51.

Climate change is any significant long-term change in the expected patterns of average weather
of a region (or the whole Earth) over a significant period of time. Climate change is about abnormal
variations to the climate, and the effects of these variations on other parts of the Earth.

Effects of climate change include rising sea levels due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers
and ice sheets, and warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature stratification.
Other possible effects include large-scale changes in ocean circulation.

52. Bangladesh experiences different types of Natural Disasters almost every year because of the
Global Warming as well as Climate Change impacts, these are:

Floods / Flash Floods (Almost 80% of the total area of the country is prone to flooding).

Cyclones and Storm Surges (South and South-eastern Parts of the country were hit by Tropical
Cyclones during the last few years).

Salinity Intrusion (Almost the whole Coastal Belt along the Bay of Bengal is experiencing Salinity
problem).

Extreme Temperature and Drought (North and North-western regions of the country are suffering
because of the Extreme Temperature problem).

53. According to Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) officials the standard size of
a brick is 10x5x3 inches.

54. Following are the properties/characteristics of a first-class brick:

1. First-class bricks are table molded and they are burnt in Kilns.

2. These are well burnt in kilns.

3. The surface of the first-class brick should be smooth and rectangular.

4. Scratch with finger nails leaves no mark

5. They are regular in shape and size with sharp edges and corners.

6. They shall be of uniform deep red color.

7. They should be free from any cracks.

8. They should be free from chips, efflorescence, flaws and lumps of any kind.

9. These do not absorb more than 15% of their weight of water when kept immersed for 24 hours.

10. They emit a clear ringing sound when two bricks are struck each other.

11. The average compressive strength of the first-class bricks should not be less
than 100kg/sq.cm and not more than 125 kg/sq.cm.

55. TMT 500W is a reinforcement bar which possesses yield strength of 500 Mega Pascals. ‘W’
means this bar is weldable. TMT means Thermo Mechanically Treated. This is a new generation high
strength steel having superior properties. In this technology, steel bars are passed through a water
cooling system where these are kept for such a period that outer surface of bars becomes cool while
the core remains hot. This creates a temperature gradient in the bars. When the bars are taken out
of the cooling system, the heat flows from the core to the outer surface causing further tempering of
steel bars thereby helping them in attaining a higher yield strength.

56. The size of Re-bar found available in market are:

8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm,22mm,25mm,28mm,32mm,40mm

57. Ductility is a measure of a metal's ability to withstand tensile stress i.e. any force that pulls the
two ends of an object away from each other. Benefit of using ductile steel is that ductility makes it
easy to work with and gives the buildings the ability to withstand shocks such as earthquakes.
Such rebars also have the advantage of being thinner, thereby reducing the quantity of steel
required and saving space.

58.

End bearing pile Friction pile

The load of the building is transferred through
the pile onto the hard layer of rock or very
dense soil and gravel
Driven through loose sand or weak clay and
into dense sand or rock.
End-bearing piles develop most of their load-
bearing capacity at the toe of the pile
The pile transmits the load through soft,
compressible strata directly onto firm strata.
The whole structure load transferred by the toe
of the pile.
The pile transfers the load of the building to the
soil across the full height of the pile, by friction.
driven into a moderately stiff clay
Friction (or floating) piles develop most of
the pile-bearing capacity by shear stresses
along the sides of the pile
The pile transmits the load to
surrounding soil by adhesion or friction
between the surface of the pile and soil,
Whole surface of the pile works to
transfer load to the soil.
61. Super elevation:
When a vehicle travels in a circular path or curved path, it is subjected to an outward force which
makes a vehicle to overturn and skid due to Centrifugal force. To overcome this force and for safe
travel of a vehicle, the outer edge of the road is raised above the inner edge. This is known as super
elevation or banking of road.

62. Super elevation is provided to achieve the higher speed of vehicles. It increases the stability of
fast-moving vehicles when they pass through a horizontal curve, and it also decreases the stresses
on the foundation.

Super elevation is provided for the following reasons:

63.
64. With respect to brick manufacturing, the main environmental impacts relate to the mining,
production and burning of coal, which is the raw material used for combustion during firing. The use
of coal in brick-making accounts for most carbon emissions and pollutants like SO2 and nitrous
oxides. These air pollutants stunt the mental and physical growth of children. Emission of these huge
quantity of toxic elements from brick kilns is causing serious health hazards. The brick kilns emit
toxic fumes containing suspended particulate matters rich in carbon particles and high concentration
of carbon monoxides and oxides of sulphur (SOx) that are harmful to eye, lungs and throat.

65. Frame Structure: Frame structures are the structures having the combination of beam, column
and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually used to overcome the
large moments developing due to the applied loading. The structural frame carries the total load of
the building and transfers it to the foundation. Framed structures are easily erected from pre-made
members.

66. & 67.

Bearing capacity of soil: The bearing capacity of soil is defined as the capacity of the soil to bear the
loads coming from the foundation. The pressure which the soil can easily withstand against load is
called allowable bearing pressure.

Allowable Bearing Capacity: It is the maximum possible loading that can be applied over a unit area,
which the soil will be able to resist without undergoing any excessive settlement and shear failure.
Ultimate bearing capacity (qu) :The gross pressure at the base of the foundation at which soil fails is
called ultimate bearing capacity.
Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnu)
By neglecting the overburden pressure from ultimate bearing capacity we will get net ultimate
bearing capacity. Where = unit weight of soil, Df = depth of foundation.
Net safe bearing capacity (qns) By considering only shear failure, net ultimate bearing capacity is
divided by certain factor of safety will give the net safe bearing capacity. qns = qnu/ F
Where F = factor of safety = 3 (usual value)
Gross safe bearing capacity (qs) When ultimate bearing capacity is divided by factor of safety it will
give gross safe bearing capacity. qs = qu/F
Net safe settlement pressure (qnp) The pressure with which the soil can carry without exceeding
the allowable settlement is called net safe settlement pressure.
Net allowable bearing pressure (qna)This is the pressure we can used for the design of foundations.
This is equal to net safe bearing pressure if qnp > qns. In the reverse case it is equal to net safe
settlement pressure.
68-69-70. what is SPT test? Why it is done? What is the procedure of this test?

SPT stands for The Standard Penetration Test. This test is also known as "In-situ penetration test" of
soil. The main aim of this test is to determine the Geo-technical engineering properties of subsurface
layers of soil, class of soil and to obtain the penetration resistance or N - value.

The test is extremely useful for determining the relative density and the angle of shearing resistance
of cohesionless soils. It can also be used to determine the unconfined compressive strength of
cohesive soils.

Procedure of SPT test:

The test uses a thick-walled sample tube, with an outside diameter of 50.8 mm and an inside
diameter of 35 mm, and a length of around 650 mm. This is driven into the ground at the bottom of
a borehole by blows from a slide hammer with a mass of 63.5 kg (140 lb) falling through a distance of
760 mm (30 in). The sample tube is driven 150 mm into the ground and then the number of blows
needed for the tube to penetrate each 150 mm (6 in) up to a depth of 450 mm (18 in) is recorded.
The sum of the number of blows required for the second and third 6 in. of penetration is termed the
"standard penetration resistance" or the "N-value". In cases where 50 blows are insufficient to
advance it through a 150 mm (6 in) interval the penetration after 50 blows is recorded. The blow
count provides an indication of the density of the ground, and it is used in
many empirical geotechnical engineering formulae.
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111. Moving Load: This is the load that changes in time the place to which is
applied. Examples: vehicles that pass bridges, trains on the track, guideways, etc.
In computational models the load is usually applied as:

 a simple massless force,

 an oscillator,
 an inertial force (mass and a massless force)

112. Moving Load related math

113.

Bmd তে প্রব্লেম হব্লে! Xএর মান তের করব্লে পারছি না। ২ছিছি কাব্লভের সূত্র
ইউজ করা লাগব্লে তমছে
 114.115.116: Sight Distence/ Stopping sight distance is one of several types of
sight distance used in road design. It is a near worst-case distance a vehicle driver
needs to be able to see in order have room to stop before colliding with something
in the roadway, such as a pedestrian in a crosswalk, a stopped vehicle, or road
debris.

Factors effecting the Stopping sight distance

 The total reaction time of the driver.
 Speed of the vehicle.
 Friction between the Tyre and the pavement surface.
 Break efficiency.
 Gradient of the road.

117. The overtaking sight distance is the minimumdistance open to the vision of
the driver of a vehicle intending to overtake the slow vehicle ahead safely against
the traffic in the opposite direction.

Factors Affecting on Minimum Overtaking Sight Distance

The minimum overtaking sight distance depend upon the following factors:

 Speed of the overtaking, overtaken and the vehicle coming from opposite
direction.
 Rate of acceleration of the overtaking vehicle.
 Spacing between the vehicle.
 Skill and reaction time of the driver.
119.

Water Cement Ratio :

The water to cement ratio largely determines the strength and durability of
the concrete when it is cured properly.

Slamp:

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It
is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the
ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an
improperly mixed batch.

Admixtures

 Admixtures reduce the required quantity of cement and make concrete

economical.
 They enhance the workability of concrete.
 Admixtures imparts early strength in concrete.
 Admixtures reduce the early heat of hydration and overcome thermal
cracking problem in concrete. If there is a more heat of hydration then
cracks can propagate in fresh concrete.
 Admixtures improve the resistance against freeze-thaw effect on concrete.
 Concrete admixtures maximize the sustainability by bringing waste
products in use.
 Concrete admixtures can accelerate the setting time as well as there are
admixtures that decelerate concrete setting time.
 There are some admixtures that act as anti-bacterial agents.
 There are concrete admixtures that decrease initial strength, but increase
the hardened concrete strength more than the normal concrete strength.
120.

Volume of brick wall= 100×(100×100)×25 ( 100 sq m & 25 cm thickness )

=25000000 cm3

Volume of 1 brick with morter = 25.45×12.65×8.25

= 2656.03 cm3

No. of requird bricks = 25000000÷2656.03

= 9412.54

= 9413 nos.

(According to PWD the standard brick size of Bangladesh is 24.2cm X 11.4cm X

7cm (9.5”X4.5”X2.75”) )
121) what are differences between Pile and Mat Foundation?
Pile foundation:

 A kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long cylinder which are used to
support the structure and transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin
friction.
 Pile foundations are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel
or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber
 Pile foundations are usually used for large structures and in situations where the soil at
shallow depth is not suitable to resist excessive settlement, resist uplift, etc.
 Generally chosen when groundwater table is high, heavy and un-uniform loads, possibility
of scouring, Compressible soil at shallow depth, soil excavation is not possible up to the
desired depth etc.
Mat foundation:
 Mat foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil reinforced
with steel, supporting columns or walls and transfer loads from the structure to the soil.
 Mat foundations, are essentially a ‘mat’ of concrete that sits either on, or just under, the
ground. They typically cover the entire footprint of a building.
 Raft foundation is generally used to support structures where soil condition is poor, storage
tanks, silos, foundations for heavy industrial equipment etc.
 Generally chosen when soil has a low bearing capacity, any other foundation area would
approximately cover 50% of the total ground area beneath the structure, a basement is
required, possibility of differential settlement etc.

122) write down about Climate Change Impact adaption.

123) Write the differences between- i) Fine aggregate & Course aggregate ii) Normal
Portland Cement & Composite cement iii) Flexible & Rigid pavement (sketch) iv) ETP &
STP v) Pre cast and cast in-situ pile
i)
Fine Aggregate Course Aggregate
Fine aggregates are small size filler materials Coarse aggregates are larger size filler
in construction. materials in construction.
Fine aggregates are the particles that pass Coarse aggregates are the particles that retain
through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm on 4.75 mm sieve.
sieve
Sand, surki, stone screenings, burnt clays, Brick chips (broken bricks), stone chips
cinders, fly ash, etc are used as fine aggregate(broken stones), gravels, pebbles, clinkers,
in concrete. cinders etc. are used as coarse aggregate in
concrete.
River sand or machine sand, crushed stone Dolomite aggregates, crushed gravel or stone,
sand, crushed gravel sand are the major natural disintegration of rock are the major
sources of fine aggregate. sources of coarse aggregate.
Fine aggregates are used in mortar, plaster, Coarse aggregates are mainly used in concrete,
concrete, filling of road pavement layers, etc. railway track ballast, etc.

ii)
Portland Cement Composite cement
Portland cement is a complex of unhydrated Blended cements with more than one blending
calcium and aluminium silicates produced by material are called composite cements.
the roasting together of limestone and clay
For instance:
Clinker + fly ash + blast furnace slag

Clinker + fly ash + limestone powder

Clinker + blast furnace slag + limestone

Portland cement is the most common type of
cement in general use around the world as a
basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco,
and non-specialty grout

iii)
Flexible pavement Rigid Pavement
It consists of a series of layers with the highest It consists of one layer Portland cement
quality materials at or near the surface of concrete slab or relatively high flexural
pavement. strength.
 Its stability depends upon the aggregate
interlock, particle friction and cohesion.
Pavement design is greatly influenced by the
subgrade strength.
Temperature variations due to change in
atmospheric conditions do not produce stresses
in flexible pavements
iv)
ETP (Effluent treatment plant)
Removes toxic & non-toxic material or
chemicals
Treatment of industrial effluent & wastewater
is done
Widely used in industrial sector:
Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals & Leather
industry & tanneries
ETP uses Evaporation & Drying Method;
Auxiliary Techniques like Centrifuging,
Filtration, Incineration for chemical
processing & effluent treatment.
v)
Pre cast pile
According to ‘Precast Concrete Institute,
U.S.A’ (Published in: Designing with Precast
and Prestressed Concrete), precast concrete is
cast into a specific shape at a location other
than building site like factories. The concrete
is placed into a form, typically wood or steel,
and is cured. These components are then
transported to the construction site for erection
into place. Precast concrete can be plant-cast
or site-cast.
Its structural strength is provided by the
pavement slab itself by its beam action.
Flexural strength of concrete is a major factor
for design.
Temperature changes induce heavy stresses in
rigid pavements.
STP (Sewage treatment plan)
Removes contaminants from wastewater &
household sewage
Domestic wastewater treatment.
Widely used in residential area where domestic
sewage is disposed
STP uses Physical, Chemical, Biological
treatment processes before Pretreatment:-
Screening, Grit Removal, etc. ETP STP
Cast in-situ pile
According to ‘Edward Allen and Joseph Iano’
(Author of Fundamental of Building
Construction Materials & Methods), cast-in-
situ concrete is cast into forms on the building
site. It offers unlimited possibilities to the
designer for any shape formation with a
limitless selection of surface textures.
 In the precast concrete, elements are
manufactured in a controlled casting
environment and hence it is easier to control
mix, placement and curing.
Precast concrete construction is quick as it can
be installed immediately and there is no
waiting for it to gain strength.
Total construction time is less as compared to
cast-in-situ.
One has to meticulous during work with
precast concrete because the precast unit can
be damaged during transportation and
handling.
In the cast-in-situ concrete, column, slab etc.
elements are casted on site in the open
environment and hence it is difficult to control
mix, placement and curing.
In situ concrete construction is slow as gaining
of strength requires time.
Total construction time is more as compared to
precast.
In the cast-in-situ concrete construction, be
careful about following points:
01. During the concreting process like mixing,
transportation, placing, finishing etc.

02. Curing of concrete for certain time etc.

124) What is chain survey?

Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In chain survey, only measurements are taken
in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. are done in the office. Here only
linear measurements are made i.e. no angular measurements are made. This is most suitably
adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results.
The necessary requirements for field work are
 Chain
 Tape
 Ranging-Rod
 Arrows
 Cross staff
125) Describe the procedure of Chain Survey.
 Reconnaissance: The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is called
reconnaissance. The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, surveyor prepares index
sketch or key plan.
 Marking Station: Surveyor fixes up the required no stations at places from where maximum
possible stations are possible.
Some of the methods used for marking are:

 Fixing ranging poles

 Driving pegs
 Marking a cross if the ground is hard
 Digging and fixing a stone.
  Then he selects the way for passing the main line, which should be horizontal and clean as
possible and should pass approximately through the center of work.
 Then ranging roads are fixed on the stations.
 After fixing the stations, chaining could be started.
 Make ranging wherever necessary.
 Measure the change and offset.
 Enter in the field the book.

126) What is Total Station Survey? Which kinds of work are carried out by this system?
building construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance
meter (EDM).It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage
system.
The instrument is used to measure sloping distance of object to the instrument, horizontal angles
and vertical angles. This Microprocessor unit enables for computation of data collected to further
calculate the horizontal distance, coordinates of a point and reduced level of point.
 Measuring distances, including both vertical and horizontal azimuths, to record a 3d point
in space
 Measuring angles only, when distance is too great to measure
 They can store data internally to download later (no need to physically write down each
measurement
 Can also be used manually (writing down the output)
 Most also include calculation routines, to be able to compute lines, curves, intersection
points, etc

127) What is Septic tank? What is it’s function?

A septic tank is a watertight chamber made of brick work, concrete, fibreglass, PVC or plastic,
through which black water from cistern or pour-flush toilets and greywater through a pipe from
inside a building or an outside toilet flows for primary treatment. Settling and anaerobic processes
reduce solids and organics, but the treatment is only moderate. Effluent is infiltrated into the
ground or transported via a sewer to a (semi-)centralised treatment plant. Accumulating faecal
sludge needs to be dug out the chamber regularly and correctly disposed of.
128) Sketch with Indication of all components of a 200 users Septic Tank

Pick the desire value from above table

Typical Section
129) Where we apply Fineness modulus? why?
The significance of fineness modulus (FM) is in specifying the proportions of fine and coarse
aggregates when designing concrete mixes. The higher the value of FM, the coarser the aggregate.
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate varies from 2.0 to 3.5mm. Fine aggregate having fineness
modulus more than 3.2 should not considered as fine aggregate
130) Describe Briefly about Green Building.
A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates
negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green
buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life.

There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’. These include:

 Efficient use of energy, water and other resources

 Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
 Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
 Good indoor environmental air quality
 Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
 Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation
 Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation
 A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment
161)

Asphalt parking lots and private roadways take a beating every day from constant vehicle traffic.
Once pavement damage makes movement hazardous, it’s time to replace the surface material. To get
the most out of your budget while protecting natural resources, use a method called full-depth
pavement reclamation.

Advantages:

1) The primary advantages include decreased parking lot maintenance costs, structural
benefits.
2) Full-depth reclamation does not require the full closure of the parking lot or roadway and it is
easy to see why so many in the greater Tampa Bay area opt for this method of pavement
improvement.
3)It involves little downtime and minimal inconvenience.
4) Full-depth reclamation greatly reduces project costs as it doesn’t require the trucking of
materials, extensive labor or off-site processing fees.

162)
In order to decide the suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement construction, following tests
are carried out:

1. Crushing test
2. Abrasion test
3. Impact test
4. Sound test
5. Shape test
6. Specific gravity test

164)

There is some important field test of bricks :

1.Absorption test on bricks

2.compressive strength test on bricks
3.Hardness test on bricks
4.shape and size test on bricks
5.color test of bricks
6.Efflorescence test on bricks.
165) Reasons of using gunters chain in a field survey

1.It enables plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and
commercial purposes.

2) Chain survey is simplest and commonest method used in surveying

exercises.

3) The equipment used to conduct chain survey are simple to use.

4) In chain survey few people are needed to conduct the survey. Normally
chain survey team has three people Booker, leader and follower.

5) This method does not involve complicated mathematical calculation. I

know this is the relief to those who are afraid of mathematics.

166)

Benchmark:

A benchmark is a point of reference by which something can be measured. In

surveying, a "bench mark" is a post or other permanent mark established at a
known elevation that is used as the basis for measuring the elevation of other
topographical points.

There are 4 types of benchmark used in a survey:

1.GTS 2.Permanent 3.Arbitary 4.Temporary

Void Ratio:

Void ratio is defined as the void volume to the solids volume existing in the
soil. It is denoted by the term e(e= Vv/Vs).Here, the term V s is soil solids
volume and Vv is voids volume.

Void ratio is closely related with porosity. Porosity n is defined as percent of

void volume to the total volume. Both are interrelated as given below.

. e=n/1-n
Soil volumetric change parameter is found using void ratio value. The void ratio value is higher in the
loose soil like sand and it comparatively lower in dense sand like clay. The value of void ratio
decreases with soil layer depth. The main factor that affect the soil permeability is void ratio. It
increases when there is void ratio value. Angle of internal friction reduces with the void ratio value.

167)

Concrete, a widely used building material in the world. I can’t imagine any civil construction without
concrete. There are many types of concrete are used in the sector.

Normal-strength concrete

Light-weight concrete

Air entrained concrete

High-Strength concrete

High performance concrete

Self-consolidated concrete

Shotcrete

Pervious concrete

Reinforced concrete

Glass Reinforced concrete

Precast concrete

Prestressed concrete

Polymer concrete

Self compacring concrete

Smart concrete

168)

Septic tank: A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic
through which domestic wastewater flows for basic treatment. Settling and anaerobic processes
reduce solids and organics, but the treatment efficiency is only moderate. Septic tank systems are a
type of simple onsite sewage facility.

Types: Single tank or multi-chamber septic tanks (potentially with baffles)

Management level: Household, public, shared (most common is household level)

Position in sanitation chain: Collection and storage/treatment (on-site)

Septic tanks work by allowing waste to separate into three layers: solids, effluent and scum . The
solids settle to the bottom, where microorganisms decompose them. The middle layer of effluent
exits the tank and travels through underground perforated pipes into the drainage field.

170)

Cross drainage works:

A cross drainage work is a structure carrying the discharge from a natural stream across a canal
intercepting the stream. The various types of structures that are built to carry the canal water across
the above mentioned obstructions or vice versa are called cross drainage works.