Pengantar TI: Hardware

Mata Kuliah : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
Tahun Ajaran : 2019/2020
Computer Organization and

Hardware
Mon, Sep 23, 2019
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI
INFORMASI
UNIVERSITAS ADVENT INDONESIA
1. Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility
2. The System Unit
3. Secondary Storage
4. Future Developments in Processing & Storage
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

• Identify the components of a computer and their roles.
• Describe the fetch–execute cycle.
• Discuss characteristics that impact a processor’s
performance.
• Describe the different levels of the memory hierarchy.
• Describe the role of the various types of input and
output devices.
• Discuss the impact that I/O devices have on the human
body and the importance of
• HCI.
• Illustrate how a computer can be assembled from
component parts.
From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips
A circuit is a closed path followed or capable of being followed by
an electric current. Without circuits, electricity would not be
controllable, and so we would not have electric or electronic
appliances.
The ENIAC was enormous,
occupying 1,800 square feet and
weighing more than 30 tons.
ENIAC could perform about
5,000 calculations per second—
more than 10,000 times slower
than modern
PCs. Yet even at that relatively
slow speed, ENIAC took about 20
seconds to
complete a problem that had
taken experts 1 or 2 days to
complete manually
A transistor is essentially a tiny
electrically operated switch, or gate,
that can alternate between “on” and
“off” many millions of times per second.
The transistor was developed by Bell
Labs in 1947. The first transistors were
one-hundredth the size of a vacuum
tube, needed no warm-up time,
consumed less energy, and were faster
and more reliable.
In the old days, transistors were made
individually and then formed into an
electronic circuit with the use of wires
and solder.
Integrated circuit —an entire
electronic circuit, including
wires, formed on a single
“chip,” or piece, of special
material, usually silicon, as
part of a single manufacturing
process. Integrated circuits
were developed by Jack Kilby
at Texas Instruments, who
demonstrated the first one in
1958.
An integrated circuit embodies what is called solid-state
technology. In a solid-state device, the electrons travel through
solid material —in this case, silicon. They do not travel through a
vacuum, as was the case with the old radio vacuum tubes.
• Silicon is an element that is widely found in clay and sand. It is
used not only because its abundance makes it cheap but also
because it is a semiconductor.
• A semiconductor is a material whose electrical properties are
intermediate between a good conductor of electricity and a
nonconductor of electricity.
• Because it is only a semiconductor, silicon has partial resistance
to electricity. As a result, highly conducting materials can be
overlaid on the silicon to create the electronic circuitry of the
integrated circuit.
• Silicon alone has no processing power. A chip, or microchip, is a
tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature
integrated electronic circuits. Chip manufacture requires very
clean environments, which is why chip manufacturing workers
appear to be dressed for a surgical operation.
Microchips, Microprocessors, & Micromachines
• There are different kinds of microchips—for example,
microprocessor, memory, logic, communications, graphics, and
math coprocessor chips.
• A microprocessor (“microscopic processor” or “processor on a
chip”) is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor—
the CPU, the part that processes, or manipulates, data into
information. When modified for use in machines other than
computers, microprocessors are called microcontrollers or
embedded computers.

Computer organization is the study of the components of a
computer, their function, their structure (how they work), and
how they are connected together. By studying computing
organization, you will gain an understanding of how computers
work and the importance of each of the primary components.

• The CPU is the device that not only executes your programs’
instructions, but also commands the various components in the
computer.
• Memory stores the program(s) being executed and the data that
each program is using.

• The I/O subsystem includes all peripheral devices (input,
output, storage, network) where storage consists of the long-
term storage devices (disk drives, tape).
• The bus is the device that permits information to move between
each component.

• Inside the computer, digital data are represented as electrical
current being in one of two states: high or low. High means that
there is a noticeable current flowing through the component,
and low means that there is no, or nearly no, current flowing.
The number 1 is to be high current and 0 to be low (or no)
current.
• The bus then is perhaps an easy device to understand. The bus
consists of a number of wires, each wire allows 1 bit (a single 1
or 0, high or low current) to flow over it.

• The address bus is used by the CPU to send addresses to
either memory or the I/O subsystem. An address is the
location that the CPU either wants to retrieve a datum
from, or the location that the CPU wants to store a datum
to.
• The control bus is used by the CPU to send out commands.
Commands might be “read” or “write” to memory, or
“input”, “output”, or “are you available” to an I/O device.
• The data bus is used to send data (including program
instructions) from memory to the CPU, or data from the
CPU to memory, or between I/O devices and the CPU or
memory.

#include <stdio.h> //input/output library
void main( ) //start of the program
{
int a, b, c; //use 3 integer variables
scanf(“%d”, &a); //input a
scanf(“%d”, &b); //input b
if(a < b) //compare a to b, if a is less then b
c = a + b; //then set c to be their sum
else c = a-b; //otherwise set c to be their
difference
printf(“%d”, c); //output the result, c
}

#include <stdio.h> //input/output library
void main( ) //start of the program
{
int a, b, c; //use 3 integer variables
scanf(“%d”, &a); //input a
scanf(“%d”, &b); //input b
if(a < b) //compare a to b, if a is less then b
c = a + b; //then set c to be their sum
else c = a-b; //otherwise set c to be their difference
printf(“%d”, c); //output the result, c
}
• The compiler translates a program into a simpler language

called machine language. The machine language version of the
program can then be executed. Machine language is archaic and
very difficult to read, so we will look at an intermediate form of
the program, the assembly language version.
Input 33 //assume 33 is the keyboard, input a value
//from keyboard
Store a //and store the value in the variable a
Input 33 //repeat the input for b
Store b
Load a //move a from memory to CPU, a location
//called the accumulator
Subt b //subtract b from the accumulator
//(accumulator = a – b)
.
.
Load c //load c into the accumulator
Output 2049 //send the accumulator value to the output
//device 2049, assume this is the monitor
Halt //end the program
1000100 0000000000000000000100001 —input (from keyboard)
1000111 0010011000100101101010001 —store the datum in a
1000100 0000000000000000000100001 —input (from keyboard)
1000111 0010011000100101101010010 —store the datum in b

1. Control unit moves PC to address bus and signals
memory “read” command over control bus, memory
returns instruction over data bus to be stored in IR
2. Control unit decodes instruction in IR
3. Execute instruction in the ALU using datum in AC,
putting result back in the AC
• The control unit deciphers each instruction stored in the
CPU and then carries out the instruction. It directs the
movement of electronic signals between main memory and the
arithmetic/logic unit. It also directs these electronic signals
between main memory and the input and output devices.
• The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic

operations and logical operations and controls the speed of
those operations. Arithmetic operations are the fundamental
math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division.
• Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily

store data during processing. They may store a program
instruction while it is being decoded, store data while it is being
processed by the ALU, or store the results of a calculation.
• The system unit houses the motherboard (including the
processor chip and memory chips), the power supply,
and storage devices. The part of the system unit that is
the empty box with just the power supply is called the
case or system cabinet. Inside the case—not visible
unless you remove the cabinet—are various electrical
circuit boards, chief of which is the motherboard.
• A bay is a shelf or an opening used for the installation
of electronic equipment, generally storage devices
such as a hard drive or DVD drive.

• The power supply is a device that converts
AC to DC to run the computer. The on/off
switch in your computer turns on or shuts
off the electricity to the power supply.
• A surge protector, or surge suppressor, is a
device that protects a computer from
being damaged by surges (spikes) of high
voltage.
• A voltage regulator, or line conditioner, is a
device that protects a computer from
being damaged by insufficient power—
“brownouts” or “sags” in voltage.
• A UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is a
battery-operated device that provides a
computer with electricity if there is a
power failure.
• The chipset consists of groups of interconnected chips
on the motherboard that control the flow of
information between the microprocessor and other
system components connected to the motherboard.
The chipset determines what types of processors,
memory, and video card ports will work on the same
motherboard. It also establishes the types of
multimedia, storage, network, and other hardware the
motherboard supports.

The multicore
processor, designed to
let the operating
system divide the
work over more than
one processor, with
two or more
processor “cores” on a
single piece of silicon.
The beauty of having
two or more cores is
that chips can take on
several tasks at once,
eliminating the
annoying pauses.
• Often a PC ad will say something like “Intel Celeron
processor 1.80 GHz,” “Intel Pentium 4 processor 2.80 GHz,”
or “AMD Athlon 64 X2 processor 2.30 GHz.” These figures
indicate how fast the microprocessor can process data and
execute program instructions.
• Every microprocessor contains a system clock, which

controls how fast all the operations within a computer
take place. The system clock uses fixed vibrations from a
quartz crystal to deliver a steady stream of digital pulses or
“ticks” to the CPU.
• These ticks are called cycles. Faster clock speeds will result
in faster processing of data and execution of program
instructions, as long as the computer’s internal circuits can
handle the increased speed.

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Mata Kuliah : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

Tahun Ajaran : 2019/2020

Computer Organization and

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

• The compiler translates a program into a simpler language

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

• The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic

• Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

• Every microprocessor contains a system clock, which

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