2 (a) Explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic

information about internal body structures.

eee eee ee eee EERE EERE EERE EERE EEE Eee ee eee eee eee Eee eee eee eee eee ee eee
eee eee REE Ree E EERE eH Eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eases beeen eee eee eee eee
eee ROR REE OER EEE RETO EEE EEE Eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee HHH eee eee
Se [4]
(b) Data for the acoustic impedances and absorption (attenuation) coefficients of muscle
and bone are given in Fig. 11.1.
acoustic impedance absorption coefficient /kgm*s"" /m muscle 1.7 x 108 23 bone 63% 10°
130 Fig. 11.1
The intensity reflection coefficient is given by the expression (4% -z, r (Z, + ZF
The attenuation of ultrasound in muscle follows a similar relation to the attenuation of X-
rays in matter.
A parallel beam of ultrasound of intensity J enters the surface of a layer of muscle of
thickness4.1.cm as shown in Fig. 11.2.
muscle | bone
beam of ultrasound
4.1¢em
Fig. 11.2
© UCLES 2009 9702/04/M/J/09
For Examiner's Use The ultrasound is reflected at a muscle-bone boundary and returns to
the surface of the
For muscle. Examiner's Use Calculate
(i) the intensity reflection coefficient at the muscle-bone boundary,
COCHFICIONE = ............pguQh-ncccccccsssessrereees [2]
(ii) the fraction of the incident intensity that is transmitted from the surface of the muscle
to the surface of the bone,
ae [2]
(iii) the intensity, in terms of J, that is received back at the surface of the muscle.
INTENSITY = ose eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeees I [2]
© UCLES 2009 9702/04/M/J/09 For Examiner's
as Us 3 (a) State what is meant by acoustic impedance. ™
ee ee ee [1]
(b) Explain why acoustic impedance is important when considering reflection of
ultrasound at the boundary between two media.
eee eee eee ee ee eee eee Eee EERE ERE REE OREO E EERE OEE Eee eee eee eee eee eee eee
ee eee eee eee eee
seuscssueessueessseesuecetscessueessueesuseesaecsusecsusersusersuceesscesaucesnecec
aeeesnceesacessecessecerseees MMWR csssseees [2]
(c) Explain the principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic information
about structures within the body.
eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee OEE eRe EOE ROE Eee Hee eee eee eee eae e eee eee ee
eee eRe eee eee E EOE OHHH EEE OTHE NEEM EH EERE RHEE eH e eee eee eee eH eae e
eee Eee eee ee ee eee EEE EERE EERE EEE EOE EMER RENE EERE eee eee ee ee ee eee ee
eee eee eee EEE ROE R HOE EEe eee e eee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee
eee E AREER OER EEE EEE eee eee eee eee eee eee eee OE ERNE OEE OREO eee eee eee Eee
eee eee eee
© UCLES 2007 9702/04/O/N/07 7 Explain the main principles behind the generation of
ultrasound to obtain diagnostic For
information about internal body structures. Examiner's Use
See ee ee eee eee ee eee ee E EEE E EEE EERE EERE EEE OES R HEHEHE EEE EERE eee eee
Eee ee eeeeee ee eeeeee eeeee reer reer rere rere eer reer reer rere reer rere rere rere ree
ere errr reer errr ere eee rere re rere rere eee reer rere rere eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee)
eee eee Be eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee E EERE O REET REE E REESE EEE EEE EEE EERE
EERE EEE E TEESE EE EEE EERE EEE EERE Eee EEE ee ee Sea eEE eee eeeeeeees Bene eee
eee e eee eee eee eee eee EERE EERE OEE EERE OEE ERR E EEE SHEER HEROES REESE
EERE EEE Eee eee eee Hee Bee sees eeeseeeeeeessenees eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ERROR
EEO ERRNO OREO EEE E EERE REE E EEE EERE eee EEE DAMES R SABES Ree Ee eH eee
eeeeeeeeneeeneeees Beene eee eee ence eee eee eee e eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ene ee
eee ee ee EEE EEE eee eee EEE EEE eeHe ee FRESE Ee eee
eeeeeeeeneseeeseeeneeenseseees wee eee ee ee ee eee eee ee eee eee EE EEE EEE EEE
THERE TEESE EOE E ERO E EOE EEE EERE ESSE SEEDS E EERE OHS ESSA SEE e eee eens
nena eee e nena eeeeseeeseeesenees eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee EERE EERE EERE EE
EERE EEE EEE E eee eee EER RHEE ERE E EEE e Eee e eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee REE
EERE REE Eee EHR EEE H EERE EERE REO RHEE e eee eee eS
© UCLES 2010 9702/43/M/J/10 [Turn over 10 (a) (i) State what is meant by the acoustic
impedance of a medium.
ASIN aR RRB Reset eects oRScIE RL mintLc HR eeiciReeNectaeNSAaeSteCIe [1] (ii) Data for
some media are given in Fig. 10.1. medium speed of ultrasound acoustic impedance /ms|
/kgm? s1
air 330 4.3 x 10?
gel 1500 1.5 x 106
soft tissue 1600 1.6 x 10®
bone 4100 7.0 x 10§
Fig. 10.1 Use data from Fig. 10.1 to calculate a value for the density,of bone. PONG &
cccevcccomancenxcuneoneen kgm [1]
(b) A parallel beam of ultrasound has intensity J. It is incident at right-angles to a
boundary between two media, as shown in Fig. 10.2.
boundary
incident intensity I transmitted intensity I reflected intensity I,
acoustic impedance Z,; acoustic impedance Z,
Fig. 10.2
The media have acoustic impedances of Z, and Z,. The transmitted intensity of the
ultrasound beam is J; and the reflected intensity is I,.
(i) State the relation between J, J; and Ip.
ssiilebaeesiainemsmeieadiemna-
tesinllenellbieianeonnsnsaameeanneaaneppmesmenenneamemenieaamenemmeaamenms
atenee [1]
© UCLES 2010 9702/41/O/N/10
For Examiner's Use (ii) The reflection coefficient a is given by the expression
x (Z ~ Ly (Z, + zy
Use data from Fig. 10.1 to determine the reflection coefficient a for a boundary between
1. gel and soft tissue,
= nsec ccc ceccccessecccecseeseeeeeees [2]
2. air and soft tissue.
O > sccssuceeeeee emcees [1]
(c) By reference to your answers in (b)(ii), explain the use of a gel on the surface of skin
during ultrasound diagnosis.
For Examiner's Use
© UCLES 2010 9702/41/O/N/10 [Turn over 10 (a) State what is meant by the acoustic
impedance Z of a medium.
SEE EEE ERS See! [1]
(b) Two media have acoustic impedances Z, and Z,. The intensity reflection coefficient a
for the boundary between the two media is given by
@=2F GE =:——,,,* (Z+ 2,"
Describe the effect on the transmission of ultrasound through a boundary where there is a
large difference between the acoustic impedances of the two media.
eee e eee eee ee ee eee eee RRR ORE E EERE RRO E EERE E EOE E ERRORS REESE EERE
EEE E EEE HEHEHE EEE ee Oss PERE E SHEESH eee ee eE ee ease eeeee eee eee eee ee ee
eee eee eee eee E REE Eee ERE EERO CREE E EERE EERE EE EH SH eee eR ee OBOE
HEHEHE eee eeeeeeeeeEeeeeeeeenee
sesuseceuucecsussersuseecsusessusersuseersusessnesessusesssneceresseersssesssss MW
cosssssssssssssssssssssssnssessessessssses [3]
(c) Data for the acoustic impedance Z and the absorption coefficient u for fat and for
muscle are shown in Fig. 10.1.
Z/kgm2s-1 ulm
fat 1.3 x 10° 48 muscle 1.7 x 108 23 Fig. 10.1
The thickness x,of the layer of fat on an animal, as illustrated in Fig. 10.2, is to be
investigated using ultrasound.
surface S fat incident ultrasound <$—————S wy Fig. 10.2
© UCLES 2011 9702/41/M/J/11
For Examiner's Use The intensity of the parallel ultrasound beam entering the surface S of
the layer of fat is I.
Fo The beam is reflected from the boundary between fat and muscle. Examiners The
intensity of the reflected ultrasound detected at the surface S of the fat is 0.012 I. Use
Calculate
(i) the intensity reflection coefficient at the boundary between the fat and the muscle,
COCHFICIONE = ............-.pgQQ-necccccccsscsssssceecees [2]
(ii) the thickness x of the layer of fat.
DW" ceesascante any tuteueuenmnypererenee heen cm [3]
© UCLES 2011 9702/41/M/J/11 [Turn over 10 Explain the principles of the generation
and detection of ultrasound waves.
eee eee eee eee eee eee eee EEO e eee eee eee eee eee
eee eee eee eee eee eee eee EERE OEE EEE e eee Eee eee
© UCLES 2011 9702/43/O/N/11 [Turn over 10 (a) By reference to ultrasound waves, state
what is meant by acoustic impedance.
sa senenatidneeeRieeenemenmenernieiernncnrnenmemnaneinn aan eaniannena [2]
(b) An ultrasound wave is incident on the boundary between two media. The acoustic
impedances of the two media are Z, and Z,, as illustrated in Fig. 10.1.
boundary
incident
wave
Fig. 10.1
Explain the importance of the difference between Z, and Z, for the transmission of
ultrasound across the boundary.
Bee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee EERE EERE RHEE HEHE EH EHR EEE EEE eee
HEH SHH eee eee eee eee eee eee EES eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee
EERE eee eee eee ee eee eee ee
ili si AIAN ea eden acai [3]
(c) Ultrasound frequencies,as high as 10 MHz are used in medical diagnosis. State and
explain one advantage of the use of high-frequency ultrasound compared with lower-
frequency ultrasound.
eee ee ee ee ee ee eee eee eee EEE EERE REE EERE EEE EERE eRe ee eee eee eee eee eee
For Examiner's
© UCLES 2013 9702/42/M/J/13 [Turn over
10 10 (a) Explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic
information about internal body structures.
sececcuseesssecsuceesuscsuscerucsstuesesucessucceseecusestscsesusceceecesserg GMMR
cssccccsccsescssssscusecsssecsesecseeecseeeees [6]
(b) State and explain one advantage of the use of high frequency ultrasound as compared
with low frequency ultrasound for medical diagnosis.
1. iecantennnaneniasiemeeanipaiaene tian ce Gina iiR RNR INRA [2]
(c) The absorption (attenuation) Coefficient for ultrasound in muscle is 23m~'. A parallel
beam of ultrasound is passed through a muscle of thickness 6.4cm.
(d) Calculate the ratio intensity of transmitted beam intensity of incident beam ~ lallO =
sccm aemeerereamres [3]
For Examiner's Use
© UCLES 2013 9702/42/O/N/13 [Turn over
11 (ii) An ultrasound transmitter emits a pulse. Suggest why, when the signal from the
pulse is processed, any signal received later at the detector is usually amplified more than
that received at an earlier time.
eee eee eee eee eee eee OEE EOE EERE eee eee eee eee eee eee
© UCLES 2013 9702/42/O/N/13
12 13
11 (a) By reference to ultrasound waves, state what is meant by the specific acoustic
impedance of
a medium.
ee [2]
(b) A parallel beam of ultrasound of intensity J is incident normally on a muscle of
thickness 3.4cm, as shown in Fig. 11.1.
transducer
sg] ge
muscle bone
NN incident intensity I
i aaenttes FT| reflected intensity I,
Fig. 11.1
3:4cem
The ultrasound wave is reflected at a muscle-bone boundary. The intensity of the
ultrasound received back at the transducer is J,.
Some data for bone and muscle are given in Fig. 11.2.
specific acoustic impedance | linear absorption coefficient /Kgm-*s"" /m-' bone 6.4 108
130 muscle 1.7x 108 23 Fig. 11.2 © UCLES 2014 9702/43/O/N/14 14
(i) The intensity reflection coefficient a for two media having specific acoustic
impedances Z, and Z, is given by
= (Z, — Z,)
Be oF

Calculate the fraction of the ultrasound intensity that is reflected at the muscle-bone
boundary.
TREACUIONY ce Pores eee ceenvereceeeceneeees [2]
(ii) Calculate the fraction of the ultrasound intensity that is transmitted through a
thickness of 3.4cm of muscle.
oe [3]
(iii) Use your answers in (i) and (ii) to determine the ratio ‘8.
VatiO) = seca sneeere ees erserserereeemesereenmewaren [2]
© UCLES 2014 9702/43/O/N/14 [Turn over 10 (a) State what is meant by the specific
acoustic impedance of a medium.
Sica IRIAN A A RIIIRICT Ree ROREURRRERN RENN aR eRTERREEEERE
LEmeKerEmenmnecesale [2] (b) The specific acoustic impedances Z of some media are
given in Fig. 10.1. Z/kgm?s"| air 4.3x 102 gel 1.5x 108 soft tissue 1.6x 108 bone 7.0x 10° Fig.
10.1
(i) The density of a sample of bone is 1.7x 10%kgm-,
Determine the wavelength, in mm, of ultrasound of frequency 9.0 x 10°Hz in the bone.
WEVGIBTIEA = cccessscnemnccumuenensmmenennnsimecamanens mm [3]
© UCLES 2015 9702/42/M/J/15 16
(ii) Ultrasound of intensity I is incident normally on the boundary between two media of
specific acoustic impedances Z, and Z,, as shown in Fig. 10.2.
S © cS
Fig. 10.2 Ss
The intensity of the ultrasound reflected from the boundary is wy
i The ratio + is given by the expression SY
I Pear’ &
By making reference to the data for air, gel a ‘aot tissue, explain quantitatively why, during
medical diagnosis using ultrasound, a sually put on the skin.
© UCLES 2015 9702/42/M/J/15 [Turn over 17
5 Ultrasound may be used to obtain information about internal body structures.
(a) Suggest why the ultrasound from the transducer is pulsed.
eee eee eee eee ee eRe REE EEE EERE REE EEE E EERE EERE EOE HERERO ERENT REO
EERE eee eee eee eee eee
2 RCN ICR ennetaeneannNnRNnERnenmnnnng iT [2] (b) (i) State what is meant by specific
acoustic impedance.
Bee eee eee eee ee eee REE ERE EERE EERE EERE E OEE E HEED EERE EEE EEE E EERO
EERE EERE ESE EEE SESE EEE EE SHER ERE O HSE EEE EEE eH eH eee eee
eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee REE ROE EEE ERR E EE EERE EERE EERE E EOE EEE ee eee
eee ese bee eee eben eeseseeeeseeenenenees
{aA CN gilli aig Meat [2]
(ii) Aparallel beam of ultrasound of intensity J, is incident normally on the boundary
between two media, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
specific acoustic specific acoustic impedance Z, impedance Z,
ee incident beam ransmitted beam intensity I, intensity I,
SS
Fig. 5.1
The media have specific acoustic impedances Z, and Z,. The intensity of the ultrasound
beam transmitted across the boundary is ;.
Explain the significance of the magnitudes of Z, and of Z, on the ratio I;/Ip.
Reece cee eee eee eee eee eee eee ERE ROE E ERROR ERE EERE EERE EERE eee ee eee eee
eee Be eee eee eee eee Eee eee EEE EEE ERE EERE EEE EERO EEHEHEE EERE E eee EERE e
Eee
sezanrn pnesene mosn tm sen ee ase senses nasacaaa ar aecmemeaae [2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2016 9702/42/O/N/16 4 Explain the main principles of the generation of
ultrasound waves for medical use.
eee eee eee eee eee eRe EERE EEE REET REET EEE EEO REE
see Wadia NE suse eataeeeRsaant sl RaaRe eens Heewesisebe saUREE SWE suiewE ANS
NAEEES peanmenennnnnnes = eee ,
© UCLES 2017 9702/42/F/M/17
18 19
4 (a) Explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic
information about internal body structures.
eee eee ee eee ee eee Eee REE EE EERE EERE EERE Eee ee eee eee ee eee ee
eee eee eee eee EEE Ree eee
© UCLES 2017 9702/42/M/J/17 [Turn over (b) A parallel beam of ultrasound has intensity
J, as it enters a muscle of thickness 4.6cm, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
Ki
beam of ultrasound
—_________»>
Fig. 4.1
S we
The intensity of the beam just before it leaves the muscle is I. Rg The ratio Ip/I; is found to
be 2.9.
Calculate the linear attenuation (absorption) cant the ultrasound in the layer of muscle.
[Total: 9]
Ss
= cm“ [3] SS It Ge cetsccipisesdiedarerncbenmcsiomeniialeiten Ss

© UCLES 2017 9702/42/M/J/17 4 (a) Explain the principles behind the generation of
ultrasound waves for diagnosis in medicine.
eee ee eee ee eee EEE EEE EEO EERE EEE EERE EERE EEE REE
Cee eee eee eee eee ee ener eee eee ee eee ee ee eee ee eee
© UCLES 2017 9702/42/0/N/17
21 (b) Ultrasound frequencies as high as 10 MHz are used in medical diagnosis. Suggest one
advantage of the use of high-frequency ultrasound rather than lower-frequency ultrasound.
© UCLES 2017 9702/42/0/N/17 [Turn over 5 (a) Explain the main principles behind the
use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic information about internal body structures.
Bee ee eee eee ee eee eee eR Eee Eee E EERE ERE E REESE EERE EE REE SEES ESSER EERE
EEE OEE SERRE EEE E HERE E TREE OREO R EHR EEE eee eee ee eee eeeeeeeee sees
Beene eee eee eee eee eee eee EERE EERE Ree E EEE EERE EEE E EE ROE SOE EEE REE
SEES EEE SEE EERE EEE EHH EERE HERE E REE Ee EEE eee eee eee eee eae eae Bete eee
eee eee eee ee Eee RE EERE REE EEE ERE E REESE EE EEE SEETHER EERE EERE RETO E
EERE EERE EERE HERE E ERE E RHEE R EHR EERE eRe e eee ees ee eee Eee Bee eee eee
eee eee e ee eee Ree RE ERE EERE EERE EERE EOE EEE ROSES REET ESSE SEER EEE SEES
EERE E TREE EE EEE DEED EEE eee EEE ee eee este ees eee seneeenesssesees ene eee eee
Re Eee REE EERE EERE EERE REO E EERE EEE E EEE E EERE EERE HETERO ee EEE H
HEHE EERO eee ee eee eee eee Bee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee EERE E EEE O EER HEHE
EEE ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee Hae bereeeeeeeeeteneeeseeeneeeeseesees Pere eee
erererererrr err errr rr rrrr rrr rrr rrr rer errr errr errr rere reer rire rr ree rere rere rere
rere reer errr eee) errr rere eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee
eee eee Ree ee REE RRR EEE REE EERE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EOE EE ees SEM DBE SSH E
ee EE Ree Eee en eee eee eee e seen eneeeeeeeeees Bene eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eRe
Ree REESE ETHERS E SEES ESE E SSE E HESS EERE H SEE SEES HMR RNs HEE See EE ee
Eee eee eens seen eee eeeeeeneeeneeseeseeseeeeaees
nena NNER UR RRS RS RACER NINES aCtuNaiice TI saceicnctehetne nanan
aniiniilAAnnisatnintinaincmnncnninsnnniion [6]
(i) Define specific acoustic impedance.
eee eee eee EE ROR E EEE OEE EERE EEO E HEHE EEE H EEE REET EEE E EERE EERE
HEHEHE ERE EEE EEE EE
secsssucssnecsnecenscsncssncssngA UM
ccsssccsssucssucssrucsesscssssssssssesssucssucssucessessscsssusesscenscceusesacerseee
nseenecs [2]
(ii) Two media have,specific acoustic impedances of Z, and Z,.
The magnitudes,of the acoustic impedances may be almost equal or very different. State
howsthese differences affect the intensity reflection coefficient at the boundary between
the two media.
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2018 9702/42/F/M/18 [Turn over
23 4
Piezo-electric transducers are used for the generation of ultrasonic waves.
(a) State one other use, apart from in ultrasound, of piezo-electric transducers.
seuvsessusessuesessuesensusecssucessuseersuscetsuseessucessuseersuesesssucesnsscess
usessausessuseessesessuisersucesssssessuseessesessseeessal [1]
(b) Explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic
information about internal body structures.
eee eee ee eee ee ee RRR EER ERROR EERE EERE EERE EERE EERE EERE REE EE EERE
EEE ERE EEE EEE EEE e eee eee eee seen eee eneees eee eee eee ERE EERE EEE EEE
ESHER EEE EOE EERE EEE EHH EEO EEE ERM EHR A EEO eRe eee Bee eee eee eee eee eRe
REE Eee EEE EEE E EEE eee eee E eee eee ee eee eH e bee seen eens eaten eee ee eee
eeeeeeee eee eee eee eee eee Ree eee Eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee aM RMR ESE e
eee nen e eee ee ee ee eee eeeeeeeeesese ee eee ee eee eee ERROR ROR E EEE EEE Eee eee
RENEE EERE Eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee EERE EEE EERE
EERE EERE REESE EE EERE EEE EEE EEE EME RMSE R HEHEHE EEE OEE HEHE eee een e
eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee ee Ree REE RRR Eee ERROR EEO P ORM EERE e eee
eee eee eee eee eee eee eee EEE EEO ROE EERE EERE EH RE EEN EERE E EEE E EEE EE
EEE ERROR HERE HEEEEEREE EERE eee
sieiicaddmsieiniras auabaa car nemcmnamicaas suman emannanuicsallan ARMs vans
snuinie aneuminnnuaewteanxheManERentansUMNMcanmMNmemacanenMmNNNNNE
[6][Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 9702/41/M/J/18 [Turn over
24