Introduction

• Hydrology Review
• Hydrologic Circle
• Watershed Hydrology
• Peak Flow
• Continuous-Runoff Models

• Hydraulics Review
• Open channel flow
• Flow profile analyses
• Urban Drainage-Stormwater Collection Systems
• Strom Sewers
• Weir and Orifice Equations
• Drainage Gutters and Inlets

• On-Site Detention Basins

• Detention Ponds
• Derivation of a Stage-Storage-Discharge Relationship
• Storage Routing
• Design Procedure
 Design Objective
• The drainage system is designed to collect stormwater runoff from
the roadway surface and right-of-way, convey it along and through
the right-of-way, and discharge it to an adequate receiving body
without causing adverse on- or off-site impacts
 Reduce
runoff

Treat and
slowly
release
Stabilize Source
stream control

Protected
receiving water

The Four Step Process for

Stormwater Quality Management
Conserve Existing Amenities

Minimize Impacts
Creative site layout
Minimize imperviousnes
Maintaining natural drainage patterns
Permeable pavement techniques: (permeable pavement, green roof
 Minimize Directly Connected Impervious Areas
• Grass buffers
• Grass swales
• Bioretention

https://www.pwdplanreview.org/manual/chapter-4/4.1-bioinfiltration-
bioretention
Treat and slowly release
Water Quality Capture Volume with Slow
Release

WQCV facilities may provide both water quality and volume

reduction benefits, depending on the BMP selected including
permeable pavement systems with subsurface storage,
bioretention, extended detention basins, sand filters, constructed
wetland ponds, and retention ponds
Bioretention area
Bioretention areas (also referred to as bioretention filters or rain
gardens) are structural stormwater controls that capture and
temporarily store the water quality volume using soils and
vegetation in shallow basins or landscaped areas to remove
pollutants from stormwater runoff.

Source: http://www.georgiastormwater.com
 Water Harvesting
Every year tremendous amounts of stormwater runoff is flushed down traditional
systems, which end up contaminating natural waterways with gross and dissolved
pollutants.
• There are viable alternatives that completely replace antiquated systems, providing a
sustainable solution with the added benefit of immediate reuse of clean water.
• This is a major advantage for communities experiencing low rainfall or water
restrictions.
Water Harvesting
What is a detention pond?
A storage facility intentionally or inadvertently
designed to release runoff at a controlled rate and
to store any excess water for later release when the
inflow is reduced
Uses of Detention Ponds
1. Stormwater management by controlling peak runoff rates
to predevelopment levels.
2. Sediment trapping.
3. Nonpoint source pollution control.
 Definitions
Detention Storage - Temporary storage of runoff. The runoff peak is reduced but the runoff volume is
unchanged.

Retention Storage - Long-term storage of runoff without release to off-site disposal. No runoff leaves
the pond.

Retention/Detention - Combination of retention storage. Both the peak and volume of ' runoff are
reduced.

Outflow Structure - A hydraulic structure used to control the release from the detention pond. Typical
outflow structures include culverts, single and multi-stage risers, weirs and orifices.

Release Rate Rule - Specification of the target peak outflow rate(s) for a pond.

Off-Site Impact - Adverse impacts off-site and downstream of the point of outflow from a pond resulting
from the pond release.

No-Harm 'Release Rate - A release rate rule which restricts the outflow peak to a level that will not
aggravate downstream flooding or create new flooding problems.

System Simulation - Using computer stormwater simulation models to analyze the impact of local pond
decisions on the performance of the entire watershed drainage network.
 Planning for Detention Ponds
Effects on the Landscape: Aesthetics

Detention Ponds Pond Environment

Recreational Opportunities
Removal of Pollutants
Detention in Natural Lakes Safety
Layout of Detention Ponds
 Detention
Ponds
Technical Configuration
• Inflow Structure
• Configuration of Pond Bottom
• Slope Protection
• Outlet Structure
• Trash Racks
• Spillway vs. Embankment Overtopping
• Embankment Loss Analysis

https://www.platinumlakemanagement.com/blog/stormwater-ponds-explained
Design of a Detention Pond

Volume
WL Discharge

Q(t)
Inflow
Peak outflow
is
on recession
limb of inflow.
Outflow

Time
Detention Ponds

Inflow Structure
Detention Ponds

Configuration of Pond Bottom

The configuration of the pond bottom will depend, to a
large degree, on whether the pond will have a permanent pool of
water.
The permanent pool can also act as the settling basin.
Detention Ponds

Configuration of Pond Bottom

A detention basin that stores water only during storms should have a trickle flow ditch
between the inlet and the outlet.
Low flow ditches are sized to carry the frequently occurring runoff and trickle flows.
When large rainstorms occur, the capacity of these ditches is exceeded and the water
floods the adjacent pond bottom.
Detention Ponds

Side slopes
Side slopes of the pond will tend to erode whenever the detained water surface
fluctuates frequently or when there is wave action.
• Good vegetation will help to protect the side slopes against erosion.
• In areas of high velocities and wave attack, structural measures are needed to
supplement vegetation.
Detention Ponds Outlet Structure
Design for the control of two or three levels of flow (for example, 2-
and 10-year)
• Provide maintenance access to the outlet.
• If possible, use no moving parts or pumps in an outlet. Use massive
components to reduce damage from vandalism.
• Provide erosion protection at the inlet and outlet ends of the outlet
• pipe.
• Provide coarse gravel packing to screen out debris.
• Always design with maintenance and aesthetics in mind..
 Design
1
Inflow 3

2 Storage Outflow

Dam
∆𝑆
𝐼−𝑄 =
∆𝑡

3
Theory of Reservoir Routing

I2 O2 = ?

Law of
Inflow Outflow Dt
Continuity

I1 O1
Inflow = Outflow + Rate of change of storage

Assume:-
(1) Storage depends only on outflow
(2) Reservoir surface is horizontal
(3) Water surface elev. is function of outflow
Theory of Reservoir Routing (2)
Inflow = Outflow + Rate of change of storage

I1  I 2 O1  O 2 S 2  S1
  f(O)
2 2 Dt
 2S 2   2S1 
I1  I 2    O2     O1  2O1
 Dt   Dt 

2S2 2 S1
 O2   O1  I1  I 2
Dt Dt
2S
O
Dt
Outflow O
Detention Basin “Geometry”: defining
stage-storage-discharge relationship

• Objective: Develop separate relationships

between:
• Stage (elevation) and storage (depends on
geometry)
• Stage and discharge (depends on weir
and/or orifice characteristics)
Stage-Storage Relationship – Simplest
Case
w
 Storage(S) = f(h)
S = L*w*h
L

h
 Stage-Storage Relationship –
Topographic Control Case
 Volume stored in
basin is a function
of depth.

Dh
DS   Ai  Ai 1 
2
4
x 104
6
6

5
5

4
(ft33))
storage (ft

1 Dam
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
1.5 22 2.5
2.5 33 3.5
3.5 44 4.5
4.5 55
stage
stage (ft)
(ft)
Aerial View of Detention Basin

Inflow from Hearts Field Dr.

Outlet Structure

Detention Basin Boundary

 Inflow from Hearts Field Dr.
Outlet Structure
Inflow from underground pipe
Inflow from Hearts Field Dr.
Stage – Storage Relationship
 Parameters: Base length (L), base width(w), sideslope (m)
 Change in length or width calculation:

Li 1  2m  Dh  Li wi 1  2m  Dh  wi
 Incremental Storage Volume calculation:

 Li  wi  Li1  wi1   Ai  Ai1 

DVi  Dh     Dh   
 2   2 
Li+1

Dh 1
m
Li
Stage - Discharge Relationship
 The discharge from a basin depends upon the physical
characteristics of its outlet structure.
 The outlet structure from a basin is generally composed
of a weir, an orifice, or some combination. Thus:
 Weir (typical Cw = 1.84):

 Orifice (typical Co = 0.4-0.6):

Q  C w Lh 1.5

Q  Co A 2 gh
Calculating Stage - Discharge
 Discharge structures may allow “dead storage” before
they discharge any flow (h0 below)

Q  C w L(h  h0 )1.5
Q  Co A 2 g (h  h0 )

h0
h

(datum)
 diameter (D) = 0,53 m
Wier hight (Hc) = 10,8 m
Determine depth outflow rating curve between 10 and 12 m hight
The riser can work for wier and orifice flow

Q  C w L(H )1.5 = (1,84)(1,67) H1,5=3,073 H1,5

Q  Co A 2 gH = (0,6) (0,221) (4,43) Ho0,50

Depth (m) Depth for calculation (m) Orifice (m3/s) Wier (m3/s)

10 0 0 0
10,8 0 0 0
10,9 0,1 0,19 0,10*
11 0,2 0,26* 0,27
11,2 0,4 0,37* 0,78
11,4 0,6 0,45* 1,43
11,6 0,8 0,53* 2,2
11,8 1 0,59* 3,07
12 1,2 0,64* 4,04

For depth discharge use always

the smaller value (*)
 Example
An a watershed a construction started, a new multi family development. At the
outflow for the 10 yr return period rainfall the hydrograph was determined before and
after development. The max. before development peak was 8 m3/s. The after
development hydrograph is shown below. Downstream to the outflow structure the
creek can not carry more water, a detention pond design is necessary. Design the
detention pond.

development

Detention pond
Time (min)
Outflow
 • Wier-orifice Goal: reduce peak flow to 8 m3/s
Outflow flow
D= 1.2 m
C= 0,6 Li+1
length (wier)= 1 m
Cw= 1,84 Dh 1
Detention pond
h= 3 m
m
Li
m= 3
L= 50 m
W 50 m
Timestep l
Dt= 10 min
• Emergency
spillway

• pipe
D
1. Storage design

h sz1 sz2 A S sumS Qorifice Qwier Qsum 2S/Dt+Q

0 50 50 2500 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
0.5 53 53 2809 1327.25 1327.25 3.3 0 3.3 7.7
1 56 56 3136 1486.25 2 814 4.7 0 4.7 14.1
1.5 59 59 3481 1654.25 4 468 5.8 0 18.0 20.6
2 62 62 3844 1831.25 6 299 6.6 0 6.6 27.6
2.5 65 65 4225 2017.25 8 316 7.4 0 7.4 35.1
3 68 68 4624 2212.25 10 529 8.1 0.0 8.1 43.2
3.5 71 71 5041 2416.25 12 945 8.8 0.7 9.4 52.6
4 74 74 5476 2629.25 15 574 9.4 1.8 11.2 63.1
4.5 77 77 5929 2851.25 18 425 10.0 3.4 13.3 74.8

5 80 80 6400 3082.25 21 508 10.5 5.2 15.7 87.4

a. Storage, S- depth, h
b. Depth-stage, h – outflow Q
c. Outflow, Q +2S/Dt
2. Indicator curve
 n+1
Q n+1
t I I1+I2 2S/Dt-Q 2S/Dt+Q Q2
3. Outflow hydrograph 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.00
10 5 5 0.0 5.0 2.14
20 10 15 0.7 15.7 5.05
n 30 12.5 22.5 5.6 28.1 6.95
n+1 40 11 23.5 14.2= 37.7 7.65 Indicator curve,
n+2 50 8 19 22.4 = 41.4 7.95 Qn+1
60 6 14 25.5 39.5 7.81
70 4 10 23.9 33.9 7.30
80 2.5 6.5 19.3 25.8 6.41
90 1 3.5 13.0 16.5 5.09
100 0.5 1.5 6.3 7.8 3.33
110 0 0.5 1.1 1.6 0.69
120 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.13

n+2
Q n+2
 Time (min)

Qtoutflow=7,95 m3/s < Qbefore=8 m3/s

Toolbox
1 2
 2

3
3
4
4
Given watershed with 30% single family, 70% wooded. The time of concentration water
determined as well.
(a) Assimind the watershed is homogen, draw the side view of the creek.
(b) Draw a possible hydrograph at the outflow point.

45 min

30 min

15 min

45 min

30 ha

30 min

15 min
 On the ws. a 15ha area shopping mall was built. Design parameters are 5% return period,
45 minutes rainfall (A1=20 ha, A2=65ha, A3=15ha)
(c) Determine the runoff volume in mm before and after development
(d) Determine the runoff hydrograph before and after development.

45 min
Landuse

15 ha

30 ha

30 min

15 min

45 min

A3
A2

A1

30 min

15 min
 A A
c1 0.7 0.3 c1 0.2 0.5
c2 0.2 0.7 c2 0.7 0.3
c3 0.15 0 c3 0.95 0.2
c4
c4
C+ 0.5
C+ 0.35 1 i 50
i 50 lef 25

lef 17.5
 Lefolyáskép
ző Vízgyüjt Time to Vízgyüjt
Idő csapadék,Ql ő Gage ő terület R1*An R2*An R3*An R4*An R5*An Vízgyüjtő kar.
min mm/hr (ha) (m3/s)
0 0.00
15 17.5 A 20 350.00 0.97
30 17.5 B 65 1137.50 350.00 4.13
45 17.5 C 15 262.50 1137.50 350.00 4.86
60 D 0.00 262.50 1137.50 0.00 3.89
75 E 0 0.00 0.00 262.50 0.00 0.00 0.73
90 F 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
105 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lefolyás Vízgy
képző Time üjtő
csapadé Vízgy to terüle
Idő k,Ql üjtő Gage t R1*An R2*An R3*An R4*AnR5*AnVízgyüjtő kar.
min mm/hr (hr) (ha) (m3/s)
0 0.00
15 25.00 A 1 20 500.00 1.39
30 25.00 B 2 65 1625.00 500.00 5.90
45 25.00 C 3 15 375.00 1625.00 350.00 6.53
60 D 4 0.00 375.00 1137.50 0.00 4.20
75 E 5 0 0.00 0.00 262.50 0.00 0.00 0.73
90 F 6 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
h sz1 sz2 A S Össz S QkifolyQgát Qössz 2S/Dt+Q
0 50 50 2500 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
0.2 50.8 50.8 2580.6 508.06 508.064 1.4 0 1.4 2.5
0.4 51.6 51.6 2662.6 524.32 1 032 2.0 0 2.0 4.3
0.6 52.4 52.4 2745.8 540.83 1 573 2.4 0 2.4 5.9
0.8 53.2 53.2 2830.2 557.6 2 131 2.8 0 2.8 7.5
1 54 54 2916 574.62 2 705 3.1 0 3.1 9.1
1.2 54.8 54.8 3003 591.9 3 297 3.4 0 3.4 10.8
1.4 55.6 55.6 3091.4 609.44 3 907 3.7 0 3.7 12.4
1.6 56.4 56.4 3181 627.23 4 534 4.0 0 4.0 14.0
1.8 57.2 57.2 3271.8 645.28 5 179 4.2 0 4.2 15.7
2 58 58 3364 663.58 5 843 4.4 0 4.4 17.4
2.2 58.8 58.8 3457.4 682.14 6 525 4.6 0 4.6 19.1
2.4 59.6 59.6 3552.2 700.96 7 226 4.9 0 4.9 20.9
2.6 60.4 60.4 3648.2 720.03 7 946 5.0 0 5.0 22.7
2.8 61.2 61.2 3745.4 739.36 8 685 5.2 0 5.2 24.5
3 62 62 3844 758.94 9 444 5.4 0.0 5.4 26.4
3.2 62.8 62.8 3943.8 778.78 10 223 5.6 0.9 6.5 29.2
(g) Indicator curve
 Q

t I I1+I2 2S/Dt-Q 2S/Dt+Q Q2

0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
15 1.4 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.78
30 5.9 7.3 0.0 7.3 2.75
45 6.5 12.4 1.8 14.2 3.99
60 4.2 10.7 6.2 17.0 4.37
75 0.7 4.9 8.2 13.2 3.83
90 0.0 0.73 5.5 6.2 2.49
105 0.0 0 1.3 1.3 0.72
120 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.00
Qoutflow=4.37 m3/s < Qbefore=4.86 m3/s
 Typical Two-Stage Riser Outlet Structure
5 ft.

 Four depth regimes

(h in m): 4 ft.
3 ft.

 h≤4
 4<h≤6 2 ft.

 6<h≤9
 9<h 4 ft.
h
 A different equation 0 ft. (datum)
for Q applies over
each depth regime.
 Typical Two-Stage Riser Outlet Structure:
9<h 5 ft.
 When 9 < h then the depth of
water in the basin is above the
4 ft. 3 ft.
top of the upper opening. The
2 ft.
lower stage opening in the riser
acts like an orifice with area 8 4 ft.
h
ft2 and the upper stage acts like 0 ft.
(datum)
a weir.
 Add orifice and weir eqns.

Q  38.5 (h  5)  (3.0)  5  (h  9) 1.5

Q  38.5 (h  5)  47.1(h  9) 1.5

 Typical Two-Stage Riser Outlet Structure

 Apply regime
equations in
spreadsheet
Typical Two-Stage Riser Outlet Structure:
Stage-Discharge Relationship

500

450

400
Upper stage
discharge (ft3/s)

350

300
outflow
250 Total riser
200
outflow
150

100

50 Lower stage
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
outflow
stage (ft)