogen atoms
to form helium atoms in their cores; outward
pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced
by gravitational forces
________________the distance light can travel in a
year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical
distance
Theories on the Origin of
the Universe
Believe It or Not???

How did everything as

we know it today, came into
being?
Historical Development
 Prior to the development of
scientific theories, humans relied in
religious cosmology to explain the
origin of the universe
 The narrative from Genesis
describes how God separated light
from darkness, created the sky,
land, sea, moon, stars and every
living creature in a span of six days.
 The Cosmic Egg of Hindu text
Rigveda
 Primordial Universe based on
Anaxagoras
 Leucippus and Democritus proposed
the Atomic universe
 Geocentric Universe by Ptolemy
 Heliocentric Universe by
Copernicus
 Infinite universe by Isaac
Newton
 Vortex Model of the universe
 Static Universe by Albert
Einstein
 The Structure, Composition and Age of
the Universe
A. Structure of the Universe NODULES

S - PACE
T - IME VOIDS

E - NERGY
M - ATTER WALLS
FILAMENTS
 ACTIVITY 2
What is your UNIVERSAL
Address???
A. Structure of the Universe

Superclusters
Clusters
Galaxies
Stars
A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars
A supercluster is composed of clusters of
galaxies
The organization of matter in the universe
suggests that is indeed clumpy at a certain
scale but at a larger scale it appears
homogeneous and isotropic
Stars are the building block of galaxies
Stars are born out of clouds of gas and dust in
galaxies
 The Structure, Composition and
Age of the Universe
B. Composition of the Universe

4.6 % baryonic matter

24% cold dark matter
71.4% dark energy
 Composition of the Universe
Baryonic Matter consists of ordinary matter such as
protons, electrons and neutrons, atoms: atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies, nebulae, and other celestial bodies
Cold Dark Matter possesses gravity but does not emit
light
Dark Energy is the source of anti-gravity
C. Age of the Universe

Estimated Age of the Universe = 13.7 to

13.8 Billion years old
Two Methods:
1. Looking for the Oldest Stars
2. Measuring the rate of Expansion of the
Universe
Composition of the Universe
The three most abundant elements in the universe :

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium

Including small traces of Beryllium

H and He
The most abundant elements in the universe.
Having the lowest mass, these are the first
elements to be formed in the Big Bang Model of
the Origin of the Universe.
Nucleosynthesis
A star's energy comes from combining light
elements into heavier elements by fusion,
or “nuclear burning”.
• In small stars like the sun, H burning is the fusion of
4 H nuclei (protons) into a He nucleus (2 protons + 2
neutrons).
• Forming He from H gives off lots of energy(i.e. a
natural hydrogen bomb).
• Nucleosynthesis requires very high T. The minimum
T for H fusion is 5x106oC.
Stars - the building block of galaxies born out of
clouds of gas and dust in galaxies. Instabilities within
the clouds eventually results into gravitational
collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation to
a protostar-the core of a future star as thermonuclear
reactions set in.
• Massive main sequence stars burn up
their hydrogen faster than smaller stars.
Stars like our Sun burn up hydrogen in
about 10 billion years.
The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as
planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying
planetary system.
•Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion
years old.
• The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but
should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light-year =
9.4607 × 1012 km).
•Its density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3.
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
Creation Myth
Big Bang
Steady State
Inflation
String
Multiverse
Myth
• Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate
that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god
Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-covered Earth,
felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and
moon.
• In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the
primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth,
sun, and moon respectively.
1. Creation Myth

a symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as

understood by culture.
• Christian
• Greek
• African
• Indian
• Chinese
• Native American
2. Big Bang Theory
Alexander Friedman and Georges Lamaitre proposed the
big bang theory in 1920
The currently accepted theory of the origin of the universe
postulates that 13.7-13.8 billion years ago, the universe
expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present
size and much cooler state.
2. 1 The Big Bang Time Line

Inflationary epoch (10-35 to 10-33)

Formation of the universe (10 to -6 s)
Formation of the basic elements (3 s)
Radiation era (10,000 years)
Matter domination (300,000 years)
Birth of stars and galaxies (300 million years)
 2.2 The Fundamental Forces

Strong Force
Weak Force
Electromagnetic Force
Gravitational Force
2.3 Lines of Evidence supporting the Big
Bang Theory
Galaxies are moving away
Detection of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Abundance of light elements
The final line of evidence is the formation of galaxies and the
large scale structure of the cosmos.
•There is a pervasive cosmic microwave background (CMB)
radiation in the universe. Its accidental discovery in 1964 by
Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson earned them the
physics Nobel Prize in 1978.
•It can be observed as a strikingly uniform faint glow in the
microwave band coming from all directions-blackbody
radiation with an average temperature of about 2.7 degrees
above
Activity:

•Expanding Universe
•How far and how
fast?
Submit a report on the following
questions:
What is the fate of the universe? Will
the universe continue to expand or will
it eventually contract because of
gravity?
 ACTIVITY 3

Man-Made or It’s a
Miracle???
The Origin of Elements
ELEMENTAL CATEGORIES
Elements produced as by-product of the following processes:
Big Bang
Cosmic Rays
Supernovae
Large Stars
Small Stars
Man-made/Synthetic
Steady State Theory
Proposed by Bondi, Gold, and Hoyle
The universe is unchanging in time and uniform in space.
Accepted the fact that the universe is expanding but rejected the
idea of a Big Bang
Steady state theory postulated that the universe is infinitely old
Steady state suggested that new galaxies continually form in
the gaps that open up as the universe expands thereby
keeping the same average distance between galaxies at all
times.
The steady state theory said that the creation of the universe
is an ongoing and eternal process rather than having
happened all at once with a Big Bang.
Steady State
Universe
depiction
Failures of Steady State Theory
The discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Galaxies at great distances look younger than nearby galaxies
Inflation
Developed in 1981 by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul
Steinhart and Andrei Albrecht
This proposed a period of exponential expansion of the
universe prior to the more gradual big bang expansion.
First moments after Big Bang, the four fundamental forces
were joined.
Then, the forces started to separate, but it was not until the
separation of both of the nuclear forces when an enormous
liberation of energy was originated.
String Theory
The assembly of particle type is replaced by a fundamental
building block called string.
The strings are free to vibrate a different modes.
The string theory is consistent with quantum gravity and can
able to describe interactions of strings
string theory has emerged as the most promising candidate
for a microscopic theory of gravity
it attempts to provide a complete, unified, and consistent
description of the fundamental structure of our universe.
M-Theory
The proponents are Stephen Hawking and Leonard
Mlodinov
In this theory, the origin of the universe occurs as a result of
the contact of two hyperdimensional branes. This allows for
an infinite number of parallel universes which have the
possibility of interphasing.
http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/~alberto/physics/string.html