September 2000 North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

______________________________________
Volume 6 September
Number 3 2000
a quarterly devoted to the orchids of North America
published by the
NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
IN THIS ISSUE:
MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5th ANNUAL NORTH
AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE: Part 1.
GOVENIA FLORIDANA (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW
SPECIES ENDEMIC TO SOUTHERN FLORIDA,
U.S.A.
PLATANTHERA XVOSSII FOUND IN RHODE ISLAND
RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED
ORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA - Part 3……….and more!
155
NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE
ORCHID JOURNAL
(ISSN 1084-7332)
published quarterly in
March June September December
by the
NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID ALLIANCE
a group dedicated to the conservation and promotion of our
native orchids
Editor:
Paul Martin Brown
Assistant Editor: Nathaniel E. Conard
Editorial & Production Assistants:
Philip E. Keenan
Stan Folsom
Nancy Webb
The Journal welcomes articles, of any length, of both a scientific

and general interest nature relating to the orchids of North
America. Scientific articles should conform to guidelines such as
those in Lindleyana or Rhodora. General interest articles and notes
may be more informal. Authors may include line drawings
and/or black and white photographs. Color inserts may be
arranged. Please send all inquiries or material for publication to
the Editor at PO Box 772121, Ocala, FL 34477-2121 (late May -
early Oct. Box 759, Acton, ME 04001-0759).
2000 Membership in the North American Native Orchid Alliance,

which includes a subscription to the Journal, is $26 per year in the
United States, $29US in Canada and $32US other foreign
countries. Payment should be sent to Nancy A. Webb, 84 Etna
St., Brighton, MA 02135-2830. Claims for lost issues or canceled
memberships should be made to the editorial office within 30
days.
156
NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE
ORCHID JOURNAL
Volume 6 September
Number 3 2000
CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
159
The Slow Empiricist
161
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
5th ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE
PART 1.
A SUMMARY OF THE 5TH ANNUAL NORTH
AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE
Port Angeles, Washington
July 16-20, 2000
Scott Stewart
171
SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE
FEDERALLY-THREATENED EASTERN PRAIRIE
FRINGED ORCHID, PLATANTHERA LEUCOPHAEA
(NUTTALL) LINDLEY, AND THREE HABENARIA
SPECIES FROM FLORIDA
Scott Stewart
180
ORCHIDS AT A RANGE LIMIT IN ARIZONA AND
NEW MEXICO
Ronald A. Coleman
193
ABOUT SOME EUROPEAN GENERA
Dietrich & Ursula Rueckbrodt
201
157
ORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA - Part 3
Anne B. Wagner, Ken Wagner & Paul Martin Brown
216
RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL
NOTES FROM FLORIDA 7.
GOVENIA FLORIDANA (ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW
SPECIES ENDEMIC TO SOUTHERN FLORIDA, U.S.A.
Paul Martin Brown
230
LOOKING FORWARD:
December 2000
241
PLATANTHERA XVOSSII FOUND IN
RHODE ISLAND
242
PRE-PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENT
NATIVE ORCHIDS OF THE SOUTHERN
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
by Stanley A. Bentley
243
2001 RENEWAL NOTICE
244
PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENT
NATIVE ORCHIDS OF OREGON
246
Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom
Color Plates:
Plate 1, p. 247 Govenia floridana
Plate 2, p. 248 Platanthera xvossii, Piperia unalascensis - white & yellow form,
Platanthera chorisiana
The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific
articles may be subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for
both accuracy and scientific content.
Volume 6, number 3, pages 159-248; issued September 20, 2000.
Copyright 2000 by the North American Native Orchid Alliance, Inc.
Cover: Cypripedium acaule by Stan Folsom
158
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
Although a cool and somewhat rainy summer

covered many parts of the continent this year we
certainly had ideal weather for the conference in
Olympic National Park. Fifty-four members and
friends attended and a full report is in this issue. One of
the most noticeable difference between this conference
and others was the articulate and educated discussion
that followed each presentation.
Plans for the 2001 conference are undergoing a

change at this time because of a conflict. Originally
scheduled for Charlotte, North Carolina with field tips
to the Green Swamp near Wilmington, NC on May 12-
15, a conflict has arisen with another native plant
conference that same weekend in that region.
Unfortunately the conference center we were using is
not available for another date in May so I am making
alternate arrangements for the 6th North American
Native Orchid Conference to be held in northern New
England September 6-9, 2001. Full details will appear in
the December Journal.
A number of thank yous are in order at this time.

In regard to the 5th Annual North American Native
Orchid Conference: to Cathy Murray for all of her pre-
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conference work and assisting with the arrangements, to
Dennis Maleug for coordinating the field trips, to Larry
Zettler for moderating the conference (so I could really
enjoy it!) and a number of others who helped in moving
tables and chairs, covering sales etc. And not to forget
all of our speakers!
A very special thank you goes to Ed Greenwood

for all of his patient help in assisting me in preparing the
publication of Govenia floridana.
Lastly, there are only two color pages in this issue

because additional suitable color was not submitted to
accompany the articles in this issue.
Paul Martin Brown, editor

PO Box 772121
Ocala, FL 34477-2121
352/861-2565
PO Box 759
Acton, ME 04001-0759
207/636-3719
(late May - Sept.)
naorchid@aol.com
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Empiricist: MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES

The Slow Empiricist
In looking back over the last five years, I

remember that each North American Native Orchid
Alliance conference was a different experience. The
conferences were set up so that the latest information
that was being compiled and the various areas of
expertise that were being pursued might be shared with
the membership. An important part of each conference
was the presentation of a document that honored a
noted person in the field for their efforts in orchid
studies. An equally important part of each conference
was the field trips to see that particular area's orchid
specimens.
The first conference was held in Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania. The trip down to the site was fun because
we were able to explore new territory along the way for
the northern slender ladies-tresses, Spiranthes lacera.
Nothing breaks up a long road trip like a little
botanizing. We also were on the lookout for any other
species that we might happen across.
Carlow College was gracious to offer us space to

hold the lecture presentations at its facilities when the
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original meeting place grew too small to accommodate

all those who planned to attend. Sister Mary Joy
Hayward, who was in charge of the of the biology
department at the college, acted a liason and arranged
the meeting space at the college. She was also an avid
botanist and attended all the lectures and was
enthusiastic about the entire procedure.
It was very hot in Pittsburgh that week and

mercifully the conference meeting room was air-
conditioned. There were many speakers at the
conference and each presented an interesting lecture
about their area of expertise. There was also a round
table discussion with all the participants joining in the
talk.
I am refraining from discussing the topics in

detail because there are notes on the entire conference
in the September 1996 (vol. 2. #3) Journal. That would
be redundant to go over those events so I am simply
relating some of my special memories of each
conference. What really stands out in my mind, which
tends to be visually oriented, are the orchids that we
encountered on the field trips, planned and unplanned,
so I intend to concentrate on that area of my
experiences. I remember seeing some of the lovely
orchids that grow in that area of the United States. As I
stated we looked for Spiranthes on the way to the
conference. I always find exploring to be exciting,
especially when it pays off in discovery. We were
successful. We found several sites for the Spiranthes lacera
in Pennsylvania on our way to the conference.
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I also remember seeing the lovely stands of the

purple fringeless orchis, Platanthera peramoena, in the
damp ditches of rural Pennsylvania. This orchid is quite
magnificent in size and color as opposed to the tinier,
harder to spot Spiranthes. But to my mind each has a
definite charm, you just have to get up close and bend
down a lot to enjoy the littler species.
We also had a chance to explore an area near

State College, Pennsylvania, which had an interesting
Listera in the park. Our Pomeranians enjoyed seeing an
identical cousin being walked along the roadside at the
entrance to the park. It also gave me a chance to visit
my old alma mater, The Pennsylvania State University,
which is located in State College.
An interesting by-product of the conference was

that it made us aware of the terrain and topography of
this area. Several years later we returned to the area in a
quest for Case's ladies-tresses, Spiranthes casei and the
oval ladies-tresses, S. ovalis. We found quite a few sites
for the S. casei but we had a rough time locating S. ovalis
even though we had specific directions and were in the
right location. I remember spending a great deal of time
and effort trying to locate S. ovalis on a hillside in a rural
part of Pennsylvania. We spent most of an afternoon
there and had no success. We went back the next
morning and finally located the ellusive plants. Of
course, once we found one we began to spot more.
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The second conference was held in what I

thought was a very unlikely spot and time. We were in
the Tucson area of Arizona in the middle of August. I
expected it to be hot and unbearable and nearly decided
not to attend. I'm glad that I decided otherwise. We met
for the lectures in a modern hotel convention facility
that also provided easy access to food and our rooms.
No problem with the heat and blazing sun there!
Chuck Sheviak presented his findings on the

yellow-flowered Cypripediums and received a citation
from the Alliance as outstanding orchidist of the year.
But again the field trips were the significant memory I
want to impart to you because this is from my
perspective as an amateur enthusiast. You can read
about the conference in much more detail in the
September 1997, vol. 3 #3 Journal.
We went up into the Huachuca & Chiricahua

Mountains for our exploration. The weather was cool
and spring-like when we got up in elevation. I loved
looking at the other spring wildflowers that were
blooming along the trail. We saw a large blue flower that
looked like a Batchelor Button but I was informed it
was a Mexican native. There were lovely lupines and
Indian paintbrushes perched along the edges. There
were also lilies in bloom as well. They made a long
journey to the area where the adder's-mouths, Malaxis
sp., were in bloom more than enjoyable. I did marvel at
the stamina of some of the older participants and their
enthusiasm as they literally sailed up the mountainsides.
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The third conference was held at Lake Itasca in

Minnesota. I remember this place because we stayed in
a rustic resort area that is run by the Park Service. The
facility was set up so that we could have the lecture
presentations near our rooms and there was a dining
hall in the area as well. The lectures and proceedings can
be found in the September 1998, vol. 4, no. 3 Journal.
One of the highlights of the field trips was seeing

3 adder's-mouths side by side, Malaxis unifolia, M.
brachypoda, and M. paludosa. They were all growing
nearby each other in a mossy, damp, open conifer
woods. It gave everyone a good chance to compare the
species differences. I enjoy walking in spongy,
sphagnum mosses avoiding the obviously wet sections
while I am exploring. Because I don't photograph, I
have more time to roam and I usually find a number of
interesting specimens.
Another fond memory was standing in the

prairies of Manitoba amid all the western prairie
fringed orchis, Platanthera praeclara. It is certainly a
commanding orchid for its large size and is crowned
with lovely fringed, white blossoms poking up above
the prairie grasses. One forgets the heat and unrelenting
sun in such a presence as these.
An interesting sidelight, after the conference

closed and we got home, we heard that a tornado had
gone through the Park area and actually damaged part
of the dining hall where we had taken our meals.
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Although I might like to see a tornado close hand, I'm

glad that I wasn't around for that one.
The fourth conference took place in Tampa,

Florida. I was not able to attend the lecture section of
the conference but you can find all the notes about it in
the June 1999, vol. 5, # 2 Journal. I remember instead
how we searched for the orchids in the weeks before
the conference opened. That winter had been
particularly dry and the timing for the orchids to bloom
was affected by the drought. I worried that there would
not be anything worth looking at because everything
seemed to be out of bloom or blooming earlier than
expected or not even showing in the few weeks before
the scheduled conference.
The orchids were smaller and fewer but there

were enough material for everyone to experience them
in all their glory. The most indelible memory was of
over 50 participants engulfing our yard photographing
the clamshell orchid, Prosthechea cochleata and roaming
over to a neighbor's house to see all the spring ladies
tresses, Spiranthes vernalis that were blooming in their
lawn. Oak Run, the complex where we live, has begun a
campaign to eradicate such poor lawns much to our
chagrin.
The last conference I attended was this past

summer in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. This
was a conference where the audience joined into the
post lecture discussions and I think many learned a
great deal. I certainly did about how people are learning
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to isolate mycorhiza and germinate and grow orchids

from seed. Scott Stewart gave a simple and illuminating
talk about the processes that made the procedures much
more understandable.
Of course the orchids were everywhere in that

area. You only had to locate a likely spot of which there
were many and start looking. There were several
thousand western coralroots, Corallorhiza mertensiana, in
bloom in shades of magenta, pale yellow and white. An
interesting offshoot was when we went to lead the
group there, we missed the spot and ended up going to
the top of the Deer Park road, which is a long steep
climb up to about 5,600 feet. The views were
magnificent. The reason we went so far was that there
was no really safe place to turn around a long convoy of
automobiles and campers except at the top.
We also found an unusual Piperia candida that was

clearly creamy yellow and white. It may have been due
to age or it may just have been a slight color variation
but it was beautiful to see.
On our way to the ferry to take us back to the

Seattle area after the conference was over we stopped at
the Diamond Point Road area where Mark Larocque
and some of the others had found a lot of Piperias. We
found an interesting area in the industrial park that was
full of the Pacific northwestern race of Spiranthes
romanzoffiana. This race is larger and very showy,
especially in the quantities that there were along the
damp roadside ditches. The differences may be the
167
result of growing in close proximity to the water. One

plant had more bracts and no open flowers. Its flower
portion was like the bract form of the Dactylorhiza we
saw in Alaska.
The Olympic Peninsula conference took us for a

journey from Maine to Washington State through parts
of Canada. Of course we traveled with our orchid
loving dogs, the same Pomeranians mentioned earlier.
By traveling by automobile we were able to take the
dogs as well as seeing the entire northern roadways
across the United States and parts of Canada. It was
something that we wanted to do and but for the
conference would probably never have attempted to do.
Another factor was that friends of ours, the Castors,
were going to travel from Connecticut to the
conference. They inspired us to attempt the trip.
I will close with a list of all the orchids and

wildlife we saw on this trip. The ones with the asterisks
we saw in the Olympics, the others, on the trip to or
from Washington.
*Platanthera stricta
*Platanthera dilatata var. leucostachys, and var.
albiflora
* Platanthera aquilonis
*Platanthera creamy green hybrid
*Piperia elegans
*Piperia unalascensis
*Piperia transversa
*Piperia candida
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*Piperia elongata
*Corallorhiza mertensiana
*Corallorhiza maculata
*Corallorhiza striata
*Listera cordata var. nephrophylla
*Listera cordata var. cordata red and green forms
*Listera caurina
Spiranthes porrifolia
*Spiranthes romanzoffiana
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Pacific Northwest coastal
race
Listera borealis
*A creamy yellow & white Piperia
Epipactis helleborine
*Epipactis gigantea
*Goodyera oblongifolia
Cypripedium montanum
Platanthera obtusata
Platanthera orbiculata
Calypso bulbosa in fruit
Platanthera chorisiana (Lake Elizabeth)
We also saw *black tailed deer, and a

*nutria in the Olympic Parks and on the way there or
back we saw a herd of American bison, a town of prairie
dogs, a family of mountain goats, elderly ones, parents
and grandchildren feeding by the roadside, prong-
horned antelope also by the roadside, a coyote, a fox, a
yellow headed blackbird, a red shafted flicker, inland
white pelicans with black wingtips, evening grosbeaks,
American bald eagles, LeConte's sparrow, a lesser
prairie chicken, and a variety of hawks. We also saw
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hundreds of butterflies and moths, large swarms of

horse flies on the upper reaches of the mountains and a
pollinator that a spider had captured on a Piperia
unalascensis.
Each conference brings its own memories but

the one in the Olympics probably will be very hard to
top.
The Slow Empiricist
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Empiricist: OF
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OF CONFERENCE
PAST CONFERENCES
A SUMMARY OF THE 5TH ANNUAL

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID
CONFERENCE
Port Angeles, Washington
July 16-20, 2000
Scott Stewart
Port Angeles, Washington, was the perfect setting

for the 5th Annual North American Native Orchid Conference.
Nestled between the Pacific Ocean and beautiful
Olympic National Park, the city provided an ideal
backdrop for the mixing both orchid hobbyists and
professionals. This coming together of amateurs and
professionals was the emphasis of Lawrence Zettler’s
opening remarks. He stressed, that as a scientist, he
sees the need for amateur orchid enthusiasts and
professional orchid researchers to work together to
preserve our orchids and their habitats.
Following a brief opening to the conference, Paul

Martin Brown presented a collage titled “Orchids
Throughout North America.” The presentation was
truly a potpourri of orchids from across North America,
demonstrating the diversity present in our native
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OFPAST CONFERENCES
orchids. Along the trip, Paul brought back some

memories of past conferences and showed the audience
of about 54 people many beautiful specimens, ranging
from the almost common to the very rare.
After a short break in the action, I presented “An

Update on the Symbiotic Germination of the Federally-
threatened Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid, Platanthera
leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley, and Notes on the
Germination of Three Habenaria Species from Florida.”
This presentation was aimed at simplifying the technical
process used by orchid researchers to propagate and
cultivate orchids from seed in the laboratory. To
demonstrate this process, I gave a summary of current
studies at The Illinois College, which are directed at
propagating four native North American orchids using
the symbiotic technique. In addition to explaining the
process used, I explored mycorrhizal fungi and their
uses in symbiotic germination.
The next presentation was by Cliff Pelchat, who

spoke about Spiranthes parksii in Texas. Cliff presented a
brief historical overview of the Post Oak Savanna,
where S. parksii is commonly found and a description of
the orchid’s habitat, naturally disturbed drainage areas.
He also discussed the limited distribution of S. parksii
throughout 12 counties in Texas. Cliff then concluded
his talk with the morphology of the orchid, pointing out
that S. parksii is leafless when flowering and is vegetative
otherwise. An engineer by trade, Cliff has been
interested in native orchids for about seven years. He
now lives in Houston, Texas, but is originally from
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OFPAST CONFERENCES
Florida where he gained most of his orchid experience

with the epiphytes of south Florida.
After a much needed lunch break, the conference

reconvened to hear from Penny Latham about
Cypripedium fasciculatum, the Clustered Lady Slipper. This
is an orchid associated with old growth forests of the
Pacific Northwest. She is working in conjunction with
the Oregon State University Cooperative Forest
Ecosystem Research project to understand the biology
and management needs of C. fasciculatum. Her current
efforts are in investigating possible dormancy
mechanisms, morphology, and mycorrhizae of this
uncommon Cypripedium species. Interestingly, Penny
has discovered that this orchid is mostly found in heavy
clumps, may consist of a few multi-stemmed plants, and
is usually found with only one or two flowers at a time.
Penny earned her M.S. and Ph.D. from the University
of Montana and is currently in a postdoctoral position
at Oregon State University.
After some rearranging, due to the cancellation of

Chuck Sheviak’s talk for medical reasons, Lorne Heshka
spoke on an “Update on Platanthera praeclara at Tolstoi,
Manitoba.” His presentation provided the audience
with an excellent overview of the sizeable P. praeclara
tallgrass prairie site in Manitoba. In this site, the orchid
is found densely throughout, which is amazing,
considering only 1% of the native tallgrass habitat
remains in Manitoba. Also of interest was an update on
work in progress on the insect pollinators of P. praeclara
in Canada. Lorne has been interested in native orchids
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since 1996 and is currently president of the Manitoba

Orchid Society.
The last speaker for the first day of the 2000

conference was Ron Coleman, presenting “Arizona and
New Mexico: Crossroads for Native Orchids,” where he
showed several beautiful slides demonstrating the
variety of orchids throughout Arizona and New Mexico.
He also discussed the unique range limits for the
majority of these orchids: Mexico to the south and the
Rocky Mountains to the north. This presentation
covered common and endangered orchids, with an
emphasis on differentiating between color forms for
many native orchids in these two states. Ron has been
studying wild orchids for nearly 30 years and is currently
associated with the University of Arizona as a Visiting
Scholar. He is also the author of The Wild Orchids of
California, and most recently, The Wild Orchids of Arizona
and New Mexico, which is scheduled to be published
soon.
The second day of the North American Native

Orchid Conference began with a presentation by Kathleen
Donham, “A Wasp, a Fly, and a Rare Orchid: The
Unlikely Relationship: Cypripedium fasciculatum.” This
talk presented the current findings of a pollinator study
being conducted on C. fasciculatum in conjunction with
Carol Ferguson of South Oregon University. Kathleen
discussed the team’s efforts at defining the pollinator
for this orchid and efforts to develop a phonological
system for flower development. Their efforts to find a
pollinator of C. fasciculatum have to the discovery that a
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parasitic wasp (obligate parasite on a fungus gnat) is the

probable pollinator of this orchid. Further study of this
pollinator and efforts to relate flower development and
insect activity are ongoing. Kathleen, who has a strong
entomology background, is the volunteer research
assistant under the direction of Dr. Carol Ferguson.
Next, Dietrich and Ursula Rueckbrodt presented,

“European Orchids With an Overview of the Genus
Ophrys, the Bee Orchids.” The highlight of this
presentation was certainly the genus Ophrys, but the 10
other genera covered in the talk were just as amazing.
Besides Ophrys, Ursula discussed the genera Orchis,
Dacrylorhiza, Barlia, Himantoglossum, Comperia, Nigritella,
Epipogium, Neottia, Cephalanthera, and Serapias. Along
with adequate background on each photographic
specimen, habitat descriptions and distribution ranges
were provided. This was certainly an all-encompassing
presentation on the European genera of orchids.
Dietrich and Ursula have been interested in the native
orchids of Europe, especially Germany, since 1962.
The two have described one new species from Turkey
and rediscovered several lost species, and continue to
travel the world photographing terrestrial orchids.
The last official presentation was from Joe Liggio

on “The Genus Hexalectris in North America Texas.”
Joe’s presentation discussed the general habitat, the
distribution, and some possible pollinators for this
genus. Most captivating was the strange beauty of this
parasitic orchid genus and its variation between some
restricted and non-restricted species within the genus
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Hexalectris. Joe has his M.S. in environmental biology

and, with Ann Orto Liggio is the author of The Wild
Orchids of Texas, which was sold and autographed at the
conference.
Upon the conclusion of the invited speakers’

presentations, Dennis Malueg gave a member’s
presentation on the orchids of the Great Lakes region.
His slide show was a mix of native terrestrial orchids
from across the Great Lakes region, both rare and fairly
common. The highlight of Dennis’ presentation was
certainly his wonderful photographs of the orchids.
Lawrence Zettler was awarded the Conservation

and Education Award for his work with native orchids
and his willingness to share the information gained
through his work with the public. Lawrence is an
Assistant Professor at The Illinois College in
Jacksonville, IL. He has worked at propagating native
terrestrial orchids for the past 11 years.
Field Trips
The field trips accompanying this year’s

conference gave attending members the opportunity to
see the strange beauty of the Olympic National Park’s
orchids. One trip included a jaunt to a beautiful sub-
alpine prairie for a unique array of northwest
wildflowers including an interesting alpine onion (Allium
flagelatum.) and several species of the beautiful Indian
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Paintbrush (Castilleja spp.) and Corallorhiza mertensiana

(including a striking white and yellow form!).
Another field trip to Hurricane Ridge in the

Olympic National Park demonstrated the effects of
weather exposure on orchids. Here we saw several
Piperia unalascensis, all dwarfed by their alpine exposure.
Along the road to Hurricane Ridge were several species
of Corallorhiza and ditches full of Platanthera species and
lower down Piperia candida and P. elongata as well as more
P. unalascensis.
The full day trip to Sol Duc Hot Springs, East

Beach, and Elwha Road offered a multitude of native
orchids. At Sol Duc we encountered the beautiful
Listera caurina and Corallorhiza mertensiana along with the
breathtaking Sol Duc Falls. East Beach presented the
interesting Epipactis gigantea, while a cleared wood lot
along Elwha Road contained several species of
Corallorhiza, Piperia, Platanthera, and Goodyera.
Topping off this year’s conference was a field trip

to wonderful Lake Elizabeth. This interesting glacier-
fed 5-acre lake is surrounded by thriving marshes where
the Platanthera aquilonis/dilatata complex grows. Another
treat of this field trip was seeing the surprisingly
diminutive Platanthera chorisiana growing sparsely in this
habitat. A few Listera species and other Platanthera
species were spread along the trail leading to the marshy
areas.
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PAST CONFERENCES
Acknowledgements – I am grateful to Paul Martin Brown for allowing me to

participate in the conference. I also thank Lawrence Zettler (The Illinois
College) and Michelle Stewart for their helpful critiques.
Scott Stewart is a senior undergraduate student at The Illinois College,

Jacksonville, IL, majoring in biology and chemistry. He has been interested
in native orchids and their mycorrhizae for two years and plans to attend
graduate school in botany or mycology to continue work on North American
native orchids.
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Platanthera chorisiana
seen at Lake Elizabeth field trip on July
20, 2000
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SYMBIOTIC PAST GERMINATION
CONFERENCES
SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF

THE FEDERALY THREATENED
EASTERN PRAIRIE FRINGED ORCHID,
PLATANTHERA LEUCOPHAEA
(NUTTALL) LINDLEY, AND THREE
HABENARIA SPECIES FROM FLORIDA
Scott Stewart
In recent years, orchid habitats in populated

states, such as Illinois and Florida, have been destroyed
by development (Bowles, 1983; 1999). This has
prompted efforts in habitat restoration by
conservationists, and more recently, commercial
developers have been required by law. For any of these
efforts to be successful, one must understand the biotic
components (e.g., vascular plants, pollinators, fungi,
algae, etc.) of the habitats and their ecological
interactions.
One component involves the interaction of

plants with soil fungi (mycorrhizae). Mycorrhizal fungi
are associated with the roots of the more than 90% of
vascular plants in a mutual symbiosis. When orchids
form mycorrhizal associations, they consume their
mycorrhizal fungi as a food source in a parasitic manner
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and depend on such fungi to initiate seed germination

and sustain their life cycles in nature. Orchids, therefore,
have the ability to acquire nutrition through both
photosynthesis and the parasitism of their mycorrhizal
fungi (=mycotrophy) (Clements, 1989; Rasmussen,
1995), but have become dependant upon the fungal
symbiont in the process. Thus, to successfully restore
any orchid habitat, the introduction of the critically
important mycorrhizal symbiont is of primary
importance. One technique to facilitate this process
involves growing orchids in the laboratory with
mycorrhizal fungi (=symbiotic seed germination),
followed by the transplantation of fungus-infected
seedlings into the field (Zettler, 1997a). This technique
promotes the orchid's survival in the natural habitat and
enables established plants to spawn seedlings (Zettler,
1997a).
In this paper I present a summary of the research

conducted at The Illinois College aimed at propagating
four species of native orchids from seed using fungi:
Platanthera leucophaea, Habenaria repens, H. macroceratitis,
and H. quinqueseta. The goal of this research is to make it
possible for these orchids to be included in habitat
restoration and conservation projects.
Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley

When Dr. Lawrence Zettler contacted me about
conducting undergraduate research, I never thought my
first task would be to germinate seeds of the Federally
threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera
leucophaea, with fungi (Fig. 1). I knew nothing about the
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symbiotic technique and even less about orchids in

general-in fact, I was an English major wanting to
attend law school at the time-but Dr. Zettler felt
inclined to include me in this study. Now, more than a
year later, we have successfully germinated seeds of the
species and are currently refining the technique used to
obtain leaf-bearing seedlings.
My first experiment with this orchid was, in

retrospect, very simple. I was given two mycorrhizal
fungus cultures, seeds of Platanthera leucophaea from two
small populations in northern Illinois, and told to sow
the seeds using the symbiotic technique described by
Dixon (1987). Briefly, 25-300 seeds were placed on the
surface of a 1 x 4 cm filter paper strip (Whatman No.4)
with a wire inoculation loop, in a 9 cm diameter Petri
plate containing 20 ml modified oats medium: 2.5 g
rolled oats, 7.0 g agar per liter of DI water (Zettler and
Hofer, 1998). For months, nothing happened. I would
leave the lab each day completely frustrated because the
seeds of this Federally threatened orchid were failed to
germinate. Any excitement I had about conducting
undergraduate research or working with P. leucophaea
quickly passed as the fungus cultures I used for the
experiment overran the seeds, killing them in the
process. Experiment number one was a failure, but we
did learn a great deal from our shortcomings.
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Fig. 1
Platanthera leucophaea
eastern prairie fringed orchis
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Almost as soon as my first experiment with Platanthera

leucophaea was complete, I was planning the second
phase of the experiment-I was detennined at this point.
For the second experiment, Dr. Zettler allowed me to
plan and conduct the procedure on my own. This was a
huge step for me, since I still had very little research
experience. The second experiment was designed
around the idea that P. Iellcophaea seeds needed a
physical stripping of the seed coat (=scarification).
Seeds of the eastern prairie fringed orchid were to be
soaked in a surface sterilization mixture containing
absolute ethanol: 5.25% NaOCI (Chlorox~: DI water
(1:1:1 v/v/v) for three different scarification times of
30 min., 1 hr., and 2 hrs. These varying times were to
strip either the seed coat and/or the lipid layer off the
seeds, ideally increasing the percent of seed germination.
Once again, the seeds were sown using the symbiotic
technique outlined by Dixon (1987) and allowed to
incubate for several months. After three months of
checking for gennination and seeing nothing,
gennination of P. Iellcophaea was finally achieved.
However, this excitement faded as well as I began to
collect gennination data and calculate percent
gennination for the experiment; the gennination
numbers were very low compared to other Platanthera
species and not what we had desired. As Dr. Zettler and
I realized that there must be another method to increase
the percent gennination of this orchid, phase three of
the P. Iellcophaea project was underway.
Phase three of this project was to incorporate a

technique suggested to us by Marlin Bowles and Karel
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Jacobs of The Morton Arboretum. This technique

called for seeds of Platanthera leucophaea to be soaked in
vials containing sterile DI water at 6° + 2° C in
darkness for an extended period of time
(=stratification). This procedure "fools" the seeds into a
wintering mode, which is believed to help increase
germination following this wintering time. As before,
seeds were sown using the symbiotic method and
allowed to incubate in darkness. After one month, some
preliminary germination was evident, and every day after
the one month that I checked the Petri plates, more
development was evident. Once data collection was
complete and I had calculated the final germination
percentages, a drastic increase in germination rates
became obvious (scarification max. =4.3%; stratification
max. =67.4%). A seemingly reliable method of P.
leucophaea symbiotic seed germination had been found. A
problem existed though; while the germination
percentages for the scarification experiment were
consistently low, the percentages for stratification were
variable (high = 67.4%; 10w=O.Oo/0). A consistent
method of symbiotic germination was desirable order to
obtain leaf-bearing seedlings. This is where the P.
leucophaea project currently stands.
Now that we know that prolonged exposure to

both moisture and cold prompts germination in P.
leucophaea, efforts are being directed at refining the cold/
moist stratification method in hopes of raising the
percent germination. If these attempts are successful,
we anticipate that leaf-bearing seedlings will be moved
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from in vitro laboratory conditions to ex vitro preserved

or restored prairie habitats.
Habenaria repens Nuttall, H. macroceratitis

(Willdenow) Luer, H. quinqueseta (Michaux) A.
Eaton
While working with Platanthera leucophaea, I was

also presented with an opportunity to work with a
second related genus became available. Paul Martin
Brown contacted Dr. Zettler about collecting root
samples for mycorrhizal fungi isolation and seeds from
the genus Habenaria native to Florida. Dr. Zettler saw
this as an opportunity to not only expand the range of
the ongoing orchid research into subtropical and aquatic
orchids, but also as a chance for me to work with a
leading authority on Florida orchids. Of course, I
quickly accepted the offer to travel to Florida to
conduct fieldwork with Paul Martin Brown, armed with
the knowledge I had gained from working with P.
leucophaea.
The emphasis of this study was to incorporate as

many Florida native Habenaria species as possible. Three
seed sources were chosen from the four collected while
I was in Florida: Habenaria repens, H. macroceratitis and H.
quinqueseta. Dr. Zettler and I both felt that H. repens
should be a focus of this study; not only is this orchid
one of the only North American aquatic orchids, but its
native habitat, the Florida wetlands, are facing the
continued threat of destruction for commercial gain.
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Four unique mycorrhizal fungal isolates were also

incorporated into this study. All four cultures were
isolated from the root-like organs of native Florida
orchids, three terrestrial (H. quinqueseta, H. macroceratitis
and Spiranthes brevilabris) and one epiphytic (Epidendrum
conopseum). These fungi were used in conjunction with
the three seed sources using the standard symbiotic seed
germination technique described previously.
Throughout working with these Habenaria, Dr.

Zettler continued to inform me that Florida orchids
were like nothing I had seen to this point. Compared to
northern orchids, the Florida orchids should grow like
weeds. Of course, having only experience with the
temperate northern orchids, I doubted this could be
true and began planning phase two of the Habenaria
study in preparation for the failure of the first
experiment. My planning of phase two for this study
was quickly halted, however. After only three weeks of
incubation, germination of all three species had
occurred. Germination after three weeks in any orchid is
not uncommon, but unlike my previous attempts with
P. leucophaea, these Habenaria species had very high
germination percentages after the three-week incubation
period. Not only were the high numbers impressive, but
also so was the rapid development to the leafbearing
stage. These Florida orchids were like nothing I had
seen at that point.
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All three species (Habenaria repens, H. macroceratitis,

H. quinqueseta) had germinated to some extent, but what
was most astounding was the rapid development of H.
repens seedlings (Fig. 2). Habenaria macroceratitis and H.
quinqueseta had germinated at a maximum 50.8% and
18.10/0, respectively. While these percentages are good,
outweighing any P. leucophaea germination percentage by
far, the most impressive aspect of this study was the
germination, development, and establishment on soil of
72 apparently mycotrophic, aquatic H. repens seedlings ex
vitro in the Biology Department greenhouse. If this
growth continues, we expect these seedlings to flower
their first year.
I had experienced germinating orchids before

with P. leucophaea, but I had yet to achieve leaf-bearing
seedlings. I enjoyed watching these H. repens seeds
germinate with fungi, develop to leaf-bearing seedlings
in vitro and then survive in the greenhouse ex vitro (Fig.
3). Besides the accomplishment of moving these
seedlings outside a sterile environment, the route that
produced these seedlings warrants attention. While the
study utilized two fungal isolates from the genus
Habenaria, along with two from other orchids, the leaf-
bearing seedlings of H. repens were not achieved using
either isolate from the Habenaria. Two isolates, one
from Spiranthes brevilabris and one from Epidendrum
conopseum, established these seedlings on soil at very
rapid rate (83 days). This surprised both Dr. Zettler and
myself; mycorrhizal fungi from one terrestrial and one
epiphyte had germinated and developed an aquatic
orchid in 83 days.
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This symbiotic seed germination study

demonstrated several points. This is the first report of
the germination of any Florida Habenaria and of a native
North American aquatic orchid using symbiotic
techniques. As with P. leucophaea, several other terrestrial
orchids, and now the genus Habenaria native to Florida,
symbiotic seed germination further demonstrates its
usefulness as a practical means of terrestrial orchid
propagation. The symbiotic germination of H. repens
with two fungal isolates from S. brevilabris and E.
conopseum demonstrates non-specificity for mycorrhizae
in this species. This ability to utilize a broad range of
mycorrhizal symbionts could explain the wide
geographical distribution of H. repens. Finally, the
information gained from this study can conceivably be
used in conservation, preservation, and restoration
efforts in wetland orchid habitats.
While our native orchids across the country face

continuing threats from habitat destruction efforts are
underway to protect and restore the existing habitats.
One key to this effort is the understanding of the orchid
life cycle and the role that mycorrhizal fungi play during
seed germination and seedling development. With this
knowledge, some of our beautiful native orchids may be
not only saved and protected, but also introduced into
restored habitats for future generations to enjoy.
Acknowledgements
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I am grateful to Paul Martin Brown (University of Florida) for

allowing me to conduct fieldwork with him, and Marlin Bowles
and Karel Jacobs (The Morton Arboretum) for supplying seeds
of Platanthera leucophaea and helpful suggestions. Thanks are
extended to Hillary Hudgens and Jagila Minso (The Illinois
College) for technical assistance during both studies, to Dr.
Elizabeth Rellinger (The Illinois College) and Michelle Stewart
for their helpful critiques of this paper, and to Dr. Lawrence
Zettler (The Illinois College) for his editorial comments and his
motivation. Kind thanks are extended to The Illinois College
administration and Dr. Elaine Chapman (The Illinois College
Biology Department) for financial assistance and support.
References
Anderson, A. B. 1991. Symbiotic and asymbiotic germination and
growth of Spiranthes magnicamporum (Orchidaceae).
Lindleyana, 6(4): 183-186.
_____. 1996. The reintroduction of Platanthera ciliaris in Canada. In:
C. Allen (Ed.), Proceedings of the North American
Native Terrestrial Orchid-Propagation and Production
Conference National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., pp.
73-76.
Arditti, J. 1966. Orchids. Scientific American, 214: 70-78. Bowles,
M. L. 1983. The tallgrass prairie orchids Platanthera
leucophaea and Cypripedium candidum. Nat. Areas J., 3(4):
1437.
_____. 1999. Eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera
leucophaea) Federal recovery plan. Dept. of the Interior,
u. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Clements, M. A. 1989. Orchid mycorrhizal associations.
Lindleyana, 3: 73-86.
_____, and R. K Ellyard. 1979. The symbiotic germination of
Australian terrestrial orchids. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull., 48:
810-816.
_____, H. Muir, and P. J. Cribb. 1986. A preliminary report on
the symbiotic germination of European terrestrial
orchids. Kew Bull., 41: 437-445.
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Dixon, K 1987. Raising terrestrial orchids from seed. In: W. K

Harris (Ed.), Modem Orchid Growing for Pleasure and
Profit. Orchid Club of S. Australia, Inc. Adelaide, S.
Australia, pp. 47-100.
Rasmussen, H. N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids From Seed to
Mycotrophic Plant, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, U.K
Zettler, L. W. and T. M. McInnis, Jr. 1992. Propagation of
Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer, and endangered
terrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination.
Lindleyana 7: 154-161.
_____. 1997a. Orchid-fungal symbiosis and its value in
conservation. McIlvaniea 13: 40-45.
1997b. Terrestrial orchid conservation by symbiotic
seed germination: Techniques and perspectives. Selbyana.
18(2): 188-194.
_____. and C. J. Hofer. 1998. Propagation of the little club
spur orchid (Platanthera clavellata) by symbiotic seed
germination, and its ecological implications. Env. Exper.
Bot., 39(3): 189-195.
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ORCHIDS AT A RANGE LIMIT IN

ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO
Ronald A. Coleman
The orchid flora in the southwestern United

States is amazingly diverse. Arizona boasts of twenty-six
naturally occurring orchids in thirteen genera, and New
Mexico has twenty-eight species in thirteen genera.
Most species are in both states, but the combined
orchid flora consists of 35 species in fourteen genera.
Arizona has seven species and one genus not in New
Mexico, and New Mexico has eight species and one
genus not in Arizona.
The southwestern states of Arizona and New

Mexico are known for their spectacular beauty and the
variety of their landscapes. The Grand Canyon and
Carlsbad Caverns are here, as are the northern end of
the Sonoran Desert, and the southern terminus of the
Rocky Mountains. Less known, but equally impressive is
the floral diversity of the southwest. This region
interests students of North American native orchids
because of its confluence of habitats and its rare and
unusual plants. Think of Arizona and New Mexico as a
great floral crossroad, with major influences converging
from north and south. The northern influence comes
via the Rocky Mountains. Even though the Rocky
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Mountains end in New Mexico, their floral signature

extends into Arizona. A distribution map of some of
our native orchids would show them in the extreme
northern parts of the United States and in Canada,
flowing south along the Rocky Mountains, and fanning
out from the southern terminus of the Rocky
Mountains into adjacent parts of New Mexico and
Arizona.
Equally important for our orchid flora and the

proximity of Mexico and the abundance of plants more
typical of the Mexican Sierra Madres and regions of
Mexico even farther south. Because part of our flora is
common with adjacent Mexico, we have several orchids
that occur in Arizona, New Mexico, and a small corner
of Texas, but nowhere else in the United States.
Although the major influences on our orchid flora

are from the north and south, to a lesser extent the
California floristic province and the eastern United
States are represented here. Most of our orchids are
more common elsewhere, but Arizona has one
endemic orchid, and one near endemic, known only
from the Four Corners Region.
Because this region is somewhat of an orchid

melting pot, of the thirty-five native orchids, twenty-
nine, or an amazing eighty-three percent, including
the one endemic, are at a limit of their range, as
shown in Table 1. Nine are at their northern limit,
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eleven their southern limit, and five their western

limit. One orchid is at its southwestern limit; one at
its southeastern limit; and one at its northwestern
limit. Perhaps because they are at the limits of their
range, many of our orchids are relatively rare here,
though they may be more plentiful elsewhere.
Table 1
Orchids at Range Limit in Either Arizona or New Mexico
Range Limit Species
Northern Hexalectris revoluta, Malaxis corymbosa, M.
porphyrea, M. soulei, M. tenuis, Platanthera
limosa, P. brevifolia, Schiedeella arizonica,
Stenorrhynchos michuacanum
Southern Calypso bulbosa, Corallorhiza trifida,
Goodyera repens, Listera convallarioides, L.
cordata, Platanthera aquilonis, P. huronensis,
P. purpurascens, P. zothecina, Spiranthes
romanzoffiana, Spiranthes magnicamporum
Western Coeloglossum viride, Corallorhiza wisteriana,
Hexalectris spicata var. spicata, H. spicata
var. arizonica, H. warnockii
Southwestern Cypripedium parviflorum
Southeastern Piperia unalascensis
Northwestern Hexalectris nitida
Endemic to Arizona Spiranthes delitescens
Calypso bulbosa is one of the northern plants that

reach their southern limit here due to the influence of
the Rocky Mountains. The entire plant is barely 4 inches
tall, but it more than makes up for its lack of size by
abundance of beauty, aroma, and intricacy of design. It
blooms in late May and early June in moderate shade of
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fir, pine and aspen forest, often within sight of melting

snow banks. The flowers are so dainty that even along
well traveled trails they are overlooked by most hikers.
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens, the large

yellow lady’s-slipper, is at its southwestern limit here.
Fewer than 50 plants remain in Arizona, but it is far
more plentiful in New Mexico. The yellow lady’s slipper
has the largest flower of our wild orchids. At nearly 4
inches, the flower alone is larger than the entire plant of
some of its more diminutive brethren.
The frog orchid, Coeloglossum viride, is at its

western limit in the White Mountains of Arizona, but
occurs in many places in New Mexico. Coeloglossum viride
is the orchid with the fewest known occurrences in
Arizona, and may be only an occasional visitor. It has
the strange habit of blooming, and then disappearing
for several years. Each of the thirty or more flowers on
the stem is a delight, with shades of green, yellow, and
pink. It takes a leap of imagination, but if you try, you
can visualize a frog in the flower, with the lip forming
its out-stretched legs, and the rest of the flower the
other body parts.
Several of the orchids that reach their northern

limits in Arizona are very dependent on our summer
monsoon rainy season. They don’t even appear above
ground until after the summer rains begin. Most of
these monsoon orchids are known in the United States
only from Arizona and New Mexico and a few isolated
spots in Texas.
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The largest of the monsoon orchids is

Stenorrhynchos michuacanum, named for the Mexican State
of Michoacan where it was first discovered. Within a
week or so of the first summer rains, several broad
shiny leaves will appear at the drip line of the junipers as
the orchids emerge from dormancy. As the rainy season
matures, perhaps one out of every twenty plants will
send up a flower spike. When the rains end, the leaves
fade and wither away, but the few flower spikes that
survive foraging by deer and predation by insects
continue to grow until early fall. Then, nearly totally
camouflaged by the drying grasses that surround it, S.
michuacanum opens its tubular flowers. Each of the ten to
twenty flowers is green with green stripes, and nearly
one-half inch across.
The monsoon orchids include four members in

the genus Malaxis, and all of them reach their northern
limits in Arizona or New Mexico. Within the United
States, three of these Malaxis are also in either Texas or
New Mexico, but M. corymbosa, the Madrean adder’s
mouth, grows only in Arizona. This tiny plant, which
grows in damp places along streams and in mossy
outcrops on canyon and hillsides, is one of the belly
orchids. To see the flower in detail you must be
prepared to plop down on your belly and use a hand
lens. The entire plant fits within the outline of a single
flower of the yellow lady’s slipper, and each of the thirty
or more flowers arrayed in an umbrella-like spray is only
about 3/16” long. The other three Malaxis here are M.
soulei, M. tenuis and M. porphyrea.
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Another of the belly orchids is the intriguing

Schiedeella arizonica, formally called S. parasitica, the fallen
ladies'-tresses. This is one of the first orchids of
spring. In late April to early May a slender leafless
flower spike, barely 4” tall emerges from the pine litter.
The absence of leaves led the discovers to assume the
orchid was a parasite, living off some other plant. Many
years later botanists realized that the orchid did produce
leaves, but they did not appear until the start of the
monsoons, and withered in the late fall. The creamy
white flowers, highlighted with hints of rose, have a red
spot in the center of the lip.
Hexalectris means something like six crests, in

reference to the raised ridges running down the center
of the lip. All four Hexalectris in this region are at a range
limit here. Two of our Hexalectris are very rare, not only
in Arizona, but also across their entire range. The
Texas purple spike, H. warnockii, has been found in
only a few isolated oak lined canyon bottoms in three of
Arizona’s southeastern mountain ranges. It is also found
in Texas and Mexico, but Arizona is its northwestern
limit. A frail, purple stem emerges from the oak litter
duff about two weeks after the monsoons start, and the
buds open from mid-August to early September. The
bract protecting each of the four or five flowers is the
same shade of purple as the stem, and so are the sepals
and petals. The lip is mostly white except for seven
wavy yellow ridges that terminate in a large purple dot at
the tip.
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Hexalectris revoluta grows in the same habitat as H.

warnockii, but the two have never been found together in
Arizona. It also grows in Texas and Mexico, and is at its
western limit here. Hexalectris revoluta is a recent addition
to Arizona’s flora. The first plants were not discovered
here until the 1980’s, and it was not correctly identified
until the late 1990’s. The flower is instantly recognizable
because of the revolute nature of the sepals and petals.
The tips curl backwards more than 360 degrees,
forming a complete circle.
Hexalectris nitida is at its northwestern range limit

in southern New Mexico, where it has been observed
only once. Both H. spicata var. spicata and H. spicata var.
arizonica are at their western limits here.
Platanthera zothecina, the alcove orchid, occurs

only in the states of the four corners region, and reaches
its southern limit in Arizona. Platanthera zothecina was
only recently described, and its total distribution is not
known; it has not yet been documented in New Mexico
for example, although it has been found in Arizona,
Colorado, and Utah. Its most distinctive feature is the
length of its spur-like nectary in relationship to the
length of the lip. The spur is more than one and one-
half times as long as the lip, and its length suggests
pollination by a moth or butterfly. Platanthera
purpurascens, P. huronensis and P. aquilonis are at their
southern limits here, and P. limosa and P. brevifolia are at
northern limits.
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Spiranthes delitescens, the lone orchid endemic to

Arizona, is listed as a Federally endangered plant.
Known as the Canelo ladies’ tresses, it occurs only in four
locations in Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties. It lives in
permanently wet meadows or cienegas, an ecological
niche rapidly disappearing from the southwest. Like
many terrestrial orchids, S. delitescens is a fickle bloomer,
with hundreds blooming one year, and only a handful
the next.
Habitat requirements and distribution patterns suggest
several other orchids may eventually be added to the
flora of Arizona and New Mexico, because their range
limits are relatively close. Platanthera dilatata should be
looked for in northern Arizona and New Mexico in
suitable habitats near the Colorado, Utah and Nevada
borders. Spiranthes diluvialis is in Utah, and may have
followed waterways into northern Arizona. Platanthera
obtusata grows in Colorado within ten miles of New
Mexico, and should be sought at high elevations in the
northern part of the state. The beautiful Dichromanthus
cinnabarinus grows in the Chisos Mountains of west
Texas, and identical habitat exists in Arizona and New
Mexico. Any of these orchids would be a delightful
addition to this part of the southwest, and would be at a
range limit in these states.
Note: Some of this material was excerpted from the Author’s The
Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico, now in press.
Ronald A. Coleman, 11520 E. Calle Del Valle, Tucson, AZ 85749-

8865
ronorchid@aol.com
200
Rueckbrodt : ABOUT SOME EUROPEAN GENERA
ABOUT SOME EUROPEAN GENERA

Dietrich & Ursula Rueckbrodt
Dear friends of native orchids, I am glad to talk

to you about European native orchids. Many thanks to
Paul Martin Brown, that this is possible today. When
we, my husband and I, came to North America for the
first time, we were surprised to see so many orchid
species and also some orchid genera, which were new to
us. I think it would be the same, if you will come to
Europe. So I have selected only some characteristic
genera with their characteristic species.
North America
Comparing North America and Europe
North America with about 25 million km2 and 240
million inhabitants.
Europe
Europe with about 10 million km2 and 567 million
inhabitants
North America is covering 2½ times the area of Europe
but has less then the half of the people of Europe. Both
maps are showing the continents in the same scale.
Now to the native orchids of Europe. The orchid

family got its name from the genus Orchis, and I begin
201
with this genus. Orchis is a Greek word and means

testicle because of the 2 ovoid tubers.
Orchis militaris L.
The type specimen of the genus Orchis is Orchis militaris -
so I am showing you this species first. Orchis militaris
means Military Orchid. Both sepals and petals are
forming a helmet - therefore the name. It occurs in
Middle Europe in calcareous grasslands. The plant is
about 25-45 cm high. There are 3-6 broad lanceolate
leaves near the base. The lip looks a little like a person
with arms and legs. The helmet is greyish pink with
purple veins inside. The lip is white in the middle with
reddish tufts of hair, the ends of the lobes are light to
deep pink, the inflorescence with 10-40 flowers. The
flowers are opening from bottom to top. Flowering
season is April in the South to June in the North.
Orchis simia LAM.
Very closely related to the Military Orchid is the
Monkey Orchid - Orchis simia. It is a little bit smaller and
the terminal flowers open first - from top to bottom.
The sepals are long-acuminate and the lobes of the lip
are linear and narrower than the ones of the Military
Orchid. The flowering period of both species is the
same - April to June.
Orchis purpurea HUDS.
The Lady Orchis - Orchis purpurea is the tallest species of
this group. It can grow up to 80 cm (about 32 inches).
The flowers are forming a dense inflorescence. The
helmets are brownish purple outside. The lip is whitish
or pale rose with tufts of reddish purple papillae, the
202
middle lobe is obcordate or ovate-cuneate. This species

grows together with the former ones, and there are
often hybrids.
Orchis italica POIR.
The wavy leafed Monkey Orchid - Orchis italica has its
name from Italy. It is a Mediterranean plant. In Italy it is
called ”naked man”. An important characteristic is their
leaves with wavy edges.
Orchis punctulata LINDL.
Orchis punctulata also belongs to this group - the Punctate
Orchid, which grows up to 70 cm (18 inch) with spikes
up to 60 flowers. The color is yellow to brown. The
plants are found in the eastern part of the
Mediterranean region: in Turkey, Cyprus, Israel and
eastwards to the Iran. The ‘feet’ are yellow to dark-
brown.
Orchis galilaea (BORNM. & M. SCHULZE) SCHLTR.
Orchis galilaea - the Galilean Orchid. It grows in the
region of the Holy Land. The plant is more slender. The
flowers open from top to bottom; they are yellow or red
with narrow ”arms” and ”legs”. With this curious
species I will finish this group of the genus Orchis.
Orchis israelitica H. BAUMANN & DAFNI Orchis
boryi Rchb. fil.
Both belong to the genus Orchis, and both are growing
in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region, the
former one in Israel, the latter one in Greece. Both
open their flowers from top to bottom. Sepals and
petals do not form a close helmet.
Orchis mascula L.
203
The Early Purple Orchid is probably the most common

species of the genus Orchis with several subspecies. It is
found in open woodlands or in moist grasslands. The
lateral sepals are reflexed. The plants are 20-55 cm tall
with many flowers - this spike has more than 30
flowers.
Orchis pallens L.
Orchis pallens is one of the few yellow species in the
genus Orchis. It is closely related to Orchis mascula. The
Pale-flowered Orchid is found in woods and meadows.
It has a stout stem with 4-6 broadly lanceolate
unspotted leaves and a dense spike.
Orchis laxiflora LAM.; Orchis palustris JACQ.
These are 2 different but closely related species, growing
in wet meadows. Orchis laxiflora has strongly reflexed
lateral lobes; the middle lobe of the lip is absent or
minute, thus having a distinct recess between the lateral
lobes. The Marsh Orchid has a middle lob longer than
the lateral lobes
Orchis anatolica BOISS.
Orchis anatolica occurs in the eastern part of the
Mediterranean region. The plants are slender, the spikes
are lax with relatively large flowers. It grows in dry stony
soil, sometimes in dense clusters.
Orchis papilionacea ssp. grandiflora; Orchis
papilionacea ssp. heroica
I think this is the most beautiful species of the genus
Orchis. There are 2 subspecies: the Large Flowered
Butterfly Orchid with its large lips with stripes, growing
204
in the western part of the Mediterranean area; the

Heroic Butterfly Orchid with stripes of dots on the lip.
Orchis langei K. RICHTER
Dactylorhiza praetermissa (DRUCE) SOÓ
In the past both species belong to the genus Orchis.
They have some different characteristics and there are
no hybrids proved by science. Orchis has small
membranous bracts, as you see on the left and
undivided ovoid tubers; Dactylorhiza - on the right - has
larger herbaceous bracts and divided tubers. At an
international congress Soó - professor in Hungary -
proposed to put these plants to the genus Dactylorchis,
but shortly after this he made many new combinations
in Dactylorhiza.
Dactylorhiza baltica (KLINGE) ORLOVA
Here the comparison of the tubers: undivided ovoid in
the genus Orchis, divided in the genus Dactylorhiza. The
latter comes from the Greek words
finger (dachtilo) root (risa)
On the right you see Dactylorhiza baltica, a nice group
in the Baltic state of Estonia.
Dactylorhiza elata (POIR.) SOÓ
Dactylorhiza ericetorum (LINTON) AVER.
The genus Dactylorhiza is a very difficult and confusing
genus. In addition the different species hybridize very
easily. In some meadows it is difficult to find a
specimen of the pure species - nearly all plants are
hybrids. Here are 2 extremes: Dactylorhiza elata, the Tall
Marsh Orchid. The other a very tiny plant from western
Ireland near the coast: Dactylorhiza ericetorum, the Heath
205
Spotted Orchid with only 4 cm in height, less than 2

inches.
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) SOÓ
This is the Spotted Orchid from Scandinavia
right: the spike from a plant from Germany.
Dactylorhiza purpurella (STEPH.) SOÓ
Dactylorhiza coccinea (PUGSL.) AVER.
Now 2 different species from Ireland:
The Northern Marsh Orchid with rich reddish-purple
flowers and the Dune Early Marsh Orchid with brick-
red flowers.
Dactylorhiza foliosa (VERM.) SOÓ)
On the small island of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean
there is Dactylorhiza foliosa. It is a very beautiful species.
In the garden of the ranger station about 800 m (2600
feet) over sea-level we took the photo on the left. The
photo on the right shows the spike of a single plant.
Dactylorhiza praetermissa (DRUCE) SOÓ
These 2 photos we have taken in Great Britain in
Southern Wales. This species is called the Southern
Marsh Orchid, that means southern Great Britain.
Dactylorhiza cordigera (FRIES) SOÓ
The Heart-Shaped Orchid grows in Greece and
Yugoslavia. The leaves are broad with dark spots, the lip
is very broad heart-shaped.
Dactylorhiza romana (SEBAST.) SOÓ
Within the genus Dactylorhiza there is an interesting
group of species that occur in 2 various colors - in
yellow and in red - both growing together. This is the
206
Roman Orchid, named after the Roman state. The left

photo we made in Sicily the large island in southern
Italy. The right photo shows a plant in Turkey.
Sometimes such intermediate flowers appear in a
population.
Barlia metlesicsiana TESCHNER
Beside the 2 genera Orchis and Dactylorhiza there are
some genera that are closely related to them. To the
genus Barlia belong only 2 species. Here I show you
Barlia metlesicsiana. This very colorful species is only
known from the Canary island Tenerife. The other is
Barlia robertiana and not so colorful, but it is wide spread
in the Mediterranean area. Both are very robust plants
with a dense spike. The lip is distinctly 3-lobed and the
lateral lobes are crinkled at their outer edges.
Himantoglossum caprinum (BIEB.) SPRENG.
The genus Himantoglossum has very characteristic
flowers. Sepals and petals are forming a hood, the lip is
3-lobed with a very elongated middle lobe that is
divided at its end. The English name is Lizard Orchid.
The Latin name comes from the Greek words (hiemas) =
strap and the Greek word (glossa) = tongue.
Himantoglossum formosum (STEV.) KOCH
This Himantoglossum is the Beautiful Lizard Orchid. The
Latin word formosus means beautiful. This species is very
rare. It is only known from the southeastern part of the
Caucasus. Until 1994 no photo of this species existed or
had been published. Finally in 1994 we rediscovered this
species in Azerbaidjan
Comperia comperiana (STEV.) ASCHERS. &GRAEB.
207
Comperia is a monotypic genus. The flowers are one of

the important characteristics of this orchid of the
eastern part of the Mediterranean area. It cannot be
confused with any other Mediterranean orchid. The
sepals are fused into a hood, only their tips are free. The
lip is 3-lobed and the middle lobe is split into 2 very
long segments up to 8 cm or more, (more than 3
inches).
Nigritella nigra (L.) RCHB. fil.
Now we are going from the Mediterranean area to the
mountainous region of Europe. Nigritella means ‘Little
Black’. This species mostly has a black-red spherical
spike. Sometimes the color changes to red or yellowish-
red. The flowers are not resupinated, so the lip points
upward. At its base the lip is more or less constricted.
Nigritella stiriaca (RECH.) TEPPN.&KLEIN
Nigritella archiducis-joannis TEPPN.&KLEIN
Here are 2 more different species of this genus.
On the former the flowers are opened with a darker
base becoming lighter at the top; on the latter the
flowers are not opened. This is an apomictic species,
and most species of this genus are apomictic. The above
plants are growing in Austria.
Nigritella runei [TEPPN.&KLEIN]
Nigritella lithopolitanica RAVNIK
Nigritella runei with a very characteristic color grows in
Sweden, also an apomictic one.
Nigritella lithopolitanica is a very nice plant. In bud the
flowers are pink and becoming nearly white when fully
opened.
208
Epipogium aphyllum SW.

This rare saprophytic orchid cannot produce
chlorophyll. It has a coral-like rhizome, no green leafs
and the flower is not resupinated, so the lip points
upward. On the lip there are longitudinal rugose reddish
callosities. The spur is short and thick obtuse.
Neottia nidus -avis (L.) RICH.
An other saprophytic orchid is the Bird’s Nest Orchid.
Its name comes from the form of the roots. All, stem
and flowers are brown, but you can easily identify
sepals, petals and the lip.
Cephalanthera caucasica KRÄNZL.

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) FRITSCH
Also saprophytic is Cephalanthera austiniae here in the
western United States, and we are very interested to see
this species. In Europe and in the Near East there are 8
species to be found. We will show you 2 white
flowering and 2 red flowering species. In woods of the
southern slopes of the Caucasus and in northern Iran
grows the beautiful Cephalanthera caucasica with a dense
spike and broad green leaves reaching the spike.
Cephalanthera longifolia has a more lax spike and long
linear lanceolate spreading leaves. This species grows in
most parts of Europe.
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) RICH.
Cephalanthera kurdica BORNM.
In Germany we call the species of this genus: ”little bird
of the wood”, because they mostly occur in woods. The
lateral sepals seem to be wings of a bird. Cephalanthera
209
rubra is widespread in Europe, but Cephalanthera kurdica

only grows in southern Turkey, northern Iraq and
northwestern Iran. Cephalanthera kurdica has a long
many-flowered spike and only some short green leaves.
Serapias cordigera L.
Serapis, the Egyptian god of fertility gave the name to
this genus and the ancient physician of Greek called an
orchid Serapis. The plants look very strange. All sepals
and petals are forming a helmet. The flowers are
crowded at the top of the stem. The lip is divided in an
epichil and a hypochil, which looks like a tongue. This
species is found in southern Europe from Spain, Italy,
Greece to only a few points in southwestern Turkey.
Serapias neglecta DE NOT.
Another species of this genus is Serapias neglecta. It is
usually a smaller plant, the flowers are lighter and the
bracts are longer than these of Serapias cordigera. This
species occurs in large colonies, but its distribution is
restricted to southern France, northern Italy, Corsica,
Sardinia and southwestern Yugoslavia. It grows usually
near the coast.
Ophrys
Now the last genus of European orchids I will show
you. It is one of the most interesting and most strange
ones of the family of Orchidaceae. The map shows the
distribution of the genus. In Scandinavia there is found
only one species. The greatest number of species and
varieties is found around the Mediterranean lands.
Ophrys flowers are spectacular in close-up, but they are
remarkably easy to overlook. At the right hand side you
210
see our friend standing in a population of Ophrys plants.

All the dark dots are Ophrys flowers.
Ophrys insectifera L.
Ophrys insectifera, in Great Britain called Fly Orchid, is
the type species of the genus Ophrys. This Ophrys species
is widespread in Europe, also in the northern parts:
Great Britain and Ireland, Norway and Sweden, through
the Baltic States to Russia.
The members of the genus Ophrys are clearly

separated from the other orchids of Europe. The name
Ophrys was created by Plinus the Elder, who has written
37 books with the title ”Naturalis historia” (Natural
History). The name Ophrys means eyebrow, due to the
brown color of the lip. Mostly the lips look insect-like,
not only to us but also to the males of insects, which
think there is sitting a female of its species, and so it
wants to marry it. So the pollination happens.
Ophrys lutea CAV.
Ophrys ariadnae H. F. PAULUS
Now 2 flowers of other Ophrys species: the Yellow Bee-
orchid and a form of the Cretan Bee-orchid. Between
these 2 flowers there is a fundamental difference in
pollination.
Ophrys lutea CAV.
Ophrys ariadnae H. F. PAULUS
On the Yellow Bee-orchid the pollinator is sitting on
the lip with its back to the ovary and to the column. The
polliniums will be fixed at the back of the insect. In this
211
way the pollination happens at all species of the group

of Yellow Bee-orchid and the group of Dull Ophrys.
On the lip at the right-hand side the insect is sitting with
the head to the ovary and to the column. So the
polliniums will be fixed at the head of the insect. At the
back you see the copulation instrument of the insect
groping to the appendage. Each Ophrys species has its
own species of pollinator. The flowers produce a scent
like the females of this species. Also hairs, humps and
bumps on the lip are essential as a stimulus.
Ophrys attaviria RUECKBRODT & WENKER
Ophrys phaseliana D. & U. RUECKBRODT
Here are 2 other different species of the group of Dull
Ophrys. We have discovered and described them. They
are late flowering species. The left one we discovered on
the Greek island of Rhodes, the right one in
southwestern Turkey. The flowering season is end of
April to beginning of May. Other species of this group
are blooming already in January, some other in February
or March. They are blooming just at the time when their
pollinator insects are coming out.
Ophrys omegaifera H. FLEISCHM.
Ophrys atlantica MUNBY
Two more species of this group.
Left: Ophrys omegaifera from the eastern Mediterranean
region from Greece and southern Turkey. The flowers
are relatively large with about 1 inch in length. This
species has its name from the Greek letter ”Omega”,
the last in the Greek alphabet.
212
Ophrys atlantica from the western Mediterranean region

from northwestern Africa and southern Spain.
Ophrys blitoperthoa H. F. PAULUS & C.
GACKOphrys iricolor DESF.
This Yellow Bee-orchid is still stranger than the others -
the pollinator is a beetle and not a bee. At the right you
see Ophrys iricolor, the Blue-colored or the Iris-colored
Ophrys. The lip is about 1 inch long and its backside is
mostly reddish.
Ophrys speculum LINK
Ophrys regis-ferdinandii (RENZ) BUTTLER
An other very strange looking bee-orchid is the ”mirror
orchid”, because the blue middle of the lip seems to be
a mirror. This mirror is surrounded with long purple
brown hairs. Very close related is Ophrys regis-ferdinandii,
so called in honor to King Ferdinad 1st of Bulgaria. The
sides of the lip are rolled vertically. The sepals are green
with brown strips. The petals are dark purple brown
velvety and often curved backward.
Ophrys holoserica (BURM.) W. GREUTER
Ophrys apifera HUDS.
These 2 species are looking very similar: at the left the
late spider-orchid Ophrys holoserica and at the right the
bee-orchid Ophrys apifera. Both live in middle Europe,
but they are rare. The flower at the left-hand side has an
appendage, that is pointing forward. This plant needs an
insect for pollination. At the right-hand side the
appendage is pointing backward. Only very, very seldom
the pollination will happen by an insect. In most cases
the pollinium is curving out of the bursicle and curving
213
down to the stigmatic surface. So this species is

pollinating itself.
Ophrys bombyliflora LINK
Ophrys schulzei BORNM. & H. FLEISCHM.
These 2 bee-orchids have nearly globose lips.
At the left you see the Bumble Bee-orchid Ophrys
bombyliflora. It is one of the smallest Ophrys specie in
flower-shape and plant size. The lip is three-lobed and
the side-lobes are strongly deflected. The species at the
right got is name in honor to the German botanist Max
Schulze and is called Ophrys schulzei. It is found from the
eastern Mediterranean region to southwestern Iran.
Ophrys ferrum-equinum DESF.
Ophrys aveyronensis (J. J. WOOD) DELFORGE
Here you see 2 beautiful looking species: Ophrys ferrum-
equinum - the Horse-shoe Orchid - growing from Greece
to western Turkey. The lip is velvety-purple with a
horse-shoe-like speculum. On the right you see Ophrys
aveyronensis from southern France in the region of
Aveyron.
Ophrys cilicica SCHLTR.
Ophrys reinholdii H. FLEISCHM.
The eastern part of the Mediterranean region seems to
be the center of evolution of the genus Ophrys. These 2
species are growing in this region. Ophrys cilicica was
described by SCHLECHTER in 1923 from a single dried
plant. For a long time nobody knew, where this species
was growing and how it looks. Finally in 1972 we found
these plants in southeastern Turkey. As no specialist
214
could tell us what it might be, so we described it as

Ophrys kurdica. Some years later it was identified as
Ophrys cilicica. So we did not find a new species but have
only rediscovered an old one.
At the right-hand side the species was named in honor

to the medical practitioner Mr. Reinhold as Ophrys
reinholdii. The colors of the sepals vary from pink, to
whitish-green or greenish-purple. The lip is three-lobed,
the lateral lobes are strongly deflected. The color is
velvety dark blackish-purple with 2 white spots or white
surrounded spots.
Ophrys tenthredinifera WILLD.

At the end of our talk we will show you one of the most
beautiful and interesting species, Ophrys tenthredinifera or
the Sawfly Orchid. It is a great experience to find such a
nice group of plants. Every flower is a work of art of
nature. The sepals are pink to white, just as the petals.
The lip is yellow to brown or to green colored. The
margins are very hairy, especially above the apical
appendage. There is a tuft of rather long hairs.
This was a short introduction in European and
Mediterranean orchids. We think it was interesting to
you, perhaps it was very strange. We hope that you are
not too confused and perhaps you are interested to see
some of these orchids by yourselves.
DIETRICH & URSULA RUECKBRODT

EUROPARING 22 D-68623 LAMPERTHEIM GERMANY
DU.Rueckbrodt@t-online.de
215
Wagner, Wagner & Brown: RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGED
ORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA
Part 3. Ohio - Wyoming
RARE, THREATENED AND

ENDANGED ORCHIDS IN NORTH
AMERICA
Anne B. Wagner, Ken Wagner, Paul Martin Brown
In continuing the four-part article on the listed

orchids in North America, the data accumulated by
Anne & Ken Wagner for the remaining United States
covering Ohio - Wyoming is presented. The fourth
installment in December will cover Canada and also will
include a summary and synonymy. Please remember in
reading this information it is essential to know that each
state or province has its own criteria and definitions of
rare, threatened and endangered. Unfortunately
personal opinions and priorities often color the makeup
of these lists. We are trying to give references wherever
possible for the plants that are listed. Some states
update continually other as far apart as 10 years! Very
few states afford legal protection to the plants.
Websites are given and a contact person when known.
The nomenclature used is as it was received from the
various sources and often does not agree with
contemporary usage. In the December Journal a
216
complete list of cross-reference for the names will be

given as well as a summary by species. If a given species
is not listed for a given state or province it means that
the status has not been determined - and that for any
number of reasons. When available, the status within
the state or province is given. Although abbreviations
are not always consistent the following usually are
reliable: (may be preceded by a S for state)
E = Endangered S1
T = Threatened S2
R=Rare S3
SC= Special Concern S3
X= extirpated
H = historical
U = unknown
For precise definitions and current status readers are
encouraged to contact the sources listed for each state
and province.
OHIO
Patricia Jones
Data Services Administrator
Division of Natural Areas & Preserves
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
(614) 265-6472
pat.jones@dnr.state.oh.us
1998-1999
Arethusa bulbosa - E
Calopogon tuberosus - T
217
Coeloglossum viride - E
Corallorhiza maculata - P
Corallorhiza trifida - E
Corallorhiza wisteriana - T
Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum - E
Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens -P
Cypripedium candidum - T
Cypripedium reginae - T
Goodyera tesselata - X
Hexalectris spicata - T
Isotria medeoloides - E, FT
Listera cordata - X
Malaxis unifolia - P
Platanthera blephariglottis - E
Platanthera ciliaris - T
Platanthera flava - P
Platanthera grandiflora - X
Platanthera hookeri - X
Platanthera hyperborea - X
Platanthera leucophaea - T, F T
Platanthera orbiculata - P
Platanthera psycodes - E
Pogonia ophioglossoides - T
Spiranthes lucida - P
Spiranthes magnicamporum - P
Spiranthes ovalis - P
Spiranthes romanzoffiana - T
Triphora trianthophora - T
218
OKLAHOMA
Platanthera leucophaea FT
Platanthera praeclara FT
NO STATE-LISTED SPECIES
OREGON
Cypripedium fasciculatum - List 1 (rare, threatened or
endangered throughout range)
Cypripedium parviflorum - List 2-ex (no current records
from Oregon)
Listera borealis - List 2 (threatened or endangered in
Oregon but more common or stable elsewhere)
Platanthera obtusata - List 2
Cypripedium californicum - Watch List
Cypripedium montanum - Watch List
Corallorhiza wisteriana - Review List
PENNSYLVANIA
Steve Grund
Western Pennsylvania Conservancy/
Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory–Western
Office
209 Fourth Ave
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Sgrund@paconserve.org
Aplectrum hyemale r
Arethusa bulbosa e
Coeloglossum viride tu
219
Corallorhiza wisteriana tu
Cypripedium candidum x
Cypripedium parviflorum e
Cypripedium pubescens n
Cypripedium reginae t
Goodyera repens n
Goodyera tesselata tu
Isotria medeoloides e
Listera australis e
Listera cordata e
Listera smallii e
Malaxis brachypoda tu
Malaxis bayardii r
Platanthera blephariglottis n
Platanthera ciliaris tu
Platanthera cristata x
Platanthera dilatata e
Platanthera hookeri tu
Platanthera hyperborea e
Platanthera leucophaea x
Platanthera peramoena tu
Spiranthes casei e
Spiranthes lucida n
Spiranthes magnicamporum x
Spiranthes ovalis e
Spiranthes romanzoffiana e
Spiranthes tuberosa tu
Spiranthes vernalis e
Tipularia discolor r
Triphora trianthophora e
220
RHODE ISLAND
Arethusa bulbosa SE
Calopogon tuberosus C
Coeloglossum viride var. virescens ST
Corallorhiza maculata C
Corallorhiza odontorhiza ST
Corallorhiza trifida C
Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens ST
Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum ST
Orchis spectablis SE
Isotria medeoloides FT
Liparis liliifolia ST
Liparis loeselii ST
Listera cordata SH
Malaxis unifolia SE
Platanthera blephariglottis ST
Platanthera ciliaris SE
Platanthera flava var. herbiola SE
Platanthera hookeri SE
Platanthera hyperborea ST
Platanthera orbiculata ST
Platanthera orbiculata var. macrophylla ST
Platanthera psycodes C
Spiranthes lucida SH
Spiranthes tuberosa SE
Spiranthes vernalis C
221
SOUTH CAROLINA
Extracted from “list_sc.html” in SC folder
Last Update: 5/25/96
Name: Katherine Boyle, SCHP
Arethusa bulbosa rc
Calopogon barbatus sc
Cypripedium pubescens sc
Epidendrum conopseum sc
Galearis spectabilis sc
Habenaria quinqueseta sc
Isotria medeoloides ft
Liparis liliifolia sc
Listera australis sc
Listera smallii sc
Platanthera integra sc
Platanthera integrilabia c2
Platanthera lacera sc
Platanthera peramoena rc
Ponthieva racemosa sc
Pteroglossaspis ecristata c2
Spiranthes laciniata sc
Spiranthes longilabris sc
Triphora trianthophora sc
SOUTH DAKOTA
Extracted from “rareplants.htm” in SD folder
Calypso bulbosa S3
222
Corallorrhiza odontorhiza S1
Corallorrhiza trifida SU
Cypripedium calceolus SU
Cypripedium candidum S1
Epipactis gigantea S1
Liparis loeselii SU
Listera convallarioides S1
Platanthera dilatata S2
Platanthera orbiculata S1
Platanthera praeclara SH LT
Spiranthes cernua S2
Spiranthes magnicamporum SU
Spiranthes vernalis S2
None have STATE ENDANGERED or
THREATENED status.
TENNESSEE
Extracted from “Plantlist.doc” downloaded from web
28 APR 1998
Coeloglossum viride var. virescens E
Corallorhiza maculata T
Cypripedium acaule E-CE
Cypripedium kentuckiense E
Cypripedium reginae E
Isotria medeoloides LT E
Liparis loeselii E
Listera australis E
Listera smallii T
Platanthera flava var flava S
223
Platanthera flava var herbiola T

Platanthera grandiflora E
Platanthera integra E
Platanthera integrilabia E
Platanthera nivea E
Platanthera orbiculata E-PT
Platanthera peramoena S
Platanthera psycodes T
Pogonia ophioglossoides T
Spiranthes lucida T
Spiranthes ochroleuca E-P
Spiranthes odorata E
TEXAS
Cypripedium kentuckiense
Hexalectris revoluta
Hexalectris warnockii
Spiranthes parksii FT
NO STATUS GIVEN
UTAH
info extracted from "endemic.pdf" in UTAH folder
Coeloglossum viride spp.bracteatum S1

Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens S1
Cypripedium fasciculatum S1
Listera borealis S1
S1
224
Listera cordata
Lysiella obtusata S1
Platanthera hyberborea var.gracilis S2
Platanthera sparsiflora var.ensifolia S3
Platanthera stricta S3
Platanthera zothecina S2
Spiranthes diluvialis S1 LT
VIRGINIA
Extracted from plantXX.htm files inVA folder
Arethusa bulbosa s1
Calopogon pallidus sh
Calopogon tuberosus s2
Cleistes bifaria s1
Cleistes divaricata s1
Corallorhiza maculata var. occidentalis
s1
Cypripedium candidum s1
Cypripedium kentuckiense s1
Cypripedium reginae s1
Isotria medeoloides s2 FT
Liparis loeselii s2
Platanthera blephariglottis var conspicua
s1
Platanthera grandiflora s1
Platanthera leucophaea s1 FT
Platanthera peramoena s2
Spiranthes lucida s1
Spiranthes magnicamporum s1
225
Spiranthes ochroleuca s1
Triphora trianthophora s1
VERMONT
Aplectrum hyemale T
Arethusa bulbosa T
Calypso bulbosa T
Corallorhiza odontorhiza T
Cypripedium arietinum T
Isotria medeoloides E FT
Isotria verticillata T
Liparis liliifolia T
Listera auriculata E
Listera australis E
Malaxis brachypoda T
Platanthera flava T
Platanthera hookeri T
Triphora trianthophora T
WASHNGTON
John Gamon, Acting Manager / Botanist
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Department of Natural Resources
PO Box 47016
Olympia, WA 98504-7016
(360) 902-1661
Cephalanthera austiniae W
226
Cypripedium fasciculatum T
Cypripedium montanum W
Cypripedium parviflorum E
Epipactis gigantea S
Liparis loeselii E
Listera borealis S
Platanthera chorisiana T
Platanthera obtusata S
Platanthera orbiculata W
Platanthera sparsiflora S
Spiranthes diluvialis E FT
Spiranthes porrifolia S
WEST VIRGINIA
Extracted from plants.html downloaded from web.
Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus S2

Cleistes bifaria S1
Coeloglossum viride var. virescens S2
Corallorrhiza trifida S1
Corallorrhiza wisteriana S2
Cypripedium reginae S1
Hexalectris spicata S1
Liparis loeselii S2
Listera cordata var. cordata S2
Listera smallii S2
Malaxis bayardii S1
Platanthera psycodes S1
Pogonia ophioglossoides S2
227
Spiranthes lucida SU
Spiranthes tuberosa S1
Spiranthes vernalis S1
Triphora trianthophora S2
WISCONSIN
From Wisc NHP Working List (Wisc_list10.htm in
folder)
Arethusa bulbosa SC
Calypso bulbosa T
Corallorrhiza odontorhiza SC
Cypripedium arietinum T
Cypripedium candidum T
Cypripedium parviflorum SC
Cypripedium reginae SC
Goodyera oblongifolia SC
Listera auriculata E
Listera convallarioides T
Malaxis brachypoda SC
Platanthera dilatata SC
Platanthera flava var herbiola T
Platanthera hookeri SC
Platanthera leucophaea LT END
Platanthera orbiculata SC
Spiranthes ovalis var erostellata SC
Triphora trianthophora SC
WYOMING
228
www.uwyo.edu/wyndd
Walt Fertig
WYNDD botanist
[Extracted from Wyoming Rare Plant Reference

List(wyolist.htm) in Wyo Folder]
Amerorchis rotundifolia S1
Cypripedium fasciculatum S2
Cypripedium montanum S1
Epipactis gigantea S1
Spiranthes diluvialis S1 FT
229
Brown: RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
Figure 1.
Govenia floridana
Florida govenia
photograph by C. A. Luer,
Miami-Dade County, Florida November 1961
230
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
RECENT TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL

NOTES FROM FLORIDA 7.
GOVENIA FLORIDANA
(ORCHIDACEAE), A NEW SPECIES
ENDEMIC TO SOUTHERN FLORIDA,
U.S.A.
Paul Martin Brown
Plants from the genus Govenia were discovered in

1957 by Dr. Frank C. Craighead in a dense hammock in
Everglades National Park. With the literature available
at that time they were identified as Govenia utriculata
(Swartz) Lindley (Correll, 1947; Greenwood, 1991).
When Carlyle A. Luer (1972) was preparing his
exhaustive work on the native orchids of Florida he
noted that the Florida plants differed from typical G.
utriculata in two critical characters: the petals were
spotted rather than barred and the sheath was angular
rather than inflated (Fig. 4). Nonetheless, Luer
addressed the plants as G. utriculata and included
photographs he took from the Craighead site as well as
those of plants from the Bahamas and mixed them in
both his photos and description.1 The destruction of
native habitat by Hurricanes Donna in 1960 and
eventually Andrew in 1991 resulted in both habitat
1
Luer (1972) plate 74, p. 245. nos. 1 & 2 = Govenia floridana; nos. 3 & 4 =
G. utriculata.
231
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
change and partial destruction of the hammock. In

addition, Craighead felt that possibly plants had been
removed by collectors for living collections.
Apparently, only six herbarium specimens were taken.
Searches of the original site in the late 1980's had failed
to reveal any more plants and until 2000 the hammock
was nearly impenetrable as a result of Hurricane
Andrew. In 1990 a fruiting plant was reported by Ruben
Saleuda from nearby Osteen Hammock and in 2000
four small, immature plants were seen by the author in
Craighead's original site. No specimens were taken
from either of these finds, although a photograph was
deposited at USF of the Saleuda report.
In a subsequent article Ed Greenwood (1991)

meticulously compared the Florida specimen with
Govenia utriculata and clearly demonstrated that they were
not the same species. Because of the paucity of
specimens and lack of living plant material, Greenwood
felt strongly that the Florida plants must remain an
unidentified species. Therefore the Florida Govenia
could be known as Govenia sp. This became a very
difficult situation from the standpoint of listing of
endangered species in Florida and as far as protecting
the plants other than by the general protection afforded
by their presence in Everglades National Park.
In preparation for the upcoming Flora of North

America, Greenwood continued to attempt to solve the
identity of the Florida Govenia and tentatively assigned it
to Govenia alba A. Rich. & Gal. (Greenwood, pers.
comm.). Eventually careful examination and
232
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
comparison of the columns of the Florida material and

the type of G. alba showed a significant difference (Fig.
3). This evidence, combined with the previous
differences noted by Greenwood and Luer, is sufficient
for describing the Florida plant as a new species. A
summary of Greenwood & Luer's work is given in
Appendix 1.
Govenia floridana P.M. Brown, sp. nov.
TYPE: UNITED STATES, Florida: Miami-Dade

County2. Everglades National Park. Only 8 plants seen,
2 in flower. 22 Nov 1964, D.B. Ward 4354 [with] F.C.
Craighead (Holotype: FLAS 88955a). Paratype: color
photographs bottom right and left flowering plants
showing distinctive plicate leaf and close-up of flower
showing spotting on petals; November 1961, photos by
F. C. Craighead, NA Nat. Orchid J. 6: 247. 2000; figs. 1-
4.
Govenia, gregis capitata, floribus pusillus, semi-aperta, alba,

petala punctatus purpureus subtiliter in paginae interiore
Govenia, of the capitata group, flowers small, partly open,
white, petals finely spotted purple on the inner surface.
PLANT: terrestrial, up to 50 cm tall from a subglobose

corm of several internodes, 3-6 cm in length. ROOTS:
few, from the lowest internodes of the new corm, long,
slender, round, irregularly spreading. LEAVES: 2, from
the uppermost nodes of the corm, petiolate, blades dark
2
Dade County became Miami-Dade County in November of 1998.
233
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
green, soft, plicate, elliptical, 20-35 x 8-11 cm,

articulated to the petioles, these from the topmost
nodes of the corm, erect, fleshy, tubular, concentric.
SHEATHS: 3, from the lower intermediate nodes of
the corm, tubular, concentric, alternate, roughly 4-sided,
3 corners keeled, 10-20 cm long, successively longer
upwards, 1.5-2 cm diameter; mottled maroon.
INFLORESCENCE: lateral from an upper internode
of the corm, usually between the inner sheath and the
outer petiole, erect, stiff, round, 1-bracted, raceme of 5-
15 small, white, not wide-opening flowers, petals finely
spotted purple internally. FLORAL BRACT: green,
lanceolate, 25 x 4 mm. OVARY: pedicellate, slender,
white. DORSAL SEPAL: obovate, concave, 18 x 6
mm. LATERAL SEPALS: obovate, falcate, 15 x 5
mm. PETALS: obovate, falcate, oblique, 13 x 7 mm,
with tiny flecks of purple on inner surface. LIP:
arcuate, transversely concave, simple, 11 x 6 mm, white
with 3-5 marginal purplish-brown spots, hinged to
column-foot by a claw. COLUMN: arcuate, with a
long column-foot, prominently winged, bright yellow,
suffused and mottled with pink, the anther terminal,
pollinarium 1 with 2 pairs of pollinia. CAPSULE:
pendent, ellipsoid, 3-4 x .75-1 cm.
Flowering period: November - December
Etymology: named for the State of Florida
Distribution: hardwood hammocks, Miami-Dade

County, Florida.
234
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
Additional specimens cited: United States: Florida,

Miami-Dade County: Palma Vista Hammock,
Everglades National Park; on new road near Palma
Vista in deep shade. 1/12/57 F.C. Craighead s.n. (AMES
76835); P(alma) V(ista) II; 10 April 1960 F. C. Craighead
s.n., (FTG 7873) Everglades National Park - Dade Co.,
4/22/62 F. C. Craighead, s.n. (EVER 9087); Long Pine
Key, Palma Vista Hammock, 10/21/62 F.C. Craighead,
s.n. (EVER 9088); Very rare and local; Palma Vista
Hammock #2, Long Pine Key, Everglades National
Park, Fall 1963 F.C. Craighead 1467(FLAS 88955b).
Govenia floridana is represented in herbaria by only

the six above collections. All of the specimens are
fragments. Craighead appears to have never collected
an entire plant. The Ward collection (with Craighead) at
FLAS is the only one with flowers and therefore was
chosen for the holotype. The remaining Craighead
collections are either leaves or fruiting stems. Govenia
floridana is not only one of the rarest species (within any
family) known in the United States, but one of the few
endemics in Florida. It is unlikely that living plants or
specimens have been overlooked elsewhere in the
region, as they are large, distinctive plants both
vegetatively and in flower. The fact that all Govenia
plants from the Bahamas and Caribbean are Govenia
utriculata and those plants from the United States are G.
floridana supports the possibility that the Florida plants
are endemic.
Appendix 1.
235
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
From: Greenwood, E. 1991 AOS Bulletin 80(9): 867-869
(September 1991); reprinted in NANOJ 2:344-349. 1996.
………………The genus Govenia is unusual in the

Orchidaceae in that plant or flower morphology is not a
dependable basis for species determination. If the
morphologies of two specimens are different, the species are
very probably distinct, but if the morphologies are the same,
the plants may still be of different species, in which case other
characters have to be used by the taxonomist. I have
emphasized this situation, and given an example of the
confusion that it has caused, in another place (Greenwood,
unpub.).
Govenia utriculata has one outstanding character that

has been emphasized by Swartz in his original description
(Swartz, 1788) and by subsequent authors as definitive; the
basal sheaths are much inflated. ………………. A negative
feature goes with this one; although the longitudinal veins of
the sheaths are slightly prominent, there are no keels. In the
Florida Govenia the sheaths are not inflated. Instead, they
form cylinders of subpolygonal cross-section, with keels at
the corners. Luer (1972) emphasizes the four-sided shape in
the text of his treatment.
Flower colour patterns provide another character

sometimes useful for distinguishing Govenia species. Luer
(1972) states that the petals have “ --- tiny flecks of purple on
inner surface--- “ and his drawing on the same page shows a
pattern of small dots. The only herbarium sheet with flowers
that I have located, FLAS 88955, has a note by the collector
that the petals have internally a number of small spots of
colour. However, the petals of G. utriculata are not spotted,
but barred transversely with narrow, irregular magenta lines
(Ackerman, personal communication). Differences so
extreme do not occur within species of Govenia.
236
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
During 1987-1988 I examined with great care the
Govenia holdings of several major herbaria (K, W, US, NY,
TEX, LL, and MEXU), and for G. utriculata found highly
important and interesting results:
• (1) All specimens so identifiable have inflated sheaths.
• (2) All such specimens are from the islands of the

Caribbean and the Bahamas.
• (3) G. utriculata is the only Govenia species in that area.
• (4) No specimens at all of G. utriculata could be found for

any continental locality, although there were specimens
incorrectly so labeled.
Paul Martin Brown

Research Associate
Florida Museum of Natural History
University of Florida
PO Box 117800, Gainesville, FL32611-7800
naorchid@aol.com
Acknowledgements:
Without the earlier observations, research and
work of both Carlyle A. Luer, M.D. and, especially,
Edward W. Greenwood, Govenia floridana could not be
prepared for publication. I am indebted to both of them
for permitting the generous use of their work in preparing
this manuscript as well as extensive comments and
suggestions from Ed Greenwood. I also thank the
curators and managers of the following herbaria: AMES,
FLAS, FTG, USF, and Everglades National Park; Robert
Dressler for re-examining the flowers and K. Gandhi for
assistance in citing the paratype.
237
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
References:
Correll, D. S. 1947. Revision of the genus Govenia.
Lloydia 10: 218--278.
Fawcett, W. and A.B. Rendle. 1910. Flora of Jamaica. 7
vols. London. Vol. 1, p. 113.
Greenwood, E. W. 1981. Govenia in Mexico, an
introductory note. Orquidea (Mex.) 8(1): 114-120.
______________1991. The Florida Govenia.
Amer. Orch. Soc. Bull. 69: 867--869.
Luer, C. A. 1972. The Native Orchids of Florida. Bronx,
New York.
238
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
Figure 2
Govenia floridana
Florida Govenia
drawn by Stan Folsom
239
FROM FLORIDA 7.
Govenia floridana
240
LOOKING FORWARD
December 2000
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
th
5 ANNUAL NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID CONFERENCE: Part 2
including:
The Genus Hexalectris
An Update on Platanthera praeclara at Tolstoi, Manitoba
Platanthera aquilonis
Spiranthes parksii in Texas
Species Pairs

ORCHIDS IN NORTH AMERICA - Part 4
and more…….
241
Underwood: PLATANTHERA XVOSSII
PLATANTHERA XVOSSII FOUND IN

RHODE ISLAND
On August 5 Francis Underwood E-mailed me to

report finding a curious plant of Platanthera clavellata that
looked to him like the photo in Wild Orchids of the
Northeastern United States of Platanthera xvossii. He
attached photos (see color plate 2, p. 248) of the plant.
Platanthera xvossii was described in 1983 by Fred Case as
a hybrid of Platanthera clavellata and P. blephariglottis from
a plant growing in Michigan (Case, F. W. 1983. Michigan
Botanist. 22: 141-144).
It is most easily recognized by it very long,

tapered spur, larger ovate lip and whiter color that
typical P. clavellata. Although the two parent species
frequently occur nearby or together, the hybrid has been
rarely reported. I do no think it is simply overlooked as
I have searched many suitable areas for it over the past
20 years and never have seen it. On August 9, 2000
Stan Folsom and I drove down to East Greenwich,
Rhode Island and Francis took me to the plant to
confirm its identity.
PMB
242
PRE-PUBLICATION
ANNOUNCEMENT:
NATIVE ORCHIDS OF THE

SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN
MOUNTAINS
by Stanley L. Bentley
University of North Carolina Press

229 pages; extensive full color throughout
large 8 X 10" format
several newer taxa fully described
This long-awaited publication will be a handsome and

informative addition to every native orchid lover's
library. It is scheduled for release on October 23, 2000.
A full review will appear in the December issue.
Full ordering information is included with this issue of

the Journal.
243
2001 RENEWAL NOTICES
have been sent to all domestic
subscribers. Canadian and Foreign
notices are included with this issue.
Your early renewal helps the

Journal plan more effectively for 2001.
2001 promises several exciting

articles including the March issue that
will be devoted to a lengthy manuscript
by Roger Hammer on the orchids of
south Florida.
Subscription rate remains the

same at $26 per year.
244
Upon occasion a member will ask exactly how
your $26 is spent. The following will summarize the
expenses of the Journal.
$26 domestic membership & subscription

printing costs $12 ($3 per issue)
color costs 8 (average $2 per issue)
postage 4.84 (@ $1.21 per issue)
office supplies 5 pro rated per membership
incl. telephone (this is a fair approximation)
total $29.84
This does not include electricity (which is part of our

home expenses, and difficult to pull out, although it is
considerable).
All expenses over the $26 are borne by occasional gifts
from members with their renewals and the balance
made up by PMB.
The additional membership costs for Canadian and
foreign go towards the additional shipping costs.
The target mailing date is always the 20th of the

cover month, but occasionally delays do occur such as
contributors not getting material to me in a timely
manner, printer delays and personal time commitments.
Please remember that I have no help in formatting,
assembling and mailing the Journal. It takes 2-3 weeks
after I receive it from the printer before it is ready to
mail. Thank you for your continued support and
patience. PMB
245
PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENT
NATIVE ORCHIDS OF
OREGON
A new publication of the Oregon Orchid Society,
Inc.
Text by Rick Burian, photos by Wilbur Bluhm
This neatly produced 40 page booklet covers all of the

known species found in Oregon with a detailed
descriptive and narrative text and 27 full color
photographs. It includes an excellent glossary, basic
information on what an orchid is and background on
orchid taxonomy
A limited number of copies remain from the conference

and are available from the Alliance.
$7 postpaid
Send orders to:

NANOA
PO Box 772121,
Ocala, FL 34477-2121
or e-mail your request to naorchid@aol.com
246
Color Plate 1- Brown: Govenia floridana
Govenia
floridana
Florida
govenia
Photos by F.
C. Craighead
top: entire
plants; note
angled sheath
Dec. 1959
bottom left:
flowering
plants
showing
distinctive
plicate leaf
Nov. 1961
bottom right:
close-up
showing
spotting on
petals
247
Color Plate 2 - Underwood; NANOC
Platanthera xvossii
(P. blephariglottis x
clavellata)
E. Greenwich,
RI Aug. 2000
Photo by Francis
Underwood
Two highlights of
the 2000 conference
Left: a yellow and
white Piperia
unalascensis
Sequim, WA
Right: Platanthera
chorisiana
Lake Elizabeth,
Snoqualimie, WA
248

September 2000 North American Native Orchid Journal

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NORTH AMERICAN

NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

The Journal welcomes articles, of any length, of both a scientific

2000 Membership in the North American Native Orchid Alliance,

Although a cool and somewhat rainy summer

Plans for the 2001 conference are undergoing a

A number of thank yous are in order at this time.

A very special thank you goes to Ed Greenwood

Lastly, there are only two color pages in this issue

Paul Martin Brown, editor

MEMORIES OF PAST CONFERENCES

In looking back over the last five years, I

The first conference was held in Pittsburgh,

Carlow College was gracious to offer us space to

original meeting place grew too small to accommodate

It was very hot in Pittsburgh that week and

I am refraining from discussing the topics in

I also remember seeing the lovely stands of the

We also had a chance to explore an area near

An interesting by-product of the conference was

The second conference was held in what I

Chuck Sheviak presented his findings on the

We went up into the Huachuca & Chiricahua

The third conference was held at Lake Itasca in

One of the highlights of the field trips was seeing

Another fond memory was standing in the

An interesting sidelight, after the conference

Although I might like to see a tornado close hand, I'm

The fourth conference took place in Tampa,

The orchids were smaller and fewer but there

The last conference I attended was this past

to isolate mycorhiza and germinate and grow orchids

Of course the orchids were everywhere in that

We also found an unusual Piperia candida that was

On our way to the ferry to take us back to the

result of growing in close proximity to the water. One

The Olympic Peninsula conference took us for a

I will close with a list of all the orchids and

We also saw *black tailed deer, and a

hundreds of butterflies and moths, large swarms of

Each conference brings its own memories but

A SUMMARY OF THE 5TH ANNUAL

Port Angeles, Washington, was the perfect setting

Following a brief opening to the conference, Paul

orchids. Along the trip, Paul brought back some

After a short break in the action, I presented “An

The next presentation was by Cliff Pelchat, who

Florida where he gained most of his orchid experience

After a much needed lunch break, the conference

After some rearranging, due to the cancellation of

since 1996 and is currently president of the Manitoba

The last speaker for the first day of the 2000

The second day of the North American Native

parasitic wasp (obligate parasite on a fungus gnat) is the

Next, Dietrich and Ursula Rueckbrodt presented,

The last official presentation was from Joe Liggio

Hexalectris. Joe has his M.S. in environmental biology

Upon the conclusion of the invited speakers’

Lawrence Zettler was awarded the Conservation

The field trips accompanying this year’s

Paintbrush (Castilleja spp.) and Corallorhiza mertensiana

Another field trip to Hurricane Ridge in the

The full day trip to Sol Duc Hot Springs, East