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1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. CAPABILITY DESCRIPTION 6
2.1 NEEDS 6
2.2 REQUIREMENTS 6
2.3.1 PERSONNEL 7
2.3.2 ORGANISATION 8
2.3.5 SUPPLIES 18
2.3.6 FACILITIES 19
2.3.7 SUPPORT 21
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY 27
4. ACRONYMS 28
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FIGURES
TABLES
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1. Introduction
The Australian Defence Forces have identified a major system need with special capabilities
that is required to be developed by the Australian Industry, a new system named an Air-
Throughout Assignment 1 three essential capabilities of the system of interest were analyzed
to cover the most important burdens of the customer: High Speed Responsiveness, Structural
Survivability and High Tactical Mobility. The scenario of the capability, core of the new
development in order to create the new system is described as follows: “The Amphibious
Vehicle shall be able to move in different kind of surfaces covered with obstacles and slopes,
have high speed in flat surfaces and long range endurance, navigate in water and also it shall
Taking into account the scenario above mentioned, this report addresses the needs of the
customer, describes the requirements and explores in detail the Fundamental Inputs of
Capability focusing on the current means to cover all the conditions related to them as well as
proposed short-term measures while the system of interest is developed using a morphological
table [1], a functional logical architecture [2] and a function to component diagram [3] which
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2. Capability description
2.1 Needs
The DOD of Australia has identified the need to develop an amphibious vehicle (ADAV
System) with special features related to the High Tactical Mobility (HTM) capability.
The high tactical mobility capability development will provide vehicles for operating in the
most extreme surface conditions, water environments and be deployed by air along with all
their equipment.
The circumstances where ADAV is going to be deployed are highly harsh and hostile and it is
necessary to ensure that it has the proper performance to cross several types of terrain,
conditions and obstacles in ground or water as well as the possibility to be deployed by air.
According to the customer, the following needs will require being covered to fulfil the ATM
2.2 Requirements
According to the needs mentioned above, the following conditions will be covered by the
₋ Ground mobility in obstacles (up to 80 cm) and trenches (up to 200 cm).
2.3.1 Personnel
The personnel involved in the operation and maintenance of this system related to HTM will
manoeuvre and work in different kind of missions, environments, conditions and schedules.
For that reason the following factors are essential to select the appropriate personnel.
The personnel recruited for operate this system must have personal qualities such as:
Furthermore, basic skills such as: Effective communication, computer and technical literacy,
interpersonal abilities, teamwork skills, planning and organizing, leadership and management
2.3.1.2 Qualifications
The personnel involved in the operation of the Vehicle must have Bachelor Degree related to
engineering, business and management, computer science, education, health care, information
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The personnel involved in the maintenance of the Vehicle must have Bachelor Degree and/or
The personnel required for the operation of this new system must have at least 3 years in
The personnel required for maintenance must have at least 2 years of experience in armament,
structural repairing, piston engines, avionics, electrical maintenance, quality control and
helicopters maintenance.
2.3.2 Organisation
The organisation for the operation of the system must have 1 driver, 1 navigator and 4
additional crewmembers that must be trained to employ the armament systems. Related to
design, production, installation, operation and maintenance phases the structure is composed
by one main director and 3 departments according to the system lifecycle: Design and
Requirements, Implementation and Operations Support and Disposal. The following features:
The qualifications must be followed according to section §2.3.1.2 and the competency
requires that the crewmembers of the Amphibious Vehicle have the following experience:
- The driver must have at least 5 years of experience in the operation of amphibious
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- The armament operators must have at least 2 years of experience in similar roles in
military vehicles.
In the system engineering cycle, the bosses of the departments must have an experience at
least 10 years in their respective position. In addition, their staff must have at least 2 years of
experience in their respective roles related to planning, design, manufacture, operations and
maintenance.
2.3.2.2 Structure
The engineering life cycle has the following structure where are described the different steps
of each phase according to Figure 1 and the Command and Control organisation is presented
in section 2.3.8.1.
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2.3.3 Collective training
The required training must be given to all the personnel assigned (operators and maintenance
personnel) in order to acquire the adequate competencies and skills in their respective tasks.
The training is divided in training system and field training and they are explained below.
The training system for operators is composed in 3 parts: academic section, simulator, ADAV
emergencies, normal procedures, planning performance, human factors and first aid)
(recurrent training)
- Grading Decision: emergencies course is required 100% to pass and for the rest of
- Issue of certificates
- Records Control
- Documents control
The training system for engineering staff is related to an academic instruction it has the
following structure:
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- Class size: maximum 15 students per class
- Issue of certificates
- Records Control
- Documents control
Reference source not found. in order to learn the tactical advantages of the air, water and
ground mobility and implement them in real scenarios in the future, the interoperability
among the different forces (Air Force, Navy and Army) will develop the competency on high
tactical mobility with emphasis on long-term readiness critical war fighting skills. To make
this requirement possible, the amphibious vehicle has to be deployed to real combat and
applying the lessons learned in the simulator and ADAV training mentioned before. The
After an evaluation of possible alternatives for covering the requirements, there was detailed a
morphologic table [2] related to the different functions of the capability and their potential
components, this table assesses every option with a mark and the red lines show the most
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Table 1- Tactical Mobility Morphologic Table
Taking into account the top-down model of the functional analysis allocation, the high
Input, Supporting and output which are detailed in Figure 1 which describes the
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Similarly, those functions were detailed in Appendix A in a diagram that represents the
functional logical architecture and denotes the sequence what the system will do respect to the
The Air-Deployable Amphibious Vehicle with an acquisition cost around $100m and $500m
represents a major system of armoured personnel carriers. It will be designed with the
following characteristics: 8 wheel (4 by each side) for ground mobility, with independent
suspension and automatic transmission to improve comfort for crew and equipment, using this
feature the amphibious vehicle will be able to cross side slopes at maximum 30 degrees, cover
maximum gradient for climbing slopes. Also an adjustable suspension will allow trimming
the vehicle in three different positions in order to adapt to different characteristics of the
surface.
As the core of the capability, this System is divided in 5 different systems: Ground Mobility,
Water Mobility, Air Mobility, Electronic Navigation War System and Tactical
Furthermore, following the sample functional breakdown model [3] respect to the functional
architecture, the design was developed and the physical components are described coming up
This is one of the main functions of the capability and the essential component which enables
the military forces to move efficiently from place to place relative to the enemy, this system
will cover all the requirements related to powertrain and powerplant and the ground features
This sub-system is the main component that generates power and delivers it to the road
surface. This includes the transmission, drive shafts, final drive connected to the wheels and
the hydraulic system coupled to the wheel system which will allow adapting to sloped
This component will control the amount of hydraulic pressure that the struts attached to their
respective wheel must have in a particular slope condition in order to keep the gravity centre
of the vehicle within limits, the signals for setting up the struts position are provided by a
vertical gyro.
These components sense the attitude position of the ADAV with reference the horizon. It
provides to the slope system control indications for positioning the struts.
The hydraulic system attached to the six wheels through struts, provides stabilisation in
manoeuvres during ground operations in different kind of surfaces, absorbs loads, keeps the
gravity centre within limits and insulates the structure and occupants from shock.
This system consists on a drive shaft assembly coupled to the 400 Hp Engine to the input of
the axle assembly and provides the thrust required for ground mobility.
Each main wheel consists on a strut assembly, drag beam, axle assembly, wheel, tire and
hydraulic brake.
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2.3.4.3.1.3 Automatic Transmission system
This system changes as the gear vehicle moves freeing the driver from having to shift gears
manually, reducing the workload in the vehicle cabin. It will allow a more appropriate internal
combustion of the engine run at a relatively high rotational speed, to provide a range of speed
The powerplant system consists of one demountable power package containing the engine,
2.3.4.3.2.1 Engine
This component is a Diesel 400 Hp engine with front drive used as the primary powerplant for
the vehicle. The engine will have a fuel consumption of 40 gallons per hour and it will be
designed with piston cooling and steel top pistons for improved reliability and durability. The
engine also will have electronic control features such as diagnostics, data downloading,
Two interchangeable fuel tanks will be installed. The tanks will be crash-worthy and self-
sealing. They will be designed in rubber because this material allows higher ballistic
protection. The usable capacity of each tank will be 250 gallons (1.1 m³) in order to cover a
range of 750 km at 75 km/h, taking into account the fuel consumption described in section
This is the second of the main functions of the capability and is the component that uses
power from the 400 Hp Engine and supplies it on propulsion over water.
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2.3.4.4.1 Propulsion Power system
This accessory will be part of the power train system in water and it will be connected directly
to the 400 Hp Engine that produces thrust in ground. When the vehicle is on water the ground
wheel transmission system will be disengaged from the Engine and it will be engaged to the
Waterjet bilge pumps in order to provide thrust at maximum speed of 4 m/s (15 km/h).
The water propulsion system will have six Waterjet bilge pump, three in each side of the
vehicle. The pumps will be designed with the highest diameter possible in order to maximize
the thrust using minimum power and it they will be connected to the 400 Hp ground engine as
This sub-system is a supporting function of the capability which allows air mobility by
transport helicopters CH-47; the vehicles can be carried by air for long distances up to 60
nautical miles and they can be deployed in confined areas with obstacles up to 80 feet height.
This sub-system includes the cargo hook system and its control panel.
The cargo hook hoist system consists of a 27.000-pound-capacity rings and electrical circuits
which control it. The rings located in the upper side next to the gravity centre of the vehicle
structure allow stabilisation in the external load procedures of the helicopter. The cargo hook
hoist system contains an explosive cartridge which is used to release the load during
emergency conditions.
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2.3.4.5.2 Cargo Hook Control Panel
This control panel has an interface with the helicopter system in order to engage or disengage
the vehicle when it has landed safely in a selected area. It also controls the emergency
This sub-system is related to control functions of the capability which manages the correct
This will be a control mission display that provides tactical information respect to the
battlefield in ground and water (allied forces, enemy position, nearest military bases and
refuelling locations), also navigation data (coordinates heading, course, target position,
distances and speed, tactical maps) as well as armament and communications control system.
This feature gives to the personnel all the warfare information required to cope with the
different scenarios.
This sub-system is an output function of the capability which allows network communication
among allied forces in the battlefield. This is a system adapted from AH-64 Apache
Helicopters in order to increase the tactical capability among a formation of vehicles in attack
missions.
This component will provide support in data communications requirements, principally in the
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to-computer connectivity in support of every type of military platform from Air Force fighters
to Navy submarines.
2.3.5 Supplies
The high tactical mobility of the Air-Deployable Amphibious Vehicle will require that the
vehicle can operate in different war scenarios for extended time and distances in adverse
environments. So, the supplies must be assured in order to assure permanent functionality in
the battle field and taking into account the following classes of supply.
The Vehicle has to be provided with subsistence for personnel (food and drinking water) for
at least 5 days.
Tis class is related to individual equipment for personnel in the operation of the ADAV,
organisational tool sets and unclassified maps. It is necessary to provide the Vehicle with 2
The Diesel is the primary fuel for the piston engine that is going to be implemented in the
Vehicle and it is necessary to assure that the vehicle has enough refuelling facilities taking
into account its endurance in the battlefield to avoid unexpected engine shutdowns.
The vehicle must have reserves of oil, lubricants and hydraulic fluid on board during extended
Not apply.
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2.3.5.5 Class V Ammunition
It is related to non-military sales items but it is not a priority in the development of the
capability.
It is necessary to include at least 3 first aid kits to support the soldiers in case of emergency.
The maintenance manual will describe the minimum spare stock that must be kept to allow a
Furthermore, the vehicle must store the hot spares on-board to solve unexpected failures in
the battlefield.
Not apply.
2.3.6 Facilities
The allocation of maintenance shops used to test the components, subsystems and systems
during the integration, verification and validation phases must be developed to ensure the
proper functionality of the assemblies and the system. The most relevant are the following.
2.3.6.1 Instrumentation
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This facility will be used to develop the different components which monitor and control the
functionality of the systems on-board related to the functions of the engine, powertrain, slope
system, wheel drive powertrain, propulsion system, cargo hook panel, Electronic navigation
It is necessary to create and develop a facility to test the components and the assemblies of
- Aquatic environment to proof the power performance of the water mobility system
2.3.6.3 Calibration
Due to the several types of systems involved in the capability, the following type of
calibrations will be implemented to assure a proper performance before the verification and
validation phases:
- Pressure calibration: It will be used for fuel tanks and hydraulic systems.
elements will be calibrated during the testing process related to the Ground powertrain
system, slope system control, automatic transmission system, engine assemblies, water
A deployable infrastructure and service from the wider national support base within Australia
and offshore is an essential and integral element of the maintenance and it must be
implemented in conformity with the logistic and operational framework of the Australian
Defence forces. For that reason, the allocation of maintenance shops in strategic locations
among the area of operations will provide proper maintenance services necessary to support
cannot occur only at the end of a development. It must be addressed continuously throughout
The following simulation and testing techniques will be used to verify the components and
- Cargo load weight test of the air mobility systems above specifications (above 17.000
lb.)
- Cargo load vibration test of the air mobility systems in several frequencies.
- Under voltage, over voltage and low frequency test for avionic systems
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The systems and components will be compared against requirements and specifications
through testing as well as the factor safety. The results will be evaluated to assess progress of
The maintenance program will be focused on Reliability Centered Maintenance RCM that
will describe the maintenance requirements to allow the permanent functionality of the
- Predictive for elements with random failure patterns, critical equipment and systems
Into the maintenance program is included daily inspections, periodic inspections and major
2.3.7.3 Logistics
This section of the supply chain plans, implements and control the efficient, effective and
reverse flow and storage of spare parts, service and information between the manufacturer and
According to the maintenance manual of the system all the requirements to support the
maintenance through the system lifecycle will be described in order to keep in stock all the
necessary spare parts to the continuous operability. The material handling, production,
For many complex systems, the cost of operating and supporting the capability exceeds the
Good through-life support planning is therefore essential to maximising the benefits of the
design and acquisition project. The integration of technical systems into existing operations
and support infrastructure is important through the lifecycle. Logistics Support Plan covering
[5]. The following characteristics in the design will improve the reliability, maintainability
- Plug and play: It will be used in the handling of the avionics systems
- Field Repair Kits: These can be used to solve unexpected maintenance problems
- Hot spares: Taking into account some critical equipment that could fail in the
battlefield unexpectedly, hot spares are an excellent choice to solve fast and efficiently
- On board Diagnostics: This will give to the vehicle customer or repair technician
access to the status of the various vehicle subsystems in order to identify and isolate
failures opportunely.
- Self-survival Functions
This capability requires regulations that must be issued along with instructions, publications
and manuals, as well as doctrine and tactical level procedures for the interoperability between
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the different armed forces, maintenance procedures and appropriate equipment operation.
These documents will support the decision making, administration and operations.
According to Figure 1 the following organization was established in order to fulfil all the
On the other hand, the operational command and control is illustrated in Figure 4, the
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Figure 4 – Operational Chain of command
As can be observed in Figure 3 there are 5 different groups. Each on is specialised in different
sections of the engineering lifecycle such as: Needs development, Requirements, Acquisition,
2.3.8.3 Schedule
The High Tactical Mobility capability project remains by planned dates of 2015 and 2017.
2.3.8.4 Cost
Having reviewed the approved budget, there is sufficient funds remaining for the project to
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2.3.8.5 Technical Difficulty
While the Amphibious Vehicle is based on the Savunma Sistemleri design [6], the Australian
mobility capability requires design and integration work to be undertaken. The task of
integration of the elements, such as the ground, water and air mobility system and
thought.
One of the additional challenges for this capability development remains in the potential
changes requirements on the capability. In the third assignment the integration of the three
capabilities will cope with trade-offs and taking into account that this project has a fixed
budget for the approved requirements, any modification requires a compromise among the
future features of the vehicle consequently the capability changes are likely to impact on
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3. Bibliography
[1] B. S. Blanchard and W. J. Fabrycky, System Engineering and Analysis, New Yersey:
[2] D. Cropley, Composer, Functional Analysis & Allocation. [Sound Recording]. Defence
[3] D. Cropley, Composer, System Synthesis. [Sound Recording]. Defence and System
Institute. 2007.
[4] U.S. Department of Energy, “Types of Maintenance Programs,” in O&M Best Practices
Guide, 2010.
http://www.novasystems.com/services/integrated_logistics_support/through_life_support
[7] A. Navy, “Australian Maritime Doctrine, Navy Webpage,” 2010. [Online]. Available:
http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Amd2010.pdf .
[8] R. Stevens, Systems Engineering: Coping with Complexity, Prentice Hall, 1998.
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4. Acronyms
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5. Appendix A -Functional Logical Architecture
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6. Appendix B–Functional Breakdown
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