Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
+
Talking the TALQ
Smart cities P. 12
Lighting domes
Calculating dynamic
loads P. 24
Driver
developments
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Meeting application
needs P. 28
Iridescent
perception
Reality-challenged
OLEDs P. 19
www.SeoulSemicon.com
1909LED.indb 2
1908LEDS_SeoulSemi 1 9/3/19 12:21
7/25/19 12:16 PM
PM
ISSUE 117
September
2019
Cover Story
Is OLED poised to bring its beauty
and flexibility to general illumination?
Sources are optimistic that the
metamorphosis into mass manufacturing
is nearing fruition. [See p. 19; Cover
image courtesy of Fraunhofer FEP.]
features
15 HORTICULTURE
Technology-enabled horticulture grabs investors
and yields more plants columns/departments
Maury Wright
3 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
Leveraging a primary LED attribute
19 OLEDS
in SSL development — small size
28 FOCUS ON
12 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
LED driver architectures meet demanding TALQ advances in interoperability testing
application requirements for smart city software and gateways
Maury Wright EPA publishes revised luminaires
specification for Energy Star compliance
DOE LED driver tests validate improving
32 Is it time to say goodbye to blue-pump LEDs?
LAST WORD reliability and testing methodology
LRC receives HCL funding, adds
Leslie Lyons, Bentham Instruments Limited LEDvance to Light and Health Alliance
Complete
Vertical
Leading quality & reliability Integration Strongest IP portfolio,
via optimized materials, including the invention of
products and process design blue and white LEDs
Highest Intellectual
Quality Property
STABILITY
For the latest information on NICHIA general illumination products, contact your local FLS sales representative.
www.FutureLightingSolutions.com
1909LED.indb 2
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AM
commentary
I
know I’ve written many times the Chicago area, and my expectation was Luminii also surprised me in terms of the
that LED sources will enable perhaps even lower given that the Midwest facility. It has invested in several integrat-
all-new form factors in general is far from a technology hot spot such as ing spheres, including a 2m model, and has
lighting. Still, you walk around an Silicon Valley. But I was surprised several a large gonio. Founder Laurentiu Vlad said
event like LightFair International times on that trip, and especially at Lumi- the company had no choice but to make
and seemingly every exhibit has nii. I have to wonder what relatively-new such investments to enable its engineering
LED-based downlights and trof- Luminii CEO Jeff Parker thought when he process. Vlad has also streamlined manu-
fers that look just like predeces- contemplated a move from Silicon Valley- facturing of what are mostly custom orders,
sors based on legacy products. I based Soraa to Luminii. enabling delivery in ten days. They use sin-
realize that one-for-one replacements are Indeed, Luminii is located in an indus- gle-employee pods to completely assemble
often the easiest retrofit path, but even new trial-looking building that one would not the luminaires in a manner similar to what
construction continues to use the legacy consider stylish, yet really stylish things I witnessed in a Current facility (http://bit.
forms in the solid-state lighting (SSL) era. are happening inside the doors. The com- ly/2PeqVeo). If you haven’t, make sure you
Now, we have covered a number of light- pany really gets what is the most important see this company’s products.
ing products with innovative form in our mechanical aspect of LEDs — the small size. Meanwhile, I mentioned our Sapphire
pages. Just look at some of the winners in The company does low profile very well. 2020 Awards. Make sure you get those
our Sapphire Awards program (http://bit. Many of the products that can be ordered in entries going (http://bit.ly/2yXkDEX). We
ly/32ivyGN). Axis Lighting won in an indoor custom lengths can be hidden in plain sight. will close entries a bit earlier this year on
category this past year with the Sculpt One example is at the San Francisco Oct. 1 because Strategies in Light and our
Mikrolite. Cutting-edge mixing chambers Museum of Modern Art. And no, it has noth- Sapphire Gala are earlier in February than
enable extreme uniformity in a white-point- ing to do with lighting the art. But the rest- normal next year.
tunable design and the linear form is sleek rooms have slim luminaires mounted along Also, many of you may have already
and stylish. Even light engine manufactur- the top of the stall dividers that deliver light- heard, but we have a fantastic venue for
ers are supporting the cause. LED Linear ing without people even seeing the fixture. the Gala — the historic aircraft carrier
won Sapphire with the VarioLED Flex Venus Parker will likely bring more novel con- Midway. You have to enter to have a chance
3D True Color for a modular light engine cepts to what has already been an innova- to receive a trophy on the flight deck.
that is bendable in all dimensions. tive team. I didn’t get many details, but the
Still, I find myself expecting the ordinary company is working on placing LEDs in Maury Wright,
when I walk into a manufacturer’s facility. tight arrays and using optics in new ways to EDITOR
Recently, I visited some manufacturers in deliver comfortable, uniform illumination. mwright@endeavorb2b.com
LEDs Magazine® (ISSN 2156-633X, print; 2688-4496, digital), is a registered trademark. ©Endeavor Business Media, LLC 2019, 1233 Janesville Avenue, Fort Atkinson, WI 53538. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part
without permission is prohibited. We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened companies that offer products and services that may be important for your work. If you do not want to receive those offers
and/or information via direct mail, please let us know by contacting us at List Services LEDs Magazine, 61 Spit Brook Road, Suite 501, Nashua, NH 03060. Printed in the USA. GST No. 126813153.
LightShow West
September 25–26, 2019
Blogs Los Angeles, CA
LED+Light Asia
LESA contribution: Balance taste, nutrition, October 1–3, 2019
and crop yield with UV light exposure Singapore
http://bit.ly/2ZBQ9Ho IALD Enlighten Americas
October 3–5, 2019
GLASE contribution: Research Alburquerque, NM
LED Expo Peru
seeks to de-risk technology for October 9–13, 2019
controlled environment agriculture Santiago de Surco, Peru
http://bit.ly/2Gw9yyW LRC LED Lighting Institute
October 22–24, 2019
Troy, NY
Market Research Hong Kong International Lighting Fair
October 27–30, 2019
Custom research delivers Hong Kong
actionable insights for HortiCann Light + Tech Conference
business strategy October 31, 2019
Denver, CO
http://bit.ly/2zrkIkJ
LED Specifier Summit Chicago
November 13, 2019
Company Newsfeed Chicago, IL
LuxLive
Find industry-submitted news and announcements November 13–14, 2019
http://bit.ly/2P9qcuP London, UK
For more online exclusive resources, go to: ledsmagazine.com/resources LED + Elektro
November 13–15, 2019
Brabanthallen Den Bosch, the Netherlands
This ad index is published as a service. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/events
1909LED.indb 7
1909LEDS_Phoenix 1 9/3/19 12:15
8/23/19 PM
1:52 PM
news+views
fixtures delivering PPFD (photosynthetic although there are no units asso- SunLike Series LEDs experiment results
photon flux density) of 200 μmol/m2/sec. For ciated with the index score. The on lettuce yield, antioxidant content
more background on horticultural metrics lettuce grown under SunLike was
43.0 0.55
such as PPFD, see one of our prior feature found to have an index of 0.55 — 37.9
SunLike
articles on horticultural lighting (http:// 41% higher than the samples grown LED
0.39
bit.ly/2Z7pcYV). under standard LEDs.
After two weeks, the lettuce revealed an White
LED
advance in fresh weight with the SunLike LumiGrow vertical cannabis
samples averaging 43g — 13.5% higher than The LumiGrow BarLight fixtures,
the lettuce grown under standard white SPD. meanwhile, consist of linear LED
The antioxidant advantage is more difficult bars that connect to LumiGrow’s Fresh weight (g) Flavonol
to explain. The researchers set to measure EasyRail platform for mounting
the flavonol index, taking leaf measure- and powering horticultural light- Image credit: Graphic courtesy of Seoul Semiconductor.
ments using a test instrument manufac- ing, allowing a grower to easily customize energy. But where LEDs may ultimately
tured by Dynamax. The company’s literature the footprint, or more appropriately, beam shine the brightest for cannabis grow-
says that the device can take nondestructive distribution or pattern over a rack of plants. ing is in operations where the floorplan is
flavonol, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll mea- Many cannabis growers have used a reconfigured and where the LED lighting
surements from leaves. floorplan where plants are clustered under is brought near the plant canopy to enable
Apparently, the flavonol index is deduced a high-pressure sodium (HPS) fixture. And multiple vertical layers of plants.
from how well the leaves absorb ultra- SSL manufacturers have attempted to build The BarLight fixtures are designed to
violet (UV) energy. A higher index num- LED-based fixtures that approximate the mount over 4×8-ft racks of plants. Growers
ber indicates higher f lavonol content, beam of such an HPS fixture in shape and can customize the density of the light bars.
Pathogen sensors
Indeed, the other product that LumiGrow announced recently relies
on smartPAR and is based on a technology partnership with Scanit
Technologies. The SporeCam sensors can be installed on the lumi-
naire infrastructure to monitor plants. The sensors can capture and
identify pathogens on plants such as powdery mildew and Botrytis.
Growers can act on sensor data to proactively eliminate pathogens
and preserve yield in their operations.
We will surely learn more on topics such as plant pathogens,
optimization of growing operations, and ideal SPD for cultivars at
our expanded HortiCann Light+Tech Conference, which will cover
both horticultural lighting and grower technology topics includ-
ing environmental controls, test and measurement, security, and
more (https://www.horticannlt.com/). The event is scheduled for
Oct. 31 in Denver, CO. Also, our Strategies Unlimited organization
has released a market research report covering the North American
cannabis lighting market (http://bit.ly/2GzdEX8). ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/2TsFxoV
PACKAGED LEDS
Museum lighting
The Kunstmuseum Pablo
Photo credit: Image
Picasso museum in Münster, the courtesy of Osram
Ludwig Museum in Koblenz, and the Opto Semiconductors.
LEDsmagazine.com
lished a feature article on the latest in IPS ture, design, engineering, lighting, and infor-
Osconiq LED (http://bit.ly/2ZqFIqg). mation technology activities. We would pre-
Turning to a recent packaged LED Hubbell will rely on Signify for the VLC sume the primary target is for Hubbell to offer
announcement, Osram has been very active and Bluetooth technology and for some the IPS capability in its own lighting products.
in borrowing the best benefits of mid- and cloud services technology, and will rely on But Hubbell does sell some enabling technolo-
high-power LEDs to deliver components Point Inside for mapping, mobile device gies to other lighting manufacturers. ◀
that offer the performance of high-power software, and a location analytics plat- MORE: http://bit.ly/2ZtoSad
www.FutureLightingSolutions.com
LpS 2019
24-26.09.2019 Bregenz, Austria
Visit us at our stand!
We look forward to seeing you.
Booth A9
1909LED.indb 11
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AM
funding
+
DOE LED driver tests
programs
validate improving
reliability and testing
methodology
The US Department of Energy (DOE)
has released its third report on LED
driver reliability based on long-run-
ning accelerated life testing. The agen-
cy’s solid-state lighting (SSL) research-
testing for smart city ing (AST) methodology and show the
drivers tested to be relatively robust to
associate professor of cognitive sciences at “As a truly global player, LEDvance is on the non-visual impact of light to enhance
the University of California at Irvine (UC the forefront of technology innovation in occupant wellbeing and provide a perva-
Irvine). The Light and Health Alliance also numerous aspects of the lighting industry. sive, future-proof infrastructure to homes,
has announced LEDvance as a new member. From our human-centric lighting initia- offices, buildings, and cities,” said Alberto
The NIA-funded research will center on tives to our growing offering of connected Pierotti, head of R&D at LEDvance LLC.
a six-month SSL intervention intended to and IoT-ready luminaires, we strive to lever- “HCL is one of the initiatives we are collab-
improve circadian entrainment, sleep cog- age the full capabilities of the LED light orating with the Light and Health Alliance
nition, and memory. The LRC said 60% of source to provide not only functional illu- on as we continue to advance light.”
individuals with MCI suffer sleep-wake mination and visual comfort, but also utilize MORE: http://bit.ly/30ICtHV
disturbances. A light-centric treatment
that enabled healthier sleep patterns could
improve long-term memory and possibly EPA publishes revised luminaires specification
prevent onset of Alzheimer’s disease. “Our for Energy Star compliance
scientific premise is that sleep spindles, and
the timing of spindles, are critical compo- The US Environmental Protection Agency tion mentions accent lights, cove-mount and
nents of an interaction between electro- (EPA) has finalized Version 2.2 (V2.2) of the under-cabinet lights, downlights, outdoor
physiological events that provide a mecha- Energy Star Luminaires specification. Energy lighting, and portable desk task lights. The
nistic explanation for memory consolidation Star compliance gates many incentive and new specification adds that other directional
during sleep,” said Figueiro. rebate programs and was one of the earliest luminaires that do not fit the definition of a
The LRC believes that circadian disrup- market-transformation programs for LED- lamp or light engine must be characterized
tion is not just a consequence of dementia based lighting, although its future remains
but may also drive the disease pathology. in question under the Trump administration.
Some research has indicated a link between Still, V2.2 expands the scope of SSL products
sleep disruption and amyloid plaques found covered by the specification and adds a new
in the brains of those inflicted with Alzhei- acceptable method of measurement for ANSI/
mer’s disease. IES (American National Standards Institute/
Figueiro remains one of the top research- Illuminating Engineering Society) LM-79-19.
ers in the world studying lighting for health The changes in V2.2 are minor, although
and wellbeing and has done foundational they do add a number of product types to the
work in developing the circadian stimulus scope of Energy Star coverage. For example,
metric (CS) that could ultimately help in the products that include USB charging ports for
effort to deliver lighting-based health bene- portable electronics including task-oriented
fits. She was also the keynote speaker at our desk and floor lamps are no longer excluded
Lighting for Health and Wellbeing Confer- from the Energy Star scope. Moreover, prod-
ence held last July (http://bit.ly/2ZFeo7W). ucts with integral battery backs for use
during power outages are also now included. using luminaire photometry and not source
Light and Health Alliance The prior version of the specification had photometry as allowed in non-directional
Meanwhile, the LRC’s Light and Health also been ambiguous with regard to some luminaires. Essentially, the measurement
Alliance seeks to generally enable broader integral, directional luminaires that did process is applied to the finished luminaire
deployment of lighting for health and well- notspecifically fit within the categories of and not to the LEDs or SSL light engine inte-
being in the indoor environment (http://bit. products defined by the EPA. The specifica- grated in the product. » page 14
1909LED.indb 14
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AM
horticulture | LIGHTING & TECHNOLOGY
A
griculture was one of the original
growth business opportunities dat-
ing to the New Stone Age, and the
practice of farming commercially has con-
tinued to this day. But frankly, it’s rarely been
truly exciting — until today. Technology has
come to agriculture in a major way, led prin-
cipally by easily-controllable LED lighting.
Tech has arrived on the scene, along with
solid-state lighting (SSL), just in time as the
world’s food supply will face incredible pres-
sure going forward. And large-scale venture
investments provide proof of the broad inter-
est. Moreover, the interest goes beyond food
with crops like cannabis and hemp promis-
ing rich rewards. Meanwhile, the populace
needs more vegetables and leafy greens.
Let’s look at some of the latest financial and
technology developments heading into our
HortiCann Light + Tech Conference (see box
on p. 16 for details).
FIG. 1. Cannabis crops can benefit from LED lighting designed for vertical growing
Horticultural goldrush operations, such these LumiGrow fixtures that can provide appropriate light spectra
Let’s start with the interest from the venture to tightly-packed plants. Photo credit: Image courtesy of LumiGrow.
investment community into agricultural or
horticultural startups. We first covered ver- just received a $100 million investment led And Plenty, based in the San Francisco Bay
tical farms using LED-based horticultural by the Ikea venture investment organiza- area, received a $200 million investment
lighting back in September 2016 (http:// tion Ingka Group. That news was broken by back in 2017 with Amazon’s Jeff Bezos and
bit.ly/2Z7pcYV), not long before our first the website Financial Times (https://on.ft. SoftBank involved. Note that Tessa Pocock
Horticultural Lighting Conference. The topic com/2OY3Mg9) and was widely reported will deliver the Closing Plenary at our Hor-
of venture investments was on a slow simmer in other media but has not been formally tiCann event. She is director of lighting
at the time. But we suspected the primary announced by AeroFarms. And note that optimization at Plenty and will discuss the
interest would be investment in the com- unless you are a subscriber, you can’t access transfer of science from the lab to the mod-
panies supplying technology that could be the Financial Times story directly. You can ern plant factory.
deployed in vertical farms around the globe. search for it and access it via a direct Google Of course, legal medicinal and recre-
Instead, the sector would soon witness huge link. The investment wasn’t the first for Aero- ational cannabis is also growing incredi-
investment in the farms themselves. Farms. The company had announced a $40 ble investment, albeit not always so easily
Indeed, we have witnessed significant million round in 2017 with Ikea and celeb- observed and quantified. Geographical-
investment in the past few years. Most rity chef David Chang among the investors. ly-varying cannabis laws mean that you
recently, AeroFarms, based near New York There have also been $100-million-range can’t have a case at the moment where
and discussed in our story linked above, investments in some European farms of late. investors might fund a globally-focused
grower. In the US, growers must operate HortiCann Light + Tech Conference debuts
within a state. We have seen estimates that
cannabis-related investments are near $1 The inaugural HortiCann Light + Tech Conference will take place Oct. 31 in Denver,
billion a year, but only a portion of that is CO. Many of you know that we had planned our 4th annual Horticultural Lighting
dedicated to growing operations. Still, we’d Conference for that date. But at the beginning of August, we made the decision to
speculate that hundreds of millions are expand our scope. As the new name implies, the event will cover technology beyond
going to growers. lighting that is being increasingly used in horticultural applications. We discussed
a few examples in the adjacent article. We will also have more cannabis-centric
Growing trends content in the conference, acknowledging the prolific expansion of that cultivar with
Now let’s turn to trends in growing meth- legal status expanding at an incredible pace.
odology and start with the cannabis sector. The changes in branding and messaging really represent what was already
Because it was illegal in most jurisdictions, happening in our content much more than a change in direction. We will add a
cannabis has long been grown indoors second track for a portion of the day to further expand technology coverage.
and growers utilized the lighting tool Technology beyond lighting has been lurking in past years at our conference. And
most readily available to them — namely, this year our keynote speaker, Neil Mattson of Cornell and the GLASE (Greenhouse
high-pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures. Early Lighting and System Engineering) Consortium, has long been working to bring tech
attempts to replace HPS fixtures with LED to the full greenhouse environment. Note that GLASE has system engineering in its
luminaires on a one-for-one basis were not name and controlling the environment, such as CO2 level, is vital to optimum yield.
very successful. The HPS fixtures produced We have added LumiGrow CEO Jay Albere as a speaker. He has frequently
more total energy. LED products have con- advocated for fully integrated agtech and will share that vision with the audience.
tinued to improve, however, and spec- Meanwhile, the explicit reference we have made to cannabis is not a step we
tral science has made SSL products even took lightly. We have had some cannabis-centric presentations at prior conferences
more effective. and content in our magazine in the past. I have had some very critical emails and
Still, growers are quickly learning that phone calls in the past when we even mention the subject. But I believe we owe it
the footprint and topology of indoor can- to our magazine and conference audiences to cover information on a legal cultivar
nabis farms had to change to fully leverage that will be vital to the overall horticultural sector. We are not endorsing or judging
the benefits of SSL. We first documented the cannabis use. We, like the mainstream lighting companies, simply acknowledge
advantage of a vertical-farm growing opera- what has become a vital and increasingly-accepted market.
tion just over a year ago at Eve Farms in San Hope to see you in Denver. ◀
Francisco (http://bit.ly/2P9xkYq). Fluence —Maury Wright
Bioengineering (now an Osram company)
supplied the two-layer operation, which
resulted in greater yield per square foot. Horticultural SSL stalwart LumiGrow environmental concerns make it clear that
Cannabis, or other fruit and vegetable has also recognized the trend. The compa- the answer is plant factories located nearby
crops like tomatoes or peppers, can never be ny’s latest BarLight product is specifically population centers. In the US, for example,
grown in the tightly-packed layers that are targeted at vertical cannabis operations (p. we can’t keep trucking lettuce all over from
common with leafy greens. But the fact that 6). LumiGrow is also a key player in moving California’s Central Valley.
LEDs don’t generate heat means that the to a more fully integrated technology move- The good news is that we keep seeing
lights can be placed much nearer the plant ment for horticulture — something we are very positive research as to the advan-
canopy. Moreover, scientists are learning also acknowledging with our HortiCann tages of bringing technology to agri-
that the right spectrum can enable flower- event. The company has already partnered culture. Fluence, for example, recently
ing without the plants reaching heights that with Scanit Technologies to offer cameras released research from Wageningen Uni-
were previously thought necessary. that will communicate through the compa- versity and Research in the Netherlands
We now have a number of lighting manu- ny’s wireless network that links luminaires. focused on the use of supplemental light-
facturers advocating the vertical approach The cameras will enable early detection of ing in tomato greenhouses (Fig. 2). The
for cannabis. Illumitex has a blog post on plant pathogens or disease. LumiGrow CEO early results indicate that Fluence’s Phys-
its site that addresses the subject (http:// Jay Albere will speak at our conference on ioSpec Greenhouse luminaires delivered
bit.ly/2P0HtGz). The posting quotes James the integrated agtech movement. an 11% yield increase relative to HPS sup-
Eaves, a professor at Université Laval in Que- plemental lighting.
bec, as saying that going forward the most Vegetables and global food supply At the same time, LED lighting alone con-
important yield metric will become produc- Now on to the food sector, it’s abundantly tinues to enable lettuce, herb, and other leafy
tion relative to cubic meters or feet rather clear that a crisis looms with population green production. Current, powered by GE
than per square meters or feet. The post was growth trends and the shortage of via- just announced that startup AGreen Farms
based on research at the Green Seal Canna- ble land and clean water needed to grow in Philadelphia is using the Current Arize
bis Company in Canada. vegetables for that population. Moreover, Lynk luminaires for salad greens and herbs.
16 SEPTEMBER 2019 LEDsmagazine.com
LEDsmagazine.com
LedsEnd12_LEDS_190604 1 SEPTEMBER 2019 17
6/4/19 1:24 PM
For the latest information on Signify products contact your local FLS sales representative.
This information is accurate at the time of writing. Neither Signify nor its agents assume any liability for inaccuracies or losses incurred
by use or misuse of this information. Check manufacturer’s website for the most recent information.
www.FutureLightingSolutions.com
1909LED.indb 18
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8/21/19 10:53 PM
AM
oleds | INDOOR SSL
R
emember the brave new OLED tech-
nology future, in which organic
light-emitting diodes were going to
make the LED revolution a short-lived one?
Certainly, you recall how proponents have
declared that OLEDs — thin sheets of either
rigid or bendable material that light up —
would replace single-point LEDs as the big
thing in general illumination, offering untold
advantages in design and light quality.
In case you haven’t noticed, the revolution
hasn’t happened. Some 32 years after East-
man Kodak invented OLEDs, and a dozen
or more years after lighting companies first
started talking up the possibilities in the
general illumination market, OLEDs have
yet to make many inroads there (http://bit.
ly/2YdKRNA). While they have their place in
the altogether different market for display
screens, and might be gaining a presence
in the automotive industry for tail lights, in
general illumination they have been mostly
relegated to high-end architectural deploy-
ments where even there they are competing Many OLED enthusiasts are now saying that OLEDs will coexist with LEDs rather than
with improved LED designs. Those designs replace them. In a perfect example, Acuity Brands’ new hybrid Olessence luminaire
include edge-lit planar fixtures that use opti- uses OLED panels for downlighting and LEDs for indirect illumination. Photo credit:
cal light guides to deliver more uniform and Image courtesy of Acuity Brands.
diffuse LED illumination, as LEDs Magazine
covered back in 2016 (http://bit.ly/2yXaubh). panels and finished luminaires. (Despite our And it is costs that remain the number
Along the way there have been casualties. best efforts, LEDs Magazine has not been one challenge for the industry, which seems
Most recently, LG, one of the few makers of able to get LG to confirm.) to have now leapt over two other hurdles
OLED panels for general lighting, seems to And the two biggest names in lighting, Sig- that have been holding it back: energy effi-
have withdrawn from the market. Although nify and Osram, both decided against OLEDs ciency and product longevity.
it still makes OLEDs for display screens, in recent years with Signify (then Philips But wait a moment. OLEDs never were
word on the street is that earlier this year it Lighting) selling off its OLED operation in supposed to take over for LEDs in the first
decided it had enough of OLEDs for illumi- 2015, and Osram CEO Olaf Berlien declaring place. The two technologies have always
nation, pulling the plug on assembly of both OLEDs as too costly for the lighting market in been on a path to coexist. At least that’s
2016 (http://bit.ly/2yZQDZi). In fact, Osram is what OLED supporters are saying now. It’s
MARK HALPER is a contributing editor for winding down all OLED operations — it will a matter of opinion as to whether they are
LEDs Magazine, and an energy, technology, and still provide product to the auto industry for rewriting the perspective on OLED’s his-
business journalist (markhalper@aol.com). tail lights — by the end of this year. tory, or whether they themselves have been
victimized by the high expectations imposed Soft touch ceiling luminaire delivers diffuse and glare-
by marketing and media hype and are now Because OLEDs by their nature emit a softer, free direct white lighting downward with
setting the record straight. diffuse, and glare-free light that is easier OLEDs while pointing LEDs up to the ceiling
The reality, however, does indeed seem on the eye than LEDs, they can be a better for indirect lighting.
to be that OLEDs are now poised to at least human-centric choice. On the other hand, Christian May, division director of flexible
coexist with LEDs, and could do so within LEDs, with their single light point, are better organic electronics at Fraunhofer FEP in Dres-
the next few years — if only more lighting at squeezing into a small package and throw- den, Germany, and an OLED advocate who is
companies would embrace the technology ing light a long distance. OLEDs can produce working on a production process that could
and thus drive down those costs that Osram white light without using anywhere near help cut manufacturing costs, agreed that
cited as so troublesome. the amount of blue that LEDs require, mak- OLEDs were never meant to replace LEDs.
“There certainly was a tremendous ing them ideal for locations or applications “It would be nice to have more OLED in
amount of excitement when the technology that want to minimize exposure to blue-rich general illumination,” said May. “But is there
first made an entreé into lighting, and the light, such as in spaces where workers are on really a need? Yes, there is, but a lot of the
lighting industry started looking at it,” said a night-time shift schedule. They also can be daily needs can be served by other technol-
Jeannine Wang, director of design partner- built to eliminate infrared (IR) or ultraviolet ogies, especially LEDs, in a good manner —
ship for Acuity Brands, one of the few major (UV) wavelengths. So they could have use in not necessarily in the best manner, but in
lighting companies that is actively devel- specific applications such as lighting artwork, a good manner, and for a very reasonable
oping and selling OLED luminaires. “There illuminating food in supermarkets, showing price. Therefore, for the very broad applica-
were some folks that sort of put out the idea off perfume in display cases, or anything else tions, there is not a need for OLED. Of course,
that OLEDs would replace LED. I’m not really subject to perish when exposed to UV or IR. we have advantages like very good quality of
sure where that idea came from. Because But to repeat the newly-established pre- lighting, like color rendering index, and so on.
from a fundamental understanding of how vailing wisdom, the two lighting technologies And more and more studies are coming show-
the technologies work in lighting, just the will coexist. In one microcosm example, Acu- ing this is really important for human wellbe-
physics of it, the two technologies work in a ity builds both into its latest Olessence OLED ing. But to be honest, for daily life and all the
very complementary way.” luminaire, introduced in May. The hanging daily investment on a small scale in house-
holds, and large scale in industry, it’s more
important you can make a good approach
with existing inorganic LED technology.”
Cost concerns
That might sound like odd talk coming from
an OLED enthusiast. But inherent in May’s
observations is this: If OLEDs are to nudge
their way more into LED territory, produc-
tion prices will have to come down. And
that is precisely what May is working on at
Fraunhofer, developing a roll-to-roll (R2R)
production process that, if successful, would
replace the more expensive sheet-to-sheet
process used today (http://bit.ly/2yUTgvk).
That’s a good thing in the eyes of many,
because, despite all the “coexistence” talk,
there is a sense that OLEDs have indeed
underachieved in the market.
“There is a need and an opportunity for
someone to come up with a diffuse surface
source of solid-state lighting [SSL] that helps
produce products that are glare free and that
have a thin and conformable (bendable into
a set shape) form factor,” said independent
consultant Norman Bardsley, who is based in
Danville, CA and who advises the US Depart-
ment of Energy on SSL. “That has not hap-
OLEDs lend themselves more than LEDs to fanciful design possibilities, such as these pened in the way that I hoped and the way a
butterflies created by Fraunhofer. Photo credit: Image courtesy of Fraunhofer FEP. lot of people hoped... I don’t think that OLEDs
20 SEPTEMBER 2019 LEDsmagazine.com
have yet lost out to LEDs in this regard, but have volume that we don’t have at this time. who had worked for OLED inventor Kodak.
there has certainly been a struggle to get their It’s very important to prepare the market for Based in Kodak’s hometown of Rochester, NY,
efficiency up and their cost down. And it’s the penetration in order activate roll to roll.” OLEDWorks is carrying the OLED torch.
cost that’s the big thing.” Or, as Bardsley put it, “Their problem CEO and co-founder David DeJoy noted that
is they haven’t found a way to couple it to in the few instances in which OLEDs have been
Rolling on the industry.” used to directly light large spaces, the reaction
Bardsley is impressed by the R2R work at has been overwhelmingly positive. “People’s
Fraunhofer, which could succeed where oth- The half-full glass consistent experience is this just feels good.
ers have not. Konica Minolta invested heav- The notion that the pieces are in place for It feels like a nice space to be in,” said DeJoy,
ily in an R2R line earlier this decade but failed OLED prominence, and that all it will take who has helped outfit offices in the Rochester
to fire it up commercially. Other entities are now is market acceptance, resonates as a area with OLED lighting. Among the technol-
also working on it, like Taiwan’s Industrial classic “glass half-empty, half-full” situa- ogy’s many attributes that he singles out is its
Technology Research Institute (ITRI), a gov- tion. (Please excuse our mixed chickens and “Lambertian” quality — its ability to spread
ernment-backed group. glass idioms!) On the half-full side, observ- light around equally (http://bit.ly/2OYNUKc).
At Fraunhofer, May said that OLED R2R is ers are wondering why, after all these years, “If you look at the fundamentals of the
for the most part ready and it simply awaits end users and luminaire makers haven’t yet technology, as a Lambertian area light source
market demand. “The general message is OLED clamored for OLED materials from producers. that’s broad spectrum and naturally diffuse,
processing and roll-to-roll is possible. We have Among the reasons they note is that advances it’s really a very good complement to LED,”
done it the last year up to a certain level and we in LED technology such as edge emitters and DeJoy says.
are going ahead in this direction. In general, other developments have allowed LED design- It sounds like DeJoy counts himself in the
the technology is more or less ready.” ers to mimic some of the planar lighting capa- OLED/LED coexistence camp.
There is, however, a chicken-and-egg conun- bility of OLEDs, as mentioned earlier. “These are not technologies that should
drum: There is no mass market of takers. On the half-full side, enthusiasts like Acu- be fighting each other,” he says, pointing to
“Roll-to-roll technology is attractive if you ity’s Wang insist that acceptance is just the Acuity hybrid Olessence luminaire as an
have a large market which can’t be served by around the corner. example. “They are technologies that if used
the conventional sheet-to-sheet processing in No group is more optimistic than Acuity’s properly are harmonious.”
an adequate manner,” said May. “But first you exclusive OLED panel provider, OLEDWorks, But that harmony will not come until the
have to have a market. For that, you have to the company founded in 2010 by scientists costs come down. Again, DeJoy is optimistic,
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1909LED.indb 23
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4:03 PM
recreational lighting | DOMES
A
ir-supported dome structures are
increasingly popular as a way to
enclose sports venues, especially
in areas that have inclement weather much
of the year. Indeed, such structures have long
housed high-profile professional and college
athletic programs. But today, air dome tech-
nology can be used much more widely, even
for recreational sports. Lighting specifiers,
however, must use care in selecting lumi-
naires to light such facilities and under-
stand the loads the luminaires will place
on the fabric structure (Fig. 1). This article
will offer a guide to factoring in the struc-
tural requirements to enable the delivery of
a quality lighting experience. FIG. 1. An air-supported dome, like the well-known Tokyo Dome, requires careful
The specification process starts with a consideration when lighting is being installed. Photo credit: Image by 賀正 (Gashō)
luminaire that is both lightweight and that from Wikimedia Commons; used with attribution under CC BY-SA 4.0.
is able to deliver the quality of light required
in the application. For example, Green Arc motion from vertical as external wind exerts and other functions too, all across the United
Energy Advisors offers durable, lightweight, force against an air dome could produce a States and Canada. In fact, the largest air
maintenance-free LED fixtures called dynamic realized fixture weight of 26.5 lb. dome in the world, the Sports KingDome, is
Eclipse that have a static weight of just 17.5 That dynamic weight remains well below scheduled to open sometime in the latter half
lb (Fig. 2). Moreover, the LED fixtures pro- the maximum tear strength threshold (from of 2019 in East Fishkill, NY, which includes
vide superb color rendering, deliver ideal supporting patches) of 36 lb, but specifiers 160-ft-high ceilings and nearly 350,000
light coverage across an entire field or play- must be able to calculate such stresses to ft2 of field space. Fig. 3 shows the exterior
ing surface, and add significant energy cost ensure reliability. of a dome at a golf practice facility in New
savings over a useful lifespan of more than Here we will consider why the weight and York. Though they generally vary in design
100,000 hours. maximum threshold of hanging light fix- and size, all inflatable structures share the
While the static hanging weight of an tures, as well as the method of installation, same operational principle of being evenly
Eclipse LED fixture is significantly lighter is important within any inflatable structure. pressurized, meaning the internal pressure
than the maximum static hanging weight The discussion validates why the concept must equal or exceed any external pressure
of 25 lb that is typical in an air-supported should be considered across the inflatable being applied to the structure, notably high
structure, static weight is not the only con- structure community to prevent the occur- winds and heavy snow.
cern. The fixtures inherently move and rence of light fixtures tearing from sup- Maintaining the integrity of an air
are attached to fabric patches affixed to porting dome patches and causing poten- dome means that its level of inf lation
the inner surface of the dome. A 30° swing tial injury below. must be adjusted accordingly. This is typ-
ically achieved with computer-controlled
MARCUS VAN DER HEYDEN is a creative Blooming domes mechanical systems that monitor the struc-
marketing consultant for Green Arc Energy There are numerous air-dome structures ture’s degree of inflation, making automatic
Advisors (http://www.greenarceadv.com/). catering to sports and recreational activities, adjustments accordingly. Of course, the
24 SEPTEMBER 2019 LEDsmagazine.com
Math analysis
To clarify what actually occurs within an
air dome while it moves due to the force
of wind, the following analysis by Sepper
helps put the concept in greater perspec-
tive. Keep in mind that the most important
point is that the weight of a static fixture is
not what the D-ring patch realizes when the
fixture swings.
It’s common to see an installation where a
fixture is at an approximate 30° swing angle
from center directly below the attachment
point. According to Sepper, the effective
weight of a swinging fixture can be approx- FIG. 3. An air-supported dome encloses a 17,000-ft 2 golf practice facility in New York.
imated by the following formula: Photo credit: Image courtesy of Green Arc Energy Advisors.
W = Wo[3 ‒ 2cos(θ)]
nent that makes up a fixture) is needed. The The following summarizes the analysis:
Wo represents the actual weight of a fixture previous formula denotes the upper bound
W = Wo[3 ‒ 2cos(θ)]
(e.g., 19 lb) and θ (theta) is the maximum for the effective weight.
tan(θ) = k x/L
angle of the swinging motion. This approx- A large uncertainty factor is the angle of
imation treats the fixture as a point mass swinging motion, which typically depends To facilitate the understanding of what the
located at the center of gravity. The result on the motion of the dome and the mass above analysis means in actual practice, the
distribution of the fixture. The additional graphs in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 demonstrate the
Effective weight (lb)
increase in effective weight due to uncer- findings of effective weight versus displace-
60
tainties in the angle is approximately: ment, and effective weight versus angle. The
50 blue lines start at 36 lb and the red lines start
ΔW = 2Wo sin(θ) Δθ
40 at 19 lb, both of which demonstrate increases
30 Assuming that Δθ (delta theta) ranges as a function of displacement. For a 19-lb fix-
20
between 5° to 10° give an extra weight of up ture, the maximum effective weight is 25 lb,
to 3 lb, with all parameters kept the same. and for a 36-lb fixture, the maximum effective
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 To figure out the maximum angle, an weight is 48 lb. These results are based on the
Displacement off center (ft) assumption is derived regarding how the assumption that the displacement of a fixture
FIG. 4. The effective weight versus the motion of the dome translates into motion is proportional to the displacement of the
displacement of the air dome. Image of the fixture. By using an approximation Effective weight (lb)
credit: Graphic courtesy of Green Arc based on immediate response of the fixture
50
Energy Advisors. to the motion of dome, the result is:
40
tan(θ) = k x/L
in this approximation is independent of the
length of the cable from the D-ring. However, Where x is the distance the dome moves (e.g., 30
the angle θ depends on the motion of the 5 or 6 ft) or displacement, L is the length of
20
dome and the length of the power cable. the cable from the D-ring (e.g., 8 or 10 ft), and
For example, Wo = 19 lb and the maximum k is an experimental factor that depends on 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Angular displacement (deg)
swing angle of 30° demonstrates effective many variables, including velocity, resis-
weight. W = 24 lb at the bottom of the arc. tance, and whether oscillations are syn- FIG. 5. The effective weight versus
The next computation involves equat- chronous or out of phase. Green Arc tested a angular displacement of a fixture up
ing the fixture as a pendulum, for which the few reasonable values. In most situations, k to angles of 35° from vertical. Image
exact mass distribution (i.e., precise length should be in order of 1, though k=0.5 or k=2 credit: Graphic courtesy of Green Arc
measurements and weight of each compo- is possible as well. Energy Advisors.
26 SEPTEMBER 2019 LEDsmagazine.com
dome. The dashed lines illustrate the range is not prudent to suspend a fixture weighing Green Arc’s proprietary LED fixtures
of other possible scenarios. There is a phe- 35 lb or more above a field or court surface, have never experienced a D-ring failure
nomenon of resonance in which the ampli- regardless of the addition of larger patches. over the 5-year period since their intro-
tude of the swinging motion can increase Green Arc Energy Advisors has success- duction to the marketplace, which includes
dramatically if the driving force (i.e., the fully engineered all its LED fixtures with the installations in more than 12 of the nation’s
dome) is moving in phase with the pendulum. clear purpose of being safe, practical, and largest air-supported dome structures.
However, there are damping effects that can
counteract this increase. The dashed lines
capture some of these effects. Since air domes are not static structures,
their constant movement in the wind generates
Summarizing the analysis
In short, it is important to emphasize that motion that is imparted to suspended fixtures.
a fixture weight increase on the order of
nearly 50% apparent to the D-ring can eas- suitable within air domes, not to mention In conclusion, de Chimay said, “The bot-
ily be achieved based on the normal opera- to provide better luminosity, color render- tom line is that understanding the weight
tion of an air-dome structure. As the dome ing, and energy efficiency. “With the analy- of suspended light fixtures is pivotal within
moves, the fixtures move as well, and with a sis, we were able to see that a 30° swing of a any type of inflatable structure like an air
demonstrable effect. Simply put, any asser- heavy metal-halide fixture resulted in going dome. Utilizing lightweight fixtures and
tion that a 35-lb fixture can be easily sup- above the maximum threshold. Our propri- understanding the physics will signifi-
ported within a dome defies the physics of etary LED fixtures, however, puts them way cantly reduce the risk of compromising fix-
the dome itself. A fixture can weigh as much below the maximum threshold. In other tures and spare owners and operators from
as 48 lb when in motion. And while it pro- words, by multiplying 17.5 lb by 150%, we’re any liability damage that may result if a fix-
vides only empirical data, the demonstrated still at 26.4 lb and well below the maximum,” ture was to fall when people are engaged in
analysis should help bolster the notion that it said de Chimay. activities below.”
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The LED driver is now typically the most expensive element full turnkey set of building blocks to an SSL manufacturer.
in a solid-state lighting (SSL) product. Five or six years back, But the driver will accept DALI (digital addressable light-
the LEDs often represented more than 50% of the bill of mate- ing interface) commands and can therefore be used with
rials of a general illumination fixture, but now the driver is any DALI-based control system. The system supports tun-
far more costly than the packaged LEDs in most luminaires. able CCT and brightness with dimming supported down
Meanwhile, the driver design must enable flicker-free output to 1% of full output or what Osram refers to as dim-to-off.
and long life at a minimum. Most products also support dim- The driver output is also programmable on a factory pro-
ming of some type, often with the expectation of smooth dim- duction line, enabling an exact match to the load require-
ming to extremely low levels. Indeed, driver developers face ments of any specific luminaire model, thereby simplify-
these challenges before even getting to specialty applications. ing the driver supply chain and inventory. The secondary
For instance, drivers for outdoor, horticultural, or hazardous use case of the two-channel design is direct/indirect fix-
applications may need enhanced environmental protection. tures where one channel controls the ambient uplight and
Increasingly popular tunable-white products for applications the second channel controls downward task lighting. Photo
such as human-centric lighting need multiple channels. And credit: Image courtesy of Osram.
of course connected lighting is coming to all applications and
impacting the driver. Read on for a look at some of the latest EldoLED SOLOdrive DMX models
innovations in driver design. The Acuity Brands EldoLED SOLOdrive family is a com-
prehensive single-channel driver offering with products
Osram Optotronic TW LED driver ranging from 10W to 100W targeting linear and recessed
Let’s start off with a multichannel lighting, and the newest products in the portfolio are
driver from Osram Digital Systems. 30W models with DMX support. DMX controls are most
The Optotronic TW LED often utilized in architainment (a cross between enter-
driver is a two-chan- tainment and architectural lighting) type applications
nel design with and are not always found in general illumination prod-
two primary use ucts. EldoLED added DMX so that designers and specifiers
cases. The TW suf- have a comprehensive choice of control interface within
fix implies tunable the SOLOdrive family and never have to mix and match
white and indeed such driver products. Moreover, DMX enables manufacturers
tunable systems are the to ship preconfigured products — for instance, to meet
primary target of the driver. regulatory policy such as California Title 24. The new
Luminaire manufacturers can Model 30B-M1Z0X and 30S-M1Z0X feature a 130×72.4×29-
quickly bring tunable products to mm form factor with bottom- or side-fed wiring. The
market for advanced applications such SOLOdrive family further features Acuity’s LEDcode
as human-centric lighting or lighting technology that will enable a manufacturer to combine
for health and wellbeing, or simply for the drivers with most any wireless connectivity module
the ambience of tunability. Indeed, including Acuity nLight controls and Bluetooth-Mesh-
Osram bundles the driver with modu- based modules such as those from Casambi. EldoLED
Osram Optotronic lar Osram PrevaLED light engines and offers specific models with DALI and 0–10V controls.
TW LED driver wall-mounted controls, delivering a All of the SOLOdrive products feature the Acuity Hybrid
I
n the quarter century since Nakamura single emitter or two emitters) and, in one lamp technology. In both cases, the same
invented the first high-brightness, 450- case, a violet-pumped PC-LED with blue physical processes are at play — namely, the
nm blue gallium nitride (GaN) LED, phos- emission entirely eliminated (http://bit. optical pumping of a down-converting phos-
phor-converted white LEDs (PC-LEDs) have ly/2yVxyYc). In all cases, the impact on cost phor. The key difference comes in what hap-
come to dominate the lighting market and and luminous efficiency must be considered. pens to residual optical pump.
others, enabling a host of new applications De-tuning the pump LED from the blue- In the case of fluorescent lamps, a mercury
due to their compact size and low power light hazard region is challenging due to the vapor emits a range of atomic lines through
consumption. Driven by the desire for low- width of the spectral sensitivity of this haz- the UV-visible range, of which the 253.65-
cost and high-luminous-efficiency devices, ard (peaking at 435–440 nm and above 50% nm atomic line optically excites a phosphor
the majority of available PC-LEDs are high- sensitivity between ~410–475 nm). coated on the inside of the lamp envelope
CCT, 450-nm blue-pump variants. Opting for a longer pump wavelength to produce white light. Residual 253.65-nm
As the deployment of PC-LEDs became (around 480 nm) results in poor luminous effi- emission (a germicidal wavelength) is gladly
more widespread, so did reports in the ciency and may increase the optical power in blocked by the glass envelope of the lamp. In
media relating to potential negative impacts the spectral range of the non-visual the PC-LED of today, residual opti-
of their associated strong blue emission, retinal photoreceptors that regu- cal pump is transmitted to form
from photochemical blue-light retinal late our circadian rhythm (peak- part of the PC-LED spectrum we
injury and age-related macular degenera- ing around 480–490 nm, a region are so familiar with today.
tion to disruption of the circadian rhythm. in which 450-nm pump PC-LEDs Moving the pump wavelength
More recently, reports claimed that PC-LED incidentally show a dip in output). to the UV and ensuring blocking of
lighting on supermarket shelves reduces the The use of a lower pump wave- residual UV pump emission by LED
nutritional value of milk and shortens shelf length (typically down to 405 encapsulation must be the ultimate
life (http://bit.ly/2ONKk5t). nm) moves to the periphery of LESLIE LYONS goal. Research on such devices is
Many of these claims are not gener- the blue-light hazard region and ongoing and heavily reliant on the
ally accepted due to the lack of conclu- into the aphakic hazard region. The apha- performance of UV LEDs. As we see UV LEDs
sive research and the wide range of factors kic hazard represents the eye having high reaching higher optical powers, shorter wave-
impacting exposure, including spectral and near-ultraviolet (UV) transmittance, either lengths, and longer lifetimes, perhaps we can
geometrical emission characteristics, expo- due to absence of the UV-blocking lens or, reach this goal soon.
sure duration, and biophysical considerations in the case of infants, due to a lack of UV Recall that the spectrum of the PC-LED
including behavior (not overcoming aversion protection afforded by the developing lens. is not the only aspect in question but also
response to high-luminance sources) and the Some state that the lens is conferred full UV the extremely high radiance and lumi-
yellowing of the lens with age. blocking by the age of two years old; others nance. Decreasing blue-light radiance can
Despite these doubts, it is widely report that this can take up to ten years to also be achieved by avoiding direct viewing
acknowledged that reducing the blue light develop. For such sources, the aphakic radi- of PC-LEDs or increasing the emitting area,
content of PC-LEDs is prudent. This is a ance is greater than the blue-light radiance, for example, by operating PC-LEDs at lower
position shared by some LED manufac- yet international standards do not currently current but using more chips to maintain
turers, as we see on the market PC-LEDs take this case into account. the same luminous output of the luminaire
having alternative pump LED config- I have been struck by the comparison — undoubtedly to the detriment of cost but
urations (using either an alternative between white PC-LEDs and fluorescent perhaps to the benefit of our health.
32 SEPTEMBER 2019 LEDsmagazine.com
2020 CATEGORIES
ILLUMINEER OF THE YEAR
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The sixth annual Sapphire Awards will recognize • Indoor SSL Luminaire Design
the industry’s most innovative LED-centric enabling • Industrial SSL Luminaire Design
technology products and LED-based lighting • LED Drivers
• Lighting for Health and Wellbeing
products in February 2020.
• Linear T8 SSL Lamp Design
The Sapphire Awards will also recognize an • Modular LED Light Engines
Illumineer of the Year, a person or small team • Outdoor SSL Luminaire Design
• Packaged LEDs and OLEDs
responsible for significant innovation in the
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development of LEDs or other enabling components • Specialty SSL Design
for solid-state lighting (SSL) applications. • SSL Enabling Technologies
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WWW.STRATEGIESINLIGHT.COM/SIL2020/SAPPHIREAWARDS
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