Types of Bonding

Physically hardening adhesives

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Drying Adhesives
Technology
They are made of polymers dissolved in solvent
(Polychloroprene, Polyurethane) or dispersed in
water (white glue based on PVA (Polyvinyl acetate,
cellulose, casein, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl
pyrrolidone composition).

Bonding process
The setting process of bonding is obtained by
solvent evaporation, water evaporation or
coalescence (When water or solvant is evaporated,
the polymers’molecules become closer and closer
until to form a continous film adhesive) of a water-
based dispersion polymer.

Applications
Depending on the chemical composition of the
adhesive, they will adhere to different materials to
greater or lesser degrees. These adhesives are
typically used for cellulosic supports (paper,
cardboard and wood) or household applications.

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Contact Adhesives
Technology
They are made of Natural Rubber and
polychloroprene (Neoprene).

Bonding process
They must be applied to both surfaces and allowed
some time to dry before the two surfaces are
pressed together. Once the surfaces are pushed
together, the bond forms very quickly, hence, it is
usually not necessary to apply pressure for a long
time. So there is no need to use clamps.

Applications
Contact adhesives find use in furniture and footwear
Industries.

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Hot Melt Adhesives
Technology
These solventless adhesives are based on
thermoplastic materials. A thermoplastic is a
polymer that turns to liquid when heated and
freezes to a solid upon cooling

Bonding process
The hot-melt adhesive is heated and applied in its
liquid state with the aid of glue guns or nozzles and
the bonding is obtained in few seconds by cooling.

Applications
Hot melt adhesives are used in packaging, book
binding, textiles, footwear and furniture, automotive,
electronic industries.

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Pressure Sensitive Adhesives (PSA)
Technology
Pressure Sensitive is a term commonly used to
designate a distinct category of adhesives based on
elastomeric materials, such as Styrene Block
Copolymers, which in dry form are permanently
tacky at room or low temperature.

Bonding process
This adhesive forms a bond when pressure is
applied to marry the adhesive with the substrate.

Applications
Pressure sensitive adhesives are designed for both
permanent or removable applications and some
high performance permanent PSA exhibit high
adhesion values. They are used in pressure
sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile trim,
and a wide variety of other products.

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 Summarisation
Description Bonding mechanism Base raw materials Area of application

Packaging, printing, textiles, shoe-making and

Ethylene/ vinyl acetate copolymers,
Hotmelts Solidification woodworking, car manufacturing, electrical
polyamides, polyesters, etc.
engineering.

Polymeric vinyl coumpounds,

Wet
polymethyl methalcrylate, Printing and packaging, bonding PVC pipes, adhesives
Solvent containing Evaporation of solvent
natural and synthetic rubber, used in the home
adhesives
etc.
Polychloroprene,
Floor coverings, mattress and shoe manufacturing, car
Contact adhesives Evaporation of solvent butadieneacrylonitrile, rubber,
manufacturing
etc.

Non water-soluble copolymers of

Dispersion vinyl acetate, also in
Evaporation of water Packaging, shoe-making, woodworking
adhesives combination with co-monomer,
polyacrylates, etc

Other water-based Glutin, casein, dextrin, cellulose,

Evaporation of water Paper, wallpaper
adhesives polyvinyl alcohol, etc.

Pressure sensitive Via surface contact of Special polyacrylates, polyvinyl Adhesives tapes for handicraft work and industrial use,
adhesives tacky layers ether, natural rubber, etc. plasters, sticky labels

Sol-gel process on
Plastisols PVC and plasticisers Vehicle bodywork construction
heating

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Chemically hardening adhesives

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Polyurethane Adhesives
Technology
Polyurethanes adhesives are based on
Polyisocyanates and Polyether / Polyester Polyols
chemistry. They are available in one or two
components systems.

Bonding process
The one component adhesive (PU1K) reacts with air
humidity and can be applied at room temperature
(PUR) or at high temperature like a hot-melt
adhesive (HMPUR). The two components adhesive
(PU2K) needs to be mixed according specific ratio
before use.

Applications
They find use in Industrial Assembly, flexible
packaging, windsceen bonding.

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Epoxy Resin Adhesives
Technology
Epoxy adesives are a major part of the class of
adhesives called “structural adhesives". As for the
polyurethanes, they can be one or two components
systems.

Bonding process
The one component epoxy needs to be cured at high
temperature, whereas the two components epoxy
bond at room temperature. They can be made
flexible or rigid, transparent or opaque/colored, fast
setting or extremely slow setting.

Applications
These high-performance adhesives are used in
many applications (transportation, golf clubs, skis,
snow boards, household) where high strength
bonds are required.

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Anaerobic Adhesives
Technology
anaerobic adhesives based on diacrylate chemistry
are single-component adhesives that harden rapidly
to form a strong bond between surfaces from which
air is excluded.

Bonding process
Oxygen is an inhibitor for anaerobic adhesives. In
the presence of oxygen in air, the product does not
react and stays liquid. These two following
conditions are needed for proper cure:
•Contact with a metal surface.
• Absence of oxygen or air.

Applications
They are recommended for use on metal surfaces,
for threadlocking of nuts and bolts

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Cyanoacrylate Adhesives
Technology
Cyanoacrylate adhesives are one-part acrylate
adhesives often called “Super glues®”.

Bonding process
Cyanoacrylate adhesives cure instantly on contact
with mated surfaces through a reaction with surface
moisture (anionic polymerisation).

Applications
They are used in Industrial and consumer glues, in
the veterinary glues and in medical applications.

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Silylated Polymer Adhesives
Technology
Moisture curable Silylated Adhesives & Sealants are
a part of these last years’ recent developments.
Silane-modified adhesives and sealants based on
SMP (Silane modified polymer) are designed as one-
component systems.

Bonding process
SMP adhesives have to be applied from 5°C to 30°C
and bond within 10-30 minutes by reaction with air
humidity.

Applications
Due to their chemical structure these kind of
polymers exhibit good weathering and aging
resistance as well as an almost universal adhesion
spectrum without need of primers. They excel where
elastic construction joints are required

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Silicone Adhesives
Technology
Silicone adhesives are based on Polysiloxanes
chemistry which allows high flexibility even at low
temperature as well as humidity and temperature
resistance. They are available in one or two
components systems.

Bonding process
Both systems cure by polycondensation initiated by
moisture for the one component system and by
reaction of a silicic acid ester with polysiloxane for
the two components system.

Applications
Silicone adhesives give moisture resistant bonds
for glass and ceramics therefore is mainly used for
sealing joint in sanitary application.

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 Summarisation
Curing
Description Base raw materials Areas of application
mechanism

Bonding small components, bonding all types of glass,

Cyanoacrylates Polymerisation Cyanoacrylates
fabric adhesives, spray-on bandages

Bonding plastics in the car and rail vehicle

Methyl methacrylates Polymerisation Methyl methacrylates
manufacturing industries

Anaerobically curing Engines, electric motors, securing screws, cam-shaft

Polymerisation Rol diacrylates
adhesives connections

Wood materials, bonding brake and clutch linings,

Phenol-formaldehyde
Polymerisation Phenols, formaldehyde structural bonding of aluminium in aircraft
resins
manufacture
Seals, car manufacturing, electrical enginnering; special
Silicones Polycondensation Polyorganosiloxanes applications in aeronautics and aerospace
technology

Aromatic tetracarboxylic anhydrides Bonding metals in aeronautics and aerospace

Polyimides Polycondensation
and aromatic diamines technology

Structural adhesives in car and aircraft manufacture;

Epoxy resin Oligomeric diepoxides and
Polycondensation vehicle bodywork construction, electronics, bonding
adhesives polyamines or polyamidoamines
fibre-reinforced plastics, repair work
Vehicle bodywork construction, bonding materials with
Di-functional and sometimes tri-
very different load and temperature expansion
Polyurethanes Polyaddition functional isocyanates, polyols,
properties, bonding panes of glass in car
polyether, polyesther
manufacture

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