001 CBLM CORE Final

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector : Agriculture and Fishery
Qualification : Horticulture NC III
Unit of Competency : Undertake Propagation Activities
Module Title : Propagate Plants
Date Developed: Document No.

August 13, 2018 Issued by:
Horticulture NC III Date Revised: Page 34 of 230
Undertake Propagation
Activities Developed by:
TESDA-PTC DIAZ, IAN REY B.
Revision # 00
References/Further Reading
Performance Criteria Checklist

Operation/Task/Job Sheet
Self Check Answer Key
Self Check
Information Sheet
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome Summary
Module
Module Content
Content
Module
List of Competencies
Content
Module Content
Module Content
Front Page
In our efforts to standardize CBLM,
the above parts are recommended
for use in Competency Based
Training (CBT) in Technical
Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) Technology
Institutions. The next sections will
show you the components and
features of each part.

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HORTICULTURE NC III
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
Prepare land for Preparing land for

1. agricultural crop agricultural crop AGR611310
production production
Implement post- AGR611311
2. harvest program Implement post-harvest
program
Implement plant Implementing plant AGR611312

3.
nutrition program nutrition program
4. Control weeds Controlling weeds AGR611313

AGR611314
Prepare and apply Preparing and applying
5.
chemicals chemicals
AGR611315
Establish horticultural Establishing
6.
crops horticultural crops
Coordinate Coordinating
7. horticultural horticultural AGR611316
maintenance program maintenance program
Coordinate Coordinating
8. horticultural crop horticultural crop AGR611317
harvesting harvesting
AGR611318
Undertake field Undertaking field
9.
budding and grafting budding and grafting
AGR611319
Undertake
Undertaking
10. propagation
propagation activities
activities

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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY Undertake propagation activities
MODULE TITLE Undertaking propagation activities
MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This unit covers the skills, knowledge and

attitude required for plant propagation in
enterprises involved in nursery operations
and crop production. Competency is
demonstrated by the application of knowledge
and skills to a range of propagation tasks,
such as preparing parent plant stock,
collecting propagation materials, pre-planting
treatments and basic plant propagation
techniques. This unit does not include
budding and grafting. The work is carried out
within routine methods and procedures
under supervision with intermittent checking.
Responsibility for some roles and
coordination within a team may be required.
NOMINAL DURATION: 32 hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Prepare for plant propagation
2. Propagate plants
3. Complete Propagation activities
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Workplace information is interpreted and clarified according to farm
work plan and manual.

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2. OHS hazard in the work area are identified, rectified and/or reported
according to OHS requirements and standard reporting guidelines.
3. Appropriate tools and equipment, including PPE are selected and
prepared according to species requirements, crop manuals and OHS
requirements.
4. Propagation material is collected, maintained and stored as needed,
according to species requirements and crop manuals.
5. Pre-treatment is applied and/or carried out according to standard
propagation method and species requirements.
6. Propagation techniques are carried out according to species
requirements and OHS requirements.
7. Propagation material is handled properly according to species
requirements.
8. Water and nutrients are applied according to media conditions, plant
requirements and propagation techniques.
9. Labels are applied according to farm work procedures.
10. Plant health is monitored and remedial action is taken according to
species requirements and farm work procedures.
11. Records are completed accurately and at the required time according
to standard recording system.
12. Tools and equipment are cleaned and stored according to
manufacturers’ specifications and manuals.
13. Waste is removed and hygiene practices are followed according to
OHS requirements and environmental regulations.

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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2
PROPAGATE PLANTS
Assessment Criteria
1. Pre-treatment is applied and/or carried out according to standard

propagation method and species requirements.
2. Propagation techniques are carried out according to species
requirements and OHS requirements.
3. Propagation material is handled properly according to species
requirements.
4. Water and nutrients are applied according to media conditions, plant
requirements and propagation techniques.
5. Labels are applied according to farm work procedures.
6. Plant health is monitored and remedial action is taken according to
species requirements and farm work procedures.
Contents:
1. Pre-treatment procedures for a range of propagation methods and

species
2. Propagation techniques according to species requirements
3. Proper handling of propagation materials
4. Labelling of propagation materials
5. Water and nutrient applications
6. Common problems in plant propagation
7. Plant health monitoring and appropriate corrective actions
8. OHS legislative requirements and procedures
Conditions
The participants will have access to:
 Workplace with commercial propagation facilities

 Tools and equipment – germination box, seedling tray, shovel, dibble,
cleaning tools, cooking vat
 PPE
 Supplies and materials – seeds, seedlings, seedling trays, fungicide,
match, firewood, planting medium, cardboard, marking pen, pre-
treatment materials, seedling pots, rag
 Storage facilities
 Enterprise procedures.

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Assessment Method:
1. Direct observation
2. Oral interview
3. Portfolio assessment

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Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 2
PROPAGATE PLANTS
Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read information sheet 10.2-1 on
Pre- treatment procedures for a range
of propagation methods and species
Answer Self-check 10.2-1 and
compare your answers with the
Answers key 10.2-1.
Propagation techniques according to
species requirements.
Read all information sheets, answer
answers key 10.2-2.
self-checks and performs required
Perform Task sheet 10.2-2 on Task, Job, and Operation Sheets. If
Scraping/Removing bark of the you passed self-checks and
Branch using Air-layering Method. performed satisfactorily in Tasks,
Job, and Operation sheets, you can
Perform Job Sheet 10.2-2 on now proceed to the next learning
Marcotting a Lemon tree. outcome.
Proper handling of propagation
materials.
Answer Self- check 10.2-3 and

answers key 10.2-3.
Perform Operation sheet 10.2-3 on
Operating an electric wheel barrow.

Labelling of propagation materials.
compare your answer with Answers
key 10.2-4.

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Water and Nutrient applications
compare your answers with Answers
key 10.2-5
Common problems in plant
propagation.
compare your answer with Answers
key 10.2-6.
Read information sheet 10.2-7on
Plant health monitoring and
appropriate corrective actions.
answers key 10.2-7
OHS legislative requirements and
procedures.
answers key 10.2-8.

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Information Sheet 10.2-1
PRE TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR A RANGE OF

PROPAGATION METHODS AND SPECIES
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Define Pre-treatment in propagation of plants

2. Identify pre-treatment procedures of seeds in seeding propagation
activity
Scientific propagation is one of the tools for expansion of area under

cultivation for many annual and perennial plant species. The propagation
techniques help for conservation of plants besides multiplication. Seed
conservation is one of the best strategies for conservation of plant diversity.
The ability of seeds to germinate or remain dormant depends upon a set of
internal and external environmental factors that determines the likelihood
and survival of a species (Sharma et al., 2009; Mathew et al., 2011).
What is Pre-treatment?
A pretreatment is something which is applied to a seed or other

propagation materials in order to make a process or stage more effective.
Seed Pre-treatment Procedures

In order to be successfully treated seeds must be moist. Seeds that
are placed into treatment immediately following extraction will require no
further processing. Seeds that have been stored for any length of time will
require soaking in water for 24-48 hours. Soaking dried seeds performs two
functions. Firstly, the seeds take up water and, secondly, some of the
germination inhibitors in the seed coat are removed.
Overcoming dormancy
Relatively simple and effective methods exist to overcome the
dormancy of our tree and shrub seeds. The most common requirements are
exposure to periods of warmth and/or cold. The simplest method of

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providing these conditions is to place the seeds outdoors, mixed with a
moisture retentive and aerated medium (usually a sand/compost mixture).
Stratification
Stratification is a common requirement which means the seed needs
to go through one or more temperature changes to initiate germination.
Generally, a warm period is house temperature or 20 – 25 deg C (70

deg F) and a cold temperature is 5 – 10 deg C (40 deg F). Some seed likes to
undergo freezing temperatures and then the best pre-treatment is to put
them outside in winter so they experience freeze – thaw cycles.
Stratification can be done with dry seed, or moist seed, but the term
almost always refers to moist seed. Unless the instructions specifically say
‘dry stratification’, assume it is to be done moist. That means storing dry
seed in the fridge does NOT normally qualify as stratification.
Seeds of alder and birch can be stratified ‘naked’ (i.e. without the
medium). The seeds are placed in cotton bags and soaked in cold water for
48 hours. After a superficial drying, they are placed in polythene bags,
which are loosely tied and placed into the fridge for four to eight weeks.
Hot-water treatment
For broom and gorse seeds a slightly different approach is needed. The
procedure is not complicated, but a little unusual. The seeds will have been
collected and stored dry. Just before sowing, the seeds are placed in a
heatproof container and two or three times their volume of boiling water is
carefully poured over them. They are left in the cooling water for another 24
hours. They are then ready for sowing.
Scarification
Scarification is any process that weakens or damages a hard seed coat so
that it is easier for water to enter the seed. This can be done with sand
paper, a nail file, a triangular file, nail clippers, hot water or even acids.
Non-dormant seeds (requiring no treatment)

Both of our oak species fall into this category. The main problem with
these seeds is not how to break their dormancy, but how to stop them from
germinating before you want them to! The best thing to do with these seeds

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is to sow them as soon as possible after collection (preferably immediately)
and then to let nature take its course.
GA3 Hormone Treatment

As seeds come out of dormancy the relative amounts of certain
hormones inside the seed change. It is quite common to see the level of GA3
(gibberellic acid) increase just before germination.
In some cases adding GA3 to the seed will speed up germination. In

other cases adding GA3 can speed up the development of the shoot.

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Self- Check 10.2-1
Identification: Identify the following statements. Write only the word for
your answer on the space provided before the number.
_________ 1. This is a common requirement which means the seed needs to

go through one or more temperature changes to initiate germination.
_________ 2. It is a process that weakens or damages a hard seed coat so

that it is easier for water to enter the seed.
_________3. This is something which is applied to a seed or other

propagation materials in order to make a process or stage more effective.
__________4. This method of seeds pre-treatment can be done with dry seed,
or moist seed, but the term almost always refers to moist seed.
__________5. This method can be done through the seeds are placed in a
heatproof container and two or three times their volume of boiling water is
carefully poured over them. They are left in the cooling water for another 24
hours. They are then ready for sowing.

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-1
1. Stratification
2. Scarification
3. Pretreatment
4. Stratification
5. Hot-water treatment

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Propagation techniques according to species requirements
1. Identify propagation techniques according to species

requirements of lemon tree
2. Identify guidelines in propagating plants safely
3. Perform propagation technique using lemon tree
Lemons need a minimum temperature of around 7 °C (45 °F), so they

are not hardy year round in temperate climates, but become hardier as they
mature. Citrus require minimal pruning by trimming overcrowded branches,
with the tallest branch cut back to encourage bushy growth. Throughout
summer, pinching back tips of the most vigorous growth assures more

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abundant canopy development. As mature plants may produce unwanted,
fast-growing shoots called ‘water shoots’, these are removed from the main
branches at the bottom or middle of the plant.
Growing a lemon tree is rewarding for gardeners of all skill levels.

Basically, the Lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, is a species of small
evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to South Asia,
primarily North eastern India.
Propagation Techniques for Lemon Tree
Propagation of lemon trees is possible by seed, cuttings, layering, and

many others. Growing from seed, cuttings, or by layering is much easier for
the average gardener to successfully manage.
Seeding
Prepare your potting soil in a separate bucket.
Pour some soil into a large bucket

and add water to it until it is damp.
Mix the soil with your hand or a trowel
until it is evenly damp. Do not allow
the soil to become soggy, or the seeds
will rot. You will need a well-draining
soil. Lemon trees love water, but they
hate to sit in it.
Choose a small pot with drainage holes.
The pot should be about 3 to 4

inches (7.62 to 10.16 centimeters) wide,
and 5 to 6 inches (12.7 to 15.24
centimeters) deep. This pot will be
enough for one seed. Some people like
to plant several seeds in one pot at a
time. If you want to do this too, choose
a larger pot.

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Fill the pot with soil.
Stop when the top of the soil is

about 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) from the
rim.
Make a ½ inch (1.27 centimeters) deep hole in the soil.
You can do this using your finger

or a pencil.
Choose a plump-looking seed from a lemon.
It may be necessary to use an

organic lemon because seeds from a non-
organic lemon may not sprout. Also,
avoid taking any seeds that look too tiny
(like a grain of rice) or that look shriveled
(like a raisin). These seeds either won't
sprout or won't grow into healthy
seedlings. Consider planting 5 to 10
lemon seeds at one time, in case some of
the seeds don't sprout or don't make it
past seedling-hood.

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Wash the seed to get rid of the slimy coating.
You can do this by washing the

lemon seed or by sucking on it until the
coating is gone. This is important. The
gel-like coating contains sugars, which
can cause the seed to rot. Consider
leaving the lemon seeds in a cup of
warm water overnight. This will help
them sprout faster.
Drop the seed into the hole and cover it up.
Make sure that the pointy tip is

pointing downward into the soil, and the
rounded part is pointing upward
towards you. The roots will come out of
the pointy part.[9]
Cover the pot with a piece of breathable plastic to trap warmth

and moisture.
Begin by placing a sheet of clear

plastic cling wrap over the pot. Wrap a
rubber band around the plastic wrap to
secure it to the pot. Poke a few holes
into the plastic wrap. You can use a
pencil, a toothpick, or even a fork. These
holes will allow the plant to breathe.
Place the pot in a warm location.

You can place the pot in a sunny
location too, but sunlight is not vital at
this point. In fact, too much sunlight
can "cook" the young, delicate seedlings.
You should see a sprout emerge in
about two weeks The ideal temperature

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is between 68°F and 82.4°F (20°C and 28°C).
Water the soil when you see it become dry.
The plastic wrap should trap

the moisture, and the condensation
should rain down onto the soil,
making it damp again. In very dry
environments, this may not happen. If
you see the soil start to become dry,
remove the plastic wrap and water the
plant. Be sure to re-cover the pot with
the plastic wrap when you are done
watering.
Remove the plastic covering once the sprout appears and transfer
the pot to a warm, sunny location.
Remember to keep the soil

damp, but do not let it become soggy..
Marcotting or Air Layering
Air-layering or marcotting is one method of propagating a fruit tree

from an existing one, which will bear fruits sooner, and the fruits will taste
same as the mother-plant. Most of the Citrus trees can be propagated by
air-layering. Procedures are as follows;

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Firstly, choose a branch that
is appropriate to make a cutting. A
branch that is too old will look
brown whilst a branch that is too
young will be too bendy. Choose
the branch that is green with lines
down it. Strip the leaves from the
area that you want to marcot. Cut
around the branch making sure
you don’t cut the wood and only
the bark. Cut a band away around
1 inch long.
Scrape the branch in a

downwards motion using the edge
of the knife. Make sure you go all
the way around the branch.
Leave the excess on the tree and

don’t touch the branch with your
fingers.
Fill the food bag with the

coconut coir then add water. Close

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the top of the bag with a small cable tie.
Make a slice down the middle of

the bag and use your thumbs to make an
indent.
Wrap the bag around the desired

area and secure tightly with two cable
ties. The cable ties should be tight
enough that the bag does not slide. Some
water will seep out at this point but don’t
worry there will be enough locked inside.
Make sure that the cable ties are

tight enough that the bag can’t be twisted
too easily. Now wait between 26 and 36
days.
A good sign that it is working is the

new growth under the propagated area.

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The first sign of roots forming
may be identified at this point
through checking the moisture of
the coconut coir. If it is starting to
dry out, then make a small hole
and inject water into it with a spray
bottle. Check the bag every few
days and add water when needed.
Once the propagated area has

a sufficient amount of roots and they
have turned slightly yellow, the new
plant can be cut from the tree. Try to
make a clean cut and resort from
using a saw as it may leave damage
to the mother plant and the new
cutting. Remove the food bag and
soak in water for five minutes.
Now the cutting is ready to

pot. Strip away any excess leaves
from the bottom of the stems to help
the cutting with the shock of being
taken from the mother plant.

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Cuttings
Cuttings are another reliable means of propagating lemon trees.
Take stem cuttings of 6 to 8

inches from new green growth.
Remove all but the top two leaves.
Apply rooting hormone to the

base of the cutting, tapping off
excess. Plant the cutting in a sterile
growing medium or potting soil. Use
a pencil, chopstick or other device
to poke the hole into which the
cutting is placed. That way, the
hormone will not be dislodged in
the planting process. Water well to
firm the soil.
Place the potted cutting in a

sealed plastic bag to keep the
humidity high. Fastest growth will
be achieved in stable temperatures
between 70 and 80 degrees
Fahrenheit, or with the application
of bottom heat

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Propagating Plants Safely
There are some dangers associated with propagating plants. It is
important that you be aware of potential dangers so you can avoid getting
injured or sick.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will help protect you from serious
injury, but no amount of PPE will protect you from bad workplace actions.
Always follow workplace guideline and your trainer’s directions.
Some of the things you can do to keep yourself safe include:
1. Wear thick gardening or rubber gloves.

2. Wear appropriate clothes for outdoors and in wet weather wear
waterproof clothing.
3. Wear protective footwear at all times, in some situations you may need
rubber boots.
4. Wear a hard hat if collecting seeds and propagation material from
trees.
5. Watch out for snakes, spiders, wasps, and other insects when
collecting propagating material.
6. Keep safe distances away from other workers around hand tools.
7. Learn how to maintain and use hand tools correctly to avoid injury.
8. Always lift heavy objects correctly to avoid injuring your back.
9. Know where your first aid and kit is stored and make sure someone
has a first aid certificate.

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Self - Check 10.2-2
Multiple choice: Read the following items carefully. Choose the best
answer from the following choices. Write only the letter of your answer
on the space provided before the number.
_____1. Which of the following methods of propagating a fruit tree from an

existing one, which will bear fruits sooner, and the fruits will taste same as
the mother-plant?
A. Cuttings
B. Seeding
C. Air-layering or marcotting
D. Budding
______2. Which of the following is the second step in performing cuttings as

your chosen Lemon tree propagation method?
A. Apply rooting hormone to the base of the cutting, tapping off
excess. Plant the cutting in a sterile growing medium or potting soil. Use a
pencil, chopstick or other device to poke the hole into which the cutting is
placed.
B. Place the potted cutting in a sealed plastic bag to keep the
humidity high. Fastest growth will be achieved in stable temperatures
between 70 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit, or with the application of bottom
heat
C. Take stem cuttings of 6 to 8 inches from new green growth.
Remove all but the top two leaves.
D. Look into susceptible parent material to be used as scion or root
stock.
_______3. Which of the following is the last step in seeding?

A. Water the soil when you see it become dry.
B. Fill the pot with soil.
C. Remove the plastic covering once the sprout appears and
transfer the pot to a warm, sunny location
D. Choose a small pot with drainage holes.

_______4. What is the first step in propagating plant through marcotting or
air layering?
A. A good sign that it is working is the new growth under the
propagated area.
B. Scrape the branch in a downwards motion using the edge of
the knife. Make sure you go all the way around the branch.

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C. Fill the food bag with the coconut coir then add water. Close
the top of the bag with a small cable tie.
D. Choose a branch that is appropriate to make a cutting at

about the same with pencil size.
______5. To propagate plants safely, the following must be undertaken,

EXCEPT;
A. Wear appropriate clothes for outdoors and in wet weather wear
waterproof clothing.
B. Wear a hard hat if collecting seeds and propagation material from

trees.
C. Keep safe distances away from other workers around hand tools.
D. You can handle the tools and equipment without care.

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-2
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. D

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TASK SHEET 10.2-2
Title: Scraping the bark of Lemon tree
Performance Objective: Given the lemon tree and materials, you should
be able to scrape the branch of the propagating
plant following the procedure in Air-layering.
Duration : 10 minutes
Supplies/Materials : CBLM, Sharp knife or cutter
Steps/Procedure:
1. In the morning, at around 9 am, is the best time, providing there has
been no rain.
2. Select a good branch, about finger thick (pencil size) and near
vertical.
3. Remove a ring of bark 30 to 50 cm long from a position 400-600 mm

from the tip of the branch. The cut must be deep enough to get through
the cambium layer. Scrape the branch well to remove the soft material.
Assessment Method: Demonstration

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Performance Criteria Checklist 10.2-1
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Wear complete PPE?
2. Select branch that is finger or pencil in size?
3. Remove ring bark of the branch?
4. Locate accurately the required measurement from
the tip of the branch to the point of a removed ring
bark?
5. Remove soft material of the branch?
6. Slowly scrape the soft material attached after bark
layer.

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JOB SHEET 10.2-2
Title : Marcotting A Lemon Tree
Performance Objective: Given a lemon tree, and the supplies and materials
used in marcotting, you should be able to marcot
following the steps and procedures in marcotting
Duration : 30 minutes
Supplies/Tools/Materials :
 Lemon tree seedling
 Sharp knife
 Thick cotton thread
 Clean plastic sheet
 Soil media
 Scissors for cutting string and plastic foil
 Water
 String
Steps/Procedure:
1. Select a good branch, about finger thick (pencil size) and near
vertical.
2. Score around the limb with a sharp knife, cutting the bark
only and stopping at the wood. Make two circular cuts at
about 1/2'” wide band
3. Remove a ring of bark 30 to 50 cm long from a position 400-
600mm from the tip of the branch. The cut must be deep
enough to get through the cambium layer.
4. Scrape slightly the uncovered branch to remove its soft
material.
5. After fully removed the soft materials, get your plastic material
containing with moist soil media or coconut husk and cover it
all around the opened part of the branch.

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6. Use string to
moderately tie your
plastic material. Do
this once it already
covered the opened
part of the branch.
Assessment method:
Demonstration

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Performance Criteria Checklist 10.2-2
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Wear the required PPE?
2. Remove a ring bark according to required
measurement?
3. Select finger or pencil size branch?
4. Handle properly the tools and materials while
propagating lemon tree?
5. Tie moderately the string onto the plastic material?
6. Finish the tasks within the time given?
7. Scrape slightly the opened branch?
8. Remove soft materials before the cambium layer?
9. Moisten the soil media?
10. Complete soil media components?

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Proper handling of propagation materials
1. Identify farm procedures for proper handling of

propagation materials specifically in lemon tree
For your propagated plants to grow healthy and not be damaged,

proper handling and procedures should be in place by following some
prescribed farm procedures. You are well on the way to improving your
work efficiency, and the consistent quality of plants.
PROPER HANDLING OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION MATERIAL
Propagating material seeds, all plant material or vegetative parts of

plants intended for the propagation and production of specific variety plants.
Vegetative propagation material is in general much more sensitive to

desiccation and other damages than seeds. Special care must be taken

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during handling. The physiological characteristics of the propagation
material should be taken into account. Following measures should be taken:
 Material should be kept out of direct sunlight.

 Material should be taken as close in time and space to the operation
as possible.
 Long storage should be avoided. If storage is necessary, it should be in
a cool and moist place.
 Prevention measures against desiccation should be taken during all
transport and storage.
 The material should be handled carefully so that buds will not be
damaged.
 All flowers and flower buds should be removed from the material.
 Vegetative material possesses polarity, i.e. physiological difference
between distal and proximal end. In vegetative propagules where it is
difficult to distinguish the two ends, one end should be marked.
Citrus: Safe handling practices
Fruits
Examine the stem end for areas where the peel and fruit located and
keep it handles with care by not tearing the peel connected to the fruit. Any
wounds may provide hiding places for microbial contamination. Be sure that
a freshly squeezed citrus juice is covered, kept in cold and wash hands
before and after holding the fruits.
Seeds
Seed can be damaged by rough handling. In other words, Seeds have

a hard, but fragile coating protecting the living organism within. Corn, pea
and bean seed are especially susceptible to damage from rough handling.
Seed should be used in two years or less from purchase. Seed should be
stored in a cool, dry place, out of direct sunlight and in closed containers.
Bags of these seeds should not be thrown or dropped because the seed coats
and embryos can crack, resulting in a seed that won’t develop properly.

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Self - Check 10.2-3
True or False:
_____ 1. Seeds cannot be damaged by rough handling.
_______2. Material should be taken as close in time and space to the

operation as possible.
_______3. Propagating supplies include seeds, all plant material or

vegetative parts of plants intended for the propagation and production of
specific variety plants.
_______4. Material should be directly exposed to sunlight.
_______5. Vegetative material possesses polarity.

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-3
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

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OPERATIONAL SHEET 2.2-3
Title: Operate an Electric Wheel Barrow
Performance Objective: Given the Necessary Information and electric
wheel barrow equipment, the candidate should be able to know how to
operate an electric wheel barrow.
Supplies/Materials: CBLM
Equipment: Electric wheel barrow
NOTE: Always observe safety practice by wearing your PPE. Follow the
supplier operational manual.
Step 1: Trainees must wear proper and complete PPE when hauling loads
with a wheelbarrow. The proper PPE usually includes a hard hat, cover-all
clothing, heavy-duty gloves, safety goggles/safety glasses, and safety boots
or shoes.
Step 2: Check the path where you will move the wheelbarrow to ensure
that the surface is free of obstructions, pot-holes and grading problems.
Step 3: Conduct regular checkup before using. Turn on the wheel barrow
then pressed the neutral button.
Step 4: Walk through with the wheel barrow. All you need to do is to
clarify your direction to where you load or unload materials. Never overload
your wheelbarrow.
Step 5: Do this as you could but make sure to always be mindful with
your engine and power consumption for long lasting used.
Step 6: Clean, maintain and store in a dried place after using your wheel

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barrow.
IMPORTANT REMINDER:
 With the brake in the disengaged (manually released) position, the
power switch must be turned off, or the drive system will not move
freely. Furthermore, a safety feature called "push too fast" will
aggressively slow the machine down if the machine begins to move too
quickly with the brake released and the power switch off. Its purpose
is to avoid a runaway situation if the operator forgets to re-engage the
brake.
GENERAL WARNINGS:
1. Never carry passengers in a Curb-King Wheelbarrow. Do not tow or push
another object.
2. When unattended, leave the power switch in the off position
3. Operate at a safe speed; go only as fast as safety considerations allow.
4. Do not drive off curbs or ledges higher than 1 inch
5. Always look behind before and while operating in reverse.
6. Never operate an Curb king wheelbarrow under the influence of drugs or
alcohol.
BATTERY WARNINGS:
1. To reduce the risk of injury, use only batteries provided or recommended
by Curb King. Other batteries may explode causing personal injury and
damage.
2. NEVER PLACE A BATTERY NEAR AN OPEN FLAME OR HEAT. It could
explode.
3. The batteries are sealed lead acid. Do not short circuit or charge in a
sealed container. The electrolyte in the battery is an acid, which can cause
severe burns to the skin and eyes. Wear protective clothing and gloves when
working with batteries. Treat all electrolyte spills with an extended flushing
of clear water. Contact a physician immediately if contact is made with
battery acid.
4. Hydrogen gas is formed when charging batteries. Use a location with
adequate ventilation when charging the batteries. Never smoke near
batteries. Never charge batteries in an area with open flame or where there
is a potential for an electrical arc. Never mix old batteries with new ones of
different sizes or types. Use the battery charger for charging the lead acid
batteries only in accordance with the instructions in this manual. 5. Never
lay any metal objects across the batteries (could cause a short circuit).
GENERAL MACHINE CARE:

1. Keep machine in a dry place, preferably at 50 degrees or warmer

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2. Wash machine with warm soapy water. Do not use pressure washers
3. If machine must be left outside, it is suggested that you cover it with a
tarp or waterproof cover. 4. Do not drive machine through more than
4" of water - never submerge drive system or battery box.
5. Drive system is lubricated for life, so no maintenance is required for drive
system
6. Keep tires inflated to 20 to 25 PSI.
7. ALWAYS KEEP BATTERIES ON CHARGE
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
Hands on operation

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OPERATIONAL CRITERIA CHECKLIST 2.1-3
CRITERIA YES NO
Did you…
1. Check all the EWB equipment if all components are
properly secured?
2. Properly Start-up the equipment?
3. Properly operate the equipment following set of
procedures?
4. Properly turn off the equipment?
5. Properly Unplugged the battery after using?
6. Wear PPE before operation?

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Labelling of Propagation Materials
1. Determine the necessary information in labeling plants
2. Identify quality requirements for plant propagation materials
PLANT LABEL
So-called labels are used on garden plant propagation material offered
for retail sale. In retail sales, the label replaces the plant passport and
provides retail customers with key information on the plant in question.
A label can be a tag, slat, sticker etc. attached to the plant, indicating
the following:
 Plant name in Finnish or Swedish

 The scientific name of the plant
 The variety or plant category
 The country of origin
 The name of the seller or grower
Separate labels attached to each plant are required from arborescent

ornamental plants, fruit and berry plants, perennials, perennial flower
bulbs, tubers etc. as well as vegetable plant propagation material. A shared
label announcing the plant’s name will suffice for greenery, potted plants,
plants used in groups and flower bulbs.
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT PROPAGATION MATERIAL

Plant propagation material sold both for professional further cultivation
and to consumers must meet the quality requirements set in the Plant
Propagation Material Act. These requirements are as follows:
 The lot must be of uniform quality and typical of the plant species and
variety.

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 Plants must be normally developed as regards plant and variety
characteristics and stage of development. The root system must be
healthy.
 No damage may have been caused due to too high or too low a
temperature.
 Plant propagation material must not show any major frost damage or
mechanical damage that might impede later development.
 Normal sap pressure.
 Containerized plants must be rooted. Bare root plants must be in a

dormant state.
 In normal conditions, when correctly planted and appropriately

tended, the plant takes root and begins to grow.
 Seeds have a satisfactory germination capacity.
HEALTH REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT PROPAGATION MATERIAL

Plant propagation material must not host quarantine pests or
diseases. Quarantine pests and diseases hosted by outdoor garden plants
include fireblight ( Erwinia amylovora), ramorum leaf blight ( Phytophthora
ramorum) in rhododendron and red stele ( Phytophthora fragariae var.
fragariae) in strawberry. Quarantine pests and diseases hosted by
greenhouse plants include the sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and a
number of viruses. Further information on quarantine pests and diseases
hosted by plants is available on this site at Cultivation and production >
Plant diseases and pests > Quarantine pests and diseases.
Except quarantine pests and diseases, plant propagation material
offered for sale must not host any other harmful organisms that might affect
the quality and usability of the plant. Furthermore, plant propagation
material must not contain creeping yellow-cress ( Rorippa sylvestris) or
significant amounts of other perennial weeds.
CERTIFIED PLANT PROPAGATION MATERIAL

Certified plant propagation material is produced in compliance with
certified production procedures, aiming at propagation material free of
harmful organisms. Production is inspected and tested in order to ensure
the purity of plant propagation material. Information on certified production:
Cultivation and production > Planting material > Certified plant production.

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With regard to labelling, sales of certified planting material differ from
those of ordinary plants. The supplier’s documents and labels of certified
plant propagation material must bear certain markings distinct from those
of ordinary plants.

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Self - Check 10.2-4
Enumeration: Enumerate the following. Write your answer on the space

provided after the number.
A. Give atleast five (5) quality requirements for plant

propagation materials.
B. Cite the necessary information to label a plant.

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-4
A. - Quality Requirements for Plant Propagation Material
 The lot must be of uniform quality and typical of the plant species and
variety.
 Plants must be normally developed as regards plant and variety

characteristics and stage of development. The root system must be
healthy.
 No damage may have been caused due to too high or too low a
temperature.
 Plant propagation material must not show any major frost damage or
mechanical damage that might impede later development.
 Normal sap pressure.
 Containerized plants must be rooted. Bare root plants must be in a

dormant state.
 In normal conditions, when correctly planted and appropriately

tended, the plant takes root and begins to grow.
 Seeds have a satisfactory germination capacity.
B. - Important Information in labeling a plant
 Plant name in Finnish or Swedish

 The scientific name of the plant
 The variety or plant category
 The country of origin
 The name of the seller or grower

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Water and Nutrient Applications
1. Determine the water and nutrients requirements and applications

of propagated lemon tree
To encourage healthy, vigorous growth and desirable fruit

characteristics, citrus trees must receive adequate water, drainage, sunlight
and nutrients. Nutrients required by citrus and other plants are generally
classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Both types are essential,
but macronutrients are needed in larger quantities and citrus trees are far
more likely to require supplemental applications of these elements.
Nutritional Requirements
Macronutrients
Macronutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium and sulfur. Nitrogen has the greatest effect on citrus growth and
appearance; it is the element used most to produce leaves, flowers and fruit.
Phosphorus, particularly concentrated in younger tissue, helps the citrus
store and use energy and take in nutrients; it also is essential for cell

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division and growth. Potassium and calcium are used in relatively great
amounts by citrus to produce leaves, flowers and fruits. Magnesium is
crucial in photosynthesis and stimulates phosphorus uptake, while sulfur is
a part of many proteins and improves root growth, vigor and hardiness.
Micronutrients
Nutrients required by citrus in smaller quantities, sometimes referred
to as trace or minor elements, include iron, zinc, boron, copper, manganese,
molybdenum, nickel and chlorine. Iron is important for the production of
chlorophyll; zinc plays a role in carbon metabolism; and boron is important
for sugar translocation, flowering and fruiting processes. Manganese is
essential for making nitrates usable. Copper plays a role in several systems
and processes, and molybdenum assists in vitamin and starch formation.
Fertilizer Application
Recognizing and correcting nutrient deficiencies quickly allows a
citrus tree to recover as soon as possible. A
nitrogen deficiency first appears as a paling of
foliage. When zinc is deficient, chlorosis
develops between leaf veins, and shoots form
with nodes spaced closely together and
smaller leaves. Potassium deficiency appears
as yellowish leaves with edges bent
downward, while magnesium deficiency
appears as leaf yellowing that begins at the
leaf tip and margins, sometimes leaving a
green patch at the base of the leaf.
Inadequate iron causes a net-vein pattern
with interveinal yellowing that primarily
appears in young leaves during the fall
growth flush. Manganese deficiency forces
slight leaf yellowing.
A leaf analysis or soil test before

planting citrus is the most reliable way to
determine whether any nutrients are
unavailable in a sufficient quantity and which
fertilizer can correct deficiencies. However, no
tests may be warranted if nitrogen is applied
as recommended and no deficiencies are
suspected. A balanced fertilizer that contains
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium or solely
nitrogen fertilizer is generally applied to 3-

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year-old trees at a rate of about 1/2-pound annually; older trees benefit
from a higher application rate. Foliar application of some nutrients is a
viable supplement to soil application and is particularly useful when quick
relief is necessary or during periods of prolonged soil wetness or dryness.
Water Requirements and applications
With ground-planted citrus trees, watering should happen about once

a week, whether from rainfall or manually. Be sure the area has excellent
drainage and that you soak the ground deeply at each watering. If the
drainage is poor, the tree will get too much water. If the tree is not watered
deeply, it will not have enough water for the week.
With container planted citrus trees, watering should be done as soon

as the soil dries out or is only slightly damp. Again, be sure that the
drainage for the container is excellent. Citrus tree watering should be done
evenly. Never let a citrus tree dry out completely for more than a day.
If a citrus tree is allowed to dry out for more than a day, you won’t see
the damage until you water it again, which may cause confusion. A citrus
tree that has been left dry will lose leaves when watered. The longer the
citrus tree is left in dry soil, the more leaves it will lose when you water it.
This is confusing because most plants lose leaves when they dry out. Citrus
trees lose leaves after you water them once they have dried out.
If your citrus tree is getting too much water, meaning that the
drainage is poor, the leaves will yellow and then fall off.
Growing media conditions

As with most containers gardening, using native soil is not
recommended. Native soils are often too heavy for the container. A good
home-made growing media mix for Citrus would be: 4 parts shredded aged
pine bark and 1 part peat moss or coir (cocoa fiber). These mixtures ensure
high organic matter and good drainage, or buy a well-drained potting mix. If
coir is used in the potting media, an application of agricultural gypsum
(calcium sulfate) will be replace the heavy sodium ions with calcium ion, and
help flush out other toxins that often are found in coir.
Soil Composition
Although lemon trees can grow in nearly any soil with good drainage,
they grow best in loamy or sandy loam soils. Trees planted in salty, heavy
clay and high caliche soils suffer problematic and declined growth. Lemons

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also prefer soil pH levels between 5.5 and 6.5. Apply lime to increase the pH
or sulfur to decrease it.
Planting Location
Mature lemon trees planted in well-draining areas typically have
spreads ranging from 10 to 15 feet, while those planted in heavy soils don't
grow quite as large. Space your tree at least 12 feet away from buildings and
other trees so it can get plenty of sun. Lemons need full sun for optimal
growth and fruit production. Citrus trees are quite sensitive to cold, so plant
lemons on the south of southeast side of your home in a spot that also offers
some protection from the wind.
Soil Moisture
Lemons grow best in soils that are moist but not soggy. Water your
tree every seven to 10 days during the summer, providing it with 4 to 6
inches of water each month. Allow the soil around mature trees to partially
dry between watering. Overwatered lemon trees may suffer from crown and
root rots, while those not watered enough frequently shed blossoms and
don't produce as much fruit.
Propagation Methods
Seeding, air-layering or marcotting, grafting, budding, and cutting are
the common propagation methods utilized in growing citrus tree.

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Self - Check 10.2-5
Matching Type: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of
Column A Column B
____ 1. Mature lemon trees need to A. Fertilizer Application

plant in well-drained areas, wide
space, and direct exposure to B. Water Requirements and
sunlight. applications
_____2. Lemons grow best in soils C. Micronutrients

that are moist but not soggy.
D. Planting Location
_____3. With container planted citrus
trees, watering should be done as
E. Soil Moisture
soon as the soil dries out or is only
slightly damp.
F. Nutritional Requirements
______4. Potassium and calcium are G. Soil Composition

used in relatively great amounts by
citrus to produce leaves, flowers and
fruits.
______5. A leaf analysis or soil test

before planting citrus is the most
reliable way to determine whether
any nutrients are unavailable in a
sufficient quantity and which
fertilizer can correct deficiencies.

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-5
1. D
2. E
3. B
4. F
5. A

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Common problems in plant propagation
1. Identify common problems associated in Citrus Tree propagation
In propagating plants, there are unprecedented circumstances that we

could not be avoided due to uncontrolled working environment. There are
existing problems that may have a huge damage to our crops if left
unresolved. It is necessary to look into the real causes of the following
problems before taking any appropriate alternative measures. Hence,
common problems in propagating Citrus plants are as follows;
COMMON PROBLEMS IN CITRUS

Backyard trees should be laden with fruit now but wintry conditions
can be a challenge for these subtropical trees. Here are the most common
citrus problems and the solution that could well save your crop.
1. CITRUS RUST MITES
The skin of your lime or lemon is

spotty or rusty looking. The mites
thrive in hot, dry weather.
These tiny eight-legged invertebrates
scrape the outer surface of the skin of
citrus fruit. The damage is often
around the stalk. As the fruit matures
and gets larger, the damage looks
worse. The juice inside is fine to use
but the skin becomes useless for
zesting.
Solution: Avoid the use of broad-spectrum pesticides as the mites are

usually kept in check by beneficial insects. All-purpose spraying oil will
suppress the mite population enough to reduce the damage.

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2. VERRUCOSISOR CITRUS SCAB
On the other hand, scabby marks on the
skin are likely to be verrucosis or citrus scab,
which can affect all citrus fruit. It looks
unsightly but the quality of the fruit inside is
not affected.
Solution: If you want picture perfect lemons or lots of zest for cooking you
can spray with copper. If you're just after the juice you can let it be.
3. BLOSSOM-END ROT
Often dry, with brown scaly patches and early fruit drop are the
salient characteristics of this disease. It's due to lack of calcium – either
because it's lacking in the soil or there has been drought or irregular
watering so the tree couldn't take up enough nutrients to support the
growth of the fruit
Solution: The addition of lime (a handful or two per tree) around the
drip line would be an effective stand-alone remedy, but you might as well
cover all bases by applying citrus food too.
4. FROST DAMAGE
Never prune off the frost-damaged stems and foliage of citrus trees.
Pruning now only encourages them to produce soft new growth, which frost
will attach again without mercy and that second strike often proves fatal.
Solution: Keep a roll of frost cloth handy to drape over trees when
frost threatens. Make a framework of stakes around the tree so there is a
gap between the cloth and the leaves of the tree. Or spray citrus trees with
Liquid Frost Cloth every six weeks instead.
5. SOOTY MOULD
Sooty mould is common on citrus. It's a

black fungus that grows and feeds on
the sugary wastes (honeydew) excreted
by sucking insects such as whiteflies,
scale insects and aphids. Ants are often
present too, but they are not the cause
of the mould – they feed on the sugary
honeydew. In small amounts it does
not overly harm plants, but a large
covering of the mould blocks light from

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the leaf surface and reduces photosynthesis.
Solution: Wash off the mould with soap and water, but you also need to deal
to the pests as well to stop the mould reoccuring.
6. LACK OF FRUIT
Citrus trees are subtropical plants but some can tolerate cooler
conditions than others. 'Meyer' lemons are the most reliable variety for
colder areas.
We have heard from a reader who had a 'Meyer' lemon and a mandarin
side-by-side in her Christchurch garden and the lemon was covered in fruit
while there was never any fruit on the mandarin -- truth is, her garden was
probably too cold for it. It doesn't mean you can't grow citrus!
Solution: Grow your favorite citrus in pots, tunnel houses

or glasshouses. They will thrive in the warmer conditions.
7. YELLOW LEAVES
Citrus foliage can sometimes turn to yellow tones in winter. If the

leaves are entirely yellow, this is usually just a natural process for the tree –
most citrus trees are grafted onto Trifoliate or Flying Dragon rootstocks,
which are deciduous on their own. Therefore when used as a rootstock in
winter the roots stop taking up nutrition, leaving the evergreen part of the
tree hungry for food. Margined or mottled yellow leaves are a symptom of
nutrient deficiency.
Solution: Wait until spring to feed with general citrus fertilizer, as the
deciduous rootstocks won't take up any food during the winter
months. Fertilizing citrus in the cooler months can be tricky, as it is best to
avoid encouraging a flush of tender new growth that could easily get frosted
or cold damaged. Instead feed with Dolomite lime and gypsum, which will
increase trace element nutrition and improve leaf appearance without
stimulating a flush.
8. TRANSPLANTING A CITRUS TREE
Citrus don't like to be moved as they have shallow, fragile roots but
there's a chance plants will survive, if you take the greatest care and don't
let the root ball break during the move. Transplanting a pot-grown tree into
the ground is less of a problem as the root ball is more compact and
contained. In warm, northern gardens, spring and autumn are the best
times to transplant citrus. In cooler areas, wait until spring when the danger
of frosts has passed.

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Solution: Water the tree so it is thoroughly hydrated before
undergoing the stress of transplanting. Dig the planting hole before you dig
up the tree from its original home. Choose a well-drained spot that is warm
and sheltered in full sun.

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Self - Check 10.2-6
Multiple choice. : Read the following items carefully. Choose the best
answer from the following choices. Write only the letter of your answer
on the space provided before the number.
____1. This is one of the common problems in citrus where pruning

now only encourages them to produce soft new growth, which frost will
attach again without mercy and that second strike often proves fatal.
A. Lack of fruit
B. Sooty mould
C. Transplanting a citrus tree
D. Frost damage
_____2. Often dry, with brown scaly patches and early fruit drop are
the salient characteristics of this disease. It's also due to lack of calcium.
Which of the following common problems in citrus does it refer to?
A. Lack of fruit
B. Sooty mould
C. Yellow leaves
D. Blossom-end rot
_____3. On the other hand, scabby marks on the skin are likely to be
verrucosis or citrus scab, which can affect all citrus fruit. It looks unsightly
but the quality of the fruit inside is not affected. This problem refer to
as______?
A. Verrucosisor citrus scab

B. Sooty mould
C. Yellow leaves
D. Citrus rust mites
______4. Citrus don't like to be moved as they have shallow, fragile

roots but there's a chance plants will survive, if you take the greatest care
and don't let the root ball break during the move.
A. Sooty mould
B. Verrucosisor citrus scab
C. Transplanting a citrus tree
D. Citrus rust mites

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____5. This is common on citrus. It's a black fungus that grows and
feeds on the sugary wastes (honeydew) excreted by sucking insects such
as whiteflies, scale insects and aphids. Which of the following does it refer
to?
A. Sooty mould
B. Citrus rust mites
C. Yellow leaves
D. Blossom-end rot

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-6
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. A

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Plant Health Monitoring and Appropriate Corrective Actions
1. Identify common remedial actions to maintain plant health

condition
Gardeners often face the dilemma of controlling pests and disease

without the use of harsh and dangerous chemicals, which should be used
only as a last resort. When dealing with lawn and garden fungal diseases,
homemade lawn fungicide or homemade plant fungicide often solves these
problems without damaging the environment and risking the health of you,
your children and pets.
Fungal diseases can be difficult to control and, once they infect a

plant, often hard to get rid of. If left untreated, a disease can spread not just
all over a single plant but also to other plants nearby. As a result, plants can

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become unsightly. Some fungal diseases may even ultimately destroy
infected plants
To avoid having fungal disease in the first place:
 Provide good air circulation around plants by properly spacing them

apart.
 Water around the base of plants, instead of on the leaves.
 Rake and remove fallen leaves of infected plants.
 Apply a fresh layer of mulch to garden beds at the beginning of the
growing season.
If fungal disease is still a problem in your garden, consider applying a

fungicide. A wide variety of fungicides are available on the market, and there
are a number of homemade remedies. It can often be confusing to know
which treatments to use. Master gardener Paul James offers a few simple,
easy-to-use fungicidal treatment options.
 Garlic is gaining in popularity as both

a fungicide and insecticide. To make
your own garlic treatment, mix 10
cloves of garlic with one pint of water
in a blender. Strain the mixture. Use
this garlic concoction as a foliar
spray. But keep in mind that garlic is
extremely non-selective. "It destroys
both beneficial insects as well as
pests," James says. "So use it wisely
and use it sparingly."
 Sulfur, used as a fungicide and

insecticide, can be applied as either a
dust or a spray using wettable sulfur.
Purchased in the dust form, wettable
sulfur is mixed with water to create a
spray treatment. The advantage,
however, to using a spray is that
there can be more uniform spray
coverage on the plant. If using the
dust form, wear a face-mask
respirator when applying sulfur since
it can irritate the eyes and lungs.

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Also, don't apply sulfur when temperatures are above 85 degrees F as
it can burn leaf surface
 Milk is a safe method that can be used to treat powdery mildew,
especially on cucumbers. James recommends using milk full strength
or mixing a 50:50 solution of milk and water (one part milk to one
part water). Use it as a spray, applying milk treatment onto the leaves
of the infected plant.
 Horticultural oils, or summer oils, also make effective fungicidal and
insecticidal treatments. Not only do highly refined horticultural oils
kill soft-bodied insect pests like aphids that often transmit fungal
disease from plant to plant, but they also create a barrier that prevent
infection from fungal diseases, especially rust and mildew.
 Copper, when used as a Bordeaux mixture (which is a combination
of copper sulfate and lime), can be used to treat a number of fungal
diseases, especially downy mildew. Bordeaux mixture is typically
applied as a dust. Other copper-based products are available in the
spray form. However, keep in mind that copper-based products can be
toxic to some plants and are highly toxic to humans.
 Compost tea has also been quite effective as a fungicidal treatment.
James has used this non-toxic remedy as a spray to treat powdery
mildew on a variety of plants, particularly crape myrtles.
 Baking soda, when mixed into a concoction known as the Cornell
formula. The Cornell formula consists of baking soda, horticultural oil
and insecticidal soap (optional). Shake mixture well and use as a
spray.
When treating fungal disease, it is important to apply a fungicidal

treatment every seven to 10 days in order to be most effective. Keep in
mind that when applying either a spray or dust, make sure to apply the
treatment evenly on the top and underside of the leaves.
Techniques for Eradication and Containment of Plant Pathogens

Burning
It is often the preferred method of disposal as it eliminates the affected

material and immediately kills any pathogens it may contain, according
to Ebbels (2003). However, there are numerous examples where burning has
reduced incidence or contained pathogens, but not eradicated them.
Burning of crop residue has been an effective means of controlling fungal
pathogens, most often in combination with other methods such as chemical

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tillage or crop rotation. Control of bacterial diseases has also been achieved
using management programs which involve burning of infected plant
material.
Burying
Applying this method to infected plant material is appropriate in cases
where burning is not practical, such as large volumes of potatoes or root
vegetables (Ebbels, 2003). Burial of both burned and unburned plant
material has been used extensively in disposal of infected material as part of
the eradication of plant pathogens, as described earlier. This method was
employed as part of the successful eradication of fire blight from Australia.
Pruning and selective removal

For eradication of pathogens from perennial plants, an alternative to
complete crop removal is pruning and selective removal of infected plants.
This will reduce production loss and has potential to eradicate the pathogen
in some cases.
Composting
Composting has been the

subject of research to eradicate fungal
pathogens from contaminated plant
debris.
Soil fumigation
Methyl bromide has been used as a soil fumigant for almost 50 years
and has a wide spectrum of activity against plant pathogens and pests,
including fungi and bacteria. Its volatility allows good penetration of the soil
through vapour diffusion and it has been used extensively to prepare soil for
planting strawberry, tomato, pepper, tobacco, melons, grapes, ornamentals
and turf grass for the successful control of pathogens. Due to the
environmental impact of methyl bromide on depletion of ozone, the use of
this fumigant has been phased out as part of the Montreal Protocol, with an
exception for use in the event of eradication (Duniway, 2002).
Bio fumigation
It refers to the suppression of selective soil‐borne organisms by volatile
isothiocyanates released by hydrolysis of glucosinolates from the
decomposing tissues of Brassica spp. incorporated into the soil as a green

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manure (Matthiessen & Kirkegaard, 2006). An Australian study
demonstrated that Indian mustard (B. juncea) green manure reduced the
severity of bacterial wilt (R. solanacearum) in the following tobacco crop
(Akiew & Trevorrow, 1999).
Limitations of biofumigation include containment of Isothiocyanates
within the soil, timing of incorporation so that soil moisture and
temperature are optimal, and the increased occurrence of pathogens
common to Brassica spp. (T. Wicks, personal communication).
Biofumigation does not provide 100% mortality and therefore may not be
suitable for eradication, but could be used as part of an integrated
programme to assist in containing soil‐borne disease without adverse impact
on the environment.
Soil Solarization
It is also known as polyethylene or

plastic mulching, is the process in which
clear polyethylene is placed over soil and
utilises solar energy to raise the
temperature for the control of soil‐borne
pests and diseases (Katan, 1981). Katan et
al. (1976) suggested that biological as well
as thermal activity may be involved in the
suppression of soil‐borne pathogens.
Solarization is more economical and less
hazardous than chemical fumigation
Vector control
Vectors such as insects may spread some plant pathogens, therefore

controlling the vector is a viable method of containing a pathogen and could
be used in an eradication programme in combination with cultural
management techniques and destroying infected plant material. Although
vectors occasionally spread bacterial and fungal pathogens, viral pathogens
are commonly spread this way.Control is achieved through focused use of
insecticides, crop‐sowing timing, and the planting of resistant cultivars.
Biological control
This method uses of beneficial

organisms and their products, such as
metabolites, which reduce the negative
effects of plant pathogens and promote
positive responses by the host plant
(Vinale et al., 2008). Trichoderma spp.

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and Bacillus spp. are among the most commonly isolated soil
microorganisms which produce biologically active compounds, such as cell
wall degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites. Their ability to protect
plants and contain pathogen populations has led to these fungi being widely
studied (Cannon, 1996; Vinale et al., 2008).

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Self - Check 10.2-7
Identification: Identify the following. Write the word or group of words of

________1. This method uses beneficial organisms and their products, such
as metabolites, which reduce the negative effects of plant pathogens and
promote positive responses by the host plant.
__________2. It refers to the suppression of selective soil‐borne organisms by

volatile isothiocyanates released by hydrolysis of glucosinolates from the
decomposing tissues of Brassica spp. incorporated into the soil as a green
manure.
__________3. Burial of both burned and unburned plant material has been
used extensively in disposal of infected material as part of the eradication of
plant pathogens, as described earlier.
__________4. A safe method that can be used to treat powdery mildew,

especially on cucumbers.
______________5. It is also known as polyethylene or plastic mulching, is the

process in which clear polyethylene is placed over soil and utilises solar
energy to raise the temperature for the control of soil‐borne pests and
diseases

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-7
1. Biological control
2. Bio fumigation
3. Burying
4. Milk
5. Soil Solarization

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OHS legislative requirements and procedures
1. Identify OHS requirements and procedures in plant propagation
Occupational health and safety (OHS) laws require employers and all
other workplace parties to consult and cooperate in the management of
workplace risks, in order to protect the health and safety of workers and
others who might be at risk from the work.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Before going to the field to field any related propagation activities, the
trainees must observe to Personal protective clothing and equipment may
include respirators, overalls, boots, gloves, sun hat and sunscreen lotion.

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Health and safety duties
The OHS Act imposes a duty of care on a range of workplace parties,

including employers; self-employed persons; designers of plant, buildings or
structures; manufacturers, importers and suppliers of equipment and
substances; and people who install, erect or commission plant or structures.
Duty-holders must ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that they are
not exposing people to health and safety risks arising from the work.
Employers’ duties
Employers must, so far as is reasonably practicable, provide and
maintain for their employees a working environment that is safe and without
risks to health. This responsibility extends to independent contractors and
their employees, in relation to matters over which the employer has control
(or would have control if not for any agreement purporting to limit or remove
that control). Employers must also ensure that non-employees are not
exposed to health or safety risks arising from the conduct of the employer’s
undertaking. Employers must monitor workers’ health and conditions at
work, and provide appropriate OHS information to workers.
Duties of self-employed persons

Self-employed persons have similar duties to ensure that people
are not exposed to health or safety risks to their arising from their
undertakings.
Employees’ duty
Employees have a duty of care toward their own and others’ safety.
They must cooperate and comply with health and safety requirements.
Duties of other persons

Other persons with management or control of a workplace (such as
owners) must ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that the workplace
and the means of entering and leaving it are safe.
Designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers, and people

who install, erect or commission plant have corresponding responsibilities to
ensure plant, substances and structures are safe when used as intended.
Anyone who recklessly endangers others at work is guilty of an

offence.
Key concepts
Risk management
Health and safety risks arising from the work must be
effectively managed by eliminating them, or failing that, reducing the risks

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as far as is reasonably practicable, to protect workers and other persons
against harm to their health, safety and welfare.
Reasonably practicable
Risks should be managed so far as is reasonably practicable,
depending on the likelihood of adverse consequences and their potential
severity, methods of eliminating or minimizing the risk and what the person
knows or ought to know about it, and lastly the cost of dealing with the risk.
Consultation with employees
Employers must consult with their employees, so far as is
reasonably practicable, when identifying hazards, assessing risks and
making decisions about how to deal with them. It is also required when
making decisions about WHS procedures or facilities for workers’ welfare or
proposing changes that may affect health or safety.
‘Consultation’ means sharing relevant information with

workers, giving them a reasonable opportunity to express their views, taking
those views into account when making decisions, advising them of
decisions, and including the health and safety representative (HSR) in the
process where employees are represented by an HSR.
Representation of employees
On request, employers must facilitate representation of
employees through designated work groups and health and safety
representatives, who are entitled to initial training and annual refresher
training. Employers must also establish a health and safety committee if
asked to do so by an HSR.
Among other powers, an HSR who believes the Act is being

contravened and the issue is on-going may, after consultation with the
person responsible for the contravention, issue a provisional improvement
notice requiring the problem to be rectified.
Direction to cease work
If a health and safety issue poses an imminent, serious risk to health
and safety, an HSR may direct employees to cease work. However, the HSR
must first consult the employer and try to resolve the matter.
Discrimination
Discrimination, coercion, inducement and misrepresentation that
prevents a person from being involved in workplace safety is expressly
prohibited.

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Issue resolution procedures
Employers and employees must attempt to resolve health and safety
issues in accordance with an agreed procedure, or if no procedure has been
established, the procedure prescribed by the regulations.
Incident notification and preservation of incident sites

Unless there is a reasonable excuse for not doing so, the OHS
regulator must be notified of serious injuries and incidents. Incident sites
should not be disturbed (except to rescue or protect people or take other
essential action) until an inspector arrives or such other time as an
inspector directs.
Right of entry
A union official (‘an authorised representative of a registered employee
organisation’) with an entry permits has the right to enter a workplace to
investigate reasonably suspected contraventions of OHS laws.
Licences, registration, permits and other requirements
Requirements for licences, prescribed qualifications or experience,
plant registration and other such permits and certificates of competency
must be complied with.
Prosecutions and other enforcement options
Breach of WHS laws can have a range of consequences, including
improvement or prohibition notices from inspectors; prosecutions; heavy
fines; enforceable undertakings and imprisonment. It is an offence to
contravene an enforceable undertaking.

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Self - Check 10.2-8
Enumeration. Enumerate the following;
1. Give atleast five (5) PPE that must be observed before undertaking
propagation activities.

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ANSWER KEY 10.2-8
1. Personal protective clothing

2. Respirators,
3. Overalls
4. Boots,
5. Gloves
6. Sun hat
7. Sunscreen lotion
Note: Other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) will still be considered

for as long as necessary in undertaking propagation activities.

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important
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2

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Sector : Agriculture and Fishery

Qualification : Horticulture NC III

Unit of Competency : Undertake Propagation Activities

Module Title : Propagate Plants

Date Developed: Document No.

Performance Criteria Checklist

Self Check Answer Key

Learning Outcome Summary

Date Developed: Document No.

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Prepare land for Preparing land for

Implement plant Implementing plant AGR611312

4. Control weeds Controlling weeds AGR611313

Date Developed: Document No.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY Undertake propagation activities

MODULE TITLE Undertaking propagation activities

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This unit covers the skills, knowledge and

NOMINAL DURATION: 32 hours

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

1. Pre-treatment is applied and/or carried out according to standard

1. Pre-treatment procedures for a range of propagation methods and

The participants will have access to:

 Workplace with commercial propagation facilities

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Answer Self- check 10.2-3 and

Read information sheet 10.2-4 on

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

PRE TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR A RANGE OF

1. Define Pre-treatment in propagation of plants

Scientific propagation is one of the tools for expansion of area under

A pretreatment is something which is applied to a seed or other

Seed Pre-treatment Procedures

Date Developed: Document No.

Generally, a warm period is house temperature or 20 – 25 deg C (70

Non-dormant seeds (requiring no treatment)

Date Developed: Document No.

GA3 Hormone Treatment

In some cases adding GA3 to the seed will speed up germination. In

Date Developed: Document No.

_________ 1. This is a common requirement which means the seed needs to

_________ 2. It is a process that weakens or damages a hard seed coat so

_________3. This is something which is applied to a seed or other

Date Developed: Document No.

Date Developed: Document No.

Propagation techniques according to species requirements

1. Identify propagation techniques according to species

3. Perform propagation technique using lemon tree

Lemons need a minimum temperature of around 7 °C (45 °F), so they

Date Developed: Document No.

Growing a lemon tree is rewarding for gardeners of all skill levels.

Propagation Techniques for Lemon Tree

Propagation of lemon trees is possible by seed, cuttings, layering, and

Pour some soil into a large bucket

Choose a small pot with drainage holes.

The pot should be about 3 to 4

Date Developed: Document No.

Stop when the top of the soil is