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Carpe Diem
General Introduction
In this module the Carpe Diem will be discussed at length, which means ‗seize the day‘. It lays emphasis on
the ‗enjoyment of the day‘ because we get human life just for once. This human life itself is very short. Poets
like Henry Howard, the Earl of Surrey, Ben Jonson, Thomas Campion, Thomas Carew, Samuel Daniel,
Michael Drayton, William Shakespeare, Robert Harrick, and Andrew Marvell composed some remarkable
carpe diems. The module will throw light on some well known carpe diems composed by some extremely
gifted poets.
MODULE 21
Carpe diem is originally a Latin term which is used as an admonition to capture the rapture of the
moment without concern for the future.
I I I
Horace, an eminent Roman poet used this term in his odes. In Odes, Book1, and Number11 he writes:
‗Spem longam reseces. dum loq uimur fugerit invida aetas : carpe diem , quam minimum credula postero’.
Which means ―to a short period. While we speak, envious time will have (already) fled: seize the day trusting
as little as possible in the next (day) [/ future].‖ The ode conveys us the message of Horace that the future is
unexpected or unforeseen so one must enjoy the life only today. Carpe Diem also defines the ‗destructiveness
of all devouring time‘.
Sir Walter Ralegh (1552 – 1618), one of the leading personalities at the court of Queen Elizabeth also
tried his pen on Carpe Diem. In his poem entitled ‗Nature, That Washed Her Hands‘, he portrayed time as
destroyer and addressed it as ‗cruel time‘:
Henry Howard, the Earl of Surrey composed a poem entitled Brittle Beauty on the theme of Carpe Diem.
Beauty is short lived and frail. This poem is also known as The Frailty and Hurtfulness of Beauty.
Samuel Daniel, the composer of Astrophel and Stella also wrote sonnets on the theme of Carpe diem. As
per Satya Prasad Sengupta: ‗The theme is Carpe diem, the destructiveness of the all –devouring Time.‘ He
also wrote that the time will take away the beauty of the beloved:
He also writes:
Samuel Daniel composed ‗Another Song‘ (from Thethys Festival). In this song again he writes on the theme
of Carpe diem:
Delia is a remarkable collection by Danial. Here in Sonnet LV he wants to sing for the fair eyes of his
beloved, and thus he would immortalise her:
In Sonnet L he compares his ‗sweet love‘ with ‗morning dew‘ but the time‘s destructive attitude clears
away anything. He finds the glory of the blushing Rose short. In this beautiful poem he writes:
Michel Drayton wrote a sonnet sequence entitled Idea containing sixty three sonnets. Michael Drayton in his
Sonnet VIII expresses his fear for the destructive power of time that will diminish the beauty of the beloved.
He does not want to see his beloved‘s beauty decaying. He writes;
Again in Sonnet LX he is ready to use his pen in order to defeat the time and immortalize his love.
He portrays it as a killer who strangles lover‘s vows. Caroline Spurgeon writes about such speeches in Troilus
and Cressida: ‗…we feel that what he cannot forgive time is that it seems to hurt, change, diminish and even
to destroy love.‘(pg.779). He further writes that: ‗Love is apparently killed by time, only because it transcends
time; and its spiritual infinite essence cannot be confined within the limitations of a material finite world.‘
(pg.180) In Act III scene III of Troilus and Cressida Ulysses says;
Beauty wit.
Shakespeare presented all men as time‘s subjects. In Act I, scene III, Henry IV he writes:
In the same play at one place he defines the destructive power of time in these words:
―William Shakespeare‘s high comedy, ―Twelfth Night, or, What You Will,‖ (1600), centers on themes of love
– unrequited love, lost love, secret love, fickle love. But another theme is also explored – carpe diem, or
―seize the day.‖ The idea that we should embrace life and live it to the fullest and in the present was a very
modern philosophy for Shakespeare (1564-1616) to tuck into a 17th Century play.‖
(http://www.search.ask.com/web?q=carpediem+in+elizabethan+age&apn_dtid=%5EIME001%5EYY%5EIN
&d=1...)
O mistress mine, where are you roaming?
Sonnet 12 portrays the power of time, which is without mercy. Time causes gradual decay of all objects.
Time is all powerful. The poem presents the images of summer and of snow in winter. The poem contains a
message that time stops for none. In order to gain immortality one has to produce children. The poem ends
with the following couplet:
Sonnet 15 also reveals the decaying nature of time that makes human existence and beauty transitory.
Because all physical things decay over time. But sonnets can immortalize the beauty of Fair Youth.
L.C. Knights in his book Some Shakespearean Themes rightly writes that Time is ‗one of the most
consistently developed themes of Shakespeare‘s sonnets‘ in which ‗the linguistic vitality is highest‘. About
sonnet, 12 and 15 he writes that: ―One reason of course why Time comes into the picture at all is that many of
the sonnets are about ways of defeating him – getting married and having children, or writing immortal verse,
or, best of all, loving so truly that Time can make no difference. But the poet is not interested in the young
patron‘s posterity with the same intensity of concern that is evoked by the signs of beauties passing and even
the magnificent assertion of love‘s independence of Time in Sonnet CXVI.‖
In sonnet 19 the poet addresses the Time as ‗devouring‘ the nature. He requests the Time not to
demolish the beauty of Fair Youth. But he wants to immortalize him in his verses.
There are some critics who believe that Shakespeare was concerned with Carpe Diem, the briefness of
beauty and the devouring power of time. But in sonnet 116 he establishes the power of love that transcends the
limitations of Time. Where he writes:
F.E. Halliday in his book The Poetry of Shakespeare‘s Plays writes: ―Swift- footed time is devourer of
the wide world‘s fading sweets and Shakespeare feels a great pity for men and women by ‗Time‘s injurious
hand crushed and o‘erworn‘. Time and its cruel destructive power its slow sapping of beauty, is the
melancholy inspiration of much of Shakespeare‘s poetry‖.
In again Sonnet 49 he writes against time. Each quatrain starts with a phrase ‗Against that time.‘ The first
quatrain opens with following lines:
In the second quatrain he writes: ‗Against that time when‘ the fair youth ‗shalt strangely pass / And
scarcely greet‘ him ‗with the sun‘ in his eyes.
Sonnet 60 again deals with the power of time. Here the poet uses words like ‗waves‘ and ‗minuts‘
in order to symbolize time. ‗The pebbled shore‘ symbolizes the death.
The time imparts life to us and also snatches it away. ‗And Time that gave doth now his gift
confound‘. Time‘s destructive nature as taken up by Shakespeare in his sonnets has been commented by many
critics. Shakespeare portrays time as ‗Injurious shifting, wasteful, a devourer, a spoiler and a thief, he
swallows up cities and defaces proud buildings, is an eater of youth, ‗feeds on the rarities of nature‘s truth‘
and devours good deeds past as fast as they are made, he steals minutes and hours, wrecks and despoils
beauty,
This at least is one mood – and the most constant - in which Shakespeare sees time, and, like many of his
pictures of death, it is an entirely mediaeval conception he has before him of the ‗cormorant‘ devourer, the
‗bloody tyrant‘, the all powerful reaper with his scythe‘. (Caroline Spurgeon – pg – 176)
In sonnet 63 he address time as ‗injurious‘, who crushes individuals and steals away the treasure of
spring. He writes: ‗For such a time do I now fortify/ Against confounding age‘s cruel knife,/ That he shall
never cut from memory / My sweet love‘s beauty though my lover‘s life; …‖ The very next sonnet also
reflects the poets‘ struggle against Time that is the arch – devourer. The poet seems to suffer from the fear that
the death will ‗take my (his) love away‘. But unlike sonnet 60, this sonnet ends with a depressing mood and
tone:
All strong things like brass, stone, boundless sea and love are perishable. But in black ink he can provide
immortality to the beauty of his friend.
Mirror reflects the image of old age. The poet gifts a notebook to his friend in which he can record his
experiences. The hands of a clock indicate the time‘s thievish progress to eternity‘.
(Sonnet 77)
In sonnet 100 he invokes the muse to satirize time‘s destructive and aging powers, and to prevent
time‘s knife from cutting the beauty of his fair friend.
The effect of time can be seen on the face of the Fair Youth. The sweet beauty of the friend is also
changing.
He writes that ‗to me fair friend, you never can be old‘. Under the blessings of time he finds his
beloved fresh and beautiful. ‗Now with the drops of this most balmy time / My love looks fresh, and death to
me subscribe…‖ (107)
The ‗reckoning time‘s‘ millions of accidents creep in between the lover‘s promises, and they can change
even the ‗decrees of kings‘, they can ‗tan the sacred beauty‘, and ‗blunt the sharpest intents‘. He is not afraid
of ‗time‘s tyranny‘.
True love never shakes and changes because of impediments and storms. Love cannot be destroyed by
the time‘s sharp sickle. Physical beauty can wither under time‘s destructive power but the true love lasts till
the doomsday.
L.C.Knights rightly writes that sonnet 116 ‗is set over against what the imagination has made most real‘
there are whole tracts of experience still to be crossed. What we feel again and again, in those sonnets that are
most powerfully alive, is the sense of Time – The dial‘s shady stealth‘ – summed up in unforgettable image of
the changing seasons and the wasting years‘. (pg – 49 – 50) Sonnet 123 again challenges the might of
destructive Time. He will remain faithful to his friend despite the destructive power of Time.
In the next sonnet he continues the previous theme. He defines his true and firm love in following
lines:
In sonnet 126, the poet refers to the power of time. In spite of the blessings of Nature he should fear
Time‘s destructive power.
She keeps thee to this purpose: that her skill
Ben Johnson‘s come, My Celia is another example of Carpe diem. He calls his beloved to value love since
the time will not be theirs forever.
To be taken, to be seen,
Robert Herrick‘s collection of poems entitled Hesperides is noted for the famous carpe diem To the
Virgins, and To Make Much of Time. His poems contain the message that the life is very short, and one must
make the best use of this precious time. In the above mentioned carpe diem he writes:
His other famous carpe diems are To Daffodils, To Silvia to Wed, A Lyric to Mirth, On Himself III, To Live
Merrily and to Trust Good Verses, To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time, Best to Be Merry, The Changes to
Corinna, Upon a Delaying Lady, To Live Freely, To Enjoy the Time, To a Bed of Tulips, To Electra (III), An
End Decreed, To Youth, To Be Merry, To Blossoms and Corinna Going a- Maying. Corinna going a- Maying
is a long poem by Harrick. In the final stanza of this poem he calls his beloved to come and enjoy the life
before the death comes.
In To Daffodills he appreciates the beautiful flowers of daffodils but expresses his grief that these beautiful
flowers fade quickly. He tries to cast a parallel between these flowers and life .
Stay, stay
Has run
Youth is symbolised by early – rising seen and middle age by noon. Briefness of human life has been
portrayed in the second stanza of this poem:
As you, or anything.
We die
Away,
Human beings also have a short life span just like these daffodils flowers. Human life has been compared with
‗summer‘s rain‘ and ‗pearls of morning dew‘ that disappear in a blink of an eye. So we must enjoy life.
To Blossoms is also a lovely carpe diem. In the opening stanza of this poem he lays emphasis on the shortness
of the life of flowers that symbolize the human life.
And go at last.
The poet‘s grief over such a short life span reflects in the second stanza:
Grave is the ultimate destination of all living and beautiful things in this world. No one can wrestle
Andrew Marvell in his poem To His Coy Mistress persuades his mistress for the physical union. In
first twenty lines he says that he has less time so he can not spend thousands and hundreds of years
just in wooing her. In next twelve lines he describes the heart rending cruelty of time.
In the final stanza of this poem he argues that in ‗loving one another with passion they will both make
the most of the brief time they have to live .‘(http://en.wikepedia.org/wiki/ To –His-Coy –Mistress…)
The Earl of Surrey finds beauty short-lived, Carew persuades his beloved to enjoy life,
Daniel finds pleasure vanishing speedily, Drayton sees the effect of time on love and its
virtues, and poets like William Shakespeare and Samuel Daniel try to immortalize the beauty
of their respective loves by singing in verse. Marvell like Harrick tries to persuade his
beloved to love and enjoy the moment. Time‘s destructive power becomes the basic theme of
carpe diem.
Questions
5. Give your views on Carpe diem in Samuel Daniel‘s poems. Support your answer with appropriate
examples.
7. Define Robert Harrick‘s poem ‗To Make Much of Time‘ as a Carpe diem.
Seize the
Day
Destructiveness of
Briefness Carpe diem can all devouring time
of life be defined
as