HOA 1

EARLY SETTLEMENTS

Tipi – A portable Indian Shelter

Wigwam – An American Indian dwelling, usually of round and oval shape, formed of poles overlaid with
bark, rush mats or animal skins

Igloo – An eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when
permanent, of sod, wood, or stone

Megaliths – Ancient stone monuments

Menhir – Monolith, A prehistoric monument consisting of an upright stone, usually standing alone but
sometimes aligned with others in parallel rows.

Ex. Kerloas Menhir – Brittany, France

Dolmen – From the words daul, a table, and maen, a stone; A prehistoric monument consisting of two or
more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab or capstone, and usually regarded as a
tomb

Ex. Goindol – Gochang, South Korea

Cromlech – A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burial mound

Ex. Stonehenge – Salisbury Plain in Wittshire, England

Tumulus – an artificial mound of earth or stone, especially over an ancient grave. Also called barrow

EARLY CITIES

Jericho – Jordan – One of the world’s oldest continually-inhabited city. A hilltop city; citizens lived in
stone houses with plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and towers.

Khirokitia – Cyprus – One of the earliest Neolithic village. Houses, built in limestone, had a circular plan,
the exterior diameter of which varied from about 2-9 meters

Catal Huyuk – Largest and most well-preserved Neolithic village. Consisted of rectangular flat-roofed
houses packed together into a single architectural mass.

MESOPOTAMINA ARCHITECTURE

Sumerian (5000-2000 B.C.)

Ziggurat – were built of mud bricks made of dirt mixed with water and straw. The mud was poured into
wooden molds and left to dry in the sun (baked in kilns). Priests conduct ceremonies at the fire altar on
top

Ex. Ziggurat of Ur – tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq (2125 B.C.) Ruler: Ur Nammu

Babylonian (2000-1600 B.C.)

Tower of Babel – Lucas van Valckenborch, 1594, 600 B.C. Ruler: King Nebuchadnezzar II

Hanging Gardens – One of the “Seven Wonders of the Ancient World” – A royal palace constructed of
mud brick walls were covered with glazed, colored tiles decorated with animal reliefs.

Ishtar Gate – Large, Four-storey portal dominating the processional avenue through the city.

Assyrian (900-700 B.C.)

Dur-Sharrukin – Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad, Iraq Ruler: Sargon II – Squarish parallelogram city, with the
palace, temples and government buildings compressed within the walls.

Persian (500-331 B.C.)

Persepolis - Fars Province, Iran. Ruler: Darius – known as the the city of the Persians

Egyptian (3000 B.C. – 200 A.D.)

Mastaba – a tomb for the nobility or members of the royal family. Made of mud brick, rectangular in
plan with a flat roof and sloping sides.

Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput – Deir el Bahari, Egypt. Ruler:Senmut – played a key role in the
processional events as the temporary resting place for the barque during the Beautiful Feast of the
Valley.

Pyramid – A massive masonry structure having a rectangular base and four smooth, steepy sloping sides
facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex.

Imhotep – the first architect recorded in history

Pyramids of Giza – Giza, Egypt – Erected in the west bank of Nile river; Built of local stone on a core of
rock with casing blocks of limestone

Minoan (1800-1300 B.C.)

Palace at Knossos – Crete, Greece – The palace contained residence, kitchens, storage rooms,
bathrooms, ceremonial rooms, workshops and sanctuaries.

HOA 2

Greek (800-300 B.C.)

Aegean

The Lion’s Gate – Mycenae, Greece – Part of the citadel palace of Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of
boulders weighing 5-6 tons.

Treasury of Atreus – Bronze Age – the kings were buried outside the city in the great beehive.

Hellenic

Acropolis – city on the height. A city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher ground than
surrounding urban fabric
Parthenon – Athens, Greece (447-438B.C.) Built in honor of Athena, the city’s patron goddess

Greek Orders

Doric

Ionic

Temple of Athena Nike – Athens, Greece

Corinthian

Roman (300 B.C. – 365 A.D.)

Roman Orders

Tuscan

Composite

Colosseum, Rome – A classical arena for gladiatorial contests and spectacles consisting of an oval or
round space surrounded by tiered seating for spectators.

Aqueducts, Port du Gard – A bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh water, usually a canal or
river supported by piers and arches.

Pantheon – Rome, Italy – The world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome. It served as a temple, church,
and tomb for the past centuries.

Vitruvius

Hagia Sophia – it used as a church, mosque and presently a museum. Constructed by Emperor Justinian,
Designed by Anthemios of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus – Byzantine

Romanesque

DUrnham Cathedral, England – The largest and finest example of Norman Architecture in England

Notre Dame Cathedral – France

Milan Cathedral – Italy

Renaissance

St. Peter’s Cathedral – London, England, Christopher Wren

Modern Architecture

Industrial Age

Eiffel Tower, Paris France, Alexandre Gustav Eiffel

Organic architecture

Falling Waters, Pennsylvania, Frank Lloyd Wright

Art Deco

Chrysler Building, New York, William Van Alen

Modernismo

Sagrada Familia, Antonio Gaudi, Spain

De Stijl

Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht, Netherlands, Gerrit Rietveld

International Style

Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, Le Corbusier

Post-Modernism

At&T Building, New York, Philip Johnson

Postmmodern

Deconstructivism

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain, Frank gehry

One World Trade Center, New York City, Daniel Libeskind

Islamic

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem – Islam’s oldest monument