An Assessment of Manual Medical System

An Assessment of Manual Medical System of Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc. S.Y.
2018-
2019
mChapter I
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
According to Professor Dr. Phyllis J. Watson (2006) in today’s modern age where
computer has become a way of life, it is evident that a majority of the country’s institutions still
do not adapt the high technology.Particularly in most medical clinic facilities, daily clinic
transactions are still done on paper. We all know that modern clinics are now operating at great
pace striving to serve as many patients as possible with the best of their abilities. But as the
years rolled by, the number of patients has grown and various medical cases arise that the
manual method of managing patients’ records, prescriptions, billing and appointment schedule
is no longer practical.
Medical health records form an essential part of a patient’s present and future health care.
As a written collection of information about a patient’s health and treatment, they are used
essentially for the present and continuing care of the patient. In addition, medical records are
used in the management and planning of health care facilities and services, for medical
research and the production of health care statistics. Doctors, nurses and other health care
professionals write up medical/health records so that previous medical information is available
when the patient returns to the health care facility. The medical/health record must therefore be
available. This is the job of the medical record worker. If a medical record cannot be located, the
patient may suffer because information, which could be vital for their continuing care, is not
available. If the medical/health record cannot be produced when needed for patient care, the
medical record system is not working properly and confidence in the overall work of the
medical/health record service is affected.
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An Assessment of Manual Medical System of Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc. S.Y. 2018-
2019
Also according to Dick RS, Steen EB, Detmer DE (1997)the patient record is the principal
repository for information concerning patient's health care. It affects, in some way, virtually
everyone associated with providing, receiving, or reimbursing health care services. Despite
many technological advances in health care over the past few decades, the typical patient
record of today is remarkably similar to the patient record of 50 years ago. This failure of patient
records to evolve is now creating additional stress within the already burdened U.S. health care
system as the information needs of practitioners,patients, administrators, third-party payers,
researchers, and policymakers often go unmet. As described by Ellwood, the intricate
machinery of our health care system can no longer grasp the threads of experience too often,
payers, physicians, and health care executives do not share common insights into the life of the
patient. The health care system has become an organism guided by misguided choices; it is
unstable, confused, and desperately in need of a central nervous system that can help it cope
with the complexities of modern medicine. Patient record improvement could make major
contributions to improving the health care system of this nation. A 1991 General Accounting
Office (GAO) report on automated medical records identified three major ways in which
improved patient records could benefit health care (GAO, 1991). First, automated patient
records can improve health care delivery by providing medical personnel with better data
access, faster data retrieval, higher quality data, and more versatility in data display. Automated
patient records can also support decision making and quality assurance activities and provide
clinical reminders to assist in patient care. Second, automated patient records can enhance
outcomes research programs by electronically capturing clinical information for evaluation.
Third, automated patient records can increase hospital efficiency by reducing costs and
improving staff productivity. Several sources support these conclusions.
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The 21st Century, the age of technology, people nowadays rely more on technology to
help them with their current situations. So the researchers thought, why not apply that
technology somewhere else – the school. People at school who are in charge of most of the
medical paper works struggle to deal with their jobs. So why not use the advantages given to
the researchers by the technology that the world have today to help them. So what if the
researchers use this intellect to research about the modernized process of arranging the
school’s medical records. The researchers thought of helping the people in charge to organize
the said records through computers so that it is easier and more helpful to everyone.
In this study, the researchers hope to develop a web-based application that will minimize
all paper works and manual records keeping, therefore allowing doctors and staff ease in
keeping track of patients, reducing patients’ waiting time and increasing the number of patients
served – a system that is fully automated, user-friendly, time effective and efficient.
Background of the Study
According to Brad Justus (2011) simply virtue of being alive, each man, woman, and child
has a history. And in this technology-enabled age of the quantified self, more and more people
are taking an active interest in their personal history—downloading apps to track calories and
mood swings, blogging about runs and test scores. But arguably the most important record is
your medical record—and for people born in the past century, that record has advanced in both
importance and technology.
Prior to 1900, there was no standard method for keeping medical records. In fact, many
doctors didn’t even touch their patients except to check a pulse; many of their observations
centered on studying the patient’s complexion, urine, and other excretions. So there wasn’t
much to write down. Some more substantial narratives did exist; the ancient Greeks wrote down
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advice for patients, lessons for doctors, and stories of particularly notable diseases. This
practice was revived in the 14th century, then again with a scientific revolution in the 16th
century—marked by a growing scholarly interest in the natural world and the inner workings of
the body—fueled the expansion of this practice and the publishing of medical “observations.”
One of the most extensive surviving collections of medical records from this time were written by
Simon Forman and Richard Napier; you can read more about their work at The Casebooks
Project. But they were the exception to the rule. Other doctors might have kept account books, a
list of patients along with their payments for treatments and prescriptions.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored to the theory of Placide Poba-Nzaou entitled “Electronic Health
Record in Hospitals: A Theoretical Framework for Collaborative Lifecycle Risk Management” in
order to cope with the unsustainable rising costs of health care, several governments in
industrialized countries including the US, France, Germany and the UK, are driving initiatives
through regulations or financial incentives so as to accelerate the adoption of Electronic Health
Records (EHRs) by primary care providers as well as hospitals. Electronic Health Records
(EHRs) are a growing phenomenon that is considered the cornerstone of modern healthcare
systems of the current information age to the extent that, “failure to adopt an EHR system may
constitute a deviation from the standard of care”. In this context, it is worth noting that there
have been limited studies on EHR implementation in hospital settings despite the fact that
hospitals account for a substantial share of total health care spending. In fact, they account for
over one-third in the US and Canada and with at least 25% to 60% in the EU depending on the
country.
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EHR is defined as an “electronic record of health-related information on an individual that
conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards and that can be created, managed,
and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization.
EHRs entail high potential benefits and high likelihood of improving individual patients and
populations health outcomes (e.g. –clinical outcomes- reductions in medication errors, improved
quality of care; organizational outcomes- financial and operational benefits; and societal
outcomes- improved ability to conduct research, improved population health, reduced costs that
are often challenged by their high level of risk that is persistent over time all along the EHR
lifecycle as it is for other software packages. The failure of an EHR implementation or the poor
management of EHR risk associated with its use may hamper a hospital’s ability to generate
potential benefits in addition to putting patients’ lives at risk and wasting scarce resources. In a
broad sense, the poor management of EHR risk has resulted in a high level of dissatisfaction of
hospitals with their EHR systems to the extent that recent surveys have reported that about 20%
of hospitals want to retire their current EHR and switch to another system.
In most industrialized countries, healthcare costs are rising so fast that they will become
unaffordable by mid-century without reforms. More specifically, if present tendencies in health
care costs prevail by year 2050, nearly all OECD countries will devote more than 20% of their
GDP on health care. And, by 2080 Switzerland and the United States will dedicate more than
50% of GDP on health care, while by 2100 almost all OECD countries will reach this level of
spending . This situation qualifies as being an unsustainable trend that needs to be reversed
and, the implementation of EHRs within the concerned countries is seen as one of the most
promising routes. However, the implementation of an EHR is highly risky. As observed recently
by several horror stories reported in trade press publications, of EHR risk factor occurrences at
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different phases of systems’ lifecycles: hospitals forced to close; experienced unprecedented
operating losses; experienced unprecedented weak operating performance due to EHR costs or
failure; experienced costly data breach incidents
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
 Proposed
 Paper-based  Descriptive
Computerized
records surveys
System
 Clinical  Questionnaires
progress notes
 Interviews
 Medical record
folder
The researchers used the input-process-output (IPO) model in the shown conceptual
framework. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the
most basic structure for describing a process.
This explains on how their system is going to work. The input indicates on how the
manual system would work. While in the process, shows the way on how the researchers made
possible what is on the output and the researchers gave out survey questionnaires to some
students of Fr. Simpliciano Academy on how to better convert some of the tools used in the
clinic. The output is the outcome of what the researchers put in to the survey questionnaires, it
is what the students of Fr. Simpliciano Academy answered on their surveys, its how to convert
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the old materials of the school’s clinic to be a more technological manner for a better health care
system in the school.
Statement of the Problem
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following:
1.) What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Grade Level
2.) What are the advantages and disadvantages faced in the manual
medical record?
3.) What are the advantages/ disadvantages of computerized system?
4.) Is there a significant difference achieved betwen manual system and
computerized system?
Hypothesis
 There is no significant assessment achieved in computerized medical system and
manual medical system.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant to the following:
A. Nurses
The proposed system will make it easier for the nurses to manage the clinic
and convenient when it comes to retrieving patient records.
B. Patients
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The proposed system will make the students have a easier access to their
medical files. Patients are the doctor’s principal assets. And the reason why
this study is conducted is to provide a solution to nurses’ need to better serve
their patients or students.
C. Faculty
Faculty will also benefits in the proposed medical system.
D. Administrative Staffs
E. Administrative Officials
As well as the administrative officials, they will also have the beneficiary of
the proposed system.
Scope and Delimitation
In general, the focus of this study is directed towards the design and development of an
online clinic management system. About a medium sized medical clinic with its nurse, staff and
patients are randomly selected within Fr. Simpliciano Academy, Inc. area only from school year
2018-2019. The study is largely dependent on the honesty, sincerity and integrity of the
respondents.
In this proposed system, records and files are computerized and stored online for
accessibility and portability. However, the proponents limit the online feature of the system to
parents, students, nurse, teachers, and staff only. The system has a secure log-in for the
selected people. Services, contacts, and information are also included in this system.
Definition of Terms
Clinical Information -des laboratory results, medicines, referrals, discharges and other clinical
documents.
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Clinical Reminders - helps caregivers deliver higher quality care to patients for both preventive
health care and management for chronic conditions, and helps ensure the timely clinical
interventions are initiated.
Data Process – the process of putting information into a computer so that the computer can
organize it, change its form, etc.
Data Display - is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication.
Data Retrieval - obtaining data from a database management system such as ODBMS. In this
case, it is considered that data is represented in a structured way, and there’s no ambiguity in
data.
Health Care – the prevention or treatment of illness by doctors, dentists, psychologists, etc.
Hospital Care Efficiency - is a comparison of delivery system outputs, such as physician visits,
relative value units, or health outcomes, with inputs like cost, time, or material.
Health Care Facilities - are places that provide health care.
Health Professional -is an individual who provides preventive, curative, promotional or
rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to people, families or communities.
Medical Record Worker - is someone who is responsible for accurately transcribing and
organizing patients' medical histories, symptoms and diagnoses, as well as categorizing
treatments and procedures for insurance billing.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter aims to report various existing studies from literature pertaining to the
concepts relevant to the study undertaken. The motive of literature review is to gain in depth
knowledge and understand in depth existing practices in fields of Telemedicine. The review
that follows will provide existing practices, problems being faced by the patients and service
providers. It also provided to base of the present study which helped to conceptualize various
factors and their relationships. It helped to find the gaps pertaining to the present research
work.
Foreign Literature
According to Schreiweis & Heilbronn (2010) the background of HIS in Public Hospital of
Bangladesh mentioned that at the present world, hospital information systems (HIS) are a vital
point of patient care. HIS provides best information, to the right people and the right place.
The world has shortage of technical support in medical care. However, hospital information
systems (HIS) are the solution of patient care, helps to make proper decisions (Patrice et al.,
1995; Andre & Vimla, 2004). The computer has become essential to health care system,
driven in part by stimulated growth of digital applications and communication technologies
over the last two decades. That is why HIS system is the new development of health care
system (Chamorro, 2001). According to Heller (1995) Hospital information Systems (HIS) is
very essential for technological decade. HIS provides great efforts to Medical Information
System (MIS). Nowadays, HIS system is the new system which is spreading throughout the
world. So in HIS system, there is one model which is called Electronic Health Records
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(EHRs). HIS model has benefit to minimize the cost (Miller & West, 2007). In HIS system,
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and Clinical Information System (CIS) which creates a
new model for improving patient safety, evolving coordination of care, and clinical decision
making (Catherine et al., 2009). To concern HIS, there are two model introduced under the
HIS which are electronic Medical records (EMRs), and Clinical Information System (CIS)
where it would be helpful for patient care, patient safety.
According to Kohn et al (2000), Healthcare is a unique and complex domain and
healthcare ISs have human safety implications and profound effects on individual patient
care. In fact, IS implementations are a perturbation in any organization, whether it is a
change in processes or in organizational communication and learning. Chiasson & Davidson
(2004)Healthcare applications are technically complex, and the software and hardware
markets are considered to be less mature than the IT markets for other industries and for
medical technologies.
According to Karim (2008) interoperability concerning a specific task is said to exist
between two applications, when one application can accept data from the other and perform
the task in an appropriate and satisfactory manner without need of extra operator
intervention. One of the main challenges in introducing patient healthcare records is the
development and use of systems that advance communication and information sharing.
Sharing information is an essential aspect of communicating with colleagues and patients
about delivery of care. The absence of instant access to patient healthcare information is the
cause of one-fifth of medical errors.
According to Hanseth et al (1996) many healthcare professionals work autonomously,
the deficiency of accessing vital healthcare information segments and shared knowledge can
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produce duplicate clinical tests to be arranged and leads to additional cost, pain and danger.
Hence, connected and unconnected electronic systems should be coordinated and
interoperable i.e. healthcare information is accumulated and stored into an electronic holding
place called as Data repository. All relevant data would be shared between healthcare
professionals in the same or different organizations.
According to Abdul (2008) indicates that one of the important issues in paper-based
records are, all the clinical information is written in free style, and chances are high to miss or
forget some important information, as this will lead to serious effect on patient’s treatment and
care. The case sheet is a hard copy that can be accessed by one person at a time and needs
physical transfer for other physicians to access. Retrieving a record will be a hard task given
number of medical records present and missing a record won’t be a surprise in a huge pile of
paper based medical records. Moreover, with time, information in paper records gets
diminished of ageing paper and ink, even fire accidents or natural disasters can ruin the
archive of paper records. Karim (2008) explains that all the above discussed issues can be
over-come by implementing EMR/EPR systems, it can not only solve the problems but also
improves the efficiency of healthcare by increasing accessibility, and needs less resources to
maintain records. EPR system can be used as a resource of researchers, it will be a tool for
disease surveillance, which can be used for public health initiatives and for practicing
Evidence based medicine.
Local Literature
According to Alberto G. Romualdez Jr. (2011) from the 1950s onwards, there was a
steady improvement in patient care, medical education, and public health comparable to other
developing countries. The national public network of health centres had its roots in the 1954
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Rural Health Act, which transformed the puericulture centres to rural health units in
municipalities and to city health centres in cities all over the country. In 1983, EO 851
integrated public health and hospital services under the integrated public health office and
placed the municipal health office under the supervision of the chief of hospital of the district
hospital.
According to CAMP College Bulletin (2000) the four-year course program’s main goal is
to contribute objective and accurate laboratory data that will aid in the diagnosis of various
disease processes. As a paramedical profession, it includes the following areas: Hematology,
Blood Banking,Immunology and Serology, Clinical Chemistry, Bacteriology, Parasitology,
Clinical Microscopy and Histopathology. These are designed to develop students’ capabilities
in performing laboratory tests designed to help the medical practitioner establish or confirm
clinical diagnosis, or aid in making a differential diagnosis that will ultimately influence the
management of the patient.
According to Jennifer Frances E. dela Rosa (2011) private sector health services,
organized around free-standing hospitals, physician-run individual clinics, and midwifery
clinics, have largely followed the North American models of independent institutions
economically dependent on fee-for-service payments. They range in size from small basic
service units operated by individuals to sophisticated tertiary care centres.
According to Jonathan David A. Flavier (2011) the initial HRH plans developed by the
DOH focused exclusively on health workers employed directly by DOH. The first truly national
HRH plan, covering all government employees of DOH and also health workers employed by
the Department of Education, the armed forces etc; as well as those in private facilities, was
crafted in the 1990s, but its implementation was hampered by changes such as migration of
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health workers, the increase in the number of nursing schools and globalization. In 2005, the
DOH, in collaboration with WHO-WPRO, prepared a long-term strategic plan for HRH
development. The 25-year human resource master plan from 2005 to 2030, was to guide the
production, deployment and development of HRH systems in all health facilities in the
Philippines. The plan includes a short-term plan (2005- 2010) that focuses on the
redistribution of health workers as well as the management of HRH local deployment and
international migration. A medium-term plan (2011-2020) provides for the increase in
investments for health. A long-term plan (2021-2030) aims to put management systems in
place to ensure a productive and satisfied workforce. The DOH also created an HRH network
composed of different government agencies with HRH functions to support implementation of
the master plan.
According to Stella Luz A. Quimbo (2011) In 1995, the National Centre for Health
Facilities Development of the DOH crafted the Philippine Hospital Development Plan to create
a more responsive hospital system by delivering equitable quality health care across the
country. The Plan underscored the importance of leadership; strategic planning based on
population needs; accessibility of services especially those in hard-to-reach areas; technical
and human resource development; operational standards and technology; and networking in
the development of hospitals. As part of HSRA, the Plan was revised in 2000. The new Plan
included an investment of Php 46.8 billion to develop 256 LGU district hospitals, 70 provincial
hospitals, 10 city hospitals and 70 DOH retained hospitals. In 2008, the plan was expanded
and renamed the Philippine Health Facility Enhancement Programme. The expansion
included the inclusion of rural health centres and village health stations. From 2007 to 2010, a
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further Php 8.43 billion was invested in infrastructure and equipment upgrade projects to
support health sector reforms and the MDGs (Abesamis, 2010).
According to Kenneth Y. Hartigan-Go (2011) in the early 2000s, health technology
assessment was introduced by PhilHealth and a committee was established to examine
current health interventions and find evidence to guide policy, utilization and reimbursement.
The HTA committee works to identify priority problems on the use of medical technologies
needing systematic assessment. It also conducts assessments on the use of medical devices,
procedures, benefit packages and other health-related products in order to recommend to
Philhealth the crafting of benefit packages. In addition, HTA capabilities are due to be
strengthened through the new health technology unit of the FDA recently reinforced by
legislation.
According to History of Fabella Local Community Hospitals hand book (2002) the Local
Community Local Community Hospitals started as a six-bed capacity clinic called the
"Maternity House" on November 9, 1920. This clinic, which was founded by then Chairman of
Public Welfare Board, Dr. Jose Fabella, was originally located at Sampaloc, Manila. In 1922,
the clinic added a pediatric section and a school of midwifery. In 1931, the control of the clinic
was shifted to the Bureau of Health and again to the Bureau of Local Community Hospitals in
1947. It was in 1951 when the clinic was transferred to its present location in Santa Cruz,
Manila. Unlike other Philippine government Local Community Hospitals, there was no
legislative act that permitted the creation of the Local Community Hospitals. Its present
location was only legitimized by Administrative Order no.140, which was issued by President
Manuel L. Quezon on February 19, 1941. The Administrative Order recommended that the
Bilibid Local Community Hospitals will be used as a maternity Local Community Hospitals. On
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June 15, 1968 when the Maternity and Children's Local Community Hospitals was renamed
as Local Community Local Community Hospitals in honor of the Local Community Hospitals's
founder. To date, it has an authorized bed capacity of 700.
According to David (2011) health status has improved dramatically in the Philippines
over the last forty years: infant mortality has dropped by two thirds, the prevalence of
communicable diseases has fallen and life expectancy has increased to over 70 years.
However, considerable inequities in health care access and outcomes between socio-
economic groups remain.
According to Lagrada (2010) in its current decentralized setting, the Philippine health
system has the Department of Health (DOH) serving as the governing agency, and both local
government units (LGUs) and the private sector providing services to communities and
individuals. The DOH is mandated to provide national policy direction and develop national
plans, technical standards and guidelines on health. Under the Local Government Code of
1991, LGUs were granted autonomy and responsibility for their own health services, but were
to receive guidance from the DOH through the Centres for Health Development (CHDs).
Provincial governments are mandated to provide secondary hospital care, while city and
municipal administrations are charged with providing primary care, including maternal and
child care, nutrition services, and direct service functions. Rural health units (RHUs) were
created for every municipality in the country in the 1950s to improve access to health care.
According to Quimbo (2011) the devolution of health services ended the concept of
integrated health care at the district level. Public health and hospital services are now
administered independently. The provincial governments took over the management of
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secondary level health care services such as provincial and district hospitals, while the
municipal governments were put in charge of the delivery of primary level health care services
and the corresponding facilities, such as the RHUs and the BHCs. The national government,
meanwhile, has retained the management of a number of tertiary level facilities.
Fragmentation is compounded by the management of the three levels of health care that is
vested in three different government levels—an arrangement that has been marred by political
differences.
According to Flavien (2012) in the early 2000, the DOH embarked on setting the
standards of the referral system for all levels of health care. While this system was promoted
to link the health facilities and rationalize their use, in practice adequate referral mechanisms
were not put in place, and the people’s health-seeking behavior remains a concern. In
general, the primary health care facilities are bypassed by patients. It is a common practice for
patients to go directly to secondary or tertiary health facilities for primary health concerns,
causing heavy traffic at the higher level facilities and corresponding over-utilization of
resources. Hospital admissions from the data of PhilHealth reimbursements show that highly
specialized health facilities continuously treat primary or ordinary cases (DOH, 2010).
Dissatisfaction with the quality of the services and the lack of supplies in public health facilities
are some of the reasons for bypassing (DOH, 2005). This is aggravated by a lack of
gatekeeping mechanisms, enabling easy access to specialists.
According to Computerized Systems (2006) the companies saved money by making or
purchasing a computerized system by reducing paper usage and employee overtime. Since
employees did not have to spend their time doing paper work, they could do their jobs faster
and more efficient.
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According to Weiszbrod (2004) he elderly constitute a very high proportion of the
population of our service area which means patients tend to be quite ill and stay for a long
time. The current system of Medicare reimbursements, on the other hand, bases its payments
strictly on the diagnosis related group (DRG) to which the patient's stay is grouped or
assigned. Most large third party payers have also adopted the DRG system in the state of
Washington. As a result, reimbursements frequently do not cover the cost of patient care.
Further difficulties are generated by the fact that the terminal patients are frequently
transferred to larger Local Community Hospitals in Spokane. This normally means the
Spokane Local Community Hospitals gets the major portion of the reimbursement because
their DRG assignment is based on the procedures performed and the larger Local Community
Hospitals naturally is able to perform more procedures. Before this Local Community
Hospitals had difficulties in the turnover of records, as well as manual billing system whose
efficiency left much to be desired. In many cases, some charges were lost in transit because
of poor paper handling and hence the Local Community Hospitals was receiving much less
than the meager reimbursement it is entitled and that there was not enough time in the day to
make manual system work so the need for computerized alternatives.
According to Management Uses of the Computer (2011) the adoption of computer
processing simplifies management's tasks in direction current business activities, provided
management play its role in the development of the processing system. In the application
areas turned over to the computer, management policies are carried through automatically
because they are embodied in the processing system. In addition, the management
information system incorporated in the processing structure provides timely information in
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useful form these two arms of HIS are also referred to as integrated Local Community
Hospitals information processing systems (IHIPS).
According to Community Hospitals (2010)Local Community Hospitals information
technology and Local Community Hospitals management software programs are synonymous
aiming to meet all demands and needs of medical staff, surgical teams and patients. The two
systems ensure that all billing, tracking, patient care, bed management, pharmacy, counseling
and recruitment as well as rotation of surgical teams is on schedule. The presence of
automation and software as the mainframe of a Local Community Hospitals administration
means that all information has to be processed onto two or three hard disks. In case of any
malfunction or crash, the data is still available in another disk. Usually, Local Community
Hospitals keep two to three 'mirror' disks - one in the archives and one under the scrutiny of
management personnel. Remote data backup as well as control processing and tracking
automated systems ensure the smooth non-stop functioning of these systems (Local
Community Hospitals Information Systems - Customized to Meet all the Management Needs
of a Local.
According to Hodge & Hodgson (1969) from the book "Management and the Computer
in Information and Control Systems" information is the essential factor within which
organizations work effectively. At the planning level, information is required to convert strategy
into tactics (detailed plans and schedules and their evaluation). At the operational levels of
information is required to carry out production of refining or marketing plans. Finally even the
simplest loop controller in a process unit requires information from process sensors to
produce their limited control.
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According to Terry D. Lundgren and Carol A. Lundgren author of "Records
Management in the Computing Age" records management, then, is planning, staffing,
organizing, directing and controlling of records and those processes associated with records.
Records management is organized around the life cycle of a record and ends with the
permanent storage or destruction of record.
According to Improved Care with an Integrated IT Solution (2008) as consumers
become more informed, healthcare organizations re-examine their processes in order to
improve efficiencies and to position themselves as world-class organizations. Med Central
Health System, a health organization with two Local Community Hospitals, 351 beds, and
2,600 employees in Mansfield, OH, USA, is managing this with a system-wide, information
technology-(IT-) based initiative, Project Expert Care, geared to provide clinicians with reliable
data, to increase patient safety, and to decrease costs by optimizing operational efficiencies.
According to Lundgren (1989) Maintaining accurate records that can be retrieved is
essential to the continuation of every business. Fast retrieval of records has become so
important that it is a major concern in business today. For example, through automated
processes, the United States Department of State now has a capability to process and
retrieve passport records more rapidly than ever before. The department uses a combination
of bar coding technology, high-speed microfilming, and computer assisted retrieval to provide
passport customers with the fastest possible response to requests for information.
According to Amansharma (2008) computerization in the small business has very many
advantages. First, the time taken in updating the financial records is reduced. Secondly, some
routine jobs like invoicing of cash collections. Adding and deleting of information/transactions
is speeded up. The risk of clerical errors while making calculations and transferring data
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between records is also reduced. Any up to- date record on the financial position is always
available.
According to Modern Management And Computerization (2007) Clinical productivity
depends on rapid access to information, seamless data flow, and reliable clinical networks.
Reducing complexity results in higher efficiency. That's why our eHealth Solutions provide you
with a global IT infrastructure for integrated healthcare based on both clinical and IT security
expertise. We focus on Integrated Care Solutions that improve processes along the
healthcare continuum and clinical pathways, e.g. by featuring an electronic health record. Our
Identity Solutions, in turn, enable secure access and efficient administration. This adds up to
effective cooperation for healthcare providers and a better quality of patient care at reduced
costs - giving relevant answers to the demands of integrated healthcare.
According to New England Local Community Hospitals Sees Benefits from Improved
Billing Process (2007) An efficient revenue cycle - which includes scheduling, billing and
managing supplies - is essential to the operational success of any Local Community
Hospitals. The Local Community Hospitals's leadership worked closely with CSC to diagnose
where the operating room revenue cycle was deficient and what needed to be changed. This
review concluded that the Local Community Hospitals should make improvements in a
number of areas, including charge coding, materials management and supply contracts.
CSC's team, bolstered by its experience in healthcare systems management, successfully
transformed the Local Community Hospitals's billing process as part of a multifaceted program
that has led to significant operational improvements at the Local Community Hospitals.
According to Brazilian Patient Monitoring Market - Moving Towards Next Level of
Competition (2008) another article on the internet "Brazilian Patient Monitoring Market -
` 21
2019
Moving Towards Next Level of Competition" crucial movements brought the Brazilian Patient
Monitoring to a next level of competition, challenging the approach and strategies of
companies," explains Daniela Putti, Industry Analyst at Frost & Sullivan. "To be able to sustain
or raise their positions, competitors will need to anticipate market needs and reinforce their
competitive advantages offering complete solutions to public and private Local Community
Hospitals. The greatest impacts are expected to be felt by end-users, the most benefited ones
from these movements, bringing new and remarkable market dynamics.
According to Kauka (2005) the article of Michael R. Kauka, people started talking about
something called the electronic health record in the 60s. But computers were practically
nonexistent. Then, in 1991, a report by the Institute of Medicine introduced a more precise
concept of the computer-based patient record and its importance to future medicine. It was
the first report to pioneer the idea of a computer-based, longitudinal, life-long, integrated
patient record including entries from all healthcare providers. The benefits of an electronic
patient record became immediately obvious.
According to John Mello (2011) "It's one of the fastest-growing segments of IT..."."There
are two major applications: PACS and electronic patient records." PACSs (picture archiving
and communications systems) store cardiology and radiology tests, magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) results, and other large files. Still, Mello says healthcare is a late adopter of
technology, claiming that only about 5 percent of healthcare firms have sophisticated
electronic storage systems. He says that most large Local Community Hospitals already have
them, while smaller and midsized facilities plan to implement them soon.
Related Studies
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2019
This section presents other related studies by the people who conducted studies
similar to the proponents that will also greatly help in the progress of the study. And it will also
help the understanding of the proposition.
Foreign
According to Shilekh (2013) conducted a study on the working of telemedicine services
provided by Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, India. The study highlighted the
loopholes like shortage of doctors, number of incomplete cases and pending case. It was
concluded that lack of motivation and low educational skills among the patients are the key
elements that proved to be main obstacle in the growth of telemedicine services. The primary
data for the year 2010-2012 has been collected from the hospital where total 3050 cases had
undergone for telemedicine treatment. The 23 percentage of completed cases in 2012 was
57.47%, incomplete cases were 37.93% and of proxy cases it was 4.6 % of total cases
received. This data indicate that there is a necessity to improve quality and awareness of
telemedicine services among rural people.
According to Gautham et al. (2014) developed the clinical guidance system with the use
of mobile technology to enhance the quality of ehealth care. The developed system provides
guidance to manage various diseases. The application was tested on 128 patients by 16
service provider in rural area of Tamil Nadu, India. The application was found suitable for both
patients as well as for service providers.
According to Sudeepa et al. (2015) pointed out the relevance of telemedicine in West
Bengal (Siliguri, Bankura) and Tripura (Udaipur) by underlining the constraints like low doctor-
patient ratio, illiteracy among rural masses, unqualified staff. The initiatives taken by various
` 23
2019
government bodies like Directorate of Information Technology (DIT), ISRO, Asia Heart
foundation were also analyzed. The study investigated the impact of telemedicine through
internet on critical cardiac patients during the process of disease management. By applying
principal component analysis on the important indicators like TH (thrombolytic), DIS (no.
discharged patients), TRANS (no. of patients shifted from CCU to general ward), REF (no. of
patients referred to other hospital), EXP (no. of critical patients expired), DORB (No. of
stabilized patients discharged on risk bond), they concluded that out of these six indicators
only first five have significant impact on disease management.
According to Ravin et al. (2015) conducted a survey to analyze the challenges faced in
delivering of e-health care services in selected rural areas of Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra. The study concluded that village health workers play crucial role in generating
awareness about e-health service and act as mediator between village and the e-health
center. The e-health care through ICT offers a new platform for the treatment of patients
residing in rural and remote areas. 24
According to Subhagata et al. (2015) suggested a new framework for smooth working of
telemedicine services in Manipal, India. To design new framework, a systematic survey
exploring the feasibility at individual and organizational levels has been planned. The
collected data from questionnaire was mathematically analyzed to examine the satisfaction
health services. The results showed that there is lack of ICT support to provide health care
services and organizational must adopted proper measures.
According to Sumninder et al. (2015) conducted a survey to examine the awareness
level among people of Punjab regarding health insurance. On the basis of 600 respondents it
has been observed that there is low level of awareness and willingness among people
` 24
2019
regarding health insurance. Other key factors responsible for less coverage are paucity of
funds, lack of intermediaries, lack of awareness, limited policy options, less coverage and
limited viability of services.
According to Renuka et al. (2015) analyzed the current position of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) in Indian health care sector. Various opportunities and challenges regarding
such investment have been identified. It has been suggested that FDI must create necessary
infrastructure as well enhance awareness level to provide qualitative health care services. FDI
funds can also be utilized to increase the physical capacity and development of specialty and
super-specialty centers, up gradation of new technology like e-health services.
According to Udita et al. (2014) identified critical success factors that influenced the
success of e health services in India. These critical success factors were data warehousing
and mining, decision support system, data access control, biomedical engineering technology,
telecommunication infrastructure, government policies, consumer mindset, health care
providers mind set, literacy level and health insurance. It has been emphasized that the
success of e health care depends not only on technological factors but also on psychology
factors. Another study on similar telemedicine based factors has also been conducted for
state Uttaranchal, India
According to Radha et al. (2014) conducted a pilot study in rural primary hospitals of
India and reviewed the record keeping system. The study focused on the issues related to
portability of patient’s records. The records of geriatric cohort and maternal cohort of 308
participants were considered for portability during a period of nine month. The information
shared among patient through short messaging service (SMS) and USB based memory card
were also supplied with information to 135 randomly selected patients. The study concluded
` 25
2019
that health data seeking behaviour as another dimension that can motivate people to adopt
telemedicine services.
According to Nishith et al.(2014) underlined many positive implications of FDI. In order
to expand access to health care services, develop infrastructure, avail diagnostic facilities,
upgrading technology and creating employment, huge funds are required. According the
financial report, 2012 Indian hospital industry was estimated to be USD 280 billion and by
2020 it will be USD 280 billion. For the success of telemedicine services, it is advised that in
tier II and tier III locations the cost of providing health care services should be maintained low.
These locations consist of primary health care units with less population as compared where
qualitative services can be provided through telemedicine. Therefore, for investing in to these
hospitals commercial strategy is needed.
According to Shahid and Kolomeyer (2012) analyzed economical position of USA
economy and addressed usefulness of telemedicine care system. The telemedicine
ophthalmic remote health screenings was performed on community based groups to detect
vision threatening disease. The study concluded that the comprehensive and community
based remote screenings can provide more sensitive detection of vision-threatening disease.
According to Bhatia et al. (2014) concluded that the optimistic sway of Telemedicine
services depends upon socio-political factors in addition to the accessibility, acceptance,
execution, and implementation of such technologies. The study highlighted three considerable
technical components of Telemedicine: Infrastructure, Human resource Readiness and Health
care Readiness. For successful recognition of Telemedicine 26 abilities, there is need to
digitalize data at fast speed along with maintaining its safety and security. It is the most vital
pre requisite that facilitate the medical staff for fast examination of any medical problem. High
` 26
2019
bandwidth of telecommunication network will improve the quality of services being provided by
providing ease in fast uploading of patient’s data and images. High speed network will also
facilitate uninterrupted live video conferencing that will help in quick decision making. Indian
government has taken initiative to provide higher bandwidth connectivity by launching project
National Optical Fibre Network (NoFN). It will connect all panchayats of a country under the
network providing bandwidth of 10-100 mbps. The major challenges addressed by the study
are the complexities involved in technologies, requirement of trained professionals, high
operating and maintenance cost etc.
According to Carlos et al. (2014) has developed an ICT based follow up and monitoring
Telemedicine model called Oral Anticoagulant Therapy (QAT) for the anticoagulant patients. It
is concluded that the amount of anticoagulation control do not differ considerably from that
have realized with the conventional procedure. It has not only improved acceptability of self-
monitoring system but also has reduced systematic loss suffered by patients under self-
management procedure. Patients can avoid number of consultations with doctors and reduce
further anxiety by adjusting time and place of determinations as per their necessity. The
patient can get benefit of reduced cost for follow up and monitoring system.
According to Kapoor et al. (2014) discussed the various problems faced while
implementing Telemedicine technologies. The study revealed that these problems are not
linked with technical problems but are linked with funds, behavior and attitude of doctors, lack
of awareness etc. The other type of problem discussed was the availability of doctors at super
specialty hospitals in remote areas.
According to Pal et al. (2014) have discussed the scenario of providing health care
services to rural population and have mentioned various funding agencies that sponsored
` 27
2019
different projects across the country for providing telemedicine services. The role of private 27
telecommunication companies was also highlighted to participate in success of such
technology. The study further recommended various initiatives to be taken to create
awareness and improve accessibility among the rural population.
According to Singh et al. (2013) studied the utility of Telemedicine services for children
on the basis of data collected from secondary sources provided by PGI, Chandigarh. The
findings showed that even newly born babies in villages can be examined and treated under
Telemedicine by connecting super specialist either through video conferencing or by getting
consultations by transmitting information and images electronically.
According to Bhatia (2013) conducted a survey to determine the socio- political
variables influencing the popularity of Telemedicine. The study was based on the data
collected through questionnaire which was later analyzed and tested by applying statistical
tools like reliability, validity and regression. The results of the survey concluded that collective
efforts were required from the users, government, technologists, economists, physicians,
clinicians, nurses and other service providers to make adoption of Telemedicine a great
success.
According to Wani et al. (2013) conducted the research to examine the status,
problems, quality of e health services provided in India and also compared Indian health
system with other nations. The study was based on secondary data collected from different
sources provided by Health care departments of India. The findings of the study revealed that
Indian health care services are at infant state as compared to developed nations. There are
ample of unexploited resources in India that hinders the growth and quality of e health care
services.
` 28
2019
According to Apter (2007) in the committee of nations, Nigeria often denotes fraud and
corruption. The extent of involvement of fraud perpetuators in Nigeria and those operating
outside the shores of the country is unquantifiable. Apter stated that fraudulent practices
range from online identity theft, marketing of non-existent goods, prosperity churches, false
non-governmental organizations soliciting funds from foreign donors, to outright imposition by
persons as government officials awarding bogus contracts. The activities of corrupt elements
in society have tarnished the social and corporate image of the nation, causing a drought of
foreign investment in the country. Corruption exists in every facet of life in Nigeria, and has
negatively affected the willingness of international investors to do business in Nigeria. The
engagement of the larger society in corruption occurs by ambivalent complicity. Sustained
aiding and abetting of corruption in the Nigerian society makes it Nigerian impossible for the
nation to rise above mediocrity in almost every area of socioeconomic endeavour including
health care.
According to Ayo (2008) in a study of the framework for implementation of ecommerce
in Nigeria decried the abysmally law internet-access in the country. Internet connection
enables affected data management system, picture archival, and communication system and
specifically important for running radiological information system and teleradiology. Other
requirement include well-trained health care workers and information system administrator.
According to Benham-Hutchins (2009) because of challenges involved in integrating
new hospital information systems with old paper documentation and record systems,
clinicians, and other health care practitioners may become encumbered with multiple and
conflicting sources of patient information. Multiples of paper and electronic documentation
may disrupt a seamless workflow and influence the quality and efficiency of service delivery.
` 29
2019
These circumstances also have the potential to cause new types of medical errors resulting
from poor harmonization of patient information. Understanding these concerns requires
examination of human factors in the design of technology that is able to adapt to the way
health care providers do their job. The delivery of patient-friendly services demands that
health care providers continue to work toward improvement in the method of care pathways
and processes.
According to Ford, Menachemi and Phillips (2012) in 2006 the Institute of Medicine
(IOM) issued a report calling for paperless health record system within 10 years. This
visionary call fell short media attention. Scholarly and government was support also deficient
compared to other by the IOM. The consequences is that integrating electronic health record
system into the workplace health care, critical care, and the ambulatory setting does not
equate other areas of medical care. Davies (2006 ), report that the America is ranked 66 th
among 100 countries with top class health care infrastructure and system recent studies
indicate that whereas 4% to 6% of United States hospital and health care organization have
achieved full implementation of hospital information system, 1-6% have partial adoption of
some forms of hospital information system Moore, 2009, Simon et al., 2008: Ward et al.,
(2006). The high cost of implementation of electronic health systems of Lowa Hospitals, found
an 80% adoption rate for urban financial capabilities of urban hospital as the reason for the
disparity Furukuwa, et al. in their analysis of disparity in adoption Nigerian Hospital
Information System.
According to Garets and Horowits (2008) clinicians should engage in evaluation of
hospital information system technologies because information system will become
repositories of clinical data. Electronic medical records system and other information system
` 30
2019
will attain commonplace application in hospitals and other health care centers in the incoming
decade. President Bush set a target of developing electronic health care records for all
Americans by 2014.
According to Jantz (2009) the emergence of computers based information system has
change the world a great deal, both large and small system have adopted the new
methodology by used of personal computers, to fulfil the several roles of productions of
information therefore computerizing the documentation of patients record to enable easier
manipulation of input process and output will bring us to this existing new world of information
system. Patient’s records and disease pattern documentation from patients and their
particular health system in order to function properly. If this information is not documented
perfectly causing some data to get misplaced, the health system will not be efficient.
According to Priyanka Pandey (2012) Online Eye Center Management System helps to
maintain the patients’ record, doctors’ record, time scheduling management of an eye care
clinic. At the same time it can handle the accounts of the daily transaction. This software is
very useful and it makes all the manual works replaced with the use of the computerized
system. It saves a lot of time and money. Manual data recordings become a cumbersome job
and it can also lead to errors even after repeated cross checks. But the use of this system will
able to avoid all these and it can give 100 % accurate results. Moreover this software
application will organize the data in such a way that it can help the user while searching a
specified document or details. The idea of Online Eye Care System project is to develop
which focuses on some modules of management of the Eye care clinic. It allows users to
maintain the records of the patients and also it allows doing the manual operations in an
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2019
automated form. It provides details on treatment, facilities, eye care products and customers
record.
According to Sarals Solution Foresight (2009) a completely integrated practice
management system for ophthalmologists that allow you to take command of practice
development, management control, and patient care. Friendly and intuitive, Foresight has
been carefully designed to put your practice information at your fingertips in a logical,
predictable, and easy-to-understand manner in a single or multi-user environment. The
system is flexible and designed to grow with you as your practice grows. Its features include:
Patient Demographics Ocular and Medical History Daily activity register Patient Bills and
payments Operation theatre scheduling Appointment management Procedure tracking IPD
Patients LASIK Details Patient Visit Details - Fundus examination, findings, refraction,
complaints, diagnosis, slit Lamp exam, Glaucoma exam, User defined Custom Screens,
Contact Lens, Lasik Details, A-scan, Prescriptions, Treatment, Advice Digital Imaging - Direct
image and video capture, Send documents as email attachment, Creates ready-to-print photo
albums , Import images from digital camera, Compare before and after treatment images
Reports - Check-up printout Patient, Receipt printing. Referral letters, Appointments, Visit
listings, Practice analysis, New Patients, Customized Reports Address Book, and Reminders
Correspondence and email Show-me-how video tutorials for quick staff training. Foresight
allows you to reduce administrative time, streamline communications, improve the quality of
your clinical documentation and ensure nothing is ever lost or forgotten. Having Eye clinic
management system can help the clinic to manage their daily activity. System help reduce
the problems occur when using the manual system, enables doctors and clinic assistant to
manage patient records, medicine stock, and appointment and produce reports, in order for
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2019
companies and organisations to carry out their daily tasks successfully, they follow certain
processes. Eye Clinic Management systems are responsible for maintaining those processes
(British standards institution, 2012). They are present in almost every aspect of our daily lives
like banks, movie theatres and shopping centres.
Local
According to Dr. Sy (2012) in the past, health center staff members sort through a roomful
of envelopes containing patient records, which takes an average of four to five minutes
depending on the availability of the record. When the record is not found, a new record will be
made for which the patient will have to pay an extra cost. With CHITS, searching for a
patient's record upon admission takes just a few seconds to retrieve. Records in the form of
lab requests, results, and reports or daily service reports, census for number of vaccinations,
supplies, etc; can be generated automatically.
According to National Telehealth (2017) an electronic medical record specifically designed
for the community health centers in the Philippines, was developed through a collaborative
and participative process involving health workers and the Information and Communication
Technology community, using the primary health care approach and guided by the open
source philosophy.
According to Department of Health (2009) out of 721 public hospitals, 70 are managed by
the DOH while the remaining hospitals are managed by LGUs and other national government
agencies according to Department of Health. Both public and private hospitals can also be
classified by the service capability. A new classification and licensing system will soon be
adopted to respond to the capacity gaps of existing health facilities in all levels. At present,
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2019
Level-1 hospitals account for almost 56 percent of the total number of hospitals which have
very limited capacity, comparable only to infirmaries.
According to Department of Health (2009) the health human resources are the main drivers
of the health care system and are essential for the efficient management and operation of the
public health system. They are the health educators and providers of health services. The
Philippines has a huge human reservoir for health. However, they are unevenly distributed in
the country. Most are concentrated in urban areas such as Metro Manila and other cities.
According to National Statistics Office (2008) in the 2008 National Demographic and Health
Survey, 50 percent of the clients who sought medical advice or treatment consulted public
health facilities, 42 percent went to private health facilities, and almost 7 percent sought
alternative or traditional health care. Rural Health Units and Barangay Health Centers, 33
percentwere the most visited health facilities in almost all the regions except for NCR and
CAR, where most of the clients visited private hospital/clinic for medical advice or treatment.
The most common reasons for seeking health care were illness or injury with 68 percent,
medical checkup with 28 percent, dental care with 2 percent, and medical requirement with 1
percent according to NSO. With regard to child delivery, more than thirty-six percent of infants
are still delivered by hilots despite aggressive efforts of the Department of Health to promote
facility-based delivery.
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Chapter III
Research Methodology
Research Method
The researchers used the qualitative method of research. The qualitative research is a
process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within
their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and
relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day
lives. Rather than by logical and statistical procedures, qualitative researchers use multiple
systems of inquiry for the study of human phenomena including biography, case study, historical
analysis, discourse analysis, ethnography, grounded theory and phenomenology. The three
major focus areas are individuals, societies and cultures, and language and communication.
Although there are many methods of inquiry in qualitative research, the common assumptions
are that knowledge is subjective rather than objective and that the researcher learns from the
participants in order to understand the meaning of their lives. To ensure rigor and
trustworthiness, the researcher attempts to maintain a position of neutrality while engaged in the
research process.
Specifically, the IPO method of research. The input–process–output (IPO) model, or
input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process.
In the IPO model, a process is viewed as a series of boxes (processing elements) connected by
inputs and outputs.
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Description of the Respondents
The researchers chose the institution, Fr. Simpliciano Academy, and they chose the
respondents of the high school students. Specifically, from Grade 7 to Grade 10 high school
students of Fr. Simpliciano Academy. There are 81 number of students in Grade 7, 73 in Grade
8, 59 in Grade 9, and 79 in Grade 10. Overall, there is 292 total number of high school students
in a mixture of male and female at an approximate age of 13-16 years of age in the chosen
institution.
Population and Sample
To get how many samples of respondents from the total number of respondents, we will use the
Slovin Formula to get the number of samples from our respondents. The Slovin formula is:
𝑁
n=
1+𝑁𝑒 2
Where N is the population or the total number of our respondents, then n is the sample number
from our respondents, and the e is the margin of error.
N = 293
e = 5%
The high school students of Fr. Simpliciano Academy is our population and 5 percent is our
margin of error.
292
n=
1  292(0.05) 2
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2019
292
n=
1  292(0.0025)
292
n=
1  0.73
292
n=
1.73
n = 169
In conclusion, the number of samples from our respondents that the researchers should get is
about 169 people.
Sampling Technique
The researchers used the simple random technique where in they randomly picked the
respondents by using of random numbers. The use of random numbers is an alternative method
that also involves numbering the population.
Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where every item in the population has
an even chance and likelihood of being selected in the sample. Here the selection of items
completely depends on chance or by probability and therefore this sampling technique is also
sometimes known as a method of chances. This process and technique is known as simple
random sampling, and should not be confused with systematic random sampling. A simple
random sample is a fair sampling technique. Simple random sampling is a very basic type of
sampling method and can easily be a component of a more complex sampling method. The
main attribute of this sampling method is that every sample has the same probability of being
chosen. The sample size in this sampling method should ideally be more than a few hundred so
` 37
2019
that simple random sampling can be applied in an appropriate manner. It is sometimes argued
that this method is theoretically simple to understand but difficult to practically implement.
Working with large sample size isn’t an easy task and it can sometimes be a challenge finding a
realistic sampling frame.
Research Instrument
The researchers used the survey questionnaire as their research instrument. A survey is
defined as the measure of opinions or experiences of a group of people through the asking of
questions. This is opposed to a questionnaire, which is defined as a set of printed or written
questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study.
The first part of the survey questionnaire is about the profile of the respondents including the
name, gender, age, and grade level. At the second part, the yes or no questions, the questions
that are being asked focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of the manual system.
While in the third part of the survey questionnaire, the writer scale, it focuses on how the manual
system is beneficiary to us.
Sources of Data
The main source of data of the researchers is their respondents.The respondents has a
total number of 209, and has a sample of about 169 people. It covers the whole high school
students of Fr. Simpliciano Academy in a mixture of male and female at an approximate age of
13-16 years of age in the chosen institution.
Data Gathering Procedures
Data Gathering Procedure is the process of gathering and measuring information on
targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant
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2019
questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a component of research in all fields of
study including physical and social sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by
discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The
goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to the
formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that have been posed.
This shown our data gathering procedure:
 Write a formal letter and address to the principal asking for the permission to have a
survey in the school.
 The researchers will go to the classroom one by one and disseminate the survey
questionnaires to the students.
 The students will be given 10 minutes to answer the survey questionnaire given by the
researchers
 Afterwards, the researchers will collect the survey questionnaire.
After collecting all data the researchers, with the help of the statistician tabulated and tallied
the survey. The result would hopefully be the basis for the assessment of the manual medical
system of the school.
Research Locale
It was in the year 1991 when Mo. Flora Zippo, SFSC one of the first five Italian
Missionaries of the Congregatzione Delle Source Francescane Dei Sacri Cuori (SFSC) or
Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Heart opened up a second school in Barangay Don Bosco,
Paranaque City. While the first building of the school was still under construction, children were
` 39
2019
in Immaculate Heart of Mary School (not college yet). When the school was completed, it was
named as St. Francis School since it was intentionally and particularly built for the children of
the poor. In 2003 during Ash Wednesday, the school was burned and the elementary pupils
were temporarily transferred to the Drop-in Center of Father Simpliciano Foundation. The
school was rebuilt in the same place and year. The sisters opened up a High School building. A
new four-storey building was built with the help of generous benefactors from Italy and thus the
new building has various facilities like the High School Library, Science Lab, AVR Room, TLE
Room, Faculty Room, Principal Office, Guidance Office and Clinic.
` 40

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An Assessment of Manual Medical System of Fr. Simpliciano Academy Inc. S.Y.

The Problem and Its Background

professionals write up medical/health records so that previous medical information is available

medical/health record service is affected.

system as the information needs of practitioners,patients, administrators, third-party payers,

researchers, and policymakers often go unmet. As described by Ellwood, the intricate

outcomes research programs by electronically capturing clinical information for evaluation.

improving staff productivity. Several sources support these conclusions.

Background of the Study

importance and technology.

Record in Hospitals: A Theoretical Framework for Collaborative Lifecycle Risk Management” in

through regulations or financial incentives so as to accelerate the adoption of Electronic Health

unaffordable by mid-century without reforms. More specifically, if present tendencies in health

failure; experienced costly data breach incidents

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

most basic structure for describing a process.

system in the school.

Statement of the Problem

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following:

1.) What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of:

1.3 Grade Level

3.) What are the advantages/ disadvantages of computerized system?

4.) Is there a significant difference achieved betwen manual system and

 There is no significant assessment achieved in computerized medical system and

manual medical system.

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following:

and convenient when it comes to retrieving patient records.

this study is conducted is to provide a solution to nurses’ need to better serve

their patients or students.

Faculty will also benefits in the proposed medical system.

the proposed system.

Scope and Delimitation

interventions are initiated.

organize it, change its form, etc.

Data Display - is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication.

Health Care Facilities - are places that provide health care.

Health Professional -is an individual who provides preventive, curative, promotional or

rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to people, families or communities.

organizing patients' medical histories, symptoms and diagnoses, as well as categorizing

treatments and procedures for insurance billing.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

driven in part by stimulated growth of digital applications and communication technologies

where it would be helpful for patient care, patient safety.

According to Kohn et al (2000), Healthcare is a unique and complex domain and

care. In fact, IS implementations are a perturbation in any organization, whether it is a

change in processes or in organizational communication and learning. Chiasson & Davidson

According to Karim (2008) interoperability concerning a specific task is said to exist

Sharing information is an essential aspect of communicating with colleagues and patients

cause of one-fifth of medical errors.

According to Hanseth et al (1996) many healthcare professionals work autonomously,

Hence, connected and unconnected electronic systems should be coordinated and

professionals in the same or different organizations.

Evidence based medicine.

disease processes. As a paramedical profession, it includes the following areas: Hematology,

Blood Banking,Immunology and Serology, Clinical Chemistry, Bacteriology, Parasitology,

management of the patient.

organized around free-standing hospitals, physician-run individual clinics, and midwifery

service units operated by individuals to sophisticated tertiary care centres.

international migration. A medium-term plan (2011-2020) provides for the increase in

composed of different government agencies with HRH functions to support implementation of

the master plan.

population needs; accessibility of services especially those in hard-to-reach areas; technical