?

maqs veberi

narkvevebi religiis sociologiis Sesaxeb

mTargmnelebi nino fircxalava da emzar

jgerenaia

sarCevi

winaswari SeniSvnebi 1
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suliskveTeba
13
msoflio religiaTa sameurneo eTika 148
Sualeduri dakvirveba 170

winaswari SeniSvnebi

istoriis universalur problemebs Tanamedrove

evropuli kulturuli samyaros pirmSo, evropeli adamiani,
uciloblad da sruli uflebamosilebiT ganixilavs im kuTxiT,
Tu garemoebaTa ra gadajaWvam migviyvana iqamde,
rom swored dasavleTis niadagze da mxolod aq iCens
Tavs kulturis movlenebi - Tundac rogorc es Cven
survilisamebr warmogvidgenia - romelTa ganviTareba
universaluri mniSvnelobisa da vargisianobis
mimarTulebiT warimarTa.
mxolod dasavleTSi arsebobs "mecniereba"
ganviTarebis iseT stadiaSi, romelsac Cven "vargisad"
miviCnevT. empiriuli codna, samyarosa da sicocxlis
problemebis gaazreba, filosofiuri da agreTve uRrmesi
Teologiuri cxovrebiseuli sibrZne - TumcaRa, sistematuri
Teologiis srulyofili ganviTareba, elinisturi
zegavlenagancdili qristianobisTvisaa niSandoblivi (risi
Canasaxebi mxolod islamSi da ramdenime indur
seqtaSi Tu moipoveba) - uaRresad sublimirebuli codna
da dakvirveba, sxvaganac, pirvel yovlisa: indoeTSi,

1
CineTSi, babilonSi, egvipteSi arsebobda. magram
babilonur da yvela sxva astronomias aklda is
maTematikuri dafuZneba, rac am mecnierebas mxolod
elinebma SesZines - es miT ufro gasaocars xdis
babilonelebis moZRvrebas ciur sxeulTa Sesaxeb. induri
geometria ar Seicavda racionalur "damtkicebas", rac
Tavis mxriv elinuri sulis produqtia, romelmac aseve
pirvelma Seqmna meqanika da fizikac. ufro metad
dakvirvebis ganxriT ganviTarebul indur
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs aklda antikurobaSi
Casaxuli da Semdeg renesansis arsebiT produqtad
qceuli racionaluri eqsperimenti da Tanamedrove
laboratoria, Sesabamisad, indoeTSi empiriul-
teqnikurad maRalganviTarebul medicinas ar gaaCnda
biologiuri da gansakuTrebiT ki bioqimiuri safuZveli.
racionaluri qimia, garda dasavleTisa ucnobia yvela
sxva kulturuli regionisaTvis. maRalganviTarebul Cinur
istoriografias aklia Tukidideseuli pragmatuloba.
makiavelis yavs winamorbedni indoeTSi. magram
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb aziaSi arsebul yvela moZRvrebas
aklia aristoteleseuli sistemurobis analogi da saerTodac
racionaluri cnebebi. samarTlis racionalur moZRvrebas,
miuxedavad Canasaxovani niSnebisa indoeTSi
(mimamsas skola), miuxdavad yovlismomcveli
kodifikaciebisa, gansakuTrebiT wina aziaSi, da
miuxedavad induri da sxva samarTlis wignebisa,
yvelgan aklia romauli da mis niadagze gawafuli
dasavluri samarTlis mkacri iuridiuli sqemebi da
azrovnebis formebi. samarTlis iseT formas, rogoricaa
kanonikuri samarTali, icnobs mxolod dasavleTi.
asevea xelovnebaSic. musikaluri smena, rogorc
Cans, sxva xalxebSi ufro daxvewilad iyo ganviTarebuli,
vidre CvenTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara nakleb
daxvewilad. sxvadasxva saxis polifonia mTel
dedamiwis zurgze iyo ganviTarebuli. instrumentTa
simravlis urTierTSewyoba da aseve diskantireba
sxvaganac gvaqvs. racionaluri tonebis yvela Cveneuli

2
intervali sxvaganac iyo gamoTvlili da cnobili; magram
racionaluri harmoniuli musika - rogorc kontrapunqti,
iseve akorduli harmonika - samxmovanebis safuZvelze
harmoniuli terciiT tonuri masalis Sedgena, Cveni, ara
distanciismieri, aramed renesansis epoqidan racionalur
formaSi harmoniulad gawyobili qromatika da
enharmonika, Cveni orkestri Tavisi simebiani kvartetiT
rogorc ansamblis birTviT da Casaberi instrumentebis
organizaciiT, mTavari bani, Cveni sanoto anbani
(romelic, TavisTavad komponirebas da Tanamedrove
musikaluri nawarmoebebis Sesrulebas, anu saerTod
maT mudmiv arsebobas xdis SesaZlebels), Cveni
sonatebi, simfoniebi, operebi - miuxedavad imisa, rom
saprogramo musika, bgeriTi ferwera, bgeraTa aliteracia
da qromatika, rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi
arsebobda sxvadasxva yaidis musikaSi _ da, rogorc
amis saSualebebi yvela Cveni ZiriTadi instrumenti:
orRani, pianino, violino, yvelaferi es mxolod dasavleTSi
iyo.
isruli TaRi, rogorc dekoratiuli xerxi sxvaganac
arsebobda, antikurobaSi da aziaSi; savaraudoa, rom
isruli jvarTaRovani kamara aRmosavleTisTvisac ucnobi
ar iyo. magram goTuri kamaris racionaluri gamoyeneba
rogorc ganmbrjenisa da nebismieri formis nagebobis
gadaTaRvis saSualeba, pirvel yovlisa, didi
monumentaluri nagebobebis konstruqciis principi da
im stilis safuZveli, romelic qandakebasa da
mxatvrobasac gulisxmobs, rogorc es Sua
saukuneebma danerga, sxvagan ar arsebobs. swored
aseve ar arsebobs gumbaTis problemis imgvari
gadawyveta da mTeli xelovnebis im saxiT "klasikuri"
racionalizacia anu mxatvrobaSi linearuli da sivrcis
perspeqtivis racionaluri gamoyneba, rac CvenSi
renesansma daamkvidra, TumcaRa amis teqnikuri
safuZvlebi aRmosavleTidan iqna gadmoRebuli. wignis
beWdvis nimuSebi CineTSi arsebobda; magram
dabeWdili, mxolod beWdvisaTvis gamiznulli, mxolod

3
beWdvis meSveobiT arsebobis SemZle literatura,
pirvel rigSi, "presa" da "Jurnalebi" mxolod dasavleTSi
warmoiSva. yvela juris umaRlesi saswavlebeli, iseTebic
ki, romlebic Cvens universitetebs anda Tundac Cvens
akademiebs Camohgavdnen svxganac arsebobda
(CineTi, islami); magram mecnierebis racionaluri da
sistematuri dargobrivi warmoeba: dargis gawafuli
specialistis fenomeni, Tavisi dRevandeli gagebiT,
kulturaSi gabatonebuli mniSvnelobiT, mxolod
dasavleTSi arsebobda. upirveles yovlisa, esaa
specialisti moxele, dasavleTis Tanamedrove
saxelmwifosa da Tanamedrove ekonomikis burji.
misTvis moipoveba mxolod is wanamZRvrebi, romlebic
arsad aranairi TvalsazrisiT ar gamxdaran socialuri
wesrigis ganmsazRvrelni imgvarad, rogorc dasavleTSi.
bunebrivia, "moxele", Sromis danawilebis Sedegad
viwro dargobrivad specializirebuli moxelec uZvelesi
movlenaa sxvadasxva kulturebSi. magram mTeli Cveni
arsebobis, Cveni yofis, politikuri, teqnikuri,
ekonomikuri, Zireuli pirobebis absoluturad garduval
monusxul mijaWvulobas profesiulad gawaful moxeleTa
organizaciis korpusze, teqnikuri, savaWro, pirvel
yovlisa ki iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT ganswavlul moxeles,
rogorc socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiurobis umTavresi
funqciebis matarebels, am azriT ar icnobda arc erTi
qveyana, arc erTi epoqa, garda Tanamedrove
dasavleTisa. politikuri da socialuri gaerTianebebis
organizacia farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, magram wodebriv
saxelmwifos, "rex et regnum" (mefes da samefos),
dasavluri gagebiT, mxolod dasavleTi icnobda. da bolos,
periodulad arCeuli "xalxis wrmomadgenelTa",
demagogTa parlamentebi da rogorc partiebis liderTa
saparlamento pasuxismgeblobadakisrebuli
"ministrebis" batonoba mxolod dasavleTma warmoSva,
TumcaRa, cxadia, "partiebi", rogorc politikuri
Zalauflebis xelSi Camgdebi da gavlenis momxdeni
organizaciebi mTel msoflioSi arsebobda. saerTodac,

4
"saxelmwifos", politikuri instituciis azriT, racionalurad
dadgenili "konstituciiT", racionalurad dadgenili
samarTliT da racionalurad dadgenilLwesebze,
"kanonebze", orientirebul marTvas specialist moxeleTa
mier, misTvis esoden gadamwyvet maxasiaTebelTa
erTobliobaSi, icnobs mxolod dasavleTi, Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT yvela danarCen
Canasaxebs.
asevea saqme Cveni Tanamedrove cxovrebis
bedisweris ganmsazRvreli fenomenis, kapitalizmis
SemTxvevaSic.
"ltolvas SeZenisaken", "miswrafebas
mogebisaken", fulis mogebisaken rac SeiZleba maRali
fuladi mogebisaken, TavisTavad kapitalizmTan araferi
aqvs saerTo. am swrafvas vawydebodiT da axlac
vawydebiT oficiantebTan, eqimebTan, meetleebTan,
xelovnebis xalxTan, meZavebTan, meqrTame
moxeleebTan, jariskacebTan, yaCaRebTan,
SaraxvetiebTan, memorineebTan, maTxovrebTan:
SeiZleba iTqvas "all sorts and conditions of men" Q(yvela
jurisa da wodebis xalxTan), yvela epoqaSi da
dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi, sadac odnavadac ki
arsebobda da arsebobs amis obieqturi SesaZlebloba.
cnebis amgvar miamitur gansazRvraze, erTxel da
samudamod uaris Tqma, kulturul-istoriuli aRzrdis ana-
banaa. moxveWis ukiduresad zRvargadasuli Jini
odnavadac ki ar udris kapitalizms, kidev ufro naklebad
ki mis "suliskveTebas". kapitalizmi SeiZleba swored
moTokvis, sul mcire ki am iracionaluri ltolvis racionaluri
daregulirebis identuri iyos. da marTlac, kapitalizmi
mogebisaken ltolvis, uwyvet, racionalur kapitalistur
warmoebaSi mudmivad ganaxlebadi mogebis,
"rentabelobis" identuria. vinaidan, is aseTi unda iyos.
mTeli meurneobis kapitalisturi wesrigis SigniT
rentabelobis miRwevis Sansze araorientirebuli erTi
calkeuli kapitalisturi sawarmo dasaRupad iqneboda
ganwiruli. modiT, imTaviTve imaze cota ufro zusti

5
ganvsazRvreba gavakeToT, vidre amas Cveulebriv
aqvs adgili. "kapitalisturi" sameurneo aqti, am etapze,
iseT rames vuwodoT, romelic gacvlis Sansebis
gamoyenebiT mogebis molodinzea damyarebuli: anu
(formalurad) mSvidobiani SeZenis Sansebze. mogeba
ZalmomreobiT (formaluri da aqtualuri) Tavis
gansakuTrebul kanonebs eqvemdebareba da ar aris
mizanSewonili (TumcaRa amis akrZalva aravis SeuZlia)
misi moqceva (sabolood) gacvliTi mogebis Sansze
orientirebul qmedebasTan erTsa da imave kategoriaSi. 1
iq, sadac kapitalisturi mogebiskenaa racionaluri
swrafva, iqaa Sesabamisi moqmedeba kapitalis
angariSze orientirebuli. es niSnavs: igi rogorc mogebis
saSualeba, saqmiani an piraduli sargeblis momtani
Zalisxmevisas, imgvaradaa mimarTuli gegmazomieri
gamoyenebisaken, rom calkeuli warmoebis fuladi
Rirebulebis mqone sasqonlo masis balansobrivad
gamoangariSebulma saboloo Semosavalma (anda
romelime uwyvetad moqmedi sawarmos fuladi
Rirebulebis sasaqonlo masis periodulad balansobrivad
daangariSebulma savaraudo Rirebulebam)
daangariSebis dasasruls unda gadaaWarbos "kapitals".
anu gacvliT miRebuli SemosavlisaTvis gamoyenebuli
Semosavlis materialuri saSualebebis balansobriv
savaraudo Rirebulebas (uwyvetad moqmedi sawarmos
SemTxvevaSi ki kvlav da kvlav unda gadaaWarbos).
sul erTia saqme exeba mogzauri vaWris komendaSi in
natura arsebuli saqonlis kompleqss, romlis saboloo
Semosavali, Tavis mxriv, aseve sxva in natura navaWr
saqonelSi SeiZleba mdgomareobdes, Tu fabrikas,
romlis Semadgeneli nawilebi: Senobebi, manqanebi,
fulis, nedleulis, mza da naxevrad mza produqtebis
maragi im moTxovnebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
valdebulebebTanaa urTierTmimarTebaSi. yovelTvis
gadamwyvetia is, rom kapitalis gaangariSeba fulSi
xdeba, eqneba mas Tanamedrove sabuRaltro Tu jer
kidev primitiuli da zedapiruli saxe. es asea rogorc

6
warmoebis dasawyisSi, sawyisi balansis Sedgenisas,
aseve yoveli calkeuli moqmedebis win kalkulaciisas,
agreTve mizanSewonilobis, kontrolisa da
gadamowmebis dros damatebiTi kalkulaciisas da,
aseve dasasruls imis dasadgenad, Tu ra warmoiSva
rogorc "mogeba": saboloo balansi. komendas sawyis
balanss warmoadgens, magaliTad, mxareebs Soris
fuladi Rirebulebis dadgena morigebis safuZvelze,
sanam is fulis formas miiRebdes, misi saboloo balansi
ki mogebis an zaralis gadanawilebisas safuZvelSive
Cadebuli Sefasebaa. kalkulacia racionalurobis
SemTxvevaSi safuZvlad udevs komendas amRebis
nebismier calkeul moqmedebas. is, rom WeSmaritad
zusti gaangariSeba da Sefaseba sulac ar xdeba da,
rom saqmes udgebian wminda varaudiT anu ubralod
tradiciulad da miRebuli wesiT, nebismieri formis
kapitalistur warmoebaSi dRemde gvxvdeba iq, sadac
garemoebebi daJinebiT ar moiTxoven zust
gaanagariSebas, magram es aris punqtebi, romlebic
kapitalisturi mogebis racionalurobis mxolod xarisxs
Seexeba.
cnebis SemTxvevaSi saqme imgvaradaa, rom
faqtiuri orientacia fuladi mogebis varaudis Sedarebaze,
savaraudo fulad investiciasTan principulad
gansazRvravs sameurneo moqmedebas rac ar unda
primitiuli formiT moxdes es. am TvalsazrisiT
"kapitalizmi" da "kapitalisturi" warmoebebi, kapitalis
daangariSebis met-naklebi racionalizebiT gvxvdeba
samyaros yvela kulturul qveyanaSi, ramdenadac amas
ekonomikuri dokumentebi adastureben: CineTSi,
indoeTSi, babilonSi, egvipteSi, xmelTaSua zRvis
antikurobaSi, Sua saukuneebSi da, aseve axal droSi.
arsebobda ara marto mTlianad izolirebuli
wamowyebebi aramed meurneobebic, romlebic sul
axal da axal calkeul kapitalistur wamowyebebze
iyvnen morgebulni da agreTve uwyveti sawarmoebi _
TumcaRa vaWroba xangrZlivi drois manZilze Cveni

7
mudmivmoqmedi sawarmos xasiaTs ki ar atarebda,
aramed mas arsebiTad calkeul wamowyebaTa seriis
xasiaTi hqonda _ Sinagani ("dargobrivad" orientirebuli)
kavSirurTierToba mxolod TandaTanobiT Semovida
didvaWarTa qcevaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kapitalisturi
warmoeba da kapitalisturi mwarmoebeli aramarto
SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde, aramed rogorc
mudmivi mwarmoebeli, uxsovari droidan arsebobs da
uaRresad gavrcelebulia.
dasavleTs ki aqvs mniSvnelovani masStabi, ris
safuZvelsac warmoadgens is, rom man warmoqmna
kapitalizmis saxeebi, formebi da mimarTulebebi,
romlebic sxvagan arasodes arsebobdnen. msoflioSi
yvelgan arsebobdnen vaWrebi: didi da wvrili vaWrebi,
adgilze da mogzauri movaWreni, yvela juris
mevaxSeTa kantorebi, arsebobda bankebi sruliad
gansxvavebuli, magram mainc Tavisi arsiT, daaxloebiT
Cveni XVI saukunis bankebis msgavsi funqciebiT;
sazRvao sesxebi, komendebi da savaWro filialebis
msgavsi firmebi da asociaciebic farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli. yovelTvis iq, sadac sajaro korporaciaTa
fuladi saxsrebi arsebobda, iq gamoCndeboda fulis
gamRebic: babilonSi, eladaSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi, romSi,
pirvel yovlisa omis, mekobreobis, yvela saxis
momaragebisa da mSeneblobis dasafinanseblad,
sazRvao politikaSi rogorc kolonialuri mewarme,
plantaciebis mflobeli da monebis an pirdapir anda
gaSualebulad eqspluatirebuli muSebis meSveobiT maTi
dammuSavebeli; saxelmwifo, administraciuli da pirvel
rigSi sagadasaxado ijaris damfinansebeli; arCevnebis
mizniT partiaTa liderebis, xolo samoqalaqo omebis
warmoebis mizniT kondotierTa damfinansebeli da,
bolos, rogorc spekulanti yvela saxis fuliT ganpirobebul
iRblian TamaSebSi. am tipis saqmosnebi, kapitalisturi
avanturistebi mTel msoflioSi arsebobdnen. maTi
Sansebi _ gamonakliss warmoadgenda vaWroba da
sakredito da sabanko saqme _ arsebiTad an wminda

8
iracionalur xasiaTs atarebda an orientirebuli iyo
ZalmomreobiT mogebaze, pirvel rigSi nadavlis
mopovebaze: aqtualur saomar an qronikul fiskalur
nadavlze (qveSevrdomTa Zarcva).
griunderTa, msxvil spekulantTa, kolonizatorTa da
Tanamedrove finansistTa kapitalizmi, ukve Tundac
mSvidobianobis dros, upirveles yovlisa ki specifikurad
omze orientirebuli kapitalizmi, Tanamedrove
dasavleTSic ki atarebs amgvar anabeWds da
internacionaluri msxvili vaWrobis calkeuli, mxolod
calkeuli nawilebi dResac, iseve rogorc uwindeburad
avlens masTan siaxloves. magram dasavleTi,
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, amis gverdiT, icnobs sruliad
gansxvavebul da dedamiwis zurgze sxvagan arsad
arsebul kapitalizmis formas: (formalurad) Tavisufali
Sromis racionalur-kapitalistur organizacias. sxvagan
amis mxolod wina safexurebi arsebobda. Tavad
araTavisufalma Sromis organizaciam, plantaciebSi da
Zalian SezRudulad antikur ergasteriebSi miaRwia
racionalurobis garkveul safexurs, kidev ufro naklebad
begaraze damyarebul feodalur meurneobaSi da
feodalur fabrikebSi, an kidev ymaTa da
daqvemdebarebulTa Sromaze damokidebul
memamuleTa axali epoqis dasawyisis saojaxo
industriaSi. Tavisufali SromisaTvis, dasavleTis garda,
TavisTavad, "saojaxo industriebi" mxolod alag-alag aris
aSkarad gamokveTili da yvelgan, bunebrivad
arsebulma mojamagireTa Sromis gamoyenebam,
mxolod mcireoden da Zalze specifikurad, yovel
SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove sawarmos organizaciidan
Zalze daSorebuli gamonaklisebiT (gansakuTrebiT
saxelmwifo monopoliuri sawarmoebi), ar migviyvana
aramcTu manufaqturebamde, aramed dasavluri Sua
saukuneebis xelosnobis swavlebis racionalur
organizaciamdec ki. sasaqonlo bazris Sansebze,
araZalismieri politikuri an iracionaluri spekulaciis
Sansebze orientirebuli sawarmos racionaluri

9
organizeba ar warmoadgens dasavluri kapitalizmis
erTaderT, gansakuTrebul gamovlinebas. kapitalisturi
sawarmos Tanamedrove racionaluri organizeba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda ori mniSvnelovani elementis,
saojaxo meurneobisa da sawarmos erTmaneTisagan
daSorebis, rac mTlianobaSi dRevandel ekonimikur
cxovrebas ganapirobebs da masTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli racionaluri buRalteriis gareSe.
sacxovrisisagan samuSao an saqonlis gasaRebis
adgilebis sivrciTi daSoreba sxvaganac arsebobs
(aRmosavlur bazarsa da sxva kulturuli regionebis
ergasteriebSi). kapitalisturi asociaciebis warmoqmnas,
avtonomiuri sawarmoo xarjTaRricxviT, vxvdebiT rogorc
aRmosavleT aziaSi, iseve aRmosavleTSi da
antikurobaSi. magram Tanamedrove mogebaze
orientirebuli sawarmoebis individualizaciis sapirispirod,
es mxolod Canasaxebia. pirvel rigSi im mizeziT, rom
am damoukideblobis Sinagani saSualebebi, rogorc
sawarmos Cveneuli racionaluri sabuRaltro
saqmeTwarmoeba, aseve sawarmos da piradi qonebis
Cveneuli samarTlebrivi urTierTgamijvna sruliad ucxoa
an ganviTarebis sawyis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba 2.
ganviTareba sxva mxriv yvelgan iqeTken ixreboda, rom
mogebaze orientirebuli sawarmoebi warmoSobiliyo
rogorc saTavado an samemamuleo saojaxo meurneobis
("Oikos") nawilebi. esaa jer kidev rodbertusis mier
SemCneuli, moCvenebiTi naTesaobis miuxedavad
mainc ukiduresad dacilebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas
sapirispiro ganviTarebac ki.
magram dasavluri kapitalizmis
Taviseburebebma, Tavisi dRevandeli mniSvneloba
saboloo jamSi mxolod Sromis kapitalistur
organizaciasTan kavSiris meSveobiT miiRo. amasTanaa
kavSirSi isic, rasac "komercializacias" uwodeben anu
fasiani qaRaldebis warmoSoba da spekulaciis
racionalizacia, anu birJa. radgan Sromis kapitalistur-
racionaluri organizaciis gareSe, es yovelive,

10
komercializaciisaken tendenciis CaTvliT, ramdenadac
es saerTod SesaZlebeli iqneboda, didad daSorebuli ar
iqneboda imave mniSvnelobisagan. upirveles yovlisa,
es asea socialuri struqturisa da yvela masTan
dakavSirebuli specifikuri Tanamedrove dasavluri
problemis SemTxvevaSi. zusti kalkulacia, yvela
danarCenis safuZveli, SesaZlebelia mxolod Tavisufali
Sromis niadagze. da vinaidan da radganac Sromis
racionaluri organizacia Tanamedrove dasavluri
samyaros garda arsad ar arsebobda, ase da amgvarad
arsad ar arsebobda racionaluri socializmic. cxadia,
iseve rogorc qalaqis meurneobas, saqalaqo-sasursaTo
politikas, merkantilizms, Tavad-aznaurTa mier
warmoebul keTildReobis socialur politikas, racionis
ganawilebas, marTul ekonimikas, proteqcionizmsa da
laissez-faire-is Teoriebs (CineTSi), aseve icnobda samyaro
sruliad sxvadasxva saxis komunistur da socialistur
ekonomikas: ojaxiT, religiiT an militarizmiT
ganpirobebul komunizms, saxelmwifo socialistur
(egvipteSi), monopolistur-kartelistur da agreTve
sxvadasxva juris momxmarebelTaAorganizaciebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelgan odesRac arsebobda
saqalaqo sabazro privilegiebi, amqari, gildiebi,
sxvadasxva formiT yovelgvari samarTlebrivi gamijvna
qalaqsa da sofels Soris, mainc "burJuas" cneba
dasavleTis garda da "burJuaziis" cneba yvelgan
Tanamedrove dasavleTis garda ucnobia. aseve ar
arsebobda "proletariati" rogorc klasi da arc unda
arsebuliyo, vinaidan ar arsebobda Tavisufali Sromis
rogorc sawarmos racionaluri organizacia. "klasobrivi
brZolebi" kreditorebsa da sesxis amRebebs Soris,
miwis mesakuTreebsa da upovarTa, begaris muSaTa da
moijaradeebs Soris, movaWreebsa da momxmareblebs
Soris an miwaTmflobelebs Soris, sul sxvadasxva saxiT
yvelgan karga xania arsebobda. magram ukve
dasavluri Sua saukuneobrivi brZolebi nawarmis
Semsyidvelebsa da mwarmoeblebs Soris, sxvagan

11
yvelgan Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi arsebobda.
sruliad ar arsebobs Tanamedrove dapirispireba msxvil
mewarmesa da Tavisufal daqiravebul muSas Soris da
aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleboda arsebuliyo im
saxis problematika, romelsac icnobs Tanamedrove
socializmi.
msoflio kulturis istoriaSi CvenTvis wminda
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT saboloo jamSi centralur
problemas warmoadgens ara kapitalisturi saqmianobis,
rogorc aseTis, sxvagan yvelgan mxolod formacvlili
gaSla: avanturistuli tipis an movaWre, an kidev omze,
politikaze, administraciul marTvasa da maTgan
mogebis miRebis Sansebze orientirebuli kapitalizmi,
aramed upiratesad burJuaziuli sawarmoo kapitalizmis
warmoSoba misi Tavisufali Sromis racionaluri
organizaciiT an, Tu kulturis istoriis TvalsazrisiT
gadavxedavT, dasavluri burJuaziisa da misi
Taviseburebis warmoSoba, rac, ra Tqma unda,
kapitalisturi Sromis organizaciasTan axlo kavSirSi ki
imyofeba, magram, cxadia, ase ubralod misi identuri
ar aris. vinaidan, "burJua", wodebrivi gagebiT, jer kidev
specifikuri dasavluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebamde
arsebobda; margam, raRa Tqma unda mxolod
dasavleTSi. specifikuri tipis Tanamedrove dasavluri
kapitalizmi aSkarad, upiratesad teqnikuri saSualebebis
ganviTarebam gansazRvra. misi racionaloba dRes
arsebiTad ganpirobebulia teqnikurad gadamwyveti
faqtorebis gaangariSebadobiT: zusti kalkulaciis
dokumentaciiT. es ki sinamdvileSi gulisxmobs dasavluri
mecnierebis Taviseburebas, gansakuTrebiT
maTematikurad da eqsperimentulad zustad da
racionalurad dafuZnebul sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebs. meore mxriv, am mecnierebebisa da
maTze damyarebuli teqnikis ganviTareba, Tavis mxriv,
umTavres impulsebs iRebda da iRebs kapitalisturi
Sansebidan, romlebic mis ekonomikur vargisianobas
ukavSirdeba rogorc waxaliseba. dasavluri mecnierebis

12
warmoSoba, marTalia, am SansebiT ar yofila
gansazRvruli. angariSobdnen, poziciuri ricxvebiT
angariSobdnen, algebrul operaciebs atarebdnen
indoelebic, gamomgonebelni gamoTvlis im aTobiTi
sistemisa, romelic mxolod dasavleTSi Caudga
samsaxurSi ganviTarebad kapitalizms. indoeTSi ki mas
Tanamedrove kalkulacia da balansi ar Seuqmnia. aseve
maTematikis da meqanikis aRmocenebac ar iyo
kapitalisturi interesebiT ganpirobebuli. mecnieruli
codnis teqnikuri gamoyeneba ki, Cveni masebis
cxovrebis wesisaTvis egzom gadamwyveti fenomeni,
ekonimikuri waxalisebiT iyo gansazRvruli, romelic
dasavleTSi amaze iyo mimarTuli. es waxalisebebi
moedineboda dasavluri socialuri wesrigis
Taviseburebidan. oRond saWiroa daisvas kiTxva: am
Taviseburebis romeli Semadgeneli nawilebidan
moedineba isini, rameTu eWvs gareSea is, rom es
nawilebi yvela TanabarmniSvnelovani ver iqneboda.
udavod, mTavars warmoadgens samarTlisa da marTvis
racionaluri struqtura. radgan, Tanamedrove racionalur
kapitalizms esaWiroeba rogorc anagariSs
daqvemdebarebuli Sromis teqnikuri saSualebani, iseve
formaluri wesebis mixedviT angariSs
daqvemdebarebuli samarTali da marTva, romelTa
gareSe, SesaZlebelia avanturistTa da vaWarTa
spekulaciuri kapitalizmi da politikurad ganpirobebuli
yvela juris SesaZlo kapitalizmi, margam ara racionaluri
kerZo meurneobrivi sawarmo myari kapitaliTa da
saimedo kalkulaciiT. amgvari samarTali da amgvari
marTva, ase samarTlebriv-teqnikurad da formalurad
srulyofili saxiT, mxolod dasavleTma Cauyena
ekonomkis warmarTvas samsaxurSi. sakiTxavia, saidan
aqvs mas es samarTali? sxva garemoebaTa gverdiT,
kapitalisturma interesebma, Tavis mxriv, eWvs
gareSea, gza gaukafa racionaluri samarTlis sferoSi
gamowrTobili iuristebis fenis batonobas
samarTalwarmoebasa da marTvaSi, rasac aCvenebs

13
nebismieri gamokvleva. magram es ar gaukeTebiaT
mxolod an upiratesad maT. es samarTali maT Tavisi
Tavidan ki ar warmouqmniaT, aramed sruliad sxva
damatebiTi Zalebi iyo am ganviTarebaSi CarTuli. mainc
ratom ar moimoqmeda kapitalisturma interesebma
igive CineTsa da indoeTSi? ratom ver warimarTa iq
saerTod verc samecniero, verc xelovnebis, verc
saxelmwifo, verc ekonimkuri ganviTareba
racionalizirebis imgvar kalapotSi, romelic
damaxasiaTeblia dasavleTisaTvis?
radganac, Taviseburebis yvela CamoTvlil
SemTxvevaSi saqme aSkarad exeba dasavluri kulturis
specifikuri yaidis "racionalizms". am sityviT ki sul
sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli, rasac
Semdgomi msjeloba kvlav da kvlav gaxdis naTels.
magaliTad, arsebobs mistikuri Wvretis "racionalizacia",
e.i. imgvari qcevisa, romelic, Tu mas cxovrebis sxva
sferoebidan SevxedavT, specifikurad "iracionaluria",
zustad iseve, rogorc ekonimikis, teqnikis, samecniero
saqmianobis, aRzrdis, omis, samarTalwarmoebisa da
marTvis racionalizeba. amasTan, SesaZlebelia TiTeouli
am sferos sruliad sxvadasxvagvari kuTxiT da
mizanmimarTulebiT racionalizeba da is, rac erTis
perspeqtividan "racionaluria", meoridan danaxuli
"iracionalurad" gamoiyureba. aqedan gamomdinare,
racionalizeba, cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, sruliad
sxvadasxva kulturis wreebSi arsebobda. maTi kulturul-
istoriuli gansxvavebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ki
uwinaresad is aris, Tu romel sferoebSi da ra
mimarTulebiT moxda maTi racionalizeba. pirvel rigSi
yvelaferi kvlav imaze daiyvaneba, rom Secnobili da
Tavis warmoSobaSi axsnili iqnes dasavluri da mis
SigniT Tanamedrove dasavluri racionalizmis
gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba. yoveli msgavsi axsnis
mcdeloba ekonomikis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis
Sesabamisad, pirvel rigSi ekonimikur pirobebs unda
iTvaliswinebdes. magram ar SeiZleba yuradRebis

14
miRma darCes ukuSeqceuli kauzaluri kavSiric.
ekonomikuri racionalizmi Tavisi warmoSobiT iseve
mTlianad damokidebulia adamianTa unarze da
midrekilebaze, garkveuli wesiT praqtikul-racionaluri
cxovrebis warmarTvisas, rogorc racionalur teqnikasa
da racionalur samarTalze. iq, sadac es garkveuli sulieri
muxruWebiT iyo dabrkolebuli, iq ekonomikuri
racionaluri cxovrebis warmarTva mZime Sinagan
winaaRmdegobebs gadaawyda. warsulSi cxovrebis
wesis Camomyalibebel umniSvnelovanes elementebs
yvelgan magiuri da religiuri Zalebi da eTikuri
movaleobebis Sesaxeb rwmeniT maTze dafuZnebuli
Sexedulebebi warmoadgendnen. swored maTzea
momdevno rCeul da Sevsebul nawerebSi saubari.
aq ori ufro adreuli naSromia saTaveSi moqceuli,
romlebic cdiloben erT mniSvnelovan, calkeul punqtSi
problemis yvelaze Znelad gasaazrebel mxares
miuaxlovdnen: "ekonimikuri suliskveTebis", "eTosis",
ekonomikuri formis warmoSobis ganpirobebulobas
garkveuli religiuri rwmenis SinaarsiT da, kerZod,
Tanamedrove ekonimikuri eTosis asketuri
protestantizmis racionalur eTikasTan kavSiris
magaliTze. aq, amgvarad, kauzaluri kavSiris mxolod
erT mxares moviZiebT. ufro gviandeli nawerebi
"msoflio religiebis ekonomikur eTikaze" cdiloben
umniSvnelovanesi kultur-religiebis ekonomikasTan da
maTi garemomcveli samyaros socialuri dafenianebis
urTierTmimarTebis mimoxilvisas orives kauzaluri
kavSiris imdenad garkvevas, ramdenadac es saWiroa,
raTa moZiebuli iqnes SemdgomSi gasaanalizebeli
dasavluri ganviTarebis Sesadarebeli punqtebi. vinaidan
mxolod amgvarad xdeba xelCasaWidi, ase Tu ise
calsaxa kauzaluri mikuTvnebuloba dasavluri religiuri
eTikisaTvis im elementebisa, romlebic sxvaTa
sapirispirod mxolod misTvisaa niSandoblivi. am
Sromebs ar gaaCnia pretenzia, Tundac sakmaod
SekumSuli formiT, kulturis yovlismomcvel analizad

15
iqnen miCneuli. aramed isini yovel kulturul sferoSi
gulmodgined amaxvileben yuradRebas imaze, rac
dasavluri kulturis sapirispiros warmoadgenda da
warmoadgens. isini amgvarad swored imaze arian
orientirebulni, rac dasavluri ganviTarebis warmoCenis
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad gvevlineba. sxvagvari
midgoma mocemul mizanTan dakavSirebiT SeuZleblad
gveCveneba. Tumca, gaugebrobebis Tavidan
asacileblad, aq Tavidanve unda mivuTiToT miznis
SemosazRvrulobaze. xolo gauTviTcnobierebuli
mkiTxveli im TvalsazrisiTac unda iqnes gafrTxilebuli,
raTa gadaWarbebulad ar Seafasos am gamokvlevebis
mniSvneloba. sinologi, indologi, semitologi, egviptologi
maTSi dargobrivi TvalsazrisiT verafers axals ver
ipovnis. sasurveli iqneboda mxolod is, rom mas ar
epovna saganTan mimarTebaSi araferi iseTi arsebiTi,
rasac sagnobrivi TvalsazrisiT mcdarad miiCnevda. Tu
ramdenad moxerxda am idealTan odnav mainc
miaxloeba, risi unaric araprofesionals SeiZleba
saerTodac hqondes, es avtorma ar SeiZleba icodes.
erTi ki savsebiT naTelia, rom mas, vinc Targmanebzea
damokidebuli da mTlianobaSi dokumenturi Zeglebis
an literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebisas da
Sefasebisas xSir SemTxvevaSi orientireba uwevs
metad winaaRmdegobriv specialur literaturaSi, risi
Rirebulebis damoukidebeli Sefaseba mas ar ZaluZs,
sruli safuZveli aqvs sakuTari Sromis Rirebuleba metad
mokrZalebulad miiCnios. miT ufro, rom WeSmariti
"wyaroebis" (e.i. warwerebisa da dokumentebis) Cvens
xelT arsebuli Targmanebis xvedriTi wili (gansakuTrebiT
ki CineTis SemTxvevaSi), metad mcirea imasTan
SedarebiT, rac arsebobs da angariSgasawevia. aqedan
gamomdinareobs am nawerebis droebiTi xasiaTi,
gansakuTrebiT im nawilebisa, romlebic azias exeba. 3
saboloo ganaCeni mxolod profesionalebis prerogativaa
da mxolod imitom, rom gasagebi mizezebis gamo
profesionalTa naSromebi am gansakuTrebuli mizniT da

16
am gansakuTrebuli kuTxiT dRemde ar yofila
warmodgenili, Tuki isini saerTodac odesme dawerila.
isini gacilebiT metad arian imisaTvis ganwirulni, rom
imaze adre iqnen `Camowerilni~, vidre es sxva
samecniero Sromebs uweriaT. msgavs naSromebSi
SeuZlebelia, rac ar unda saeWvo iyos es, Tavis arideba
amgvari SepirispirebiTi Carevisagan sxva dargebSi,
magram mogvianebiT, amas Sedegad SeiZleba
mohyves Zlieri gulgatexiloba. moda da mwignobarTa
gulis wadili dResdReobiT siamovnebiT uSvebs imas,
rom SesaZlebelia profesionalis gareSec iolad fons
gasvla an am ukanasknelis "macqeralTa" samsaxurSi
Cayenebul Sav muSad CamoqveiTeba. TiTqmis yvela
mecniereba umadlis diletantebs raRacas, xSirad metad
mniSvnelovan Tvalsazriss, magram diletantizmi rogorc
mecnierebis principi, misi dasasruli iqneboda. visac
"sacqereli" swadia, kinoSi wavides - dResdReobiT mas
literaturuli formiTac aqvs am problemaTa sferodan
didZali SemoTavazeba4. araferia ise daSorebuli Tavisi
ganzraxviT empiriuli gamokvlevis am zedmiwevniT
fxizeli gansjisagan, vidre msgavsi suliskveTeba. da
minda davsZino, visac `qadageba~ surs, wavides
saidumlo religiur Sekrebaze. Tu rogori RirebulebiTi
urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs erTmaneTTan Sedarebul
kulturebs Soris, amis Sesaxeb aq sityvac ki ar iqneba
daZruli. is, rom kacobriobis bedisweris msvleloba guls
SemaZrwuneblad dauseravs mas, vinc aqedan erT
monakveTs mainc gadaavlebs Tvals, WeSmaritebaa. igi
namdvilad gonivrulad moiqceva, Tu sakuTar wvrilman
komentarebs TavisTvis Seinaxavs, rogorc amas zRvis
an maRali mTebis cqerisas Cadian ; amis gakeTeba
mxolod imas xelewifeboda, vinc xelovaniseuli qmnis da
winaswarmetyveluri SegonebebisaTvis mowodebulad
da niWiT dajildoebulad miiCnevda Tavs. sxva danarCen
SemTxvevebSi bevri laparaki "intuiciis" Sesaxeb sxvas
arafers Cqmalavs, Tu ara distanciis arqonas obieqtis

17
mimarT, rac iseve unda iqnes Sefasebuli, rogorc
analogiuri damokidebuleba adamianis mimarT.
saWiroa imis dasabuTeba, rom aq dasaxuli
miznebisaTvis eTnografiuli kvleva-Ziebis masala im
odenobiT ar iqna moxmobili, ramdenadac es misi
dRevandeli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
gansakuTrebiT aziuri religiurobis namdvilad siRrmiseuli
warmoCenisaTvis unda yofiliyo garduvali. es moxda
ara marto imis gamo, rom adamianis Sromis unars
Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs, aramed msgavsi ram
nebadarTuli Canda ZiriTadad imitom, rom saqme unda
Sexeboda im fenebis religiurad gansazRvruli eTikis
kavSir-mimarTebebs, romlebic Sesaswavli regionis
“kulturis matareblebi” iyvnen. aq xom saqme exeba im
gavlenebs, romelTac maTi cxovrebis wesi axdenda.
savsebiT sworia isic, rom es gavlenebi mTeli Tavisi
TaviseburebebiT WeSmaritad zustad mxolod maSin
gaiazreba, Tuki moxdeba maTi Sepirispireba folklorul-
eTnografiul faqtobriv monacemebTan. aq unda
dabejiTebiT vaRiaroT da xazi gavusvaT imas, rom
gvaqvs xarvezi, romelsac eTnografi sruliad
samarTlianad dasdebs wuns. amis aRmosafxvrelad
vimedovneb, rom SevZleb raimes gakeTebas religiis
sociologiis sistematuri damuSavebisas. msgavsi
wamowyeba ki gascdeboda Tavisi SezRuduli miznebiT
am gamokvlevis farglebs. is am mcdelobiT unda
dasjerebuliyo imas, rom SeZlebisdagvarad
warmoeCina Cveni dasavluri kulturis religiebTan
Sexebis wertilebi.
bolos, vifiqroT problemis anTropologiur
mxarezec. roca Cven isev da isev dasavleTSi da
mxolod iq _ Tundac (moCvenebiTad) erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad ganviTarebadi regionebis cxovrebis
wesis warmarTvaSi _ da mxolod iq vpoulobT
racionalizmis garkveul saxeebs, amdenad imis
daSveba, rom aq memkvidroebiTi xarisxobrioba
gdamwyvet safuZvels qmnis, udavod simarTlesTan

18
axlos aris. avtori aRiarebs, rom pirovnulad da
subieqturad igi iqeTken ixreba, rom biologiur
memkvidreobiTobas didi mniSvneloba mianiWos.
miuxedavad anTropologiuri Sromebis mniSvnelovani
miRwevebisa, dResdReobiT mainc ver vxedav veranair
gzas, rom misi wvlili aq ganxilul ganviTarebaSi
Sesabamisi formiTa da zomiT zustad iqnes gaazrebuli
an Tundac varaudis doneze miniSnebuli. sociologiuri da
istoriuli Sromebis erT-erTi amocana unda gaxdes is,
rom pirvel rigSi SeZlebisdagvarad warmoCenili iqnes
yvela gavlena da mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvi, romelTa
reaqcia bedisweraze da garemoze damakmayofileblad
axsnadi iqneba. mxolod imis Semdeg, roca rasebis
nevrologia da fsiqologia TavianT dRevandel, calkeul
SemTxvevaSi imedismomcem Canasaxovan
mdgomareobas gascdeba, SeiZleba imedi viqonioT,
rom miviRebT am problemis damakmayofilebel
rezultatebs.5 uwinares yovlisa meCveneba, rom ar
arsebobs amis wina piroba da "memkvidreobiTobaze"
miTiTeba iqneboda naCqarevi uaris Tqma dReisaTvis
egeb SesaZlebeli Semecnebis masStabze da problemis
gadabareba (am droisaTvis jer kidev) ucnob
faqtorebze.

1
aqac, iseve rogorc zogierT sxva punqtSi, me
vemijnebi Cvens pativcemul moZRvars, luji brentanos
(mogvianebiT citirebul mis naSromSi). kerZod,
upirveles yovlisa terminologiurad, xolo ufro Sors Tu
wavalT, arsobrivadac. mizanSewonilad ar meCveneba
iseTi ori heterogenuli fenomenis erTsa da imave
kategoriaSi moTavseba, rogoric nadavlis mipoveba da
fabrikis marTvis saSualebiT mogebis miRebaa.
mogebis miRebis sxva formebis sapirispirod, kidev ufro
naklebad mizanSewonilia kapitalizmis "suliskveTebad"
fulisaken nebismieri ltolvis gamocxadeba, radgan Cemi

19
azriT, meoris SemTxvevaSi ikargeba cnebaTa
yovelgvari sizuste, pirvelis SemTxvevaSi ki, uwinares
yovlisa, dasavluri kapitalizmis specifikis aRmoCenis
SesaZlebloba yvela danarCen formebTan mimarTebaSi.
g.zimelis "fulis filosofiaSic" _ "fuladi meurneoba" da
"kapitalizmi" zedmetad gaTanabrebulia erTmaneTTan
sagnobrivi viTarebis warmoCenis sazianod. v.zombartis
nawerebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kapitalizmis Sesaxeb misi
mSvenieri ZiriTadi naSromis uaxles gamocemaSi,
dasavleTis specifika, anu Sromis racionaluri
organizacia _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cemi problemebis
Tvalsawieridan mainc _ sruliad aSkarad ixevs ukana
planze im faqtorebis sasargeblod, romlebic qmediTia
mTel msoflioSi.
2
bunebrivia, es dapirispireba ar unda iqnes
absolutizirebuli. politikuri orientaciis mqone (pirvel
rigSi saijaro gadasaxadis) kapitalizmidan jer kidev
xmelTaSua zRvispira da axlo aRmosavlur antikurobaSi,
CineTsa da indoeTSi aRmocenda racionaluri
mudmivmoqmedi sawarmoebi, romelTa Semosavlebis
aRricxvas _ rac CvenTvis mxolod ubadruki
namsxvrevebis saxiTaa cnobili _ SesaZloa racionaluri
xasiaTi hqonoda. amis Semdgom, politikaze
orientirebuli "avanturistuli" kapitalizmi umWidroes
SexebaSia racionalistur kapitalizmTan, upiratesad
politikurad, militaristulad motivirebuli saqmosnobidan
warmomdgari Tanamedrove bankebis (igulisxmeba
inglisuri bankic) gaCenis momentSi. amisaTvis
niSandoblivia patersonis pirovnebis, am tipiuri
"promoter"-is dapirispireba direqtoriumis im wevrebTan,
romlebmac ganapirobes misi ucvleli pozicia da
romlebic, Zalian male daxasiaTebulni iyvnen, rogorc
"The Puritan usurers of Grocers Hall". aseve niSandoblivia am
"yvelaze soliduri" bankis, romelic jerac pirobiTad "South-
Sea fondia" sabanko politikis gezis Secvla.
maSasadame: dapirispireba metad amorfulia, magram
is arsebobs. Sromis racionaluri institutebis SeqmnaSi,

20
promoter-ebs da financier-ebs iseve nakleb miuZRviT
wvlili, rogorc (sazogadod da calkeuli gamonaklisis
saxiT) finansuri da politikuri kapitalizmis tipiur
warmomadgenlebs, ebraelebs. es sruliad sxva xalxma
(rogorc tipma!) gaakeTa
3
aseve Cemi ebraulis codnis narCenebi sruliad
arasakmarisia.
4
ar mWirdeba imis Tqma, rom maT Soris ar moeqceva
iseTi mcdelobebi, rogoricaa k.iaspersiseuli (mis wignSi
"msoflmxedvelobaTa fsiqologia", 1919) an kidev
klagesiseuli ("qaraqterologiaSi") da msgavsi
gamokvlevebi, romlebic aq warmodgenili
mcdelobisagan amosavali wertiliT gansxvavdeba.
kamaTisaTvis aq adgili ar aris.
5
igive azri gamiziara wlebis win erTma gamoCenilma
fsiqiatrmac.

21
protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suliskveTeba
1)

I. problema.

Sinaarsi
1. konfesia da socialuri dafenianeba.
2. kapitalizmis "suliskveTeba".
3. luTeriseuli mowodebis koncefcia. gamokvlevis
mizani.

konfesiuri TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovani qveynis

profesiuli statistikisaTvis Tvalis erTi gadavleba aSkara
kanonzomierebiT 2) naTels xdis movlenas, romelic
kaTolikur presasa da literaturaSi 3), agreTve germanel
kaTolikeTa Tavyrilobebze araerTgzis ganxilula
gacxovelebulad; saqme exeba kapitalis mflobelobisa
da mewarmeobis, aseve mSromelTa maRali
ganswavluli fenebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamedrove
mewarmeobis teqnikuri an komerciuli TvalsazrisiT
maRal doneze ganviTarebuli personalis upiratesad
protestantul xasiaTs 4). da ara mxolod iq, sadac
konfesiuri nairgvaroba emTxveva erebisa da kulturebis
ganviTarebis donis gansxvavebas, rogorc es
aRmosavleT germaniaSi germanelebsa da polonelebs
Soris iCens Tavs, aramed TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac ki
kapitalistur ganviTarebas gasaqani mieca misi
yvavilobis periodSi mosaxleoba misi moTxovnilebis
Sesabamisad daefenianebina da profesiebis mixedviT
daenawevrebina _ da sadac ufro intensiuri xasiaTi
hqonda amas, miT ufro aSkarad _ vawydebiT am
movlenas, gamoxatuls konfesiis statistikis ricxvebSi.
amgvarad cxadia, SedarebiT ufro Zlieri anu mTlian

22
mosaxleobaSi sakuTari procentuli wiliT protestantebis
gadaWarbebuli monawileoba kapitalistur mflobelobaSi
5), mmarTvelobasa da Sromis maRal safexurze did
Tanamedrove samrewvelo da savaWro warmoebaSi 6)
nawilobriv im istoriul safuZvlebze daiyvaneba 7),
romlebic Soreul warsulSia saZiebeli da romelTa
SemTxvevaSic konfesiuri kuTvnileba ekonomikuri
movlenebis mizezs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed
garkveulwilad umal mis Sedegad gvevlineba.
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi monawileoba winapirobad
gulisxmobs nawilobriv kapitalis mflobelobas,
nawilobriv ZviradRirebul aRzrdas, nawilobriv da
upiratesad ki orives erTad. igi dRes mijaWvulia
memkvidreobiT miRebuli simdidris mflobelobaze an
kidev garkveul SeZlebulobaze. swored Cveni
saxelmwifos umdidresi, bunebrivi pirobebiTa da
transportis mimosvlisaTvis xelsayreli adgilmdebareobiT
ganebivrebuli da ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli
regionebis udidesi nawili, gansakuTrebiT ki mdidari
qalaqebis umetesoba Semotrialda XVI saukuneSi
protestantizmisaken da amis gamoZaxili iyo is, rac
protestantebs dRemde sasikeTod adgebaT
arsebobisaTvis ekonomikur brZolaSi. oRond amis
Sedegad ibadeba istoriuli xasiaTis kiTxva: mainc ra
safuZveli hqonda saeklesio revoluciisaTvis
ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlierad ganviTarebuli regionebis
am gansakuTrebul midrekilebas? da aq pasuxi aramc
da aramc ar aris iseTi martivi, rogorc es SeiZleba kacs
Tavdapirvelad moeCvenos. ra Tqma unda, ekonomikuri
tradicionalizmis Tavidan CamoSoreba imgvar
momentad gvevlineba, romelmac sazogadod sruliad
arsebiTad gaumagra safuZveli midrekilebas TviT
religiuri tradiciis mimarT eWvisa da tradiciuli
avtoritetebis winaaRmdeg amboxebisadmi. oRond
aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rac dRes xSirad
aviwydebaT, rom reformacia niSnavda ara imdenad
saerTod eklesiis cxovrebaze batonobis gauqmebas,

23
aramed umal am ukanasknelis manamde arsebuli
formis Secvlas sxvagvariT. kerZod ki es gulisxmobda
metad moxerxebuli, im droisaTvis praqtikulad
naklebad SesagrZnobi, mravalmxriv TiTqmis formaluri
batonobis Secvlas saSinao Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
nebismier sferoSi dasaSvebis zRvramde misuli,
ukiduresad Rrmad SeWrili, usasrulod Semawuxebeli da
seriozulad aRqmuli cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis
reglamentirebiT. kaTolikuri eklesiis batonobas, romelic
uwin dRevandelze metad iyo "eretikosTa damsjeli,
codvilTa mimarT ki lmobieri", amJamad eguebian
savsebiT Tanamedrove ekonomikuri fiziognomiis
xalxebic da aseve eguebodnen mas umdidresi,
ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli regionebi,
romelTac ki XV saukunis mijnaze icnobda msoflio.
kalvinizmis batonoba, ra saxiTac is ZalaSi iyo XVI
saukuneSi Jenevasa da SotlandiaSi, XVI-XVII
saukuneebis mijnaze niderlandebis did nawilSi, XVII
saukuneSi axal inglissa da drodadro Tavad inglisSic,
CvenTvis, calkeul individze ganxorcielebuli eklesiuri
kontrolis is yovlad autaneli forma iqneboda, rac ki
SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. zustad aseve iyo is aRqmuli
imdroindeli Zveli patriciatis farTo fenebis mier, rogorc
JenevaSi, aseve holandiasa da inglisSi. cxovrebaze
eklesiur-religiuri batonobis ara moWarbebuloba,
aramed ukiduresi simcire warmoadgenda swored imas,
rasac is reformatorebi miiCnevdnen saZraxisad,
romlebic ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebul
qveynebSi iSvnen. mainc rogor moxda, rom imJamad
ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebulma qveynebma, da
rogorc amas SemdgomSi davinaxavT, maTi sazRvrebis
farglebSi im droisaTvis ekonomikurad aRmavlobis
gzaze mdgomma "burJuaziulma" saSualo wodebis
klasebma, manamde maTTvis jer kidev ucnobi
puritanuli tirania aramcTu mxolod aitanes, aramed misi
dacvisas imgvari gmiroba gamoavlines, rogoric
burJuaziul klasebs, rogorc aseTs, manamde iSviaTad,

24
xolo Semdeg ki aRarasodes gamoumJRavnebiaT? es
iyo "the last of our heroisms" (Cveni gmirobis
ukanaskneli gamonaTeba), rogorc arcTu usafuZvlod
ambobs karlaili.
magram Semdeg da kerZod, rogorc vTqviT, Tu
protestantebis ufro Zlieri monawileoba kapitalis
mflobelobasa da mmarTvel Tanamdebobebze
Tanamedrove ekonomikis farglebSi dRes nawilobriv
SeiZleba gagebuli iqnes, rogorc maTi imTaviTve
istoriulad momdinare saSualod aRebuli ukeTesi
qonebrivi monacemebis Sedegi, meore mxriv, Tavs
iCenen movlenebi, romelTa SemTxvevaSic kauzaluri
mimarTeba namdvilad amgvari ar aris. maT ricxvs
ganekuTvneba, Tundac mxolod ramodenime maTgani
rom davasaxeloT, Semdegi: pirvel rigSi sruliad
zogadad, vTqvaT, badenSi, iseve rogorc bavariasa da
magaliTad, ungreTSi, dasabuTebadi gansxvaveba
umaRlesi ganaTlebis formaSi, romelsac kaTolike
mSoblebi, protestantebis sapirispirod, TavianT Svilebs
aZleven. is, rom "maRali" tipis saswavlo
dawesebulebebis moswavleTa da abiturientTa Soris
kaTolikeTa procentuli Semadgenloba mTlianobaSi
aSkarad CamorCeba 8) maT xvedriT wils erTian
mosaxleobaSi, didwilad marTalia, aRniSnul odiTganve
momdinare qonebriv gansxvavebebs miewereba;
magram is, rom kaTolike abiturientTa Soris maTi
procentuli Semadgenloba, vinc teqnikuri
ganaTlebisaTvis da savaWro-samewarmeo
profesiebisaTvis, sazogadod burJuaziuli saqmiani
cxovrebisaTvis gansazRvruli da gamiznuli
Tanamedrove, specialuri mosamzadebeli
dawesebulebebidan: realuri gimniazia, realuri
saswavlebeli, maRali klasis samoqalaqo saswavlebeli
da a.S. gamodis, aSkarad sagrZnoblad CamorCeba
protestantTa procentul raodenobas 9) maSin, rodesac
im winaswar ganaTlebas, romelsac humanitaruli
gimnaziebi iZleva, kaTolikeTa mxridan upiratesoba

25
eniWeba _ aris movlena, romelic zemoxsenebuli
mizeziT ver aixsneba, umal piriqiT, Tavis mxriv
kapitalistur saqmianobaSi kaTolikeTa mcire
monawileobis asaxsnelad SeiZleba iqnes moxmobili.
kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa dakvirveba, romelic
gvexmareba Tanamedrove msxvili industriis
ganswavlul mSromelTa Soris kaTolikeTa naklebi
monawileobis gagebaSi. is cnobili movlena, roca
fabrika Tavis naswavl muSaxels didwilad xelosanTa
momdevno Taobidan moizidavs da amgvarad mas
Tavisi muSaxelis winaswar ganswavlas miandobs da
mas am dasrulebuli winaswari ganswavlis Semdeg
CamoarTmevs, arsebiTad ufro Zlierad umal protestanti
xelosnis SegirdebSi avlens Tavs, vidre kaTolikeebSi.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xelosanTa Segirdebs Soris
kaTolikeebi xelosnobaSi darCenis ufro Zlier
midrekilebas avlenen anu SedarebiT ufro xSirad
xdebian xelosani ostatebi maSin, rodesac
protestantebi SedarebiT ufro metad fabrikebisken
miiswrafian, raTa aq naswavli muSebisa da mewarme
moxeleTa maRali eSelonebi Seavson 10). am
SemTxvevebSi mizezobrivi mimarTeba imgvaradaa
mowyobili, rom aRzrdiT SeZenilma sulierma
Taviseburebam da, kerZod, aq samSoblosa da
mSobliuri saxlis religiuri atmosferoTi ganpirobebulma
aRzrdis mimarTulebam gansazRvra xelobis arCevani da
Semdgomi profesiuli bed-iRbali.
germaniaSi samewarmeo cxovrebaSi kaTolikeTa
naklebi monawileoba miT ufro TvalSisacemia,
ramdenadac es ewinaaRmdegeba odiTgan 11) da
amJamadac cnobil gamocdilebas, rom erovnuli an
religiuri umciresobebi, romlebic rogorc
"damorCilebulni" upirispirdebian sxva jgufebs rogorc
"dammorCileblebs", politikurad gavleniani poziciebidan
maTi nebayoflobiTi Tu iZulebiTi gamoTiSvis gamo isini
gansakuTrebiT intensiurad ganidevnebodnen swored
mewarmeobis sarbielze, ase, rom maTi yvelaze niWieri

26
warmomadgenlebi aq cdilobdnen im pativmoyvareobis
dakmayofilebas, ramac saxelmwifo samsaxuris
asparezze ganxorcieleba ver hpova. udaod amgvarad
iyo saqme aSkarad ekonomikuri aRmavlobis gzaze
myofi polonelebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTsa da
aRmosavleT prusiaSi _ am ukanasknelTa mier
dapyrobili galiciis sapirispirod _ aseTive viTareba iyo
uwin hugenotebTan dakavSirebiT safrangeTSi ludoviko
XIV mefobis xanaSi, nonkonformistebisa da kvekerebis
SemTxvevaSi inglisSi da _ last not least (sabolood,
oRond aranakleb) _ oriaTaswleulis manZilze
ebraelebTan dakavSirebiT. magram amgvari qmedebis
msgavss verafers an yovel SemTxvevaSi verafers
TvalSisacems ver vxedavT kaTolikeTa SemTxvevaSi
germaniaSi da warsulSic protestantebisagan
gansxvavebiT, verc holandiaSi da verc inglisSi im
epoqaSi, sadac am ukanasknelT an devnidnen an
mxolod iTmendnen, kaTolikeebs raime
gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli ekonomikuri donisTvis ar
miuRweviaT. saqme umal isaa, rom protestantebma
(saxeldobr maT Soris garkveulma, mogvianebiT
gansakuTrebiT gansaxilvelma mimdinareobebma)
rogorc mmarTvelma, aseve marTulma fenam, rogorc
umravlesobam, aseve umciresobam ekonomikuri
racionalizmisadmi specifikuri midrekileba gamoavlina,
rac kaTolikeebTan arc erT da arc meore
mdgomareobaSi imave saxiT SesamCnevi arc yofila da
arc aris 12). gansxvavebuli qcevis mizezi umTavresi
arsis mixedviT saZiebelia ucvlel Sinagan
TaviseburebaSi da ara mxolod konfesiaTa calkeul
garegnul istoriul-politikur mdgomareobaSi 13).
maSasadame saqme ise unda warimarTos, rom
Tavdapirvelad ganxilul iqnas, Tu ras warmoadgens
konfesiaTa Taviseburebis is elementebi, romlebic zeviT
gaSuqebuli mimarTulebiT moqmedebdnen da
nawilobriv dResac moqmedeben. SesaZloa zedapiruli
dakvirvebisas da garkveuli Tanamedrove

27
STabeWdilebebidan gamomdinare, adamians ver
gaeZlo cTunebisaTvis da dapirispireba imgvarad
Camoeyalibebina: rom kaTolicizmis ufro Zlier
"araamqveyniurobas", asketur midrekilebebs, romlebic
mis umaRles idealebs warmoaCenen, mis mimdevrebSi
amaqveynis sikeTeTa mimarT ufro meti indiferentuloba
unda aRezarda. es dasabuTeba marTlac Seesabameba
orive konfesiis Sefasebis dRes gavrcelebul, popularul
sqemas. protestantebis mxridan am mosazrebas
iyeneben kaTolikuri cxovrebis wesis asketuri idealebis
(namdvili, Tu moCvenebiTi) kritikisaTvis, kaTolikeTa
mxridan ki sapasuxod "materializms" sayveduroben,
rac protestantizmis mier cxovrebis yovelgvari Sinaarsis
sekularizaciis Sedegi unda iyos. erT-erT Tanamedrove
avtorsac miaCnda, rom dapirispireba, rogorc is orive
aRmsareblobis mogebaze orientirebuli cxovrebis
mimarT damokidebulebaSi avlens Tavs, amgvarad
unda Camoeyalibebina: "kaTolike ... ufro mSvidia;
mogebis ufro naklebi JiniT Sepyrobili, upiratesobas ufro
SeZlebisdagvarad myar, Tundac naklebSemosavlian
karieras aniWebs, vidre xifaTian, mSfoTvare, magram
rig SemTxvevebSi pativisa da simdidris momtan
cxovrebas. xalxs xumrobiT uTqvams: an kargi Wama,
an mSvidi Zilio. mocemul SemTxvevaSi protestants
urCevnia kargad Wamos maSin, rodesac kaTolikes
mSvidi Zili surs" 14). sinamdvileSi "kargad Wamis
surviliT" SesaZlebelia germaniaSi da Tanamedrove
epoqaSi protestantTa eklesiurad ufro indiferentuli
nawilis motivaciis marTalia ara srulad, magram
nawilobriv mainc, marTebulad daxasiaTeba. magram
warsulSi ara marto saqmis viTareba iyo sruliad
sxvagvarad: ingliseli, holandieli da amerikeli
puritanebisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, "amqveyniuri
cxovrebiT tkbobis" swored sapirispiro ramaa
niSandoblivi da kerZod,
rogorc amas kidev davinaxavT, amaSi mdgomareobda
Cveni TvalsazrisisaTvis maTi erT-erTi yvelaze

28
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba. maSin,
rodesac magaliTad, franguli protestantizmis
Taviseburma xasiaTma, kalvinistur eklesiebs
sazogadod da kerZod "jvris qveS" myofT,
sarwmunoebrivi brZolebis epoqaSi, yvelgan Tavisi daRi
daasva, rac metad xangrZlivi drois manZilze da
garkveulwilad dRemdec ki SenarCunebulia.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa _ anda sulac sakiTxavia: egeb
sworedac amis gamo _ igi rogorc cnobilia, safrangeTis
samewarmeo da kapitalisturi ganviTarebis erT-erTi
umTavresi matarebeli iyo da ufro mcire masStabiT,
ramdenadac es devnam gaxada dasaSvebi, amgvarive
darCa. Tuki msgavs seriozul ganwyobas da cxovrebis
warmarTvis wesSi religiuri interesebis mkveTr
momZlavrebas "araamqveyniurobas" davarqmevdiT,
maSin frangi kalvinistebi sul cota aseve
araamqveyniurni iyvnen da arian, rogorc magaliTad,
Crdilogermaneli kaTolikeebi, romelTaTvisac maTi
kaTolicizmi ueWvelad esoden gulis siRrmidan
momdinare ramaa, rogorc arc erTi xalxisaTvis
dedamiwis zurgze. oriveni ki erTi da imave
mimarTulebiT gansxvavdebian gabatonebuli religiuri
partiisagan anu erTi mxriv, Tavis dabal SreebSi
ukiduresad sicocxlis moyvaruli, maRal SreebSi ki
religiis mimarT pirdapir mtrulad ganwyobili safrangeTis
kaTolikeebisagan da meore mxriv ki dRes saero,
mogebaze orientirebul cxovrebaSi danTqmuli da Tavis
maRal SreebSi religiis mimarT upiratesad indiferentuli
germaneli protestantebisagan 15). Znelad Tu rame
warmoaCens esoden aSkarad rogorc es paraleli im
faqts, rom imgvari bundovani warmodgenebiT,
rogoricaa kaTolicizmis (ybadaRebuli!)
"araamqveyniuroba", protestantizmis (ybadaRebuli!)
materialisturi "amqveyniuri cxovrebiT tkboba" da sxva
mravali msgavsi ram, aq bevrs verafers gavxdebiT,
Tundac ukve imis gamo, rom am ganzogadebaSi isini
nawilobriv ukve dRevandelobis mimarT, nawilobriv ki

29
warsulis mimarT mainc aranair SesabamisobaSi ar
arian. magram Tu maincdamainc am xsenebuli
warmodgenebiT xelmZRvanelobas movisurvebdiT,
maSin ukve gakeTebuli SeniSvnebis garda, zogierT
sxva dakvirvebebsac, romlebic isedac mogveZalnen,
SeeZlo miveaxlovebineT mosazrebamde, rom iqneb,
erTi mxriv, araamqveyniurobas, askezas da eklesiur
RvTismosaobas, meore mxriv ki kapitalistur mogebaze
mimarTul cxovrebaSi monawileobas Soris arsebuli
mTeli dapirispirebuloba Sinagan naTesaurobad
Semogvetrialebina.
marTlac TvalSisacemia _ ramodenime sruliad
garegnuli momentiT rom daviwyoT _ Tu raoden didi iyo
qristianuli RvTismosaobis swored yvelaze
gaSinaganebul formaTa mimdevrebis ricxvi, vinc
vaWarTa wreebis warmomavlobisani arian.
gansakuTrebiT pietizmi umadlis am warmomavlobas
mis yvelaze Tavgamodebul aRmsarebelTa
gamorCeulad did ricxvs. aq SeiZleboda
gagvxseneboda "mamonizmis" (angarebianobis _
mTargmn.) ukuqmedeba sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebul
da vaWarTa xelobisTvis sruliad Seuferebeli bunebis
adamianebze da cxadi gaxdeba, rom francisk asizelis
msgavsad, mravali pietistisaTvisac "moqcevis" procesi
Tavad moqceuls subieqturad Zalze xSirad amgvarad
warmoesaxeboda. amgvaradve SeiZleboda gvecada
egzom TvalSisacemad gaxSirebuli movlena (vidre
vTqvaT, sesil rodsamde) anu is, rom mRvdelmsaxurTa
ojaxebidan uzarmazari gaqanebis kapitalisti
mrewvelebi gamodian, agvexsna, rogorc
axalgazrdobaSi miRebuli asketuri aRzrdis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli reaqcia. oRond axsnis msgavsi wesi
gvimtyunebs iq, sadac xdeba erTi da igive pirovnebasa
Tu pirovnebaTa jgufSi virtuozuli kapitalisturi
saqmosnobis niWis Tanxvdoma mTeli cxovrebis
gammsWvalavi da momwesrigebeli RvTismosaobis
umZafres formebTan. amgvari SemTxvevebi

30
gancalkavebuli ki ar aris, aramed isini umal
maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgenen istoriulad
umniSvnelovanesi protestantuli eklesiebisa da seqtebis
mTeli rigi jgufebisaTvis. kerZod kalvinizmi, yvelgan,
sadac ki damkvidrebula, avlens am saxis kombinacias
16). ramdenadac naklebad iyo igi romelime qveyanaSi
reformaciis gavrcelebis periodSi (rogorc sazogadod
nebismieri protestantuli aRmsarebloba) romelime
gansazRvrul calkeul klasze mijaWvuli, imdenad
damaxasiaTebeli, garkveulwilad "tipiuria" magaliTad,
is, rom frang hugenotTa eklesiebSi berebi da
mrewvelebi (vaWrebi, xelosnebi) prozelitTa Soris Zalian
male ricxvobrivad gamorCeulad Zlierad iyvnen
warmodgenilni da gansakuTrebiT devnis periodSi
rCebodnen aseve Zlierad warmodgenilni 17). jer kidev
espanelebma icodnen, rom "eresi" (e.i. niderlandelTa
kalvinizmi) "savaWro suliskveTebas uwyobs xels" da es
savsebiT Seesatyviseba im mosazrebebs, romlebic ser
v. petim Camoayaliba Tavis gamokvlevaSi
niderlandebis kapitalisturi aRmavlobis mizezebis
Sesaxeb. goThaini 18) kalvinistur diasporas
marTebulad uwodebs "kapitalisturi meurneobis
sanerges" 19). aq SeiZleboda gadamwyvet faqtorad
franguli da holandiuri ekonomikuri kulturis (saidanac
am diasporis warmomavloba iRebs saTaves)
upiratesoba an kidev qveynidan gandevnilobisa da
tradiciuli cxovrebiseuli kavSirebidan amoglejilobis
mZlavri zegavlena miCneuliyo 20). TviT safrangeTSic,
rogorc es kolberis brZolebidanaa cnobili, XVII
saukuneSi saqme zustad amgvarad iyo. avstriac ki,
sxva qveynebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, drodadro
pirdapir eweoda protestanti fabrikantebis imports.
Tumca, rogorc Cans, yvela protestantuli
aRmsareblobiTi jgufi rodi axdens am mimarTulebiT ase
Zlier gavlenas. kalvinizmma es, etyoba, germaniaSic
moimoqmeda. "reformirebuli" konfesia 21) sxva
aRmsareblobebTan SedarebiT kapitalisturi

31
suliskveTebis CamoyalibebisaTvis vupertalSic iseve
xelSemwyobi aRmoCnda, rogorc sadme sxvagan. ufro
xelSemwyobi, magaliTad, vidre luTeranoba, rogorc
amas zogadi Tu calkeuli (gansakuTrebiT vupertalSi)
Sedarebebi adasturebs 22). am urTierTobebze
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas SotlandiasTan
dakavSirebiT bokli, inglisel poetTagan ki gansakuTrebiT
kitsi 23). kidev ufro TvalSisacemia, rac aseve mxolod
unda vaxsenoT, cxovrebis religiuri reglamentirebis
kavSiri saqmosnobis unaris intensiur ganviTarebasTan
swored mTel rig im seqtebSi, romelTa "cxovrebisagan
gandgomiloba" iseve saarakod qceula, rogorc maTi
simdidre: pirvel rigSi igulisxmebian kvekerebi da
menonitebi. is roli, romelsac pirvelni TamaSobdnen
inglissa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi, ukanasknelT ergoT
wilad niderlandebsa da germaniaSi. is, rom
aRmosavleT prusiaSi TviT fridrix vilhelm pirvelma
menonitebs, maT mier samxedro samsaxurze
kategoriuli uaris miuxedavad, rogorc industriis
aucilebel sayrdens, moqmedebis Tavisufleba misca,
warmoadgens erT, magram Tu am mefis Taviseburebas
gaviTvaliswinebT, mravalricxovan sayovelTaod cnobil
faqtTagan viTarebis mainc yvelaze TvalsaCino
ilustracias. dabolos is, rom pietistebisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia Tavgamodebuli RvTismosaobis
Sexameba aseve mZlavrad ganviTarebul saqmosnobis
unarsa da warmatebasTan 24), sayovelTaod cnobilia:
amisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT mdgomareoba rainsa
da kalvSi; aqedan gamomdinare, moveridebiT, am
sruliad pirobiT winaswar msjelobaSi magaliTebis
Semdgom daxvavebas. vinaidan dasaxelebulTagan
yvela avlens erTs rasme, saxeldobr imas, rom "Sromis",
"progresis suliskveTeba" an rasac ar unda uwodebdnen
mas sxvagvarad, ris gamoRviZebasac protestantizms
miaweren, ar SeiZleba, rogorc amas dRes sCadian,
gagebuli iqnes "sicocxlis sixarulis" an kidev
"ganmanaTlebluri" TvalsazrisiT. luTeris, kalvinis, noksis,

32
foetis protestantizms sruliad araferi esaqmeboda
imasTan, rasac dRes Cven "progress" vuwodebT.
Tanamedrove cxovrebis im mTeli rigi mxareebis
mimarT, razec dRes yvelaze brmadmorwmune
aRmsarebelic ki veRar ityvis uars, es protestantizmi
pirdapir mtruladac ki iyo ganwyobili. da Tu
maincdamainc misagnebia Sinagani naTesaoba
Zvelprotestantuli suliskveTebis garkveul
gamoxatulebebsa da Tanamedrove kapitalistur
kulturas Soris, maSin avad Tu kargad unda SevecadoT
veZioT igi ara mis (moCvenebiT) met-naklebad
materialistur anda anti-asketur "cxovrebis sixarulSi",
aramed pirvel yovlisa mis wminda religiur niSan-
TvisebebSi. monteskie ingliselebze ambobs (Esprit des
lois, wigni XX, cap. 7), rom maT "msoflios yvela
xalxebs Soris sam umniSvnelovanes rameSi miaRwies
yvelaze mets: RvTismosaobaSi, vaWrobaSi da
TavisuflebaSi". xom ar aris maTi upiratesoba qonebis
mompoveblobis sferoSi da maTi miswrafeba
Tavisuflebis politikuri institutebisadmi, rac sxva
urTierTmimarTebebs ganekuTvneba, im RvTismosaobis
rekordTan dakavSirebuli, rasac monteskie maT
miawers. rogorc ki sakiTxs amgvarad davsvamT,
Cvens winaSe myisve wamoiSleba bundovnad aRqmul
SesaZlebel urTierTmimarTebaTa mTeli mwkrivi. aq
erTaderTi amocana imaSi unda mdgomareobdes, rom
yvelaferi, rac gaurkvevlad warmogvesaxeba, ise
garkveviT CamovayaliboT, ramdenadac yovel istoriul
movlenaSi Cadebuli amouwuravi mravalferovneba
gaxdis amas SesaZlebels. oRond es rom movaxerxoT,
saWiroa, bundovan zogad warmodgenaTa sfero,
romlsac am dromde mivmarTavdiT, iZulebis wesiT
mivatovoT da SevecadoT im diadi religiuri ideebis
samyaroTa Taviseburebebsa da gansxvavebebSi
SevaRwioT, romlebic istoriulad gvaqvs mocemuli
qristianuli religiis sxvadasxvagvar gamoxatulebebSi.
manamde ki aucilebelia gakeTdes ramdenime

33
SeniSvna: pirvel yovlisa, im sagnis Taviseburebis
Sesaxeb, romlis istoriul axsnazecaa saubari; Semdeg
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra TvalsazrisiTaa am gamokvlevis
farglebSi msgavsi axsna SesaZlebeli.

am gamokvlevis saTaurSi gamoyenebuli cneba,

"kapitalizmis suliskveTeba", cota ar iyos, pretenziulad
JRers. mainc ra unda moiazrebodes amaSi? sakmarisia
Tundac mcdeloba _ movaxdinoT "definiciis" msgavsi
ram, rom myisve gamovlindes gamokvlevis miznis
arsSi Cadebuli sirTuleebi.
Tuki saerTod moiZebneba obieqti, romlis
mimarTac amgvari saxeldeba raime azrs SeiZenda, es
mxolod "istoriuli individuumi" SeiZleba iyos anu istoriul
sinamdvileSi im kavSirurTierTobaTa kompleqsi, rasac
Cven maTi kulturuli mniSvnelobis Tvalsawieridan erT
cnebiT mTlianobaSi vaqcevT.
oRond, vinaidan amgvari istoriuli cneba
Sinaarsobrivad dakavSirebulia Tavisi individualuri
TaviseburebiT umniSvnelovanes movlenasTan, igi
sqemis: "genus proximum, differentia specifica"
(arsobrivad maxlobeli specifikuri gansxvavebebisas)
mixedviT ki ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros (anu TargmanSi
"gamoimijnos"), aramed calkeuli istoriuli sinamdvilidan
aRebuli, misi Semadgeneli nawilakebisagan unda
Sekowiwdes TandaTanobiT. amdenad, saboloo cnebiTi
gansazRvreba gamokvlevis TavSi ki ara, mis bolos
unda moeqces. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxolod
kvlevis msvlelobisas da rogorc am kvlevis
mniSvnelovani Sedegi gamovlindeba is, Tu rogor unda
moxdes yvelaze marjved anu CvenTvis saintereso
Tvalsazrisis yvelaze adekvaturad imis formulireba,
rasac Cven kapitalizmis "suliskveTebad" moviazrebT.
es Tvalsazrisi ki Tavis mxriv (ris Sesaxebac kidev

34
iqneba saubari), erTaderTi SesaZlebeli namdvilad ar
aris Cvens mier gasaanalizebel movlenebze
dakvirvebisas. nebismier istoriul movlenaze
gansxvavebuli kuTxidan dakvirveba "arsebiTad"
gansxvavebul momentebs warmoaCenda, saidanac
udaod SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ar aris aucilebeli
kapitalizmis "suliskveTebad" moiazrebodes mxolod is,
rac Cveni TvalTaxedviT miiCneva arsebiTad. swored
esaa Cadebuli "istoriuli cnebaTwarmoqmnis" arsSi,
romelic sinamdviles Tavisi meToduri miznebisaTvis,
abstraqtul-tipobriv cnebebSi ki ar moamwyvdevs,
aramed mudmivad da Seuferxeblad iswrafvis maTi
specifikurad individualuri Seferilobis konkretul
genetikur kavSirebSi ganlagebisaken.
Tuki maincdamainc unda moxdes im obieqtis
dadgena, romlis analizsa da istoriul ganmartebazea aq
saubari, saqme cnebiT definicias ki ar unda exebodes,
aramed Tundac mxolod imis winaswar
gaTvalsaCinoebas, rac aq kapitalizmis "suliskveTebaSi"
igulisxmeba. aseTi gaTvalsaCinoeba sakvlevi sagnis
gansazRvrisaTvis marTlac aucileblad saWiroa da Cvenc
am mizniT xsenebuli "suliskveTebis" imgvar dokuments
CaveWideT, romelic yvelafers, rac CvenTvis
umniSvnelovanesia, TiTqmis klasikurad wminda formiT
Seicavs da amavdroulad is upiratesoba aqvs, rom
Tavisufalia yovelgvari pirdapiri religiuri kavSirebisagan,
Sesabamisad _ Cveni TemisaTvis _ "uwinapiroboa":
"gaxsovdes, rom dro fulia; visac Tavisi SromiT
yoveldRiurad aTi Silingis gamomuSaveba SeuZlia, is ki
naxevar dRes seirnobaSi atarebs an Tavis oTaxSi
usaqmurobs, man _ Tundac rom sakuTari
siamovnebisTvis Tavs mxolod eqvsi pensi daaxarjos _
marto es danaxarji ki ar unda igulisxmos, aramed isic,
rom amavdroulad kidev xuTi Silingi daxarja an ufro
sworad, gadayara.
gaxsovdes, rom krediti fulia. Tuki vinme Tavis
fuls damitovebs mas Semdeg, rac gadaxdis vadas

35
gadavacile, is me amgvarad procentebs anda imdens
mCuqnis, ra raodenobis mogebac SeiZleba vnaxo am
drois ganmavlobaSi. ase karga gvarianma Tanxam
SeiZleba moiyaros Tavi, Tuki kacs rigiani da didi krediti
aqvs da mas xeirianadac iyenebs.
gaxsovdes, rom fuli monagaris Camsaxveli da
gamanayofierebeli bunebisaa. fuls SeuZlia fuli Svas,
xolo naSierT ki ufro meti SeuZliaT Svan da ase
Semdeg. fulis brunvaSi Cadebuli xuTi Silingi ukve
eqvsia, kvlav Cadebuli _ Svidi Silingi da sami pensia da
ase Semdeg vidre asi funti sterlingi ar gaxdeba. rac
ufro metia fuli, igi ufro mets Sobs brunvaSi Cadebisas.
ase, rom sargebeli sul ufro da ufro swrafad matulobs.
vinc xuTSilingians moklavs, is yvelafers klavs (!), risi
SeZenac SeiZleboda amiT: funti sterlingebis mTel
kolonebs.
gaxsovdes, rom andazis Tanaxmad, kargi
gadamxdeli nebismieri kacis qisis baton-patronia. vinc
cnobilia, rogorc Sepirebul dros fulis punqtualurad
gadamxdeli, mas nebismier wams SeuZlia isesxos
mTeli fuli, rac mis megobrebs imJamad ar sWirdebaT.
es ki arcTu iSviaTad metad momgebiania.
muyaiTobasa da zomierebasTan erTad araferi uwyobs
xels axalgazrda kacis winsvlas sazogadoebaSi ise,
rogorc punqtualoba da samarTlianoba mis yvela
wamowyebaSi. amitomac ar gaiCero nasesxebi fuli
Sepirebulze erTi saaTiT met xansac ki, raTa amiT
gamowveulma guliswyromam Seni megobris safule
SenTvis samudamos ar daketos.
yvelaze umniSvnelo qmedebebic ki, romelTac
gavlena SeuZliaT moaxdinon pirovnebis kreditze,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes. Seni CaquCis kakuni Sens
kreditors dilis 5 saaTze an saRamos 8 saaTze rom
Caesmis, eqvsi Tvis manZilze kmayofilebiT aRavsebs;
magram Tu is Sen biliardis magidasTan gxedavs an
Seni xma duqnidan Semoesmis, im dros, roca
samuSaoze unda iyo, meore dResve gagafrTxilebs

36
valis gadaxdis Sesaxeb da manamde mogTxovs Tavis
fuls, sanam Sen Tanxas ar iSovi.
garda amisa, es miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sen Seni
valebi gaxsovs; es Sen warmogaCens rogorc
mowesrigebul ise patiosan adamianad da Seni kreditic
gaizrdeba.
eride, rom yvelaferi, rasac ki flob, Sens
sakuTrebad miiCnio da amis Sesabamisad icxovro.
amgvarad Semcdari aRmoCnda bevri, visac krediti
hqonia. es rom Tavidan aicilo, awarmoe gasavlisa da
Semosavlis zusti xarjTaRricxva. Tuki Tavs Seiwuxeb da
wvrilmanebsac yuradRebiT moekidebi, amas Semdegi
dadebiTi Sedegi mohyveba: Sen aRmoaCen, Tu raoden
did TanxaSi gadaizrdeba egzom umniSvnelo
danaxarjebi da mixvdebi, Tu ramdenis dazogva yofila
SesaZlebeli da imasac, Tu ramdenis dazogva iqneboda
samomavlod SesaZlebeli ...
6 funtis wliuri procentisaTvis Sen SegiZlia
moxmarebisaTvis 100 funtis miReba, im pirobiT, Tu Sen
WkuiTa da patiosnebiT saqveynod cnobili kaci xar. vinc
yoveldRiurad erT groSs xarjavs usargeblod, is wliurad
100 funtamde xarjavs umiznod da esaa 100 funtis
moxmarebis sazRauri. vinc yoveldRiurad Tavisi drois
erTi groSis Rirebulebis nawils gaflangavs, Tundac es sul
ramodenime wuTi iyos, is, dReebze rom
gadaviangariSoT, 100 funtis moxmarebis uflebas
kargavs. vinc 5 Silingis Rirebulebis dros fuWad
gaflangavs, 5 Silings dakargavs da mas aseTive
warmatebiT SeeZlo es 5 Silingi zRvaSi Caeyara. vinc 5
Silings kargavs, kargavs ara marto Tanxas, aramed
yvelafers, rac am Tanxis saqmeSi gamoyenebisas
SeiZleboda moego _ rac, rodesac axalgazrda kaci
xandazmulobas miaRwevs, sakmaod solidur Tanxad
gadaiqceva".
es gaxlavT benjamin franklini 25), romelic am
frazebiT gviqadagebs, es ki igive frazebia, romelTa
meSveobiT ferdinand kiurnbergi Tavis iumorisa da

37
Sxamis mfrqvevel "amerikuli kulturis xatSi" 26) abuCad
igdebs iankebis kredos. is, rom amaSi metad
niSandoblivi formiT "kapitalizmis suliskveTebaa"
gaJRerebuli iseve araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs, rogorc imis
mtkiceba, rom frazebi Seicavs yvelafers, rac am
"suliskveTebad" moiazreba. Tuki cota xniT
davyovndebiT im monakveTze, romlis cxovrebiseul
sibrZnes, kiurnbergiseuli "amerikamoyirWebuli"
daskvnis saxiT amgvarad Camoayalibebs: "saqonlisgan
qoni keTdeba, adamianebisgan fuli", namdvilad TvalSi
gvecema rogorc am "siZunwis filosofiis" Tavisebureba,
kreditis Rirsi patiosani kacis ideali da rac mTavaria,
calkeuli adamianis valdebulebis idea misi kapitalis
gazrdis TviTmiznad qceuli interesis mimarT. aq rom
marTlac ara ubralod cxovrebis warmarTvis teqnikis,
aramed Taviseburi "eTikis" qadagebaa, romlis
normebis darRveva ara mxolod sibriyved, aramed
movaleobis daviwyebadac ganixileba _ pirvel rigSi
amaSi mdgomareobs saqmis arsi. aq marto
saqmosnobis sibrZnes ki ar aswavlian, amas
sxvaganac xSirad SevxvdebiT, aramed es gacxadebuli
eTosia da swored am Rirsebis gamoa is CvenTvis
saintereso.
rodesac iakob fugeri Tavis Tanamosaqmes,
romelic mosvenebis mizniT saqmianobas ganerida da
fugersac igives urCevda im motiviT, rom igi ukve
sakmaod gamdidrda da axla sjobda sxvisTvisac mieca
gamdidrebis Sansi, yovelive amas "sulmokleobad"
uTvlis da pasuxobs: "mas (fugers) sul sxvagvari
mosazreba eqneboda da is manamde gaagrZelebda
gamdidrebas, sanam amis Zala gamoeleoda" 27),
swored aqaa saZiebeli am gamonaTqvamis
"suliskveTebis" aSkara gansxvaveba
frankliniseulisagan. is, rac erT SemTxvevaSi
moZalebuli vaWruli Seupovrobis Sedegia da pirovnul,
zneobrivad indiferentul miswrafebas gamoxatavs 28),
meore SemTxvevaSi eTikuri Seferilobis cxovrebis wesis

38
warmmarTveli Zireuli principis xasiaTs iZens. am
specifikuri mniSvnelobiTaa aq "kapitalizmis
suliskveTebis" cneba gamoyenebuli 29). bunebrivia,
igulisxmeba Tanamedrove kapitalizmi. vinaidan is, rom
aq dasavleTevropul-amerikul kapitalizmzea saubari,
imTaviTve TavisTavad sakiTxis dasmis wesidan
gamomdinarea cxadi. "kapitalizmi" arsebobda CineTSi,
indoeTSi, babilonSi, antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi.
magram, rogorc amas kidev davinaxavT, mas aklda
gansakuTrebuli eTosi.
frankliniseuli yvela zneobrivi Segoneba
namdvilad utilitaristuli daniSnulebisaa: patiosneba
sasargebloa, radganac mas krediti moaqvs, asevea
punqtualoba, muyaiToba, zomierebac da amitomac
warmoadgenen isini siqveleebs, saidanac im daskvnis
gamotana SeiZleboda, rom magaliTad iq, sadac
patiosnebis moCvenebiTobas igive samsaxuris gaweva
ZaluZs igi sakmarisi iqneboda da am siqvelis siWarbe
franklinis TvalSi saZraxis usargeblo mflangvelobad
gamoCndeboda. da marTlac, vinc mis avtobiografiaSi
misi saTnoebisaken "moqcevis" 30) ambavs an kidev
moCvenebiTi Tavmdablobis mkacrad dacvis,
sayovelTao aRiarebis mosapoveblad 31) sakuTari
damsaxurebebis Segnebuli dakninebis Sesaxeb
msjelobas waikiTxavs, aucileblad im daskvnamde unda
mivides, rom franklinis Tanaxmad, es siqveleni iseve,
rogorc yvela sxva siqvele mxolod imdenad
warmoadgenen siqveles, ramdenadac isini
calkeulisaTvis in concreto (konkretulad) sargeblis
momtania da moCvenebiTobis surogati yvelgan
sakmarisia, sadac ki mas Sesabamisi samsaxuris
gaweva ZaluZs _ aseTia sinamdvileSi mkacri
utilitarizmis gardauvali Sedegi. aq TiTqos in flagranti
CaWerilia is, rasac germanelebi Cveulebisamebr
amerikelTa saTnoebaSi "pirmoTneobad" aRiqvamen. _
arada, sinamdvileSi saqme ase martivad rodia. ara
mxolod benjamin franklinis pirovnuli xasiaTi, romelic

39
marTlac iSviaTi gulaxdilobiT warmoCndeba mis
avtobiografiaSi da is garemoeba, rom saTnoebis
"sargeblianobaze" Tvalis axelis Tavad faqts is RmerTis
gamocxadebas miawers, rasac misi saTnoebis gzaze
dayeneba surda, miuTiTebs imaze, rom am
SemTxvevaSi wminda egocentruli principebis
Selamazebis garda sxva momentebic TamaSobs rols.
pirvel yovlisa am "eTikis" "summum bonum" (umaRlesi
sikeTe) esaa _ mogeba, sul ufro meti fulis mogeba,
yovelgvari udardeli gancxromis umkacresi
TviTakrZalviT, yovelgvari evdemonisturi an sulac
hedonisturi momentebis gareSe; aseTi gaazreba
imdenad TviTmiznuria, rom igi calkeuli individis
"bednierebis" an "xeiris" mimarT raRac sruliad
transcendenturad da ubralod iracionalurad 32)
gamoiyureba. adamiani aRmoCndeba damokidebuli
mogebaze, rogorc misi cxovrebis mizanze, da ara
mogeba adamianze, rogorc misi materialuri sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebebis damakmayofilebel saSualebaze.
uSualo aRqmisaTvis amgvari uazro gadmoyiraveba
imisa, rasac Cven saqmis "bunebrivi" viTareba
SeiZleba vuwodoT, sruliad calsaxad isev kapitalizmis
laitmotivia, rac ucxoa im adamianebisaTvis, visac
kapitalizmis sunTqva arc gakarebia. Tuki davsvamT
kiTxvas: mainc ratom SeiZleba "gakeTdes
adamianebisagan fuli"? amaze benjamin franklini,
marTlac konfesionaluri Seferilobis gareSe myofi deisti,
Tavis avtobiografiaSi bibliuri gamonaTqvamiT
pasuxobs, rasac misive TqmiT, misi mkacrad
kalvinisturi mama axalgazrdobaSi mudmivad
unergavda: "Tu ginaxavs Tavis xelobaSi daostatebuli
kaci? is mefeTa winaSe dadgeba" 33). fulis Sovna _
ramdenadac es legaluri wesiT xdeba _ Tanamedrove
ekonomikur wyobaSi saqmianobiT miRweuli
gamarjvebis Sedegi da gamoxatulebaa da ioli
dasanaxia, rom swored es garemoebaa franklinis
moralis alfa da omega, es ki misi teqstidan citirebuli

40
adgilidan iseve naTlad Cans, rogorc yvela sxva
naweridan gamonaklisis gareSe 34).
marTlac, is Taviseburi, dRes CvenTvis esoden
Cveuli da sinamdvileSi ki arc Tu TavisTavad cxadi
profesiuli movaleobis idea, movaleobisa, romelsac
TiToeuli adamiani unda ganicdides da ganicdis kidec
Tavisi "profesiuli" moRvaweobis Sinaarsis mimarT,
imisda miuxedavad raSic ar unda mdgomareobdes igi,
metadre ki imisda miuxedavad Tavisufal aRqmas is
esaxeba rogorc mxolod misi samuSao Zalis Tu sulac
rogorc misi materialuri qonebis ("kapitalis" saxiT)
gamoyeneba: _ swored es ideaa kapitalisturi "socialuri
eTikisaTvis" damaxasiaTebeli da garkveulwilad misTvis
konstituciuri mniSvnelobis mqone. is maincdamainc
kapitalistur niadagze ki ar aRmocenebula: Cven
SevecdebiT mas mogvianebiT Soreul warsulSic
gavadevnoT Tvali. da kidev ufro naklebad SeiZleba
imis mtkiceba, rom dRevandeli kapitalizmisaTvis am
eTikuri normebis subieqturi gaTaviseba misi calkeuli
matareblebis mier, igulisxmeba mewarmeebi an
Tanamedrove kapitalistur sawarmoTa muSebi,
arsebobis gagrZelebis winapirobas warmoadgens.
dRevandeli kapitalisturi ekonomikuri wyoba Zrwolvis
momgvreli kosmosia, romelSic dabadebiTve CarTulia
calkeuli individi da romelic misTvis, rogorc calkeuli
individisTvis, faqtiurad ucvlel garsad iqceva, sadac
man unda icxovros. igi individs, ramdenadac es
ukanaskneli sabazro kavSirurTierTobebSia Cabmuli,
sakuTari ekonomikuri qcevis normebs axvevs Tavs.
fabrikanti, romelic erTTavad am normebis sapirispirod
moqmedebs, ekonomikurad uciloblad Camocilebuli
iqneba, iseve rogorc muSa, romelic xsenebul normebs
an ver an ar ergeba, quCaSi amoyofs Tavs rogorc
umuSevari.
amrigad dRevandeli, ekonomikur cxovrebaSi
gabatonebuli kapitalizmi ekonomikuri gadarCevis gziT
TavisTvis aRzrdis da warmoqmnis im sameurneo

41
subieqtebs _ mrewvelebsa da muSebs _ romlebic mas
esaWirieba. arada swored aq vlindeba sruliad aSkarad
"gadarCevis" cnebis, rogorc istoriul movlenaTa axsnis
saSualebis SezRuduloba. imisaTvis, raTa kapitalizmis
Taviseburebebs morgebuli cxovrebis wesi da
profesiisadmi damokidebuleba yofiliyo "gadarCeuli"
anu sxvebze moepovebina gamarjveba, is cxadia,
pirvel rigSi jer unda warmoSobiliyo da Tanac ara
calkeul izolirebul individSi, aramed rogorc adamianTa
jgufebis msoflaRqma. amdenad swored es
warmoSobaa principSi asaxsneli. gulubryvilo istoriuli
materializmis warmodgenas, rom amgvari "ideebi"
ekonomikuri situaciebis "anareklisa" da "zednaSenis"
saxiT Semodian cxovrebaSi, ufro dawvrilebiT
mogvianebiT SevexebiT. am adgilas Cveni
miznebisaTvis imis miTiTebac sakmarisi iqneboda, rom
benjamin franklinis samSobloSi (masaCusetsi)
"kapitalisturi suliskveTeba" (Cvens mier aRiarebuli
gagebiT) uTuod "kapitalistur ganviTarebamde"
arsebobda, (ukve 1632 wels gaismoda Civili axal
inglisSi _ amerikis sxva regionebisagan gansxvavebiT _
gamdidrebis wyurviliT gamsWvaluli angariSianobis
specifikuri gamovlinebis Sesaxeb), rom es xsenebuli
suliskveTeba magaliTad, mezobel koloniebSi, kavSiris
gviandel samxreTis StatebSi, Seudareblad
naklebganviTarebuli darCa, da miuxedavad amisa
swored am ukanasknelT daudes msxvilma
kapitalistebma saqmiani mizniT safuZveli, axali inglisis
koloniebs ki religiuri motivebis niadagze _
mqadageblebma da graduates
(umaRlesdamTavrebulebma) wvrilburJuaziasTan,
xelosnebTan da iomenebTan kavSirSi. am SemTxvevaSi
mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri imis sapirispirod vlindeba,
vidre amisi postulireba iqneboda "materialisturi"
poziciidan SesaZlebeli. magram am ideaTa sinorCe ufro
narekliania, vidre es "zednaSenis" Teoretikosebs
hgoniaT da maTi ganviTareba yvavilisas ara hgavs.

42
kapitalisturma suliskveTebam, im mniSvnelobiT, rac
Cven am cnebas SevZineT, Tavi mtruli Zalebis mTel
dasTan mZime brZoliT daimkvidra. msjelobis wesi,
romelic benjamin franklinis citirebul azrebSi
gamoikveTa da romelsac mTeli eri taSiT Seegeba,
antikurobaSi an Sua saukuneebSi 35) binZuri
siZunwisa da ubralod uRirsi Sexedulebebis
gamoxatulebad iqneboda gakicxuli, rasac dResac aqvs
Cveulebriv adgili yvela im socialuri jgufis mxridan,
romlebic Tanamedrove specifikur kapitalistur
meurneobaSi yvelaze naklebad arian Cabmulni an
yvelaze naklebad arian morgebulni masze. ara imitom,
rom vTqvaT, "mogebisaken ltolva" kapitalisturamdel
epoqebSi ucnobi an ganuviTarebeli iyo, rasac ase
xSirad amtkiceben, arc imitom, rom "auri sacra fames"
(oqrosadmi wyeuli ltolva), fuls daxarbebuloba, maSin
an dResac, burJuaziuli kapitalizmis farglebs gareT
naklebi iyo, vidre specifikurad kapitalistur sferoSi,
rogorc es Tanamedrove romantikosTa iluzias
warmoesaxeba. kapitalisturi da kapitalisturamdeli
"suliskveTebis" gansxvaveba am punqtSi araa
saZiebeli. Cineli mandarinis, Zvelromaeli aristokratis,
Tanamedrove miwaTmflobelis sixarbe veranair
Sedarebas ver uZlebs. xolo neapolitaneli meetlis an
barcajuolo (menavis) an sulac msgavsi xelobis aziati
warmomadgenlis, iseve rogorc samxreTevropuli an
aziuri qveynebis xelosanTa "auri sacra fames",
vlindeba, rac yvelas SeuZlia sakuTar Tavze
gamoscados, gacilebiT ufro mZafrad da rac mTavaria,
gacilebiT ufro mourideblad, vidre magaliTad, ingliselis
sixarbe analogiur SemTxvevaSi 36). fulis keTebisas
sakuTari angarebianobis danergvaSi absoluturi
mourideblobis universaluri batonoba warmoadgens
imgvari qveynebis specifikur maxasiaTebels, romelTa
burJuaziul-kapitalisturi aRmavloba _ ganviTarebis
dasavluri masStabebiT Tu mivudgebiT _
"CamorCenilad" iTvleba. rogorc nebismieri fabrikis

43
mepatronisaTvis cnobilia, am tipis qveynebis muSaTa
arasakmarisi "coscienziosita`" (Segnebuloba) 37),
vTqvaT, italiisa germaniis sapirispirod, maTi
kapitalisturi aRmavlobis erT-erT umTavres dabrkolebas
warmoadgens. kapitalizms muSad iseve ar SeiZleba
esaWiroebodes udisciplino "liberum arbitrium"
(Tavisufali nebis) praqtikuli warmomadgeneli, rogorc ar
SeiZleba sWirdebodes Tavis garegnul qcevaSi
mouridebeli saqmosani, rasac jer kidev franklini
gvaswavlida. amrigad, fulisaken raRac nebismieri
"ltolvis" araTanabar intensivobaSi araa gansxvaveba
saZiebeli. Auri sacra fames iseTive Zvelia, rogorc
Cvenamde moRweuli kacobriobis istoria. magram Cven
davinaxavT, rom isini, vinc angariSmiucemlad
ahyvebodnen am ltolvas holandieli kapitanis
msgavsad, "mogebis mizniT, jojoxeTSi
mogzaurobisaTvisac ki rom iyo mzad, Tundac afrebic ki
daswvoda", araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyvnen im
ganwyobilebis matarebelni, saidanac specifikuri
Tanamedrove kapitalizmis "suliskveTeba" aRmocenda
rogorc masobrivi movlena da swored esaa
gadamwyveti. TavaSvebuli, Sinaganad yovelgvar
normebs gadamcdari momxveWeloba istoriis yvela
epoqaSi gvxvdeboda, sadac da rogorc es sinamdvileSi
iyo SesaZlebeli. rogorc omi da mekobreoba, iseve
rCeboda SeuzRudavi Tavisufali, normebs gadamcdari
qmedeba ucxo tomelTa, aramoZmeTa mimarT
damokidebulebaSi. "garegani morali" aq imis nebas
iZleoda, rac "ZmaTa Soris" daigmoboda. da imis
msgavsad, rogorc kapitalisturi mogeba garegnulad
"avantiuris" saxiT, meurneobis yvela im formisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic fulismagvar flobis obieqtebs
icnobdnen da Sanss iZleodnen, rom isini mogebis
momtanad gadaeqciaT _ komendas, gadasaxadebis
ijara-Sesyidvis, saxelmwifosaTvis sesxebis gacemis,
omebis, mTavarTa karisa da moxeleebis dafinansebis
gziT _ yvelgan iCenda Tavs is Sinagani avantiuristuli

44
ganwyobileba, romelic eTikis SemzRudav CarCoebs
abuCad igdebda. mogebisaken swrafvis absoluturi da
Segnebuli angariSgauwevloba Zalze xSirad
tradiciebisadmi umkacresi erTgulebis gverdiT idga
Seuryevlad. tradiciebis SesustebasTan da Tavisufali
mogebis met-naklebad siRrmiseul SemoWrasTan erTad
socialur kavSir-urTierTobaTa Sinagan sferoSi, am siaxlis
eTikuri miReba an Camoyalibeba ki ar xdeboda,
aramed mas mxolod faqtobrivad iTmendnen an rogorc
eTikurad indiferentul an rogorc Tumc usiamovno,
magram samwuxarod gardauval movlenas. es iyo ara
mxolod yvela eTikuri moZRvrebisaTvis, aramed rac
kidev ufro arsebiTia, kapitalizmamdeli epoqis rigiTi
adamianis praqtikuli qmedebisaTvis savsebiT misaRebi
Tvalsazrisi: "kapitalizmamdels" ki vuwodebT im azriT,
rom kapitalis aTviseba racionaluri sawarmoebis
meSveobiT da Sromis racionaluri kapitalisturi
organizeba jer kidev ar warmoadgendnen ekonomikuri
qmedebis yovlismomcvel Zalebs. swored es
ganwyobileba uSlida Sinaganad xels adamianebs
Seguebodnen mowesrigebuli burJuaziul-kapitalisturi
meurneobis winapirobebs.
"eTikis" samoselSi gamowyobil
mowinaaRmdeges, rogorc erTgvarad normatulad
gansazRvrul cxovrebis stils, kapitalisturi "suliskveTeba"
pirvel rigSi rom unda SebrZoleboda, warmoadgenda
aRqmisa da qcevis is wesi, rasac tradicionalizmi
SeiZleba ewodos. aqac saboloo "definiciis" yovelgvari
mcdeloba gverdze unda gadavdoT. upriania
ramdenime gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis magaliTze
gavxadoT naTeli, cxadia, esec mxolod pirobiTad, Tu ras
vgulisxmobT amiT, viwyebT ra qvevidan _ muSebiT.
erT-erTi teqnikuri saSualeba, romelsac
Tanamedrove mewarme iyenebs, raTa "misi"
muSebisagan Sromis nayofierebis SesaZlebeli
maqsimumi miiRos da Sromis intensivoba gazardos,
gaxlavT sanardo jamagiri. soflis meurneobaSi

45
magaliTad, arsebobs SemTxveva, romelic pirdapir da
kategoriulad iTxovs SesaZleblis zRvramde Sromis
intensivobis gazrdas, esaa mosavlis aReba, mis
maqsimalurad daCqarebaze, gansakuTrebiT ki
arasaimedo amindis pirobebSi, xSirad didadaa
damokidebuli mogebis an wagebis Sansebi.
Sesabamisad, aq yvelgan iyeneben sanardo jamagiris
sistemas. da ramdenadac Semosavlisa da warmoebis
intensivobis zrdasTan erTad mewarmes sul ufro
ezrdeba mosavlis aRebis daCqarebis interesi, amdenad
cxadia, erTTavad imis mcdelobaSia, rom sanardo
jamagiris Tanxis gazrdis gziT Sromis nayofierebis
gazrdaSi daainteresos muSebi, romelTac sruliad
xanmokle drois manZilze maTTvis uCveulod didi
gasamrjelos miRebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT. oRond aq
ucnaurma sirTuleebma iCina Tavi. sanardo
anazRaurebis gazrda TvalSi sacemad xSirad iwvevda
imas, rom drois igive monakveTSi Sromis ufro maRali
nayofiereba ki ara, umal ufro dabali miiRweoda,
vinaidan muSebi sanardo anazRaurebis gazrdas dRiuri
Sromis nayofierebis zrdiT ki ara, SemcirebiT
pasuxobdnen. magaliTad, kaci, romelic erT morgenSi
erTi markis safasurad am dromde yoveldRiurad 2,5
morgens mkida da Sesabamisad 2,5 markas
gamoimuSavebda, morgenSi 25 pfeningiT sanardo
anazRaurebis gazrdis Semdeg, meti fulis SesaZleblobis
gamo, rogorc imedovnebdnen, 3 morgens ki ar mkida,
raTa 3,75 marka gamoemuSavebina, rac savsebiT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, aramed dReSi mxolod 2
morgens, vinaidan amgvarad igi kvlav rogorc aqamde
2,5 markas gamoimuSavebda da bibliuri
gamonaTqvamis Sesabamisad amasac
"dasjerdeboda". meti anazRaureba mas ise ar
xiblavda, rogorc naklebi Sroma; is ar kiTxulobda:
ramdeni SemiZlia dReSi gamovimuSao, Tuki Sromis
nayofierebis SesaZlebel maqsimums vaCveneb,
aramed: ramdeni unda vimuSao, raTa is Tanxa anu 2,5

46
marka gamovimuSao, rasac am dromde viRebdi da
romelic Cems tradiciul moTxovnebs savsebiT
akmayofilebs? esaa swored im ganwyobilebis naTeli
magaliTi, rasac "tradicionalizmi" unda ewodos:
adamians, "bunebidan gamomdinare", sul ufro meti da
meti fulis Sovna ki ar unda, aramed ubralod cxovreba,
ise cxovreba, rogorc amasaa is Cveuli da imdenis
gamomuSaveba, ramdenic amgvarad cxovrebisTvisaa
saWiro. yvelgan, sadac Tanamedrove kapitalizmi
adamianuri Sromis "nayofierebis" gazrdas misi
intensivobis zrdiT Seecada, igi kapitalizmamdeli
sameurneo Sromis am laitmotivis ukiduresad udrek
winaaRmdegobas waawyda da dResac ki yvelgan miT
ufro metad awydeba, rac ufro "CamorCenilni"
(kapitalisturi TvalsazrisiT) arian muSebi, romlebTanac
mas uwevs urTierToba. kvlav Cvens magaliTs rom
mivubrundeT _ vinaidan gasamrjelos gazrdis gziT
"mogebis wyurvilze" gaTvlilma mowodebam ar
gaamarTla, umjobesad miiCnies swored sapirispiro
xerxis mosinjva: gasamrjelos Semcirebis gziT
eiZulebinaT muSebi, uwindeli anazRaurebis
SesanarCuneblad ufro meti eSromaT, vidre manamde.
gulubryvilo xedvas dabali anazRaureba da maRali
mogeba imTaviTve pirdapir kavSirSi eCveneboda da
dResac eCveneba; jamagiris nebismier gazrdas,
Sesabamisad mogebis Semcireba unda gamoewvia.
kapitalizmmac dasabamidan ganuxrelad sul am gziT
iara da saukuneebis manZilze dogmatur debulebad
iTvleboda is, rom TiTqos dabali anazRaureba
"produqtiulia" anu is, rom amiT Sromis nayofiereba
izrdeboda da rogorc jer kidev piter de la kuri (am
SemTxvevaSi rogorc davinaxavT, savsebiT adreuli
kalvinizmis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad) ambobda: xalxi
mxolod imitom muSaobs, radgan Raribia da manamde
sanam Raribia.
oRond am TiTqosda nacadi xerxis
qmediTunarianobas Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs 38). cxadia,

47
sakuTari aRmavlobisaTvis kapitalizmi mosaxleobis
siWarbes iTxovs, romelsac igi iafad iqiravebs Sromis
bazarze. marTalia "sarezervo armiis" gadametebuli
mravalricxovaneba garkveul viTarebaSi misi
raodenobrivi ganvrcobisaTvis xelsayreli ki aris,
magram aferxebs mis xarisxobriv ganviTarebas, kerZod
ki im sawarmoo formebze gadasvlas, romlebic Sromas
intensiurad iyeneben. dabali anazRaureba araviTar
SemTxvevaSi araa iafi Sromis identuri. Tundac wminda
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Sromis nayofiereba yvela
SemTxvevaSi daiwevs fizikuri arsebobisaTvis
aucilebelze naklebi anazRaurebisas, rac droTa
ganmavlobaSi "yvelaze gamousadegarTa
gadarCevadac" ki iqceva. dRevandeli silezieli sruli
ZalisxmeviT Sromisas ori mesamediT nakleb miwas
amuSavebs, vidre ukeT anazRaurebuli da gamokvebili
pomeraneli an meklenburgeli; rac ufro Soreuli
aRmosavleTidanaa, miT ufro naklebs Sromobs poloneli
germanelTan SedarebiT. dabali anazRaureba rogorc
kapitalisturi ganviTarebis sayrdeni, wminda saqmosnuri
TvalsazrisiTac gvimtyunebs yvelgan, sadac saqme iseTi
produqciis warmoebas exeba, rac garkveul kvalificiur
(naswavl) Sromas an davuSvaT, ZviradRirebuli da iolad
dasazianebeli manqanebis momsaxurebas an
saerTodac daZabul yuradRebasa da iniciativas iTxovs.
aq dabali anazRaureba ar amarTlebs da Tavisi
SedegebiT umal Canafiqris sapirispirod Semotrialdeba.
vinaidan aq sruliad aucilebelia ara mxolod
ganviTarebuli pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba, aramed
ubralod imgvari azrovnebis wesi, romelic Sromis dros
mainc aisxlets kiTxvas _ Tu rogor SeiZleba maqsimaluri
komfortisa da minimaluri garjisas mainc Cveuli
anazRaurebis miReba _ da Sromas ise ekideba TiTqos
is absoluturi TviTmizani _ "mowodeba" _ yofiliyos.
amgvari azrovnebis wesi ki bunebiT boZebuli ar aris.
igi arc maRali da arc dabali anazRaurebiT SeiZleba
uSualod warmoiqmnas, aramed esaa mxolod metad

48
xangrZlivi aRzrdis procesis nayofi. dRes welgamarTuli
kapitalizmisTvis SedarebiT iolia muSebis rekrutireba
yvela industriul qveyanaSi an calkeuli qveynis yvela
industriul regionSi. warsulSi es yovel calkeul
SemTxvevaSi uaRresad rTul problemas warmoadgenda
39). dResac ki igi yovelTvis rodi aRwevs mizans Zlieri
mxardamWeris Semweobis gareSe, vinc, rogorc
SemdgomSi davinaxavT, mas Camoyalibebis periodSi
edga gverdSi. Tu ras vgulisxmobT, amis garkveva
kvlav magaliTis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli. CamorCenili
tradicionalisturi Sromis formas xSirad ganasaxierebs
muSa qalebis, gansakuTrebiT ki gauTxovari qalebis
saqmianoba. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia unarisa da
miswrafebis absoluturi uqonloba daTmon odiTganve
danergili da odesRac daswavlili Sromis wesi sxva ufro
praqtikulis sasargeblod, daeuflon Sromis axal formebs,
ganaTldnen da daZabon an ubralod moixmon goneba;
esaa im damsaqmebelTa TiTqmis sazogadod qceuli
Civili, vinc gogonebs, kerZod ki germanel gogonebs
asaqmebs. yovelgvari axsna-ganmarteba Sromis
gaiolebis, rac mTavaria, ufro Semosavlianad qcevis
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, maTi mxridan srul
Seugneblobas awydeba, sanardo anazRaurebis
momateba ki uSedegod exeTqeba CveulebaTa zRudes.
Cveulebriv sxvagvaradaa saqme _ da es Cveni
dakvirvebisaTvis arcTu umniSvnelo momentia _
specifikurad religiurad aRzrdil, kerZod ki pietisturi
warmomavlobis gogonebTan. xSirad SeiZleba
gavigonoT da saxeldaxelo statistikuri gamoTvlebic
amas adasturebs 40), rom sameurneo aRzrdis
saukeTeso perspeqtiva swored am kategoriis
mSromelTa winaSe iSleba. gonebis koncentrirebis unari
iseve, rogorc absoluturad ganmsazRvreli pozicia _
moekidon "Sromas movaleobis grZnobiT", aq
gansakuTrebiT xSirad aRmoCndeba Serwymuli mkacr
yairaTianobasTan, rac saerTod Sromis sazRaurisa da
misi odenobis angariSgawevas gulisxmobs, aseve

49
fxizel TavdaWerilobasa da zomierebasTan, rac
Sromisunarianobas uCveulod zrdis. niadagi, Sromis
rogorc TviTmiznis, rogorc "mowodebis" imgvari
gaazrebisaTvis, rogorc amas kapitalizmi iTxovs, aq
yvelaze xelsayrelia, religiuri aRzrdis Sedegad
tradicionalisturi rutinis daZlevis Sansi ki yvelaze didi.
Tundac es dakvirvebebi dRevandeli kapitalizmis
gadasaxedidan 41) kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom
namdvilad gamarTlebulia imis kiTxva, Tu ragvarad
yalibdeboda kapitalisturi Semguebelunarianobis
kavSiri religiur momentebTan kapitalizmis siyrmis
epoqaSi. radgan, es kavSir-urTierTobebi msgavsi formiT
maSinac rom arsebobda, SeiZleba mravali calkeuli
movlenidanac davaskvnaT. siZulvili da devna, rac
meTodist muSebs XVIII saukuneSi maT gverdiT
momuSaveTa mxridan xvdebodaT wilad, razec
werilobiT wyaroebSi maTi samuSao iaraRebis
gaxSirebuli ganadgurebis aRwera miuTiTebs, imdenad
mxolod an upiratesad maT religiur eqscentrulobas ki ar
ukavSirdeboda, _ msgavsi ram da kidev ufro
gamomwvevic, ingliss bevri unaxavs, _ aramed
maTTvis specifikurad niSandobliv "SromisaTvis
mzaobas", rogorc amas dResdReobiT ityodnen.
magram kvlav awmyos mivubrundeT da kerZod
ki mewarmeebs, raTa "tradicionalizmis" mniSvneloba
gavarkvioT.
zombartma kapitalizmis genezisis 42) kvlevisas
erTmaneTisagan gamijna "moTxovnilebis
dakmayofileba" da "mogeba", rogorc ori mTavari
"laitmotivi", romelTa Sorisac brunavs ekonomikis
istoria, ris Tanaxmadac, sameurneo moRvaweobis
formisa da mimarTulebisaTvis ganmsazRvreli Seiqna
an piradi moTxovnilebis masStabebi an kidev am
ukanasknelis CarCoebisgan Tavisufali swrafva
mogebisaken da mogebis miRwevis SesaZlebloba. is,
rasac igi "moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis meurneobriv
sistemas" uwodebs, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos imas

50
emTxveva, rasac aq "ekonomikuri tradicionalizmi"
daerqva. es ki im SemTxvevaSia ase, Tuki
"moTxovnilebis" cnebas "tradiciul moTxovnilebasTan"
gavaigivebT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mTeli rigi
meurneobebisa, romlebic Tavisi organizaciis formis
mixedviT "kapitalisturad" SeiZleba yofiliyvnen
ganxilulni, rac zombartis mier misi naSromis 43) erT-
erT adgilze "kapitalis" gansazRvrebis Sesatyvisi
iqneboda, amovardebian "mogebis" meurneobebis
sferodan da gadainacvleben "moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis meurneobebSi". meurneobebic,
romlebic kerZo mewarmeebis mier kapitalis brunvis
saxiT (= fuli an fuladi Rirebulebis sasaqonlo masa)
mogebis mizniT produqciis saSualebaTa Sesyidvisa da
produqtis gayidvis gziT e.i. udaod rogorc "kapitalisturi
sawarmoebi" imarTebian, SeiZleba aseve
"tradicionalistur" xasiaTs atarebdnen. es movlena
gviandeli epoqis ekonomikis istoriis manZilze aramcTu
gamonaklisad, aramed _ mudmivad ganmeorebadi
wyvetiT "kapitalizmis suliskveTebis" sul ufro axali da
sul ufro mZlavri Semotevebis wyalobiT _ TiTqmis
kanonzomierebad iqca. meurneobis "kapitalisturi"
forma da is suliskveTeba, romelic mas warmarTavs,
marTalia sazogadod "adekvatur" urTierTmimarTebaSi
arian, magram erTmaneTze "kanoniT" damokidebulni
ar arian. da Tuki Cven miuxedavad amisa, im
ganwyobilebisaTvis, romelic profesiis Taviseburebidan
gamomdinare, sistematurad da racionalurad legitimuri
gziT imgvari mogebisaken miiswrafvis, rac benjamin
franklinis magaliTze gaxda naTeli, aq pirobiTad
gamoTqmas "(Tanamedrove) kapitalizmis
suliskveTeba" 44) viyenebT, es istoriuli mizeziT xdeba,
radgan am azrovnebis wesma Tanamedrove
kapitalistur warmoebaSi Tavisi yvelaze adekvaturi
forma, kapitalisturma warmoebam ki Tavis mxriv,
masSi yvelaze adekvaturi sulieri mamoZravebeli Zala
hpova.

51
 magram TavisTavad orive savsebiT SesaZlebelia
erTmaneTs daSordes. benjamin franklini "kapitalisturi
suliskveTebiT" im dros iyo aRvsili, roca misi stamba
formis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdeboda nebismieri
xelosnis sawarmosagan. da Cven davinaxavT, rom
mTlianobaSi axali epoqis zRurblze ara mxolod da ara
imdenad savaWro patriciatis wridan gamosuli
kapitalisti mrewvelebi, aramed samrewvelo saSualo
wodebis aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi fenebi ufro iyvnen
im suliskveTebiT gamsWvalulni, rasac Cven
"kapitalizmis suliskveTebas" vuwodebT 45). arc XIX
saukuneSi iyvnen keTilSobili jentlmenebi liverpulidan
da hamburgidan TavianTi ZvelTaganve memkvidreobiT
miRebuli vaWruli qonebiT misi klasikuri
warmomadgenlebi, aramed ufro xSirad qveda
fenebidan aRzevebuli mdabiorebi manCesteridan an
rainland-vestfaliidan. amgvarive viTareba iyo ukve XVI
saukuneSic: im droisaTvis axlad aRmocenebuli
industriis dargebi metwilad dabali warmomavlobis
parveniuTa mier iqna daarsebuli 46).
iseTi warmoebebi rogoricaa banki, msxvili
saeqsporto vaWroba an ramdenadme gafarToebuli
sacalo vaWroba an bolosdabolos saojaxo meurneobaSi
warmoebuli saqonlis farTomasStabiani Sesyidva _
mxolod kapitalistur sawarmoSia SesaZlebeli. isini
mainc mkacrad tradicionalisturi suliskveTebiT SeiZleba
iqnen marTulni: msxvili sakomisio bankebis saqmis
warmoeba sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba; mTeli epoqebis
manZilze sazRvaosno vaWroba emyareboda mkacrad
tradicionalisturi xasiaTis monopoliebsa da
reglamentebs; sacalo vaWrobaSi _ aq saubari araa
wvrilfexa upovar muqTaxorebze, romlebic dRes
saxelmwifo Semweobas ixvewebian _ Zveli
tradicionalizmisaTvis bolos momRebi revoluciuri Zvrebi
axlac mTeli ZaliT mimdinareobs: _ esaa is gadatrialeba,
romelmac manufaqturuli sistemis Zveli formebi
daangria, romelTanac Sinaxelosnobas mxolod formaluri

52
naTesaobaRa gaaCnia. Tu rogor mimdinareobs es
garevolucionerebis procesi da ras warmoadgens igi,
Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia TvalsaCino gavxadoT (Tumc
es yvelaferi ukve cnobilia) erT konkretul magaliTze.
gasuli saukunis Sua periodamde, Semsyidvelis
cxovreba kontinentaluri safeiqro mrewvelobis 47)
zogierT dargSi mainc, Cveni dRevandeli gagebiT,
sakmaod uSfoTveli iyo. misi dineba daaxloebiT ase
SeiZleba warmovidginoT: Camodiodnen glexebi _
TavianTi (Tu es tilo iyo) xSirad ZiriTadad an mTlianad
sakuTari warmoebis nedleuli masalidan damzadebuli
qsovilebiT _ qalaqSi, sadac Semsyidvelni cxovrobdnen
da xarisxis guldasmiT, xSirad oficialuri Semowmebis
Semdeg iRebdnen dawesebul gasamrjelos. Soreul
manZilebze saqonlis gasaRebisaTvis SemsyidvelTa
muStrebi Suamavali vaWrebi iyvnen, romlebic aseve
Camodiodnen, saqonels nimuSebis mixedviT ki ara,
aramed odiTganve dawesebuli xarisxis mixedviT
yidulobdnen sawyobidan an kidev karga xniT adre
winaswar SekveTiT, am SemTxvevaSi ki SekveTa isev
da isev glexTan keTdeboda. muStrebTan piradad
Casvla, Tuki amas saerTod hqonda adgili, metad
iSviaTad xdeboda xangrZlivi periodis intervalebiT;
Cveulebisamebr kmayofildebodnen miwer-moweriT da
TandaTan sul ufro mometebulad, nimuSTa gadagzavniT.
kantoraSi gasatarebeli drois xangrZlivoba _ albaT sul
5-6 saaTi iyo dReSi, drogamoSvebiT gacilebiT naklebic
ki, magaliTad, savaWro kampaniebis periodSi, iq, sadac
msgavsi ram ewyoboda; _ mosaTmeni, cxovrebis
rigianad warmarTvisaTvis da xelsayrel periodebSi
mcire qonebis dasagrovebladac ki sakmarisi
anazRaureba, mTlianobaSi saqmiani principebis
TanxvdomiT ganpirobebuli konkurentTa SedarebiT meti
urTierTdaTmoba, "klubSi" yoveldRiuri laRad siaruli,
amasTan erTad garemoebaTa Sesabamisad, saRamos
kaTxa ludi, Sinauruli Tavyrilobebi da saerTodac
cxovrebis auCqarebeli tempi.

53
 es, yvela TvalsazrisiT, organizaciis "kapitalisturi"
forma iyo, Tuki davakvirdebiT mewarmeTa vaWrul-
saqmosnur Tvisebebs, agreTve kapitalis Cadebis
aucileblobis faqts, romelsac saqmeSi unda ebruna da
bolos aseve ekonomikuri midgomisa Tu sabuRaltro
xarjTaRricxvis wesis obieqtur mxares. oRond es iyo
"tradicionalisturi" meurneoba, Tuki im suliskveTebas
davakvirdebiT, romliTac mewarmeebi iyvnen
gamsWvalulni: cxovrebis tradiciul wess, mogebis
tradiciul raodenobas, Sromis tradiciul xangrZlivobas,
saqmis warmarTvisa da muSebTan da klientTa
arsebiTad tradiciul wresTan urTierTobis tradiciul formas,
muStris mopovebisa da saqonlis gasaRebis tradiciul
xerxebs eqvemdebareboda saqmis warmoeba, es edo
mewarmeTa am wris "eToss" safuZvlad.
erTxelac es simyudrove uecrad dairRva da Tanac
xSir SemTxvevebSi organizaciis formis principuli
cvlilebis _ vTqvaT, daxurul sawarmoze an meqanikur
dazgebze gadasvlis _ gareSe. rac moxda, ubralod iyo
is, rom romelime axalgazrda kaci, saqmis mewile
SemsyidvelTa ojaxidan, qalaqidan soflad gadadioda,
saWiroebisamebr mqsovelebs guldasmiT arCevda, maT
daqvemdebarebasa da kontrols TandaTan aZlierebda
da amgvarad maT glexobidan muSebad aqcevda;
meore mxriv ki, man saqonlis gasaReba, sacalo
vaWroba, bolo xelze SeZlebisdagvarad pirdapiri gasvlis
gziT, mTlianad Tavis xelSi aiRo, klienturisTvis Tavadve
ibrZoda, yovelwliurad sistematurad maTTan Cadioda,
da rac yvelaze mTavaria, produqciis xarisxs maT
moTxovnilebebsa da survilebs usadagebda, maTi
"gemovnebis Sesaferiss" xdida da amasTan erTad
principis _ "dabali fasi, maRali mogeba" _
ganxorcielebas iwyebda. amis Semdeg ganmeorda is,
rac yvelgan da yovelTvis amgvari "racionalizaciis"
procesis Sedegs warmoadgenda: visac aRmasvla ar
SeeZlo, daRmasvla ewera. idilia daamsxvria
konkurentTa axaldawyebulma brZolam; solidur

54
qonebas Soulobdnen da vaxSze ki ar debdnen, aramed
kvlav da kvlav saqmeSi axdendnen mis investirebas;
Zveli myudro uSfoTveli yofa sastikma sifxizlem
gandevna maT Soris, vinc cvlilibebs ahyva da win
wavida, vinaidan maT xarjva ki ara, aramed mogeba
surdaT da maT Sorisac, vinc Zveleburi wesis erTguli
darCa, radgan axla meti momWirneoba marTebdaT
48). amasTan erTad, rac yvelaze mTavaria, msgavs
SemTxvevebSi rogorc wesi, axali fulis modineba ki ar
iwvevda amgvar gadatrialebas _ CemTvis cnobilia
SemTxvevebi, roca sul ramodenime, naTesavebisgan
nasesxebi aTasiT biZgi mieca revolucionirebis mTel
process _, aramed axali suliskveTeba, swored
"Tanamedrove kapitalizmis suliskveTeba", romelic
saqmeSi iyo CarTuli. kiTxva Tanamedrove kapitalizmis
eqspansiis mamoZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi
kapitalisturi wesiT asaTvisebeli fuladi resursebis
wyaroze ki ar daiyvaneba, aramed kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis Camoyalibebaze. sadac ki igi
gamococxldeba da aRwevs zemoqmedebas, is kidec
Soulobs fulad resursebs rogorc Tavisi qmedebis
saSualebas, magram ara piriqiT 49). oRond misi
Semosvla mSvidobiani sulac ar yofila. undoblobis,
zogjer siZulvilis da rac mTavaria, moraluri ganrisxebis
niaRvari azvirTdeboda rogorc wesi, pirveli axlis
Semoqmedis winaaRmdeg, xSirad iwyeboda _ CemTvis
mravali msgavsi SemTxvevaa cnobili _ namdvili
legendebis SeTxzva misi warsuli cxovrebis idumalebiT
mosil Crdilovan momentebze. aravinaa imdenad
gulubryvilo, rom ver SeamCnios is, rom swored "axali
stilis" aseTi mewarmis dacva fxizeli TavSekavebulobis
dakargvisa da moraluri Tu ekonomikuri kraxisagan
mxolod xasiaTis iSviaT simtkices SeuZlia, rom
gamWriaxobisa da SemarTebis garda uwinaresad
sruliad gansakuTrebuli da aSkarad gamokveTili
"eTikuri" Tvisebebia, romlebic amgvari siaxleebis
danergvisas mas muStrebisa da muSebis esoden

55
aucilebel ndobas moapovebinebs da uTvalavi
dabrkolebis gadasalaxavad gamZleobas unarCunebs,
da rac mTavaria, gacilebiT ufro intensiuri Sromis
nayofiereba, mewarmes rom moeTxoveba da romelic
SeuTavsebelia cxovrebiT uSfoTvel tkbobasTan _
yovelive SesaZlebeli gaxades specifikurad sxva tipis
eTikurma Tvisebebma, ase gansxvavebulma im
TvisebaTagan, warsulis tradicionalizmis adekvaturi rom
iyo.
rogorc wesi, TavzexelaRebulma da unamuso
spekulantebma, ekonomikis avantiuristebma,
ekonomikis istoriis yvela epoqaSi rom gvxvdebian, an
ubralod "didi fulis patronebma" ki ar moaxdines
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi am axali suliskveTebis
damkvidrebisaTvis garegnulad TiTqos SeumCneveli,
magram mainc ase gadamwyveti Semobruneba,
aramed cxovrebis usastikes skolaSi gamozrdilma,
erTdroulad windaxedulma da gabedulma, pirvel yovlisa
fxizelma da Seudrekelma, sakuTari saqmisaTvis
mtkiced da bolomde Tavgadadebulma, mkacri
burJuaziuli TvalTaxedvisa da "principebis" erTgulma
xalxma.
kacma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom am pirovnul moralur
Tvisebebs garkveul eTikur normebTan an sulac religiur
mosazrebebTan TavisTavad sruliad araferi aqvT saerTo,
rom am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaTvis raRac
arsebiTad negatiuri, kerZod, SemorCenil tradiciaTagan
gaTavisuflebis unaria saWiro anu umal liberaluri
"ganmanaTlebloba" SeiZleboda yofiliyo cxovrebis
saqmianad warmarTvis amgvari wesis adekvaturi
safuZveli. da marTlac dReisaTvis saqmis viTareba
swored aseTia. cxovrebis wess aramcTu sistematurad
aklia religiur sawyisebTan yovelgvari kavSiri, aramed
sadac ki arsebobs kavSiri, is mudam (yovel
SemTxvevaSi germaniaSi mainc) negatiuri xasiaTisaa.
amgvari "kapitalisturi suliskveTebiT" gamsWvaluli
pirovnebebi dResdReobiT eklesiisadmi Tu mtrulad

56
ganwyobilni ara, mis mimarT indiferentulni mainc
arian. samoTxis ubiwo mowyenilobis idea maTi
qmediTxalisiani bunebisaTvis naklebad macdunebelia,
religia maT adamianis amqveyniuri saqmianobis
niadagidan mowyvetis saSualebad evlinebaT. Tuki maT
Tavadve SevekiTxebodiT mogebis daucxromeli devnis
"sazrisis" Taobaze, sakuTari qonebiT gaxareba rom ar
uweria, da amitomac cxovrebaze swored
amqveyniurad orientirebulobisas ase uazrod SeiZleba
mogveCvenos, isini albaT, Tuki pasuxi saerTod
moeZebnebaT, gvipasuxebdnen, rom "Svilebze da
SviliSvilebze zrunva" amoZravebT, ufro xSirad _
(vinaidan es motivi xom namdvilad mxolod maTTvis
niSandoblivi ki ara, aramed "tradicionalistebisTvisac"
aranakleb damaxasiaTebelia) _ da ufro sworad ki
pasuxi sul ubralod isaa, rom saqme, Tavisi
gamudmebuli SromiT, maTTvis "sasicocxlo
aucileblobadaa" qceuli. esaa sinamdvileSi erTaderTi
zusti motivireba da igi gamoxatavs, pirovnuli
bednierebis TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT, imgvari
cxovrebis wesis mTel iracionalobas, roca adamiania
Tavisi saqmisTvis gaCenili da ara piriqiT. TavisTavad
cxadia, garkveul rols TamaSobs ltolva Zalauflebisa da
pativisadmi, rac sul ubralod TavisTavad qonebis flobis
faqts mosdevs: sadac mTeli eris fantazia, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, mTlianad wmindad
raodenobrivad didzea mimarTuli, iq, vaWarTa Soris
"poetTaTvis" amgvar ricxvTa romantikas
momakvdinebeli xibli aqvs. magram rogorc wesi,
WeSmaritad wamyvani da ucvlelad warmatebuli
mewarmeebi sulac ar arian isini, vinc Tavs amgvar
tyveobaSi igdebs. rac Seexeba sagvareulo adgil-
mamulisa da naboZebi aznauriSvilobis myudro
navsayudelis Ziebas sakuTar vaJebTan erTad, romelTa
daxvewil manerebs universitetsa Tu oficerTa korpusSi
maTi WeSmariti warmomavloba daviwyebas unda
miecaT, rac germanuli kapitalizmis aRzevebul mdabio

57
ojaxiSvilTa Cveul biografiad iqca, dekadansis epigonur
nayofs warmoadgens. kapitalisturi mewarmis "idealur
tips" 50), rogorsac calkeuli gamorCeuli magaliTis saxiT
CvenSic vxvdebiT, arc amaze ufro tlanq da arc amaze
ufro daxvewil yoyoCobasTan aqvs rame saerTo. igi
gaurbis saqveynod kudabzikobasa da usargeblo
mflangvelobas, iseve, rogorc sakuTari ZalauflebiT
gacnobierebul tkbobas da misTvis umal sauxerxulo
sazogadoebrivi pativiscemis im garegnul
gamovlinebebs, rasac mas miageben. misi cxovrebis
wesi, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ da mogvianebiT
saWiro iqneba am CvenTvis metad sagulisxmo
movlenis swored istoriul mniSvnelobas SevexoT _
erTgvar asketur anabeWds atarebs, rac ase naTlad
gamoikveTa adre citirebul frankliniseul "qadagebaSi".
nelTbili Tavmdablobis karga didi doziT gamovlinebas
masTan iSviaTad ki ara, umal sakmaod xSirad
vxvdebiT, rac arsebiTad imaze ufro gulwrfelia, vidre
franklinis mier ase brZnulad rekomendirebuli
TavdaWeriloba. mas Tavisi simdidridan sakuTari
pirovnebisaTvis "araferi gaaCnia" garda "mowodebis
aRsrulebis" iracionaluri gancdisa.
arada swored esaa is, rac kapitalizmamdel
adamians esoden gaugebrad da amoucnobad, esoden
binZurad da gulis amrevad eCveneba. vinmem Tavisi
cxovrebis manZilze Sromis miznad uzarmazari
materialuri dovlaTiT, fuliTa da qonebiT saflavSi Casvlis
idea rom gaixados, misTvis es mxolod "auri sacra
fames"-is gadagvarebuli midrekilebis nayofi iqneba.
axlandel droSi Cveni politikuri,
kerZosamarTlebrivi da sakomunikacio institutebis,
sawarmoo formebisa da Cveni meurneobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT,
kapitalizmis "suliskveTeba" SeiZleboda gaazrebuliyo
rogorc Semgueblobis wminda produqti. kapitalisturi
meurneobis wyoba Tavgadadebas iTxovs fulis Sovnis
"mowodebisaTvis": esaa garegani sikeTeebis mimarT

58
erTgvari qcevis wesi, romelic imdenad adekvaturia
mocemuli struqturisa, imdenad mijaWvulia
gamarjvebis winapirobebze arsebobisaTvis ekonomikur
brZolaSi, rom am zemoxsenebuli "qrematistuli"
(bazarze orientirebuli kapitalisturi tipis meurneoba _
mTargmn.) cxovrebis wesis nebismier erTian
"msoflmxedvelobasTan" aucilebel kavSirze dRes
saubaric ki ar SeiZleba. mas ukve aRar esaWiroeba
romelime religiuri Zalis sanqciaze dayrdnoba da
saeklesio normebis mxridan sameurneo cxovrebaze
zegavlenis moxdenis mcdelobas, ramdenadac es
principSi jer kidev SeiZleba sagrZnobi iyos, aRiqvams
dabrkolebad da saxelmwifos mxridan reglamentirebad.
amis Semdeg ki savaWro-politikur da social-politikur
interesTa ganlageba "msoflmxedvelobas"
gansazRvravs. vinc Tavis cxovrebis wess kapitalisturi
warmatebis moTxovnebs ar moargebs, Zirs eSveba an
win ver midis. oRond es im epoqis movlenebia, roca
Tanamedrove kapitalizmi gamarjvebas aRwevs, Zveli
sayrdenebisgan Tavisufldeba. iseve, rogorc odesRac
man Camoyalibebis gzaze damdgar Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo ZalauflebasTan erTad meurneobis
regulirebis Suasaukuneobrivi formebi daamsxvria,
igive SeiZleboda gveTqva _ am etapze mxolod
savaraudod _ mis damokidebulebaze religiuri Zalebis
mimarT. hqonda Tu ara amas adgili da Tu hqonda,
mainc ra saxiT, esaa swored aq gamosakvlevi.
vinaidan zedmetia imis mtkiceba, rom fulis mogebis,
rogorc adamianisTvis movaleobad qceuli TviTmiznis,
rogorc "mowodebis" gaazreba mTeli epoqebis zneobriv
mosazrebebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. kanonikur
samarTalSi gadasuli, im droisaTvis (iseve rogorc
mevaxSeobis Sesaxeb 51) adgili saxarebidan)
WeSmaritad miCneuli fraza "Deo placere vix potest"
(RmerTisaTvis es nakleb sasurveli iqneboda), vaWris
saqmianobas rom Seexeboda, Toma akvinelis mier
mogebisaken miswrafebis turpitudo-d (Tavis

59
Sercxvena) gamocxadeba (rac TviT gardauval da
amdenad eTikurad nebadarTul mogebis miRebasac ki
gulisxmobda), radikalurad antiqrematistulad
ganwyobili sakmaod farTo wreebis sapirispirod, ukve
sagrZnob daTmobas niSnavda kaTolikuri doqtrinis
mxridan eklesiasTan politikurad ase mWidrod
dakavSirebuli italiis qalaqebis 52) finansuri Zalebis
interesebis mimarT. da iqac ki, sadac doqtrina kidev
ufro metad ganicdida akomodacias (Seguebas _
mTargmn.), rogorc vTqvaT, antonin florencielTan,
mainc arasodes ar qreboda imis gancda, rom
mogebaze, rogorc TviTmizanze, mimarTuli saqmianoba
principSi pudendum-s (samarcxvinos) warmoadgens,
ris moTmenasac imTaviTve mocemuli cxovrebiseuli
wesrigi gvaiZulebs. imJamindeli calkeuli eTikosebi,
pirvel rigSi nominalisturi skolis warmomadgenlebi,
kapitalisturi saqmianobis formebis ganviTarebul
wanamZRvrebs iRebdnen, rogorc mocemulobas, da
cdilobdnen isini dasaSvebad, vaWroba saWirod, masSi
gamJRavnebuli "industria" (Sromismoyvareoba) ki
legitimuri mogebis wyarod da eTikurad misaRebad
warmoeCinaT; gabatonebuli moZRvreba ki kapitalisturi
mogebis "suliskveTebas" _ garkveul winaaRmdegobaTa
TanxlebiT _ uarhyofda rogorc turpitudo-s an saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi mas eTikuri TvalsazrisiT dadebiTad ver
afasebda. imgvari "zneobrivi" TvalTaxedva, rogoric
vTqvaT, benjamin frankliniseulia, ubralod,
warmoudgeneli iqneboda. es iyo, pirvel rigSi, Tavad
movlenebis monawile kapitalisturi wreebis Tvalsazrisi:
maTi saqmianoba, Tuki isini eklesiuri tradiciis
safuZvelze idgnen, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, raRac
zneobrivad indiferentul, mosaTmen fenomens
warmoadgenda, magram Tundac ukve eklesiis mier
vaxSis akrZalvasTan Sejaxebis mudmivi safrTxis gamo,
sulis xsnisaTvis metad saeWvos; rogorc wyaroebi
mowmoben, uzarmazari Tanxebi miedineboda "sindisis
dasamSvidebeli fulis" saxiT mdidari xalxis sikvdilis

60
Semdeg saeklesio institutebSi da garkveul
SemTxvevebSi ubrundeboda isini uwindel movaleebs
rogorc maTgan usamarTlod aRebuli "usura"
(procentebi). sxvagvari mdgomareoba iyo _ eretikuli da
saeWvod miCneuli mimarTulebebis gverdiT _ mxolod
tradiciisagan ukve Sinaganad gaTavisuflebul patriciul
wreebSi. oRond skeptikurad ganwyobili da araeklesiuri
adamianebic ki cdilobdnen garkveuli Tanxebis
meSveobiT yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis eklesiasTan
morigebas, radgan sikvdilis Semdeg gaurkveveli
mdgomareobisagan Tavis dazRvevisaTvis ase sjobda
da radgan (metad gavrcelebuli ufro Serbilebuli
mosazrebis Tanaxmad) sulis cxonebisaTvis sakmarisi
iyo eklesiis moTxovnebisadmi garegnuli morCileba 53).
swored aq iCens Tavs is zneobis miRmuri an sulac
zneobis sawinaaRmdego ram, rac Tavad movlenaTa
monawileebis azriT, maT saqmianobas axlavs. mainc
rogor warmoiqmna amgvari, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
zneobrivad dasaSvebad miCneuli moRvaweobidan
"mowodeba" benjamin frankliniseuli gagebiT? mainc
rogor SeiZleba istoriuli TvalsazrisiT aixsnas is faqti,
rom imJamindeli samyaros kapitalisturi ganviTarebis
centrSi, florenciaSi, XIV da XV saukuneebSi, yvela
zesaxelmwifos fulisa da kapitalis bazarze is, rac
zneobrivad saCoTirod an saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi
mosaTmenad iTvleboda, swored is iTvleboda
zneobrivad sanaqebo, naqadagebi cxovrebis wesis
Sinaarsad XVIII saukunis miyruebul provinciul-
wvrilburJuaziul pensilvaniaSi, sadac elementarulad fulis
deficitis gamo dauZlurebul meurneobas erTTavad
naturalur aReb-micemobamde daSveba emuqreboda,
sadac SedarebiT mozrdili samrewvelo sawarmoebis
kvalic ki ar Canda da bankebis mxolod Canasaxobrivi
sawyisebi Tu iyo SesamCnevi? _ aq saubari
"materialuri" pirobebis "idealur zednaSenSi" "arekvlis"
Sesaxeb wminda wylis uazroba iqneboda. _ da mainc
ideaTa romeli wridan warmodga garegnulad wmindad

61
mogebaze mimarTuli moRvaweobis mikuTvneba
"mowodebis" kategoriisaTvis, romlis winaSec calkeuli
pirovneba sakuTar movaleobas grZnobs? vinaidan es
idea iyo swored, romelic "axali stilis" mewarmis
cxovrebis wess eTikur safuZvelsa da sayrdens
uqmnida.
Tanamedrove meuneobis ZiriTad motivad
sazogadod "ekonomikur racionalizms" asaxeleben,
aseve iqceva saxeldobr zombartic Tavis xSir
SemTxvevebSi esoden iRblian da marjve msjelobaSi.
es usaTuod savsebiT gamarTlebulia, Tuki amiT Sromis
nayofierebis imgvari gafarToeba igulisxmeba, rac
warmoebis procesis mecnierulad danawevrebis gziT,
adamianuri arsebis bunebrivad mocemul "organul"
zRvrebze am procesis mijaWvulobas moxsnis.
teqnikisa da ekonomikis sferoSi racionalizebis es
procesi udaod ganapirobebs Tanamedrove burJuaziuli
sazogadoebis "cxovrebis idealebis" mniSvnelovan
nawils: kacobriobis materialuri dovlaTiT uzrunvelyofis
racionalurad warmarTvis samsaxurSi moRvaweoba
"kapitalisturi suliskveTebis" matarebelT uTuod mTeli
maTi cxovrebis saqmianobis ganmsazRvrel miznad
esaxebodaT. sakmarisia magaliTad, filadelfiis
komunaluri meurneobis (improvements) samsaxurSi
gaweuli sakuTari Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb frankliniseuli
monaTxrobis wakiTxva, raTa es TavisTavad cxadi
WeSmariteba xelSesaxebad naTeli gaxdes. sixaruli da
siamaye, mraval adamians "samuSao rom misca",
mSobliuri qalaqis ekonomikur "ayvavebaSi"
monawileoba rom miiRo, sityvis im, mosaxleobisa da
vaWrobis mzard raodenobriobaze orientirebuli
mniSvnelobiT, kapitalizmi rom debs masSi, _
warmoadgens swored Tanamedrove mewarmeobis
specifikur da udaod "idealisturad" gagebuli cxovrebis
sixarulis arss. bunebrivia, kapitalisturi kerZo
meurneobis aseve erT-erTi fundamenturi
TvisebaTagania isic, rom igi mkacrad gamoTvliTi

62
angariSis safuZvelze axdens racionalizebas,
gegmazomierad da fxizlad miemarTeba sawadeli
ekonomikuri warmatebisaken, gansxvavebiT glexis,
mxolod dRevandeli dRiT cxovrebis wesisagan, Zveli
yaidis amqris ostatis privilegirebuli rutinisagan da
"avantiuristuli kapitalizmisagan", politikur iRblianobaze
da iracionalur aReb-micemobaze rom iyo orientirebuli.
amrigad, iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos
"kapitalisturi suliskveTebis" ganviTareba yvelaze
martivad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas, rogorc racionalizmis
erTiani ganviTarebis nawilobrivi gamovlineba da igi
gamoyvanili unda iqnas sicocxlis saboloo problemaTa
mimarT racionalizmis principuli midgomidan. am
SemTxvevaSi protestantizmi mxolod imdenad
iqneboda istoriuli TvalsazrisiT gaTvaliswinebuli,
ramdenadac man garkveuli roli iTamaSa, rogorc
wminda racionalisturi msoflaRqmis "winamorbedma".
arada pirvelive seriozuli mcdeloba aCvenebs, rom
problemis amgvari gamartivebuli dayeneba Tundac
imitomac ar SeiZleba, rom racionalizmis istoria
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar avlens cxovrebis erT calkeul
sferoSi paralelurad mimdinare ganviTarebas. kerZo
samarTlis racionalizeba, magaliTad, Tuki mas mTeli
samarTlis masalis cnebiT gamartivebad da
danawevrebad gaviazrebT, dRemde Tavisi umaRlesi
formiT gvian antikur epoqaSi romaul samarTalSia
miRweuli; igi yvelaze CamorCenili rCeboda
ramodenime, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
racionalizebul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT inglisSi, sadac
romauli samarTlis renesansi Tavis droze iuristTa didi
amqris Zlevamosilebam moaSTo, maSin, rodesac misi
batonoba grZeldeboda samxreT evropis kaTolikur
regionebSi. wminda amqveyniur racionalur filosofias
XVIII saukuneSi Tavisi adgilsamyofeli sulac ar upovia
mxolod an Tundac upiratesad kapitalisturi TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi. volterianizmi
dResac ki swored romanul-kaTolikur qveynebSi

63
warmoadgens maRali da _ rac praqtikulad kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania _ saSualo fenebis erTobliv
monapovars. Tuki "praqtikul racionalizmad"
moviazrebT cxovrebis imgvar wess, romelic samyaros
Segnebulad daiyvans calkeuli me-s amqveyniur
interesebze da aqedan axdens gansjas, aseTi
cxovrebis stili adrec da axlac "liberum arbitrium"
(Tavisufali nebis) xalxTa sruliad tipiur Taviseburebas
warmoadgens, rogorc esa aqvs italielsa Tu frangs
sisxlsa da xorcSi gamjdari; da Cven ukve SesaZlebloba
gvqonda davrwmunebuliyaviT, rom es aranairad araa
is niadagi, romelzec aRmocenda adamianis
damokidebuleba misi "xelobis", rogorc misiis mimarT,
ragvaradac es kapitalizms esaWiroeba. cxovrebis
"racionalizeba" marTlac gansxvavebuli da sruliad
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTaa SesaZlebeli; es martivi
debuleba, romelic xSirad aviwydebaT, "racionalizmis"
Sesaxeb nebismier gamokvlevas unda hqondes
wamZRvarebuli. "racionalizmi" istoriuli cnebaa, romelic
winaaRmdegobaTa mTel samyaros moicavs Tavis TavSi
da Cveni gamosakvlevia, Tu romeli sulieri mimarTulebis
pirmSoa "racionaluri" azrovnebisa da cxovrebis is
konkretuli forma, romlidanac "profesiis" idea da
profesionaluri saqmianobisaTvis _ rogorc vnaxeT,
calkeuli individis wminda evdemonisturi interesebis
TvalsazrisiT esoden iracionaluri _ Tavis imgvari
gadadeba aRmocenda, rac Cveni kapitalisturi kulturis
erT-erTi arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo da dRemde
aris. Cven aq swored im iracionaluri elementis
warmomavloba gvainteresebs, romelic rogorc am, ise
"mowodebis" yovel nebismier cnebaSia Cadebuli.

udaod TvalSisacemia, rom germanul sityvaSi

"Beruf" iseve, rogorc albaT kidev ufro gamokveTilad

64
inglisur "calling"-Si SeparviT gaiJRerebs RvTis mier
dasmuli amocanis religiuri warmodgena, da rac ufro
mkveTrad davsvamT konkretul SemTxvevaSi maxvils
am sityvaze, miT ufro sagrZnobi iqneba es. da Tuki am
sityvas istoriisa da kulturul enaTa fonze davakvirdebiT,
davinaxavT, rom upiratesad kaTolikuri erebi iseve
naklebad icnoben imis msgavsi Seferilobis
gamoTqmas, rasac Cven "Beruf" -s vuwodebT
(cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobis gagebiT, SemosazRvrul
Sromis sferos), rogorc antikuroba 54); maSin, rodesac
igi aqvs yvela upiratesad protestantul ers. garda
amisa, naTeli xdeba isic, rom xsenebul enaTa ara raRac
eTnikurad ganpirobebuli Tavisebureba, vTqvaT,
"germanikuli erovnuli sulis" gamoxatulebaa amaSi
CarTuli, aramed es sityva Tavisi dRevandeli
mniSvnelobiT bibliis Targmanidan, Tanac kerZod
mTargmnelTa da ara dednis suliskveTebidan
momdinareobs 55). luTeriseuli bibliis Targmanis ieso
ziraqis Zis (zir. 2: 20, 21) erT pasaJSi igi mTlianad
Cveni dRevandeli gagebiT Cans gamoyenebuli 56).
man yvela protestantuli xalxis saero enaSi Zalian
swrafad SeiZina Tavisi dRevandeli mniSvneloba,
maSin, rodesac manamde saero literaturaSi sityvis
amgvar mniSvnelobaze miniSnebac ki arsad Cans da
asevea mqadageblur literaturaSic; ramdenadac
CvenTvis naTelia, gamonakliss SeiZleba mxolod erTi
mistikosi warmoadgendes, romlis gavlena luTerze
cnobilia.
da rogorc sityvis mniSvneloba, ise ideac (rac
albaT cnobili unda iyos) axalia da reformaciis nayofs
warmoadgens. saqme ise ki ar unda warmovidginoT,
TiTqos yoveldRiuri saero Sromis Sefasebis garkveuli
elementebi, xelobis am cnebaSi romaa Cadebuli, ukve
SuasaukuneebSi da miT umetes (gvianelinistur)
antikurobaSi ar arsebobda: _ amaze mogvianebiT
iqneba saubari. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sruliad axalia erTi
ram: saero profesiaTa farglebSi movaleobis aRsrulebis,

65
rogorc im umaRlesi Sinaarsis Sefaseba, rac saerTod
zneobrivma TviTdasaqmebam SeiZleba SeiZinos.
swored es iyo is, rac saero yoveldRiuri Sromis religiuri
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb warmodgenas ucilobel Sedegad
mohyva da ramac gamoiwvia am gagebiT pirvelad
profesiis cnebis Seqmna. amrigad, cnebaSi "Beruf"
gamoxatulebas poulobs yvela protestantuli
aRmsareblobis is centraluri dogma, romelic uarhyofs
qristianuli zneobis mcnebaTa kaTolikur gamijvnas
"praecepta"-d (mcnebebad) da "consilia" (rCevebad)
da romelic RvTisaTvis sasurveli cxovrebis erTaderT
gzas ara saero zneobriobis bermonazvnuri askeziT
dajabnaSi, aramed saero movaleobaTa imgvarad
aRsrulebaSi xedavs, rogorc isini calkeul adamians
ganesazRvreba cxovrebaSi misi mdgomareobis
Sesabamisad da rac, aqedan gamomdinare, mis
"profesiul mowodebad" iqceva.
luTerTan 57) es idea ganviTarebas poulobs misi
reformatoruli moRvaweobis pirvel aTwleulSi.
Tavdapirvelad misTvis saero saqmianoba, gabatonebuli
Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciis, (rogorc igi, magaliTad,
Toma akvinelTanaa warmodgenili) 58), Sesabamisad,
marTalia, RvTisTvis sasurvel, magram mainc
xelTqmnils warmoadgens, is, Wama-smis msgavsad
zneobrivad TavisTavad indiferentuli, religiuri cxovrebis
ucilobeli bunebrivi safuZvelia 59). magram "sola-fide"-
s (xsna mxolod rwmeniT) ideis sul ufro gamokveTilad
Tanmimdevrulad gatarebasTan da amiT gamowveul,
sul ufro mkveTrad xazgasmul dapirispirebasTan erTad
"eSmakis mier nakarnaxevi" berobis kaTolikuri
"evangelisturi rCeva-darigebebis" mimarT, izrdeba
profesiuli mowodebis mniSvnelobac. beruli cxovrebis
wesi ukve ara mxolod RvTis winaSe Tavis
gamarTlebisTvis aRmoCndeba aSkarad sruliad
gamousadegari, aramed is luTerisaTvis amavdroulad
egoisturi, cxovrebiseuli movaleobebisadmi Tavaridebuli
gulcivobis nayofia. amis sawinaaRmdegod saero

66
profesiuli saqmianoba warmodgenilia rogorc
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis garegnuli gamoxatuleba da
amis dasabuTeba xdeba amqveyniurobas sruliad
mowyvetili formiT da adam smitiseuli cnobili frazebis
mimarT TiTqmis groteskuli dapirispirebiT 60),
gansakuTrebiT ki imaze miniSnebiT, rom Sromis
danawileba calkeul adamians aiZulebs sxvebisaTvis
iSromos. oRond es, Tavisi arsiT aSkarad sqolastikuri
dasabuTeba, maleve qreba da rCeba sul ufro mkveTrad
aqcentirebuli miTiTeba imaze, rom saero movaleobaTa
Sesruleba yvela SemTxvevaSi RvTis erTaderTi
saamebeli gzaa, rom is da mxolod is warmoadgens
RvTis nebas, ris gamoc yoveli nebadarTuli profesia
RvTis winaSe Tanabrad Rirebulia. 61)
saero profesiuli saqmianobis zneobrivi
kvalifikacia rom reformaciisa da kerZod luTeris yvelaze
mZime Sedegebis mqone naRvaws warmoadgens,
marTlac, eWvs gareSea da truizmadac ki SeiZleba
CaiTvalos 62). usazRvrod daSorebulia es Tvalsazrisi im
ukiduresi siZulvilisgan, romliTac paskaliseuli
mWvretelobiTi suliskveTeba saero cxovrebaSi
moRvaweobis, misi Rrma rwmeniT mxolod
pativmoyvareobiT an cbierebiT rom aixsneba,
dafasebas uarhyofs 63), _ da kidev ufro Sordeba igi
samyaros imgvar laR utilitaristul morgebulobas,
rogoric iezuiturma probabilizmma daamkvidra.
magram Tu rogor SeiZleba protestantizmis am
naRvawis praqtikuli mniSvnelobis konkretulad
warmodgena, es sazogadod umal ufro yrud aRiqmeba,
vidre naTlad Seicnoba.
albaT imis aRniSvnac ki zedmetia, rom
dauSvebelia "kapitalistur suliskveTebasTan" im
mniSvnelobiT, rasac Cven am sityvas vukavSirebT _ an
saerTodac nebismieri mniSvnelobiT _ luTeris ideaTa
Sinagan siaxloveze saubari. is saeklesio wreebic ki,
romlebic yvelaze TavgamodebiT asxamen xotbas
reformaciis "saqmes", mTlianobaSi DdRes aranairad ar

67
gvevlinebian kapitalizmis mokeTeebad nebismieri
mniSvnelobiT. luTeri ueWvelad mkveTrad
gaemijneboda yovelgvar naTesaobas miT umetes,
imgvar TvalTaxedvasTan, franklinTan rom iCens Tavs.
bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi ar unda moviSvelioT
didvaWrebTan, fugerebTan 64) da sxv. dakavSirebiT
misi Civili, rogorc maxasiaTebeli simptomi. vinaidan
XVI-XVII saukuneebSi calkeuli msxvili savaWro
kompaniebis samarTlebrivad an faqtobrivad
privilegirebuli mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg brZola
SeiZleba trestebis winaaRmdeg gaCaRebul
Tanamedrove laSqrobas SevadaroT da es brZola iseve
naklebad warmoadgens tradicionalisturi TvalTaxedvis
gamoxatulebas, rogorc xsenebuli laSqroba. am
kompaniaTa winaaRmdeg, lombardielTa, "trapezitTa"
winaaRmdeg, anglikanuri eklesiis, mefeebisa da
parlamentebis mfarvelobis qveS myofi monopolistebis,
msxvili spekulantebisa da bankirebis winaaRmdeg
inglissa da safrangeTSi gaafTrebiT ibrZodnen
puritanebic da hugenotebic 65). kromveli dunbaris
brZolis Semdeg (1650 wlis seqtemberi) grZel
parlaments swerda: "gTxovT, SewyvitoT xelobaTa
borotad gamoyeneba, da Tu erT-erTi iseTia, romelic
mravals aRatakebs, raTa TiTo-orola gaamdidros, es
sazogadoebas ar waadgeba" _ meore mxriv, amis
sapirispirod masTan sruliad specifikuri "kapitalisturi"
suliT aRvsil azrebsac vpoulobT 66). amis sanacvlod,
sruliad araorazrovnad iCens Tavs mevaxSeobisa da,
sazogadod, sargeblis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
mravalricxovan luTeriseul gamonaTqvamebSi misi,
gviansqolastikasTan SedarebiT (kapitalisturi
TvalsazrisiT) pirdapir "CamorCenili" warmodgena
kapitalisturi momxveWelobis arsis Sesaxeb 67). udaod
am rigs ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, ukve antonin
florencielTan daZleuli argumenti fulis araproduqtiulobis
Sesaxeb. magram aq aRar gvWirdeba calkeul
wvrilmanebSi CaZieba, _ vinaidan naTelia, rom

68
religiurad gagebul "profesiuli mowodebis" ideas unari
Seswevda Tavisi SedegebiT saero cxovrebisaTvis
sxvadasxvagvari formacvlili saxe mieca. _ reformaciis,
rogorc aseTis, damsaxureba Tavdapirvelad imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom kaTolikuri Tvalsazrisis
sapirispirod, profesiulad mowesrigebuli saero
saqmianobis zneobrivi dafaseba da religiuri sazRauri
uzomod gaizarda. Tu rogor ganviTarda SemdgomSi
"mowodebis" idea, romelSic am garemoebam hpova
asaxva, damokidebuli Seiqna RvTismosaobisaTvis ufro
konkretuli gamokveTilobis miniWebaze, rogorc es
calkeul reformaciul eklesiebSi ganxorcielda. bibliis
avtoriteti, saidanac luTeris rwmeniT, mowodebis idea
momdinareobda, TavisTavad mTlianobaSi umal
tradicionalisturi TvalTaxedvis sayrdenad
gamodgeboda. kerZod, Zvelma aRTqmam, romelic
saero zneobriobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas
namdvil winaswarmetyvelebaSi sruliad ar icnobda da
saerTodac am movlenas mxolod danawevrebuli
rudimentebisa da elementebis saxiT Seicavda,
Camoayaliba absoluturad msgavsi religiuri idea im
mkacri gagebiT, rom nebismieri adamiani ar unda
gacdenoda Tavisi "sazrdos" mopovebis farglebs da
mxolod uRmerToTaTvis miendo mogebisaken swrafva:
esaa yvela im pasaJis azri, romlebic uSualod Seexeba
saero saqmianobas. mxolod Talmudi dgas nawilobriv _
magram ara principulad _ sxva safuZvelze. iesos piradi
pozicia tipiuri antikur-orientaluri TxovniT: "puri Cveni
arsobisa mogvec Cven dRes" klasikuri siwmindiTaa
aRbeWdili da ama soflis radikaluri uaryofis elementi,
gaJRerebuli frazaSi "",
imTaviTve gamoricxavs pirovnulad masTan profesiuli
mowodebis Tanamedrove ideis yovelgvar uSualo
dakavSirebas 68). axal aRTqmaSi gacxadebuli
qristianobis samociqulo era, gansakuTrebiT ki
pavleseuli, saero profesiuli saqmianobisadmi an sruliad
indiferentulia an, ZiriTadad, tradicionalisturadaa

69
ganwyobili im esqatologiuri molodinis wyalobiT,
romliTac aRvsilni iyvnen qristianTa pirveli Taobebi: raki
uflis mosvlas yvela elodeba, upriania nebismieri
adamiani Tavis wodebaSi da saero saqmianobaSi
darCes, sadac mas ufliseuli "xmoba" miswvda da
iSromos ise, rogorc dRemde uSromia: amgvarad igi
TanamoZmeebs tvirTad ar daawveba, rogorc Rataki, _
da es yovelive xom isedac mxolod mcire xans gastans.
luTeri biblias gabatonebuli sazogado ganwyobis
saTvaleebiT kiTxulobda da es ganwyoba misi
ganviTarebis periodSi _ daaxloebiT 1518 wlidan 1530
wlamde _ ara mxolod tradicionalisturi rCeboda,
aramed sul ufro tradicionalisturi xdeboda69).
luTeris reformatoruli moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi
mis mier profesiis ZiriTadad xelTqmnilad Sefasebis
wyalobiT, saero saqmianobisadmi mociqul pavleseuli
esqatologiuri indiferentulobis, (rogorc es korinTelTa
mimarT I werilSia,7 gamoxatuli) 70), Sinaganad
monaTesave Tvalsazrisi sWarbobs: maradiuli netarebis
miRweva nebismieri wodebis farglebSia SesaZlebeli,
uazrobaa sicocxlis xanmokle yaribobis manZilze
profesiuli saqmianobis saxeobisaTvis didi wonis
miniWeba. xolo sakuTar moTxovnilebas aRmatebuli
materialuri mogebisaken swrafva, madlis naklebobis
simptomad da, vinaidan amis miRweva mxolod sxvaTa
xarjze Cans SesaZlebeli, pirdapir saZraxisadac ki unda
CaiTvalos 71). cxovrebis oromtrialSi sul ufro metad
CarTva xelixelCakidebuli aRmoCndeba profesiuli
saqmianobis mniSvnelobis sul ufro metad
dafasebasTan. magram amasTan erTad luTerisaTvis
calkeuli adamianis konkretuli profesia sul ufro da ufro
iqceva adamianisaTvis RvTis sagangebo brZanebad im
konkretuli funqciis aRsrulebisaTvis, RvTiurma
gangebam rom miuCina. da rodesac "fanatikosTa"
winaaRmdeg brZolebisa da glexTa janyis Semdeg
obieqturi istoriuli wesrigi, romelSic calkeuli adamiani
RvTis mieraa Cayenebuli, luTerisaTvis sul ufro metad

70
RvTiuri nebis pirdapir emanaciad iqceva 72), luTeri
Sesabamisi tradicionalisturi Seferilobis "bedisweris"
ideamde cxovrebis calkeul movlenebSic ki
providencialuri sawyisis sul ufro Zlierad gamokveTas
mihyavs: calkeuli adamiani principulad im profesiasa
da wodebaSi unda darCes, romelSic RmerTma miuCina
mas adgili da Tavisi miwieri swrafvebi cxovrebaSi
misTvis gankuTvnili adgilis farglebSi moaqcios. Tuki
ekonomikuri tradicionalizmi Tavdapirvelad pavleseuli
indiferentulobis Sedegs warmoadgenda, mogvianebiT
is gangebis sul ufro gamZafrebuli rwmenis nayofad
iqca 73), romelic RvTisadmi upirobo morCilebas 74)
mocemuli mdgomareobisadmi upirobo
daqvemdebarebulobasTan aigivebs. amrigad, luTers ar
miuRwevia profesiuli saqmianobis religiur sawyisebTan
Zireulad axali an saerTodac principul sayrdenze
dafuZnebuli SekavSirebisaTvis 75). moZRvrebis
siwminde, rogorc eklesiis erTaderTi ucilobeli kriteriumi,
rac 20-iani wlebis brZolebis Semdeg masTan sul ufro
Seuryevlad iqna ganmtkicebuli, ukve TavisTavad
aferxebda axali Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebas eTikur
sferoSi.
amgvarad darCa luTerTan profesiis cneba
tradicionalistur gagebaze damokidebuli 76). profesia
aris is, rac adamianma unda miiRos rogorc RvTiuri
ganCineba, romelsac igi unda "Seeguos": es tonaloba
afermkrTalebs meore, masTan aseve Camoyalibebul
azrs, rom profesiuli saqmianoba unda CaiTvalos RvTis
mier dasaxul amocanad 77). xolo orTodoqsuli
luTeranobis ganviTarebam am maxasiaTebels kidev
ufro gausva xazi. amrigad, raRac negatiuri anu saero
valdebulebaTa mimarT asketuri movaleobebis
upiratesobis ukugdeba, romelic erwymis zemdgomTa
mimarT morCilebisa da cxovrebaSi miCenili
adgilisadmi Seguebis qadagebas, warmoadgens am
SemTxvevaSi erTaderT eTikur miRwevas 78). _
luTeriseul yaidaze profesiis ideis gagebas, rogorc amas

71
Suasaukuneobrivi religiuri eTikis ganxilvisas kidev
gavaSuqebT, niadagi metwilad jer kidev germanel
mistikosTa mier Seumzadda, metadre taulerTan
sasuliero da saero profesiaTa gatolfasovnebisa da
asketuri rudunebis 79) tradiciul formaTa SedarebiT
dabali Sefasebis gziT adamianuri sulis mier RvTiuri
gonis eqstatur-mWvretelobiTi aRqmisaTvis erTaderTi
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWebis Sedegad.
luTeranoba, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, mistikasTan
SedarebiT ukan gadadgmuli nabijic ki aris,
ramdenadac luTerTan _ da kidev ufro metad mis
eklesiaSi _ racionaluri profesiuli eTikis fsiqologiuri
safuZvlebi mistikosebTan SedarebiT (romelTa
mosazrebani am punqtTan dakavSirebiT araerTgzis
mogvagonebs nawilobriv pietisturi, nawilobriv
kvakeruli mrwamsis fsiqologias 80), sakmaod meryevi
Seiqna da, kerZod, rogorc es kidev iqneba naCvenebi,
swored imitom, rom asketuri TviTdisciplinirebis faqtori,
rogorc sinergizmi, misTvis saeWvo gaxda da aqedan
gamomdinare, mis eklesiaSi sul ufro ukana planze
gadavida.
maSasadame luTeris gagebiT TavisTavad
"mowodebis" ideis mniSvneloba, rogorc aqamdec
SeiZleboda dagvenaxa, friad sadavod unda CaiTvalos
imisaTvis, rasac Cven viZiebT _ mxolod es unda
yofiliyo ukve aqve dadgenili 81). amiT aramc da aramc
ar gvinda imis Tqma, rom religiuri cxovrebis
axalmowyobis luTeriseul formas Cvens mier
gansaxilveli obieqtebisTvis raime praqtikuli
mniSvneloba ar gaaCndes. umal piriqiT. oRond es,
cxadia, ase uSualod ar gamomdinareobs saero
profesiis mimarT luTerisa da misi eklesiis poziciidan da
saerTodac ase iolad xelSesaxebi rodia, rogorc vTqvaT,
protestantizmis danarCen saxesxvaobebSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, CvenTvis upriania, davakvirdeT
protestantizmis imgvar formebs, romlebic
cxovrebiseuli praqtikisa da religiuri amosavali wertilis

72
urTierTmimarTebas ufro iolad avlenen, vidre
luTeranoba. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis istoriaSi
kalvinizmisa da protestantuli seqtebis TvalsaCino rolis
Sesaxeb ukve adreve iqna aRniSnuli. rogorc luTerma
cvinglisTan aRmoaCina miseulisgan gansxvavebuli
raRac "sxva suliskveTeba", imaves waawydnen misi
sulieri STamomavalni, kerZod, kalvinizmSi. xolo
kaTolicizmi ki dasabamidan dRemde swored kalvinizms
miiCnevda namdvil mowinaaRmdeged.
amas imTaviTve wminda politikuri mizezebi
aqvs: Tuki reformacia luTeris savsebiT pirovnuli religiuri
ganviTarebis gareSe warmoudgenelia da sulierad
mudam misi pirovnebiT ganisazRvreboda, kalvinizmis
gareSe mis saqmes mainc xangrZlivoba ar ewera. _
magram kaTolikeTa da luTeranTa saerTo zizRis safuZveli
kalvinizmis mimarT mis eTikur TaviseburebaSia
Cadebuli. ukve Tundac zedapirulad Tvalis Sevlebac ki
naTels xdis, rom aq sruliad sxvagvari urTierTobaa
damyarebuli religiur cxovrebasa da miwier
saqmianobas Soris, vidre kaTolicizmsa Tu luTeranobaSi.
es iCens Tavs TviT im literaturaSic, romelic mxolod
specifikur religiur motivebs iyenebs. aviRoT Tundac
Divina Commedia (RvTaebrivi komediis) dasasruli,
sadac poets samoTxeSi RvTis saidumloTa yovelgvari
survilebisgan daclili Wvretisas metyveleba
waerTmeva, da SevupirispiroT mas im poemis
dasasruli, romelsac Cveulebisamebr "puritanizmis
RvTaebriv komedias" uwodeben. miltoni "dakarguli
samoTxis" ("Paradise lost") bolo simReras samoTxidan
gaZevebis aRweris Semdeg ase asrulebs:

"col-qmarma ukan miixeda da dainaxa

aRmosavleTi naxevari im samoTxisa,
sadac isini cota xnis win tkbilad
cxovrobdnen,
mZvinvare alSi tortmanebda, xolo karebi

73
 mrisxane guSagT cecxlis xmlebiT
gadaeRobaT.
TvalTagan cremli moswydaT, magram
myis moiwmindes.
gadaSliliyo maT winaSe mTeli qveyana,
da TavSesafars, sadac surdaT,
amoirCevdnen,
TviTon gangeba miuZRoda imaT
megzurad.
xeli CasWides erTmaneTsa da edemidan
zlazvniT, yialiT gzas gaudgnen
uTvistomoni."

xolo cota ufro adre mTavarangelozma miqaelma

adams uTxra:

"Sen isRa gmarTebs, rom am codnas Tan

moayolo
Sesaferisi saqmeebic, mravlmoTmineba,
rwmena, sikeTe, saTnoeba da siyvaruli,
rasac SemdegSi Searqmeven
gulmowyalebas;
igi iqneba suyvelafris suli da guli,
maSin samoTxis datovebac ar
dagaRonebs _
sulSi geqneba sxva samoTxe, ufro netari."

(Targmna v. WeliZem)

nebismieri mkiTxveli maSinve grZnobs, rom

saaqaoze seriozuli puritanuli orientirebulobis amgvari
mZlavri gamoxatuleba anu saero cxovrebis, rogorc
amocanis Sefaseba, SeuZlebeli iqneboda Sua
saukuneebis mwerlis bageTagan warmoTqmuliyo.
magram aseve luTeranobisTvis, rogorc amas, vTqvaT,
luTerisa da paul gerhardis qoralebic avlens, msgavsi
ram naklebad niSandoblivia. upriani iqneboda am

74
gaurkveveli SegrZnebis cota ufro zusti azrobrivi
formulirebebiT Canacvleba da am gansxvavebulobaTa
Sinagani mizezebis Sesaxeb kiTxvis dasma. "erovnul
xasiaTze" miTiTeba saerTod ara marto sruli ucodinrobis
aRiarebaa, aramed Cvens SemTxvevaSi sruliad
usafuZvloc kia. XVII saukunis ingliselTaTvis erTiani
"erovnuli xasiaTis" miwera ubralod istoriuli uzustoba
iqneboda. "kavalrebi" da "mrgvalTavianebi" Tavs ara
mxolod or partiad aRiqvamdnen, aramed or
radikalurad gansxvavebul adamianur modgmadac, da
vinc gulisyuriT daakvirdeba, amaSi maT kidec
daeTanxmeba 82). xolo meore mxriv: ingliseli
merchant adventurers (vaWar-avanturistebis) Zvel
hanzeatebTan qarakterologiuri dapirispireba iseve
Znelad gamosavlenia, rogorc saerTod germanulisagan
inglisuri Taviseburebis raime sxva siRrmiseuli
gansxvavebis konstatireba Sua saukuneebis miwuruls,
garda im sxvaobisa, uSualod politikuri bed-iRblis
sxvadasxvagvarobiT rom aixsneba 83). mxolod religiur
moZraobaTa Zalam _ ara mxolod man, magram mainc
upiratesad man _ warmoqmna is gansxvavebebi,
romelTac Cven dRes SevigrZnobT 84).
Sesabamisad, roca Zvelprotestantul eTikasa da
kapitalistur suliskveTebas Soris urTierTmimarTebaTa
gamokvlevisas kalvinis, kalvinizmisa da sxva
"puritanuli" seqtebis namoRvawaridan amovdivarT, es
ise ki ar unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos am religiur
erTobliobaTa romelime damaarseblis an
warmomadgenlisagan cxovrebaSi maTi saqmianobis
miznad raime mniSvnelobiT imis gamoRviZebis
mcdelobas movelodeT, rasac Cven aq "kapitalistur
suliskveTebas" vuwodebT. is, rom amqveyniuri
sikeTeebisaken TviTmiznad moazrebuli swrafva
romelime maTganisaTvis eTikur Rirebulebad
SeiZleboda miCneuliyo, CvenTvis xom namdvilad
daujerebelia. da saerTodac, erTxel da samudamod
saWiroa imis daxsomeba, rom reformatorTagan arc

75
erTs _ romelTa rigebs Cveni dakvirvebebisaTvis iseTi
pirovnebebic unda mivakuTvnoT, rogorebic arian
meno, jorj foksi, uesli _ reformaciis eTikuri programebi
arasodes centralur aspeqtad ar uqcevia. isini ar iyvnen
"eTikuri kulturis" sazogadoebis damaarsebelni an Tavisi
mizanswrafviT humanitarul-socialur reformaTa da
kulturul idealTa mimdevarni. mxolod da mxolod sulis
gadarCena iyo maTi cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
qvakuTxedi. aq iyo fesvgadgmuli maTi yvela eTikuri
mizani da moZRvrebis praqtikuli nayofi, mxolod
wminda religiuri motivebis Sedegebs rom
warmoadgendnen. da amitomac unda SeveguoT imas,
rom reformaciis kulturuli zegavlenebi garkveulwilad _
xolo Cveni specialuri aspeqtisTvis egeb umeteswiladac
ki _ reformatorTa saqmianobis winaswar
gauTvaliswinebel da TiTqmis arasasurvel, xSirad
metad daSorebul da umal imis sapirispiro Sedegebs
warmoadgendnen, rac Tavad maT warmosaxvaSi
ilandeboda.
egeb winamdebare Sromas Tavisi, cxadia,
mokrZalebuli wvlili Seetana imis gaTvalsaCinoebaSi, Tu
ra saxiT axdenen saerTod "ideebi" zemoqmedebas
istoriaSi. magram, raTa ukve imTaviTve ar warmoiSvas
gaugebroba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra mniSvnelobiT
vuSvebT saerTod wminda idealuri motivebis amgvar
zemoqmedebas, Tavs nebas mivcemT, am Sesavali
ganxilvis dasasruls mcireodeni miniSnebebi davurToT.
imTaviTve dabejiTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
amgvar gamokvlevebSi saqme arasgziT ar exeba imis
mcdelobas, rom Sefaseba mieces reformaciis azrobriv
Sinaarss raime mniSvnelobiT, iqneba es social-
politikuri Tu religiuri. Cveni miznebisaTvis Sexeba
mudam reformaciis im mxareebTan gvixdeba, romlebic
TavisTavad religiur cnobierebas periferiulad da
garegnuladac ki unda esaxebodes. vinaidan mxolod im
elementis ufro naTlad gamokveTas vlamobT, romelic
religiurma motivebma Sehmata Cveni, uricxvi calkeuli

76
istoriuli motivebisgan warmomdgari, Tanamedrove,
specifikurad "saaqaoze" mimarTuli kulturis
ganviTarebis qargas. amrigad, Cven mxolod imas
vkiTxulobT, Tu ra SeiZleba mieweros am kulturis
garkveuli niSandoblivi Sinaarsidan reformaciis
gavlenas, rogorc istoriul pirvelmizezs. amasTan erTad
Cven, cxadia, unda gavTavisufldeT im mosazrebisgan,
TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos ekonomikuri Zvrebidan
reformaciis, rogorc "ganviTarebis istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
aucileblis", deduqcia. uTvalavi istoriuli konstelacia,
romlebic aramc Tu aranair "ekonomikur kanons",
aramed aranairi ekonomikuri saxis Tvalsazriss ar
eqvemdebareba anu wminda politikuri procesebi unda
amoqmedebuliyo erTdroulad, raTa axladSeqmnil
eklesiebs saerTod SesZlebodaT arsebobis gagrZeleba.
meore mxriv ki aramc da aramc ar SeiZleba imgvari
ugunur-doqtrinaluri Tezis 85) TavgamodebiT dacva,
TiTqos "kapitalisturi suliskveTeba" (yovelTvis im
pirobiTi mniSvnelobiT, rogorc Cven aq viyenebT am
sityvas) SeiZleboda warmomdgariyo mxolod rogorc
reformaciis garkveuli gavlenis Sedegi an sulac: TiTqos
kapitalizmi, rogorc ekonomikuri sistema reformaciis
nayofs warmoadgendes. ukve Tundac is, rom
kapitalisturi saqmosnobis garkveuli mniSvnelovani
formebi udavod bevrad ufro adreulia, vidre reformacia,
imTaviTve samudamod gadauRobavda gzas amgvar
mosazrebas. unda dadgindes mxolod erTi ram: iyo Tu
ara Careuli da ramdenad religiuri zegavlena im
"suliskveTebis" xarisxobriv Camoyalibebasa da
samyaroSi mis raodenobriv eqspansiaSi da agreTve
kerZod kapitalistur safuZvelze damyarebuli kulturis
romeli konkretuli mxareebi iReben am zegavlenisgan
saTaves. amasTan erTad, materialuri safuZvlebis,
organizaciis socialuri da politikuri formebis da
reformatoruli kulturis epoqebis sulieri Sinaarsis
urTierTzegavlenaTa warmoudgeneli aRrevis gamo
mxolod imgvarad SeiZleba vimoqmedoT, rom

77
Tavdapirvelad gairkves, Seicnoba Tu ara da romel
punqtebSi, erTgvari "SerCeviTi naTesaoba" religiuri
rwmenis garkveul formebsa da profesiul eTikas Soris.
amiT, SeZlebisdagvarad, naTeli gaxdeba is forma da
zogadi mimarTuleba, ra gziTac axdenda zegavlenas
amgvari SerCeviTi naTesaobis Sedegad religiuri
moZraoba materialuri kulturis ganviTarebaze. mxolod
mas Semdeg, rac es sakmarisad damajereblad
dadgindeba, dasaSvebia imis mcdeloba, rom Sefasdes,
Tu ra zomiT SeiZleba mivaweroT Tanamedrove kulturis
Sinaarsi Tavisi istoriuli warmoSobiT im religiur
motivebs da ramdenad _ sxvas.

1)gamoqveynebulia iafeseul "Archiv für

Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik" (J.C.B. Mohr,
Tübingen) tomi XX, XXI (1904 _ 1905 weli). am sakiTxis
Sesaxeb arsebuli vrceli literaturidan gamovyof yvelaze
ufro srul kritikul naSromebs: F. Rachfahl, Kalvinismus
und Kapitalismus, Internationale Wochenschrift für
Wissenschaft, Kunst und Technik, 1909, Nr. 39 - 43.
amasTan Cems statias: Antikritisches zum "Geist" des
Kapitalismus, "Archiv" Band XXX, 1910. aqve kvlav f.
raxfaliseuli miTiTebuli naSromi (kidev erTxel
"Kalvinismus und Kapitalismus") 1910, Nr. 22_25 da
amasTan dakavSirebiT Cemi "Antikritisches
Schlußwort" "Archiv", tomi XXXI (rogorc Cans,
brentano kritikaSi, romelsac axlave davimowmebT, am
ukanasknel gamokvlevebs ar icnobda, vinaidan maT ar
moixseniebs). raxfalis _ sxvafriv Cemi mxridanac friad
dafasebuli mecnieris, romelic am SemTxvevaSi misTvis
marTlac auTvisebel sferoSi gadaiWra _ winaaRmdeg
iZulebiT wamowyebuli, sakmaod unayofo polemikidan

78
am gamocemaSi araferi amiRia, aramed Cemi
antikritikidan (Zalze mcirericxovani) damatebiTi
citatebi moviSvelie da CanarTebis Tu SeniSvnebis
meSveobiT Sevecade samomavlod gamomericxa yvela
mosalodneli gaugebroba. Semdeg: W. Sombart, "Der
Bourgeois" (München und Leipzig, 1913), romelsac
qveviT SeniSvnebSi davubrundebi. da bolos: eqskursi
II-Si, miunxenSi (1913 wels mecnierebaTa akademiaSi)
warmoTqmuli sazeimo sityvis danarTi: ix.: Lujo
Brentano, Die Anfänge des modernen Kapitalismus
(calke gamoica da eqskursiT Seivso miunxenSi 1916
wels). sagangebo SeniSvnebSi am kritikasac
davubrundebi, rodesac amis saWiroeba iqneba. _ me
yvelas, visac (molodinis sawinaaRmdegod) amis
mimarT SeiZleba interesi gauCndes, vurCev Sedarebis
meSveobiT darwmundes imaSi, rom Cemi naSromis arc
erT winadadebaSi, romelic sagnobrivad Tundac raime
arsebiT mtkicebas Seicavda, araferi amomiSlia,
sxvagvarad ar gadamiazrebia, ar Semisustebia an ar
damimatebia sagnobrivad gezis ambnevi
mtkicebulebani. amisaTvis araviTari sababi ar
arsebobda da azrTa Semdgomi msvleloba jer kidev
kvlavindeburad daeWvebulebs aiZulebs, rom amaSi
sabolood darwmundnen. _ bolos dasaxelebuli ori
mkvlevari erTmaneTTan ufro mZafradaa
dapirispirebuli, vidre CemTan. brentanos mier v.
zombartiseuli naSromis, "Die Juden und das
Wirtschaftsleben", winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kritika
didwilad dasabuTebulad, magram mainc xSir
SemTxvevaSi metad usamarTlod mimaCnia, imaze
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, rom arc brentanosTanaa
Secnobili ebraelobis problemis yvelaze arsebiTi
momenti, rac am etapze sruliad ganze gvaqvs
gadadebuli (ris Sesaxeb mogvianebiT vilaparakebT).
TeologTa mxridan winamdebare SromasTan
dakavSirebiT mravalricxovani Rirebuli calkeuli
gamoxmaureba unda iqnes moxseniebuli da is

79
mTlianobaSi keTilganwyobilad da, calkeul, Tundac
Cemi poziciisgan sakmaod daSorebuli mosazrebebis
SemTxvevebSic ki metad konstruqciulad miiRes, rac
CemTvis kidev ufro dasafasebelia, vinaiadan Cems
gaocebas ar gamoiwvevda garkveuli antipaTia am
saganTa garduvali damuSavebis wesis mimarT. is, rac
Rirebulia Tavis religiaze mijaWvuli TeologisTvis, aq,
bunebrivia, ver SeiZens Tavis uflebamosilebas. religiuri
TvalsazrisiT Sefasebisas, Cven xSirad gvaqvs saqme
religiaTa cxovrebis metad garegan da uxeS
mxareebTan, romlebic, cxadia, aseve arsebobdnen da
xSirad swored imis gamo, rom isini uxeSi da garegani
iyvnen, garegnulad yvelaze Zlierad zemoqmedebdnen.
misi mdidari Sinaarsis garda, aseve Cveni
problemisaTvis, rogorc metad sasurvel Sevsebasa da
dadasturebaze, yovel calkeul punqtTan dakavSirebiT
xSiri citirebis magier, aq kidev erTxel mokled unda
iqnes miTiTebuli e. trolCis fundamentur wignze ix.: E.
Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und
Gruppen, (Tübingen, 1912), romelic dasavluri
qristianobis eTikis zogad istorias ganixilavs metad
originaluri poziciidan da farTo gaqanebis
Tvalsawieridan. amavdroulad xsenebuli avtorisaTvis
mniSvnelovania moZRvreba, CemTvis ki religiis
praqtikuliKzegavlena.
2)normidan gadaxveuli SemTxvevebi _ marTalia ara
yovelTvis, magram xSirad _ aixsneba imiT, rom
industriis ama Tu im dargis mSromelTa konfesiuri
mikuTvnebuloba, pirvel rigSi, damokidebulia
sawarmoTa adgilmdebareobis an mSromelTa
daqiravebis regionis aRmsareblobaze. es garemoeba
xSirad, erTi SexedviT, bundovans xdis suraTs, romelsac
iZleva _ vTqvaT, rainis provinciis _ konfesionaluri
statistika. garda amisa, bunebrivia, rom statistikuri
cifrebis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana mxolod
gamokveTili specializaciisa da calkeul profesiaTa zusti
aRnusxvisas aris SesaZlebeli. winaaRmdeg

80
SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod msxvili mewarmeebic
garkveul viTarebaSi individualurad momuSave
"ostatebTan" erTad moeqcevian "sawarmos
xelmZRvanelis" erTian kategoriaSi. rac mTavaria,
dRevandeli "ganviTarebuli kapitalizmi", gansakuTrebiT
ganuswavlel mSromelTa masebTan mimarTebaSi,
saerTod damoukidebeli gaxda im gavlenebisgan, rac
sarwmunoebas SeiZleboda hqonoda warsulSi. amis
Sesaxeb mogvianebiT.
3)magaliTad, Sdr.: B. Schell, Der Katholizismus als
Prinzip des Fortschrittes. Würzburg 1897, S. 31. _
v.Hertling, Das Prinzip des Katholizismus und die
Wissenschaft. Freiburg 1899; S. 58.
4)Cemma erT-erTma mowafem, Tavis droze, uaRresad
detalizebuli statistikuri masala daamuSava, romelic ki
Cven gagvaCnia am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT _
badenis aRmsareblobiTi statistika. Sdr.: Martin
Offenbacher, Konfession und soziale Schichtung. Eine
Studie über die wirtschaftliche Lage der Katholiken und
Protestanten in Baden. Tübingen und Leipzig 1901 (Bd.
IV, Heft 5 der volkswirtschaftlichen Abhandlungen der
badischen Hochschulen). faqtebi da cifrebi, romlebic
TanadarTulia sailustraciod, yvela am Sromidan aris
aRebuli.
5)magaliTad, 1895 wels badenSi yovel 1000
evangelistze kapitalis rentis gadasaxadi Seadgenda
954 060 markas; 1000 kaTolikeze _ 589 000 markas.
yvelas sagrZnoblad uswreben ebraelebi: yovel 1000
ebraelze 4 milioni markiT (cifrebi ofenbaxeris
mixedviT, miTiTebuli Sromidan, gv. 21).
6)amis Sesaxeb unda moxdes Sedareba ofenbaxeris
Sromis mTel rig mosazrebebTan.
7)amis Sesaxebac ufro zust monacemebs badenTan
dakavSirebiT Seicavs ofenbaxiseuli naSromis pirveli ori
Tavi.
8)1895 wlisaTvis badenis mosaxleobis 37,0 %-s
protestantebi Seadgendnen, 61,3 %-s kaTolikeebi, xolo

81
1,5 % ebraelebi. 1885-1891 wlebisTvis ki saxalxo
skolebs aRmatebul da arasavaldebulo saswavlo
dawesebulebaTa moswavleebis konfesiuri
Semadgenloba Semdegnairad gamoiyureba
(ofenbaxeris mixedviT, miTiTebul SromaSi gv. 16):

protestantebi kaTolikebi ebraelebi

gimnaziebi 43% 46 % 9,5%
realuri gimnaziebi 69% 31% 9%
umaRlesi realuri skolebi 52% 41% 7%
realuri saswavleblebi 49% 40% 11%
maRali rangis samoqalaqo
saswavleblebi 51% 37% 12%
_________________________________________
saSualod 48% 42% 10%
zustad igive movlenebs aqvs adgili prusiaSi, bavariaSi,
viurtembergSi, rainlandSi, ungreTSi (ix. ricxvobrivi
maCveneblebi ofenbaxerTan, miTiTebul SromaSi gv. 18
da Semdgom).
9)ix. ricxvebi winamorbed SeniSvnaSi, romelTa
mixedviT, kaTolikuri mosaxleobis procentul raodenobas
erTi mesamediT CamorCenili saSualo saswavlo
dawesebulebebSi kaTolikeTa mTliani daswreba mxolod
gimnaziebSia ramdenime procentiT meti (ZiriTadad
Teologiuri ganaTlebisaTvis winaswari codnis miRebis
mizniT). Semdgomi msjelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc
metad niSandoblivi momenti, unda aRiniSnos is, rom
reformirebulebi ungreTSi protestantul saSualo skolaSi
daswrebis tipiur suraTs kidev ufro TvalnaTliv
warmoaCenen. (ix.: Offenbacher a. a. O. S. 19 Anm. a.
E.)
10)ix. miTiTebul naSromSi (gv. 54) ofenbaxeris
dasabuTeba da cxrilebi misi gamokvlevis bolos.
11)es gansakuTrebiT kargadaa mignebuli ser u. petis
nawerebSi, romelTac mogvianebiT araerTgzis
davimowmebT.
12)vinaidan, petis mier gaTvalsaCinoebis mizniT,

82
drodadro irlandiis magaliTis moSveliebas, Tavisi metad
martivi mimzezi aqvs: kerZod is, rom protestantul
fenas iq mxolod absentisti-lendlordebi (erTTavad
adgilze armyofi memamuleebi _ mTargmn.)
warmoadgendnen. Tuki amiT petis ufro metis
damtkiceba endomeboda, maSin is, rogorc cnobilia,
Semcdari iqneboda, rasac irlandiaSi gadasaxlebul
SotlandielTa ("Scotch-Irish") mdgomareobac
adasturebs. kapitalizmsa da protestantizms Soris
tipiuri urTierTmimarTeba irlandiaSi iseve arsebobda
rogorc sxvagan. (irlandiaSi "Scotch-Irish"-is
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ix.: C. A. Hanna, The Scotch-
Irish, 2 Bände, New-York, Putnam).
13)es, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom am
ukanasknel faqtorsac uaRresad mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi hqonda da kerZod, aranairad ar modis im
garemoebasTan winaaRmdegobaSi, rom, rogorc
mogvianebiT davinaxavT, zogierTi protestantuli seqtis
mTeli sasicocxlo atmosferos CamoyalibebisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, da aseve maT
sameurneo cxovrebaSi monawileobazec zegavlenas
axdenda is, rom xsenebuli seqtebi patara jgufebs da
amdenad homogenur umciresobebs warmoadgendnen,
rogorc amas vTqvaT, adgili hqonda mkacri
kalvinistebis SemTxvevaSi Jenevis farglebs gareT da
axal inglisSi, principSi yvelgan, iqac ki sadac isini
politikurad batonobdnen. _ is, rom amqveynad arsebul
yvalanair konfesiaTa: induri, arabuli, Cinuri, siriuli,
finikiuri, berZnuli, lombardiuli, "kaverciuli" _
aRmsarebeli emigrantebi, rogorc maRalganviTarebuli
qveynebis komerciuli wrTobis matarebelni sxva
saxelmwifoebSi gadasaxldebodnen, sruliad universalur
problemas warmoadgenda da amas Cvens
problemasTan araferi aqvs saerTo. (brentano,
mogvianebiT mravalgzis moSveliebul SromaSi: _ "Die
Anfänge des modernen Kapitalismus," München, 1916,
_ miuTiTebs Tavis ojaxze. magram ucxouri

83
warmomavlobis bankirebi, rogorc upiratesad
komerciuli gamocdilebisa da kavSirebis matarebelni,
yvela epoqasa da yvela qveyanaSi arsebobdnen. isini
maincdamainc Tanamedrove kapitalizmis specifikur
movlenas ar warmoadgenen da maT _ ix. mogvianebiT
_ protestantebi, eTikuri undoblobiT gamsWvalulni,
angariSs uwevdnen. sxvagvarad iyo saqme lokarnodan
ciurixSi gadasaxlebuli protestantuli ojaxebis, _ miural,
pestaloci da sxv. _ SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ciurixSi sul
male specifikurad Tanamedrove kapitalisturi
/industriuli/ ganviTarebis burjebad iqcnen).
14)Dr. Offenbacher, a. a. O. S. 68.
15)araCveulebrivad moxdenili SeniSvnebia gakeTebuli
germaniasa da safrangeTSi konfesiaTa
damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebisa da maT
dapirispirebaTa urTierTgadakveTis Sesaxeb sxva
kulturul elementebTan elzasis erovnebaTaSoris
brZolaSi v. vitixis brwyinvale naSromSi (ix.: W. Wittich,
Deutsche und französische Kultur im Elsaß; --
"Illustrierte Elsäßer Rundschau, 1900
gamoqveynebulia agreTve calke gamocemadac).
16)es cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba: Tuki
Sesabamis regionSi saerTod arsebobda kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.
17)amis Sesaxeb ix. magagaliTad, Dupin de St. Andre.
L' ancienne église réformée de Tours. Les membres de
l' église. -- "Bull. de la Société de l' histoire du
protestantisme"D4, 1856, p. 10. SesaZlebeli iqneboda
_ da es mosazreba gansakuTrebiT kaTolike
mkvlevarTaTvis unda iyos misaRebi _ aqac
mamoZravebel motivad samonastro an sazogadod
saeklesio kontrolisagan gaTavisuflebisaken swrafva
yofiliyo ganxiluli. magram amas upirispirdeba ara
marto opoziciurad ganwyobil TanamedroveTa (rables
CaTvliT) gansja, aramed amas avlens magaliTad,
hugenotebis pirvel nacionalur sinodTa (ix. mag.:
Aymon. Synodes nationaux de l' église réformée de

84
France, C. partic., qu. 10, p. 10) orWofobac imis gamo
_ SeiZleboda Tu ara bankiri gamxdariyo eklesiis Tavi da
agreTve kalvinis araorazrovani poziciis miuxedavad,
nacionalur sinodSi vaxSis gadaxdevinebis
nebadarTulobis mudmivad ganmeorebadi ganxilva
mrevlis moWoWmane wevrTa ganacxadis safuZvelze.
es marTalia avlens am sakiTxiT dainteresebuli wreebis
farTo monawileobas, magram amavdroulad uTuod
imasac, rom "usuraria privatas" (mevaxSeobis)
aRsarebis kontrolis gareSe ganxorcielebis survili
gadamwyveti ar unda yofiliyo. (asevea _ ix. qvemoT _
holandiaSi. dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom mevaxSeobis
kanonikuri akrZalva am gomokvlevebSi saerTod
aranair rols ar TamaSobs).
18)Gothein. Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Schwarzwalds I,
67.
19)amasTan dakavSirebulia zombartis mokle
SeniSvnebi (Der moderne Kapitalismus, I. Aufl. S. 380).
mogvianebiT zombarti Cemi azriT, misi mozrdili
Sromebidan samwuxarod erT-erT yvelaze sust wignSi
"burJua" (Der Bourgeois. München. 1913), f. keleris
Sromis gavleniT (Unternehmung und Mehrwert,
Schriften der Görres-Gesellschaft, 12. Heft), romelic
mravali rigiani (magram am TvalsazrisiT arcTu axali)
SeniSvnis miuxedavad Tavisi doniT sxva Tanamedrove
apologetur kaTolikur naSromebs Camouvardeba,
icavda sruliad mcdar "Tezas", romelsac saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi kvlav mivubrundebiT.
20) vinaidan is, rom samSoblos Secvlis Tavad faqti
Sromis intensifikaciis umZlavres saSualebad
gvevlineba, savsebiT dadgenilia (Sdr. agreTve SeniSvn.
12). _ igive poloneli gogona, romlis gamoyvana
tradicionalisturi inertulobidan mis samSobloSi Tundac
yvelaze sarfiani anazRaurebis perspeqtivasac ki ar
ZaluZda, rogorc Cans, mTliand icvlis Tavis bunebas da
avlens zRvargadasuli eqspluataciis obieqtad qcevis
unars, rodesac is ucxo mxareSi saSovarze wasul

85
mojamagired muSaobs. italieli moxetiale muSebis
SemTxvevaSic zustad igive movlena iCens Tavs. is,
rom aq mxolod ufro maRal "kulturul garemoSi" fexis
Sedgmis aRmzrdelobiTi gavlena sruliadac araa
gadamwyveti _ TumcaRa igi, bunebrivia, garkveul rols
TamaSobs _ es gacxaddeba imaSi, rom igive movlena
iCens Tavs iqac _ vTqvaT,soflis meurneobaSi _ sadac
saqmianobis wesi zustad iseTivea rogorc samSobloSi
da moxetiale muSaTa banakebSi dabinaveba da a.S.,
cxovrebis wesis donis imgvar daqveiTebas iwvevs,
rasac samSobloSi versodes aitandnen. Cveulisagan
sruliad gansxvavebul garemoSi muSaobis Tavad faqti
amsxvrevs tradicionalizms da "aRmzrdelobiT" faqtorad
iqceva. aq imis xsenebac ki zedmetia, Tu ramdenad
efuZneba amerikis ekonomikuri ganviTareba amgvar
gavlenas. Zvel droSi ebraelTaTvis babilonuri tyveobis
analogiuri mniSvneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas warwerebSi
xelSesaxebadac ki aSkaraa, igive mdgomareobaa
parsebTanac. _ magram rogorc amas axali inglisis
puritanuli koloniebisa da kaTolikuri merilendis,
episkopalisturi samxreTisa da interkonfesionalisturi
rod_ailendis ekonomikur TaviseburebebSi udao
gansxvaveba mowmobs, protestantebisaTvis maTi
religiuri Taviseburebis gavlena sruliad calsaxad
damoukidebeli faqtoris rols TamaSobs, msgavsad
imisa, rogorc amas adgili hqonda vTqvaT, indoeTSi
jainebis SemTxvevaSi.
21)is, rogorc cnobilia, Tavisi gamovlinebis umravles
formaSi met-naklebad gazomierebul kalvinizms an
cvinglianizms warmoadgens.
22)TiTqmis mTlianad luTeranul hamburgSi erTaderTi
didi qoneba, romelic dasabams XVII saukunidan iRebs,
cnobil reformirebul ojaxs ekuTvnis (amaze
gulisxmierad mimiTiTa profesorma a. valim).
23)amrigad, "axalia" ara is, rom aq dasturdeba im
kavSiris arseboba, romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev lavli,
metiu arnoldi da sxvebi msjelobdnen, aramed piriqiT,

86
am msjelobis sisworeSi sruliad dausabuTebeli eWvis
Setana. da swored es unda iqnas axsnili.
24)es cxadia, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom oficialuri
pietizmi, iseve rogorc sxva religiuri mimdinareobebi,
mogvianebiT, patriarqaluri ganwyobilebidan
gamomdinare, kapitalisturi meurneobis garkveul
"progress" _ magaliTad, saojaxo industriidan fabrikis
sistemaze gadasvlas _ daupirispirda. ufro mkveTradaa
urTierTgasamijni, rasac SemdgomSi kidev xSirad
vnaxavT, is, Tu ras eltvoda romelime religiuri
mimdinareoba rogorc ideals da is, Tu ra gamoiwvia am
religiis mimdevarTa cxovrebis wesze am
mimdinareobis gavlenam. (erT-erTi vestfaliuri fabrikis
pietisti muSebis specifikur Sromis unarTan
dakavSirebiT Cems mier aRnusxuli magaliTebi
moyvanilia Cems naSromSi: Zur Psychophysik der
gewerblichen Arbeit. -- "Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft",
1909, Bd. 28, S. 263 f.).
25)daskvniTi nawili Sromidan: Necessary hints to those
that would be rich (daiwera 1736 wels), danarCeni ki
naSromidan: Advice to a young tradesman (1748),
Works ed. Sparks Vol. II, p. 87.
26)ix.: Kürnberger F. Der Amerikamüde, Frankfurt,
1855. "amerika moyirWebuli", rogorc cnobilia, lenaus
amerikuli STabeWdilebebis mxatvrul parafrazs
warmoadgens. es wigni, rogorc xelovnebis
nawarmoebi, dRes did tkbobas veRar mogvaniWebs,
magram esaa germanuli da amerikuli msoflaRqmis
(dRes ukve gafermkrTalebuli) dapirispirebis dokumenti;
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, im Sinagani cxovrebis
dokumenti, rac Sua saukuneebis mistikidan
moyolebuli, germanel kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs
yvelafris miuxedavad saerTo darCaT da rasac
puritanul-kapitalisturi zeaqtivoba verc ki Seedreba.
franklinis traqtatis kiornbergiseuli cota Tavisufali
Targmani aq originalis mixedviTaa Sesworebuli.
27)zombartma es citata "kapitalizmis genezisis"

87
monakveTs devizad warumZRvara (ix.: Der moderne
Kapitalismus; I. Aufl. Band I, S. 193 cf. das. S. 390).
28)rac cxadia, arc imas niSnavs, rom iakob fugeri
zneobrivad indiferentuli an arareligiuri kaci iyo, da arc
imas, rom benjamin franklinis eTika mTlianad am
frazebiT amoiwureba. namdvilad ar unda gamxdariyo
brentanos citatebi saWiro (ix.: Brentano L. Die Anfänge
des modernen Kapitalismus, München, 1916, S. 150 f),
raTa es sayovelTaod cnobili filantropi im
ugulvebelyofisagan dagvecva, rasac brentano me
momawers. problema umal isaa, Tu rogor SeeZlo aseT
filantrops swored amgvari frazebis (romelTa
gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi formis gadmocemas
brentano moerida) warmoTqma moralistis stiliT.
29)amas efuZneba Cvens mier problemis sxvagvarad
dasma, vidre es zombartTanaa. gansxvavebis Zalze
seriozuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba mogvianebiT
gamoikveTeba. oRond ukve aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom
zombarts kapitalisturi mewarmeobis eTikuri mxare
sulac ar dautovebia uyuradRebod. magram es
ukanaskneli mis msjelobaSi kapitalizmiT gamowveuli
Cans, maSin, roca Cven Cveni miznebisTvis swored
sapirispiro hipoTezas wamovayenebT. saboloo poziciis
dakaveba mxolod gamokvlevis dasasrulsaa
SesaZlebeli. zombartis msjelobaSi (ix.: cf. a.a.O. Bd.I,
S. 357, 380da a.S.) miseuli azrTa msvleloba
ukavSirdeba zimelis "fulis filosofiis" (ukanaskneli Tavi)
brwyinvale xatebs. mis "burJuaSi" Cems winaaRmdeg
mimarTul polemikas Semdeg SevexebiT. aq jerjerobiT
Tavi unda avaridoT yovelgvar safuZvlian kritikul
ganxilvas.
30)TargmanSi: "me sabolood davrwmundi, rom
simarTle, patiosneba da gulwrfeloba adamianis
adamianTan urTierTobaSi Cveni bednieri cxovrebisaTvis
uaRresad mniSvnelovania da im momentidan
gadavwyvite da am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb Cems
dRiurSic Cavwere, rom mTeli cxovrebis manZilze

88
mivdio maT. RvTiur gamocxadebas, rogorc aseTs,
CemTvis aramc Tu didi wona ara aqvs, aramed me
umal im azrze vdgavar, rom garkveuli qmedebebi
cudia marto imitom ki ara, rom maT gamocxadebuli
moZRvreba krZalavs, an kargia imitom, rom es
ukanaskneli maT dagviwesebs, aramed _ yvela
garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ sruliad dasaSvebia, rom
garkveuli qmedebebi imitomac gvekrZaleba, radgan
isini Tavisi bunebiT CvenTvis sazianoa, xolo garkveuli
qmedebebi ki dagviwesdeba imis gamo, rom isini
sasikeToa."
31)"me ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iyo, CrdilSi vrCebodi
da amas _ igulisxmeba franklinis iniciativiT biblioTekis
daarseba _ "megobarTa jgufis" wamowyebad
vasaRebdi, romlebmac viTomcda mTxoves mivmdgar-
movmdgariyavi da winadadebiT mimemarTa im
adamianebisaTvis, visac isini kiTxvis moyvarulebad
miiCnevdnen. amrigad Cemi saqmianoba ufro
Seubrkoleblad aewyo da amis Semdeg msgavs
SemTxvevebSi am xerxs mudam mivmarTavdi da
mravalricxovani warmatebebis safuZvelze amis
gulwrfelad rCeva sxvisTvisac SemiZlia.
Tavmoyvareobis mier wamierad gaRebuli umniSvnelo
msxverpli, mogvianebiT guluxvad migvezRoba. Tuki
raRac drois manZilze ucnobi darCeba, Tu vis ekuTvnis
WeSmariti damsaxureba, vinme, vinc ufro
pativmoyvarea, gabedavs es damsaxureba miiweros;
amis Semdeg ki Tavad yvelaze Surianic ki moiwadinebs
samarTlianoba aRadginos imis mimarT, vinc pativs
imsaxurebs da TviTmarqvias didebis gvirgvins moglejs
da mis kanonier mflobels daubrunebs".
32)brentano am SeniSvnas sababad iyenebs, raTa
Semdgom gaakritikos msjeloba "racionalizebisa da
disciplinirebis" Sesaxeb, rac saero askezam adamians
moutana, TiTqosda es "cxovrebis iracionalurad
warmarTvis racionalizeba" yofiliyos. es marTlac asea.
"iracionaluria" yovelTvis raRac ara TavisTavad, aramed

89
garkveuli "racionaluri" Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare.
arareligiuri adamianisaTvis nebismieri religiuri,
hedonistisTvis nebismieri asketuri cxovrebis wesia
"iracionaluri", Tundac is Tavis faseulobriv
ganzomilebaSi "racionalizebas" warmoadgendes. Tuki
am naSroms ramis xelSewyoba surs, esaa pirvel rigSi
moCvenebiTad erTmniSvnelovani "racionalobis" cnebis
mTeli mravalmxrivobis gamovlena.
33)igavni solomonisa 22, 29. luTeri Targmnis: "in
seinem Geschäft", ufro adreul inglisur TargmanebSi
gvaqvs "business". amis Sesaxeb ix. qveviT SeniSvna
N. 54.
34)brentanos (a.a.O. S. 150 f.) vrcel, magram arcTu
mTlad zust apologiasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
miiCnevs, rom me franklinis eTikuri Rirsebebi
saTanadod ver davafase, mxolod im SeniSvnaze
mivuTiTeb, romelic Cemi azriT sakmarisi iqneboda am
apologiis saWiroeba rom moexsna.
35)vsargeblob SemTxveviT, raTa ramodenime
"antikritikuli" SeniSvna winaswar ukve aqve CavurTo. _
sruliad dausabuTebelia mtkiceba, roca zombarti
irwmuneba (ix.: Sombart W. Der Bourgeois. München --
Leipzig, 1913), TiTqos franklinis "eTika" renesansis
epoqis universaluri gaqanebis geniosis leon batista
albertis mosazrebaTa "sityvasityviT" ganmeoreba
yofiliyos, romelmac maTematikis, qandakebis,
mxatvrobis, (pirvel yovlisa) arqiteqturisa da siyvarulis
(Tavad is qalTmoZule iyo) da agreTve saojaxo
meurneobis Sesaxebac (della famiglia) ki Seqmna
oTxwigniani naSromi. (weris momentSi samwuxarod
am Sromis manCiniseuli ki ara, aramed bonuCis ufro
gviandeli gamocema maqvs xelT). _ frankliniseuli
pasaJi xom sityvasityviT iqna zeviT gadmobeWdili, _
mainc sad SeiZleba Sesabamisi adgilebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki saTaveSi moqceuli maqsimis: "dro
fulia" da misi momdevno Segonebebis, povna albertis
SromebSi? erTaderTi, sul odnav miaxloebuli adgili

90
ramdenadac vici, aris della famiglia-s pirveli wignis
boloSi (bonuCis gamocema, t. 2, gv. 353), sadac
sruliad zogadi saubaria fulze (zustad ise, rogorc es
ukve katonis "De re rustica"-Si gvxvdeba), rogorc
saojaxo meurneobis nervus rerum-ze, rasac, aqedan
gamomdinare, Zalze windaxedulad unda moveqceT.
albertis, romelic gansakuTrebul aqcents florenciis erT-
erTi yvelaze didgvarovani ojaxidan sakuTar
warmomavlobaze akeTebda ("nobilissimi cavalieri":
della famiglia p. 213, 228, 247 bonuCiseul
gamocemaSi), imis gamo, rom ukanonod Sobili iyo
(rasac aranairad misi deklasireba ar mouxdenia),
"sisxlaRreul", warCinebuli gvariSvilobis mimarT
boRmiT aRvsil kacad, didgvarovanTa wridan gandevnil
burJuad warmoCena ZirSive mcdaria. albertisaTvis
uTuod damaxasiaTebelia masStabur saqmeTa keTebis
rCeva, romlebic nobile e onesta famiglia (didgvarovani
da keTilSobili ojaxisTvis) da libero e nobile animo
(Tavisufali da amaRlebuli sulisTvis) erTaderT Rirseul
saqmianobas warmoadgens da nakleb Sromatevadia
(Sdr. "Del governo della famiglia", IV, p. 55;
Sesabamisad pandolfinisaTvis gakeTebul redaqciaSi gv.
116; amitomacaa saukeTeso Salisa da abreSumis
Sesyidvis saqme!); niSandoblivia agreTve misi rCeva
saojaxo meurneobis mowesrigebulad da momWirned
warmarTvis anu Semosavlis Sesatyvisad gasavlis
Sefardebis Taobaze. es ki upiratesad saojaxo
meurneobis gaZRolis principia da ara mogebis miRebis
(rac zombarts namdvilad ar unda gamohparvoda) _
zustad iseve, rogorc fulis arsis Sesaxeb gamarTuli
diskusiis dros (iqve) saqme pirvel rigSi fulis
dabandebas (fuli an possessioni) da ara kapitalis
aTvisebas exeba _ esaa "santa masserizia", risi dacvac
jianotos piriT xdeba. "fortunas" aramdgradobisagan
Tavdasacavad rekomendirebulia mudmivi (della
famiglia, p. 73--74), amavdroulad maradiuli sijansaRis
erTaderTi SemanarCunebeli in cose magnifiche e

91
ample /p. 192/ (SesaniSnav da farTo gaqanebis
saqmeSi) moRvaweobis Cvevis axalgazrdobidanve
gamomuSaveba da sazogadoebaSi sakuTari poziciis
SenarCunebisTvis saziano uqnarobis gverdis avla;
aqedan gamomdinare, nagulisxmebia agreTve
mosalodnel cvlilebaTa SemTxvevisaTvis sakuTari
wodebis Sesaferisi xelobis gulmodgine Seswavla
(magram yovelgvari opera mercenaria wodebriobis
Seuferebelia _ della famiglia, I. I p. 209) . albertiseuli
"tranquillita` dell' animo" (sulieri simSvidis) ideali da
misi mkveTrad gamoxatuli midrekileba epikureseuli
mowodebis "" (vivere a se` stesso
_sakuTari TavisaTvis cxovreba, iqve, gv. 262) mimarT,
gansakuTrebiT ki yovelgvari Tanamdebobis (iqve, gv.
258), rogorc SfoTvis, mtrobis, binZur saqmeebSi
gaxvevis pirvelwyaros uaryofa, soflur vilaSi cxovrebis
ideali, sakuTari Tavmoyvareobis dapureba winaprebze
fiqriT da ojaxis Rirsebisadmi damokidebuleba
(romelmac Tavisi qoneba florencielTa wesisamebr
mTlianobaSi, ganuyoflad unda SeinarCunos), rogorc
gadamwyveti sazomisa da miznisadmi: yovelive es
nebismieri puritanisaTvis codviani "xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTeba", benjamin franklinis TvalSi ki misTvis
ucnobi aristokratuli paTetika iqneboda. aqve
yuradReba unda mieqces literaturuli moRvaweobis
udides Sefasebasac (vinaidan pirvel rigSi samecniero-
literaturul moRvaweobazea swored "industria", rogorc
Sromismoyvareoba mimarTuli, isaa adamianisaTvis
erTaderTi Rirseuli saqmianoba da ZiriTadad mxolod
uwignur jianotos ekisreba masserizia-s _ "racionaluri
saojaxo meurneobis" gagebiT, rogorc sxvebisgan
damoukideblad cxovrebisa da siRatakis Tavidan
acilebis saSualebis _ dacva; amavdroulad, berebis
eTikidan /ix. qveviT/ warmomdgari cnebis
warmomavloba moxuc mRvdels miewereba, gv. 249).
es yovelive davayenoT rogorc benjamin franklinis ise
misi puritani winaprebis eTikisa da cxovrebis wesis

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gverdiT, humanisti patriciebisaTvis gamiznuli
renesansis mweralTa nawerebi ki burJuaziuli saSualo
wodebis farTo masebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki commis-
TaTvis gankuTvnili frankliniseuli Sromebis da puritanTa
traqtatebisa da qadagebebis gverdiT, imisaTvis, rom
gansxvavebis mTeli siRrme ganvsazRvroT. albertis
ekonomikuri racionalizmi, erTTavad antikurobis epoqis
avtorTa citatebiT gamyarebuli, ekonomikuri sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas Tavisi arsiT yvelaze axlosaa qsenofontes,
(romelsac igi ar icnobda), katonis, varonisa da
kolumelas (romelTac igi imowmebs) naSromebTan, _
oRond aRsaniSnavia, rom katonTan da varonTan
mogeba sruliad sxvagvaradaa wamoweuli wina planze,
vidre albertisTan. mTlianobaSi ki albertiseuli metad
fragmentuli msjeloba fattori-s gamoyenebis, Sromis
danawilebisa da disciplinis, glexTa arasaimedoobis
Sesaxeb da sxva, marTlac iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs,
TiTqos pirdapir katoniseuli cxovrebis sibrZne
gadmoetanoT monaTmflobeluri mamulidan Tavisufali
Sromis, saojaxo industriisa da wvrili miwaTmflobelobis
sferoSi. rodesac zombarti, (romelic gadaWriT mcdarad
eyrdnoba stoas eTikas) ekonomikur racionalizms, ukve
katonTan miiCnevs "ukidures Tanamimdevrulobamde
miyvanilad", es sworad gagebis SemTxvevaSi, mTlad
umarTebulo ar unda iyos. marTlac savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, romaelTa "diligens pater familias" (ojaxis
mzrunveli mama) albertiseuli "massajo" (patronis)
idealTan erT kategoriaSi moeqces. katonTan pirvel rigSi
niSandoblivia is, rom adgil-mamuli Sefasebuli da
miCneulia rogorc qonebis "dabandebis" obieqti.
qristianuli zegavlenis wyalobiT ki "industria"
(Sromismoyvareobis) cneba sxvagvar Seferilobas
iZens. da swored aq iCens Tavs gansxvaveba.
bermonazonTa askezidan momdinare da mwerali
berebis mier ganviTarebul "industria"-s koncefciaSi
imgvari "eTosis" Canasaxia Cadebuli, romelic srulad
iqna ganviTarebuli protestantul, calsaxad, saero

93
"askezaSi" (ix. mogvianebiT!) _ aqedan
gamomdinarebs, (razec yuradReba kidev mravalgzis
iqneba gamaxvilebuli) orive maTganis naTesaoba, rac
sxvaTa Soris Tomizmis oficialuri saeklesio moZRvrebis
mimarT ufro naklebad vlindeba, vidre florenciuli Tu
sienis glaxakur ordenTa eTikis mimarT. katonTan da
sakuTriv albertiseul msjelobaSi es eTosi ar Cans,
vinaidan orive SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba cxovrebiseul
sibrZnes da ara eTikas. franklinTanac utilitarizmTan
gvaqvs saqme; oRond, saqme isaa, rom axalgazrda
vaWarTa mimarT qadagebis eTikuri paTetika sruliad
TvalSi sacemia da swored esaa arsebiTi. fulTan
mimarTebaSi rudunebis nakleboba misTvis erTgvarad
kapitalis embrionis "mokvlas" niSnavs da amdenad
eTikur defeqts warmoadgens.
orives (albertisa da franklinis) Sinagani
naTesaoba sinamdvileSi imdenad arsebobs,
ramdenadac alberti, visac zombarti "RvTismosavs"
uwodebs da romelic marTalia, sxva mravali humanistis
msgavsad, xeldasxmuli iyo mRvdlad da romSi mrevlic
hyavda, Tavis mxriv, mis mier rekomendebul cxovrebis
warmarTvis wesSi saorientacio miznebad religiur
motivebs jer kidev sruliad ugulvebelyofs (ori savsebiT
uRimRamo pasaJis gamoklebiT), franklinTan ki
"yairaTianobisaken" mowodeba religiur koncefciasTan
ukve aRaraviTar kavSirs aRar avlens. utilitarizms
ekuTvnis, Tundac formalurad, gadamwyveti sityva am
sferoSi rogorc erT ise meore avtorTan, rogorc albertis
mier Salisa da abreSumis Sesyidvis rCevisas, ise
merkantilisturi socialutilitarizmis (roca "bevri
adamianis dasaqmeba xdeba" _ miT. SromaSi: gv 292)
SemTxvevaSi. am sferos mikuTvnebuli albertiseuli
mosazrebani ase vTqvaT, imanenturi ekonomikuri
"racionalizmis" metad Sesatyvisi paradigmaa, romelic
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis "arekvlad" mogvevlineba
wmindad "saqmis viTarebiT" dainteresebul avtorebTan
yvelgan da yvela droSi, rogorc Cinur klasicizmsa da

94
antikurobaSi iseve renesanssa da ganmanaTleblobis
epoqaSi. cxadia, iseve rogorc antikurobaSi katonTan,
varonTan, kolumelasTan, iseve albertisa da mis
msgavsTa moZRvrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT "industria"-s
Sesaxeb, sameurneo ratio zedmiwevniTaa ganxiluli.
magram nuTu SeiZleba davijeroT, rom mwignobarTa
aseT moZRvrebas ZaluZda cxovrebis imgvar Zireulad
gadambrunebeli Zala SeeZina, rogorc vTqvaT, religiur
rwmenas, romelic cxovrebis garkveuli (am
SemTxvevaSi meTodur-racionaluri) wesiT
warmarTvisas sulis xsnis jildoebs awesebs? Tu rogor
gamoiyureba amis sapirispirod cxovrebis warmarTvis
(da amasTan erTad vTqvaT, sameurneo qcevis)
religiaze orientirebuli "racionalizeba", SegviZlia ara
marto yvela konfesiuri mimarTulebis puritanTa
magaliTze, aramed jainaTa, ebraelTa, Sua saukuneebis
garkveul asketur seqtaTa, uiklifis, bohemiel ZmaTa
(husituri moZraobis erTgvari gamoZaxili), ruseTSi
skopcebisa da Stundistebis da berebis mravalricxovan
ordenTa erTmaneTisagan Zireulad gansxvavebul
magaliTebzec TvalnaTliv davinaxoT. am gansxvavebaSi
gadamwyvetia (movlenebs rom odnav win gavuswroT)
is, rom religiaze dafuZnebuli eTika mis mier
gansazRvruli qcevisaTvis, sruliad garkveul da, vidre
religiuri rwmena cocxlobs, metad qmediTunarian (ara
ekonomikuri xasiaTis) fsiqologiur jildoebs awesebs,
rogoric cxovrebis mxolod ostaturad warmarTvis
vTqvaT, albertiseul moZRvrebas ar gaaCnia. mxolod
imdenad, ramdenadac es jildoebi pirvel yovlisa (da
esaa swored gadamwyveti) TeologTa moZRvrebisagan
(romelic Tavis mxriv, mxolod da mxolod
"moZRvrebaa") xSirad sagrZnoblad dacilebuli
mimarTulebiT axdenen zegavlenas, swored aseT
SemTxvevaSi iZens religiuri eTika TviTmmarTvel
gavlenas cxovrebis warmarTvis wesze da aqedan
gamomdinare, ekonomikaze: dabejiTebiT unda vTqva,
rom zustad amaSia naSromis mTeli marili, rac CemTvis

95
moulodnelad, sruliad SeumCneveli darCa. zombartis
mier aseve savsebiT mcdarad gagebul,
"kapitalizmisadmi SedarebiT keTilganwyobil", gviani
Sua saukuneebis Teologiur eTikosebs (antonin
florencielsa da bernardin sienels) mogvianebiT
sxvagan SevexebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi, l. b. alberti
am wres absoluturad ar ganekuTvneba. bermonazvnur
ideaTa samyaros igi mxolod "industria"-s cnebas
daesesxa, kacma ar icis ramdeni Suamavali rgolis
gavliT. alberti, pandolfini da maTi msgavsni,
garegnulad yovelgvari oficialuri morCilebis
miuxedavad, Sinaganad tradiciuli eklesiurobisagan
ukve gaTavisuflebulni arian da gabatonebuli qristianuli
eTikisadmi sruli mijaWvulobis miuxedavad,
mniSvnelovanwilad im antikur-"warmarTuli"
mimarTulebis ganwyobilebebs warmoadgenen, romelTa
mniSvneloba Tanamedrove ekonomikuri moZRvrebis
(da agreTve Tanamedrove ekonomikuri politikis)
ganviTarebisaTvis, brentanos azriT, Cems mier
"ignorirebulia." is faqti, rom am mizez-Sedegobriv
mwkrivs ar Sevxebivar, simarTles ki Seesabameba,
magram "protestantuli eTikisa da kapitalizmis
suliskveTebis" Sesaxeb daweril naSromSi amis adgili
namdvilad ar aris. Sors var im azrisagan, rac sxva dros
kidev ukeT gamoCndeba, rom uarvyo am kauzaluri
mwkrivis mniSvneloba, me savsebiT gasagebi
mizezebis gamo mainc im azrze vrCebodi da vrCebi,
rom am ukanasknelis zegavlenis sfero da zegavlenis
mimarTuleba sruliad sxvagvari iyo, vidre protestantuli
eTikisa (romlis praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT arcTu umniSvnelo
winamorbedni iyvnen seqtebi da uiklifistur-husituri
eTika). xsenebulma antikur-warmarTulma
ideebma ara (Camoyalibebis gzaze myofi burJuaziis)
cxovrebis wesze, aramed saxelmwifo moRvaweTa da
TavadTa politikaze moaxdines zegavlena da es ori,
marTalia nawilobriv, magram aramcdaaramc yvelaferSi
Tanmxvdomi kauzaluri mwkrivi jerjerobiT sruliad

96
urTierTgamijnulad unda davtovoT. rac Seexeba
benjamin franklins, visi kerZomeurneobrivi traqtatebi,
Tavis droze amerikaSi saskolo sakiTxav masalad
gamoiyeneboda, albertiseuli vrceli naSromebis
sapirispirod, romlebic swavlulTa wreebis farglebs gareT
TiTqmis ucnobi rCeboda, uTuod cxovrebiseul
praqtikaze gavlenisunarian kategorias unda
mivakuTvnoT. magram Cems mier igi dabejiTebiT
citirebulia, rogorc adamiani, romelic amasobaSi ukve
dromoWmuli cxovrebis puritanuli reglamentirebis
gaRma dgas, iseve rogorc sazogadod inglisuri
"ganmanaTlebloba", romlis kavSir-urTierTobas
puritanizmTan ukve xSirad SevxebivarT.
36)samwuxarod brentanomac (iqve) mogebisaken
yovelgvari swrafva (sulerTia saomari Tu mSvidobiani
gziT) erT qvabSi Cayara da amis Semdeg "kapitalisturi"
(vTqvaT, feodaluris sapirispirod) mogebisaken swrafvis
specifikur arsad mxolod fulze (miwis nacvlad)
oroentirebuloba gamoacxada; yovelgvari Semdgomi
gamijvna, rasac saerTod mkafio cnebebamde Cveni
miyvana SeuZlia, mis mier ara mxolod uaryofilia,
aramed man (gv. 131) winamdebare gamokvlevis
miznebisaTvis Seqmnili (Tanamedrove!) kapitalizmis
"suliskveTebis" cnebasTan dakavSirebiT, CemTvis
sruliad gaugebari mosazreba wamoayena: TiTqos es
cneba Tavis winapirobaSi imas moicavdes, rac jer kidev
dasamtkicebelia.
37)Sdr. zombartis yvela TvalsazrisiT metad moswrebuli
SeniSvnebi wignSi: Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im
neunzehnten Jahrhundert, S. 123. albaT sulac ar
mWirdeba imis gansakuTrebuli xazgasma _
miuxedavad imisa, rom momdevno gamokvlevis
ZiriTadi mosazrebebi gacilebiT ufro adreul SromebSi
iqna gamoTqmuli _ Tu raoden umadlis Cems SromebSi
Camoyalibebuli formulirebebi, Tundac mxolod im faqts,
rom arsebobs zombartiseuli didebuli gamokvlevebi
mTeli Tavisi mkveTri formulirebebiT, maSinac ki da

97
swored maSin, roca Cveni gzebi iyreba. isic ki visac
zombartiseuli mosazrebebi Seupovari
winaaRmdegobisken ubiZgebs da vinc mis zogierT
debulebas gadaWriT uaryofs, movalea, misi
mniSvneloba gaacnobieros.
38)kiTxvas, Tu sadamde swvdeba es sazRvrebi, iseve
naklebad CavuRrmavdebiT, rogorc Tavdapirvelad
bresis mier wamoyenebul, brentanos mier Teoriulad,
Sulce-gevernicis mier ki erTdroulad istoriulad da
konstruqtiulad Camoyalibebul da gaazrebul Teorias
maRali anazRaurebisa da maRali Sromis nayofierebis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. diskusiis ganaxlebas biZgi
misca hasbaxis Rrmaazrovanma gamokvlevebma
(Schmollers Jahrbuch, 1903, S. 385--391 und 417 f.) da
igi sabolood jerac ar dasrulebula. CvenTvis aq is
eWvmiutaneli da marTlac ueWveli faqtic kmara, rom
dabali anazRaureba da maRali mogeba, dabali
anazRaureba da industriuli ganviTarebis xelsayreli
Sansebi erTmaneTs pirdapir ar emTxveva da rom
ubralo meqanikur fulad operaciebs ar mivyavarT
kapitalisturi kulturis suliskveTebiT "aRzrdamde" da
Sesabamisad, kapitalisturi meurneobis
SesaZleblobamde. yvela SerCeul magaliTs wminda
sailustracio xasiaTi aqvs.
39)amis gamo kapitalisturi mewarmeobis danergvac
xSirad imigrantTa mZlavri nakadis modenis gareSe
Zveli kulturis regionebidan ver gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli.
marTalia, savsebiT sworia zombartis SeniSvnebi
pirovnuli "unarCvevebisa" da ostatis xelobis
saidumloebaTa dapirispirebis Sesaxeb mecnierulad
obieqtivirebul Tanamedrove teqnikasTan; oRond
kapitalizmis warmoSobis momentisaTvis es
gansxvaveba TiTqmis ar arsebobs, kapitalisturi muSis
egreT wodebuli eTikuri Rirsebebi (da garkveulwilad
agreTve mewarmisac) Tavisi "iSviaTobrivi faseulobis"
gamo ki xSirad ufro maRalia, vidre ostatis saukunovan
tradicionalizmSi gaxevebuli gawafuloba. dRevandeli

98
industriac ki ar aris bolomde sruliad damoukidebeli
sawarmoTa adgilmdebareobis SerCevisas mosaxlebis
mier amgvari xangrZlivi tradiciiTa da aRzrdiT SeZenili
intensiuri Sromis Cvevebisagan. dRevandel samecniero
mosazrebaTa erTobliv speqtrs Seesabameba is, rom
sadac msgavsi damokidebuli mdgomareoba fiqsirdeba,
amas maSinve memkvidreobiT miRebul rasobriv
Tvisebebs da ara tradiciasa da aRzrdas miaweren, rac
Cemi azriT, friad saeWvoa.
40)ix. zeviT damowmebuli Sroma (SeniSv. 24).
41)winamdebare SeniSvnebi SeiZleba mcdarad iqnes
gagebuli. garkveuli tipis saqmosanTa miswrafeba
saTavisod gamoeyenebinaT gamoTqma: "xalxs religia
unda SeunarCundes", agreTve uwin, metadre
luTeranuli samRvdeloebis farTo wreebSi, avtoritarizmis
mimarT maTi sazogado simpaTiidan gamomdinare
sayovelTao miswrafeba qceuliyvnen "Sav policiad" iq,
sadac ki saWiro iyo gaficva codvad, profkavSirebi ki
"angarebianobis" gamRviveblebad dagmobiliyo _
gaxlavT is faqtebi, romlebTanac im movlenebs, razec
aqaa saubari, araferi aqvT saerTo. teqstSi moyvanil
momentebTan dakavSirebiT saqme exeba ara erTeul,
aramed metad gaxSirebul da, rogorc vnaxavT, tipiurad
qceul faqtebs.
42)Der moderne Kapitalismus Band I, 1. Aufl., S. 62.
43)S. 195, a.a.O.
44)cxadia, vgulisxmobT dasavleTisTvis specifikur
Tanamedrove racionalur warmoebas da ara msoflioSi
sami aTaswleulis manZilze gavrcelebul mevaxSeTa,
omis mommaragebelTa, Tanamdebobebisa da
gadasaxadebis moijare-SemsyidvelTa, didi
sovdagrebisa da finansur magnatTa kapitalizms
CineTSi, indoeTSi, babilonSi, eladaSi, romSi,
florenciaSi.
45)Cven araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ da amas unda
gaesvas aq xazi _ a priori ar miviCnevT, TiTqos erTi
mxriv, kapitalisturi sawarmos teqnikisa da meore

99
mxriv, kapitalizmisTvis misi eqspansiuri energiis
mimniWebeli "profesiuli Sromis" suliskveTebis
Tavdapirvel mkvebav niadags erTi da igive socialuri
fenebi warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisi viTarebaa
religiuri cnobierebis socialur safuZvlebTan
dakavSirebiTac. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT kalvinizmi iyo
"kapitalisturi suliskveTebiT" aRzrdis erT-erTi sayrdeni.
magram swored msxvili kapitalis mflobelni, magaliTad,
niderlandebSi, im mizezebis gamo, romelTac
SemdgomSi ganvixilavT, metwilad kalvinizmis
umkacresi wesebis mimdevrebi ki ara, aramed
arminianelebi iyvnen. mewarmeobisaken aRmaval
gzaze damdgari saSualo da wvrili burJuazia iyo aqac
da sxvaganac kapitalisturi eTikisa da kalvinisturi
eklesiurobis "tipiuri" matarebeli. magram swored es
garemoeba Seesatyviseba yvelaze zustad aq
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, rom msxvili kapitalis
mflobelni da vaWrebi yvela droSi arsebobdnen,
magram samewarmeo burJuaziuli Sromis racionalur
organizacias mxolod Sua saukuneebidan Tanamedrove
epoqaze gardamaval mijnaze vxvdebiT.
46)amis Sesaxeb ix. i. maliniakis ciurixSi Seqmnili
mSvenieri disertacia (1913).
47)momdevno suraTi sxvadasxva agdilebze calkeuli
dargebis "idealur-tipur" kompilacias warmoadgens; im
sailustracio miznisTvis, rasac is emsaxureba,
bunebrivia, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, rom
arc erT moxmobil magaliTSi movlenebi absoluturad
zustad ise ar viTardeba, rogorc es aq iqna aRwerili.
48)am mizeziT, SemTxveviTi araa, rom axalfexadgmuli
racionalizmis es pirveli periodi, germanuli industriis
pirveli frTis gaSla, yoveldRiuri yofis moTxovnilebis
saganTa stilis srul rRvevasTan miabijebda
xelixelCakidebuli.
49)es ar niSnavs imas, rom keTilSobil metalTa maragis
aramdgradobas Cven ekonomikuri gulgrilobiT
vekidebiT.

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50)es ki mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom saubaria
mewarmis im tipze, romelic Cveni dakvirvebis obieqtad
vaqcieT, da ara raRac empiriul saSualo tipze (“idealuri
tipis” cnebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Cemi statia
gamocemaSi: _ Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. XIX,
Heft I).
51)aq albaT Sesaferisi adgilia Zalian mokled SevexoT
SeniSvnebs f.keleriseuli ukve citirebuli naSromidan (ix.:
Heft 12 der Schriften der Görres-Gesellschaft) da
maTTan uSualod dakavSirebul zombartiseul
SeniSvnebs (wignidan "burJua"), imdenad, ramdenadac
isini aq gansaxilvel sakiTxTa jgufs ganekuTvnebian.
roca avtori naSroms, romelSic vaxSis kanonikuri
akrZalva (erTi gakvriT gakeTebuli SeniSvnis garda da
isic erTian argumentaciasTan yovelgvari kavSiris
gareSe) saerTod araa naxsenebi, imis winaswari
daSvebiT akritikebs, rom swored es vaxSis akrZalva _
rasac msoflios TiTqmis yvela religiur eTikaSi
moeZebneba paraleli! _ miuCneviaT gakritikebul
naSromSi kaTolikuri eTikisagan reformatorulis
ganmasxvavebel niSnad, namdvilad saseiro ambavia,
vinaidan gakritikeba xom mxolod im Sromebis
SeiZleba, romlebic namdvilad waukiTxavT an romelTa
debulebebi, Tuki isini waukiTxavT, jer ar daviwyebiaT.
brZola usuraria privatis (mevaxSeobis) winaaRmdeg
gasdevs XVI saukinis rogorc hugenotTa ise niderlanduri
eklesiis istorias. "lombardielebi" anu bankirebi
ziarebaze ar daiSvebodnen (ix. SeniSv. 13).
kalviniseulma nakleb SemboWavma Tvalsazrisma
(ramac sxvaTa Soris xeli ar SeuSala imas, rom
ordonantebis pirveli proeqti mevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg
gadawyvetilebebs iTvaliswinebda) mxolod salmaziusis
wyalobiT moipova gamarjveba. maSasadame,
winaaRmdegoba amaSi ar mdgomareobda: umal
piriqiT. _ magram kidev ufro savalalodaa saqme
sakuTriv avtoris mier moxmobil argumentaciasTan
dakavSirebiT, rac mis mier citirebuli (Cemi azriT,

101
misgan saTanadod daufasebeli) funkisa da sxva
kaTolike swavlulTa Sromebis, agreTve endemanis,
dReisaTvis calkeul aspeqtebSi erTgvarad moZvelebuli,
magram mainc fuZemdebluri gamokvlevis fonze Tavisi
zedapirulobiT erTob saCoTirod gamoirCeva. Tumca
imgvar eqscesebs, rasac zombartiseul SeniSvnebSi
vxvdebiT (iqve, gv. 321), romelTa Tanaxmad, TiTqos
"RvTismosavi kacebis" (ZiriTadad igulisxmebian
bernardin sieneli da antonin florencieli) msjelobidan
pirdapir ikveTeba, "Tu rogor cdilobdnen isini
yvelanairad SeegulianebinaT samewarmeo
suliskveTeba", rac saxeldobr imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
isini vaxSis akrZalvis msoflio praqtikis Sesabamisad,
am akrZalvas imgvar interpretacias aZlevdnen, rom
xelSeuxebeli rCeboda (Cveni terminologiiT rom
vTqvaT) "mwarmoebluri" kapitaldabandeba _ marTalia
kelerma Tavi ki aarida; (is, rom zombartTan romaelebi
erTi mxriv, "gmir erebs" ganekuTvnebian, meore mxriv
ki TiTqos ekonomikurma racionalizmma ukve katonTan
miaRwia "ukidures zRvars" (gv. 267), rac sxva
SemTxvevaSi misTvis Seurigebel dapirispirebas
warmoadgens, gakvriT mxolod imis niSnad gvinda
movixsenioT, rom Cvens winaSea "Tezisebis wigni"
sityvis yvelaze uaresi gagebiT); magram kelermac
aseve sruliad daamaxinja ( aq dawvrilebiT ganuxilavi,
uwin xSir SemTxvevebSi gazviadebuli, mogvianebiT ki
arasaTanadod dafasebuli, axla ki kaTolike
multimilionerebis xanaSi, apologeturi miznebiT,
pirdapir Tavdayira dayenebululi) vaxSis akrZalvis
mniSvneloba (rac, rogorc cnobilia, _ bibliuri
fundamentirebis miuxedavad! _ mxolod gasul
saukuneSi gauqmda wminda trapezis kongregaciis
dadgenilebis safuZvelze da Tanac mxolod temporum
ratione habita /drois moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisobis/
gamo da iribad, kerZod ki imis akrZalviT, rom sulieri
Svilebi ar SeewuxebinaT usuraria privatis Sesaxeb
gamokiTxvebiT, im pirobiT, Tuki maTi morCileba

102
akrZalvis kvlav ZalaSi Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi
garantirebuli iqneboda). saqme isaa, rom mas, vinc
met-naklebad Zirfesvianad gamoikvlia mevaxSeobis
saeklesio doqtrinis uaRresad daxlarTuli istoria, im
usasrulo kontroversebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vTqvaT,
rentis Sesyidvis nebadarTulobis, Tamasuqebis aRricxvis
da kidev mravali sxvagvari xelSekrulebiTi dokumentis
(uwinaresad ki imis gamo, rom wminda trapezis
kongregaciis dadgenileba municipalur sesxTan
dakavSirebiT iqna miRebuli) garSemo rom arsebobs,
ara aqvs ufleba (gv. 24) amtkicos, TiTqos sesxis
procentuli vaxSis akrZalva mxolod da mxolod
gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi gacemul kreditebze
vrceldeboda, TiTqos es akrZalva "kapitalis
SenarCunebis" mizans emsaxureboda da rom is,
TiTqos "kapitalisturi mewarmeobis xelSemwyobic" ki
iyo (gv. 25). WeSmariteba ki is aris, rom eklesias
vaxSis akrZalva xelmeored sakmaod gvian gaaxsenda,
da roca es moxda, kapitalis dabandebis wminda
saqmiani Cveulebrivi formebi myari procentis
safuZvelze gasesxebuli Tanxebi ki ara, aramed foenus
nauticum, commenda, societas maris da dare ad
proficuum de mari (anu riskis xarisxis Sesabamisad
mogebis an wagebis wilis gaTvaliswinebiT dawesebuli
sesxis nixri) iyo (mewarmisaTvis gacemuli procentiani
sesxis gaTvaliswinebiT es asec unda yofiliyo) anu is
formebi, romelTac akrZalva ar Seexo (an es mxolod
calkeuli, ukiduresad mkacri kanonistis mxridan
moxda); magram mas Semdeg, rac SesaZlebeli da
sayovelTaod miRebuli Seiqna myari procentis garantiiT
kapitalis dabandeba da agreTve Tamasuqebis
aRricxva, maT (Semdgom periodSic) sagrZnobi
siZneleebi SeeqmnaT vaxSis akrZalvis safuZvelze;
sirTuleebi, romlTac yvela saxis umkacresi zomebi
mosdevda vaWarTa gildiis (Savi siebi!) mxridan; oRond
vaxSis akrZalvis mimarT kanonistebis damokidebuleba
rogorc wesi, wminda iuridiul-formaluri iyo, yovel

103
SemTxvevaSi, yovelgvari "kapitalis damcveli"
tendenciis gareSe, rasac maT keleri mcdarad miawers.
dabolos, ramdenadac saerTod SesaZlebelia
kapitalizmisadmi garkveuli damokidebulebis raobis
dagena, esaa erTi mxriv, kapitalis Zlevamosilebis
mimarT (rogorc es jer kidev luTeriseul gamonaTqvamSi
aisaxa fugerebisa da finansuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb)
tradicionalisturi, umeteswilad yrud SegrZnobili mtruli
ganwyoba, sul ufro da ufro farTo masebis momcveli,
usaxo da usaxelo da amdenad eTikuri gavlenisaTvis
Znelad misawvdomi, meore mxriv ki axal pirobebTan
Seguebis ganmsazRvrelad qceuli aucilebloba. _ oRond
es problema winamdebare gamokvlevis farglebs
scildeba, vinaidan rogorc ukve iTqva, vaxSis
akrZalvasa da mis Semdgom bed-iRbals CvenTvis
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi martooden simptomaturi
mniSvneloba aqvs da esec mxolod metad SezRuduli
gagebiT.
skotis mimdevar da gansakuTrebiT ki
kvatroCentos epoqis mowyalebis mTxovnel ordenTa
Teologebis, pirvel rigSi bernardin sienelisa da antonin
florencielis anu specifikurad racionalur-asketuri
bermonazoni avtorebis sameurneo eTika usaTuod calke
ganxilvas moiTxovs da Cveni naSromis farglebSi
mxolod gakvriT Sexebisas sakiTxs ver amovwuravT,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, antikritikaSi winaswarve
unda meTqva is, ris Tqmasac mxolod mogvianebiT,
kapitalizmisadmi kaTolikuri sameurneo eTikis pozitiuri
damokidebulebis warmoCenisas vapirebdi. es avtorebi
cdiloben _ da amaSi isini araerTi iezuitis
winamorbedad gvevlinebian _ vaWris samrewvelo
mogeba gaamarTlon rogorc misi, eTikurad
nebadarTuli "industria"-s (Sromismoyvareobis)
sazRauri (amaze metis mtkiceba ra Tqma unda,
kelersac ar SeuZlia).
cxadia, saboloo jamSi, "industria"-s cneba da
misi Sefaseba bermonazvnuri askezadanaa nasesxebi,

104
iseve rogorc masserizia-s cneba iqna sasuliero
sferodan albertiseul sityvaxmarebaSi gadmotanili,
rasac igi Tavadve gvamcnobs jianotos piriT. berTa
askezis, rogorc protestantizmis saero asketur
denominaciaTa winamorbedis Sesaxeb, ufro
dawvrilebiT mogvianebiT iqneba saubari (msgavsi
koncefciebis Canasaxebs vpoulobT kinikosebTan
antikurobaSi, gvianelinisturi saflavis qvis warwerebSi
da sruliad gansxvavebuli winapirobebidan
gamomdinare, egvipteSi). is, rac aq mTlianad aklia,
(iseve rogorc albertisTan) swored isaa CvenTvis
gadamwyveti: kerZod ki rogorc amas kidev
davinaxavT, asketuri protestantizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sakuTari xsnis, certitudo salutis,
xelobaSi damkvidrebis koncefcia anu is fsiqologiuri
jildo, romelsac es religiuroba "industria"-sTvis
awesebda da rasac kaTolicizmi aucileblad moklebuli
unda yofiliyo, vinaidan misi xsnis saSualebebi sruliad
sxva saxis iyo. saboloo Sedegis mixedviT, am
avtorebTan saqme eTikur moZRvrebas exeba da ara
praqtikulad xsnis interesebiT ganpirobebul individualur
impulsebs da amis garda agreTve Seguebas (rac
metad ioli dasanaxia) da ara centraluri religiuri
poziciebidan argumentacias, rogorc amas adgili aqvs
saero askezaSi. (sxvaTa Soris, antoninsa da bernardins
ukve karga xania keleriseulze bevrad ukeTesi
gamokvlevebi mieZRvna). Tavad es Semguebloba
rCeboda dRevandlamde sakamaTo. miuxedavad amisa,
am bermonazvnuli eTikuri koncefciebis mniSvneloba
simptomaturi TvalsazrisiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
unda iqnes nolze dayvanili. xelobis Tanamedrove
cnebasTan nakadad Serwymuli religiuri eTikis
WeSmariti "saTaveebi" seqtebsa da eresSia saZiebeli,
pirvel rigSi uiklifTan, romlis mniSvneloba brodnicma
(ix.: Brodnitz, Englische Wirtschaftsgeschichte)
yvelafris miuxedavad mainc zedmetad gazviadebulad
Seafasa imis mtkicebiT, rom uiklifis zegavlena

105
imdenad didi iyo, rom puritanizms bevri aRaraferi
daxvda gasakeTebeli. yovelive amaze SeuZlebelia (da
arcaa saWiro) dawvrilebiT SeCereba, radgan aq
gakvriT, sasxvaTaSorisod ver ganvixilavT imas, Tu
rogor da ramdenad Seuwyo sinamdvileSi xeli Sua
saukuneebis qristianulma eTikam kapitalisturi
suliskveTebis wanamZRvrebis Camoyalibebas.
52)sityvebi _ "" _ (luka, 6, 35) da
maTi vulgataseuli Targmani "nihil inde sperantes"
(arafris molodinSi) a.merqsis varaudiT, warmoadgens
sityvebis  (= neminem
desperantes =aravis Cagdeba sasowarkveTaSi)
damaxinjebas da amgvarad Seicavs mowodebas
mieces sesxi nebismier, TviT Rarib moZmesac ki
procentebze yovelgvari laparakis gareSe. frazas _ Deo
placere vix potest _ axla arianuli warmomavloba
miewereba (rasac sagnobrivad CvenTvis didi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs).
53)Tu rogor axerxebdnen aseT SemTxvevebSi
mevaxSeobis akrZalvasTan morigebas, amas
magaliTad, Arte di Calimala-s (kalimalas saamqro)
wesdebis wigni I, gv. 65 gvaswavlis (me am
momentisaTvis mxolod Emiliani-Giuduci, Stor. dei Com.
Ital. Ed. III, p. 246 italiuri redaqcia maqvs xelT):
Procurino i consoli con quelli frati, che parra`loro, che
perdono si faccia e come fare si possa il meglio per l'
amore di ciascuno, del dono, merito o guiderdono,
ovvero interesse per l' anno presente e secundo che
altra volta fatto fue. (konsulebma saerTo ena unda
gamoZebnon im berebTan, visTanac CaTvlian saWirod,
Tu rogor SeiZleba yvelaze ukeT, saerTo interesebidan
gamomdinare, codvaTa mitevebis miReba saCuqrebis,
ZRvenis da madlierebis an procentebis sanacvlod
mimdinare wlis manZilze, rogorc es adrec xdeboda).
amrigad, saxezea amqris mxridan Tavisi wevrebisaTvis
codvaTa mitevebis mopovebis erTgvarad
Tanamdebobrivad dakisrebuli valdebuleba da submisiis

106
gzebi. kapitalis mogebis arazneobrivi xasiaTisTvis
niSandoblivia momdevno miTiTebebic, iseve rogorc
magaliTad, uSualod wamZRvarebuli moTxovna, yvela
procenti da mogeba sabuRaltro wignSi aRricxuli
yofiliyo rogorc "saCuqari". dRevandel sabirJo Sav siebs,
Sedgenils maT winaaRmdeg, vinc fasiani qaRaldebis
kursSi gansxvavebis gauqmebas iTxoven, xSirad
Seesabameboda imaTTvis saxelis gatexva, vinc
saeklesio sasamarTlos exceptio usurariae privatatis
(mevaxSeobis winaaRmdeg protestiT) mimarTavda.
54)antikuri enebidan mxolod ebrauls aqvs msgavsi
Seferilobis gamoTqmebi. pirvel yovlisa sityvaSi
‫הכאלמ‬: igi RvTismsaxurebis funqciaTa aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneboda (gam. 35, 21; neem. 11, 22; I neSt. 9,
13; 23, 4; 26, 30), mefis samsaxurSi myofTa
saqmianobisTvis (gansakuTrebiT I sam. 8, 16; I neSt. 4,
23; 29, 6), samefo moxelis samsaxurisTvis (esT. 3, 9; 9,
3), samuSaoTa zedamxedvelis (2. mef. 12, 12), monis
(rjl. 39, 11), mindvris samuSaoebis I neSt. 27, 26),
xelosanTa (gam. 31, 5; 35, 21; I meg. 7,14), vaWarTa
(fsalm. 107, 23) da TiTqmis yvela "profesiuli
samuSaosaTvis" gansaxilvel pasaJSi _ zir. 11, 20. sityva
nawarmoebia fuZidan ‫ = ךאל‬mivlena, wargzavna anu
Tavdapirvelad niSnavs "davalebas". momdevno
citatebis Tanaxmad, aSkaraa misi warmomavloba
egvipturi da egvipturi nimuSis mixedviT agebuli
solomoniseuli saxelmwifos sabegaro da liturgiul-
biurokratiul cnebaTa samyarodan. rogorc a. merqsma
amixsna, am cnebis Ziri azrobrivad ukve Zvel droSive
daikarga mTlianad, es sityva ukve nebismier
"samuSaos" aRniSnavda da marTlac ise gauferulda,
rogorc Cveneburi "Beruf", romlis bedi anu is, rom
Tavdapirvelad sasuliero funqciaTa aRsaniSnavad
yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, manac gaiziara. gamoTqma
‫קת‬Ä= "gansazRvruli", "miCenili", "pensum", romelic
aseve gvxvdeba ziraq 11, 20 -Si da septuagintaSi
iTargmneba rogorc "", iseve sabegaro

107
biurokratiuli enidan modis, rogorc ‫( סוי־רכך‬gam. 5, 13,
Sdr. gam. 5, 14 , sadac septuaginta aseve ""-s
iyenebs "pensum"-isTvis. ziraqiseuli 43, 10 sityva
septuagentaSi -daa Targmnili). ziraqis (11,20)
pasaJSi igi aSkarad RvTis mcnebaTa aRsrulebis
mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli, _ anu aseve
naTesaobas avlens Cvens "Beruf"-Tan. ziraqis pasaJTan
dakavSirebiT gvinda mivuTiToT smendis cnobil wignze:
Smend R. Die Weisheit des Jesus Sirach, Berlin, 1906,
sadac ganxilulia moxseniebuli muxlebi da aseve mis
"Index zur Weisheit des Jesus Sirach" (Berlin 1907) -ze,
sadac mocemulia sityvebis ς
ganmarteba. (cnobilia, rom ziraqis wignis ebrauli teqsti
daikarga, magram Sexteris mier igi kvlav iqna
aRmoCenili da nawilobriv Talmudiseuli citatebiT
Sevsebuli. luTers igi xelT ar hqonda da mis
sityvaTxmarebaze arc erTs am ebraul cnebaTagan
zegavlena ar mouxdenia: ix. mogvianebiT solomonis
igavebTan dakavSirebiT 22, 29). _ berZnulSi saerTod ar
arsebobs germanuli sityvis eTikuri Seferilobis
Sesatyvisi aRniSvna. im adgilebs ieso ziraqidan (11, 20
da 21), romelTac luTeri mTlianad Cveni
sityvaTxmarebis Sesatyvisad (ix. qveviT) Targmnis,
rogorc: "darCi Sens mowodebaSi", septuaginta erTgan
Targmnis rogorc , meoregan ki, aSkarad sruliad
damaxinjebul nawyvetSi (ebraul dedanSi saubaria
RvTis Sewevnis amobrwyinebaze!) rogorc ς.
Cveulebriv ki, Zvelad zogadi
mniSvnelobiT "movaleobebs" aRniSnavda. stoikosTa
enaSi drodadro (razec Tavis droze alb.
ditrixma mimaqcevina yuradReba) avlens msgavs,
enobrivi warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT daudgenel,
azrobriv Seferilobas. yvela sxva gamoTqma (rogorc
ςda a.S.araa zneobrivad Seferili. _ imas,
rasac Cven vTargmniT rogorc "Beruf" , adamianis
Sromis danawilebiTi uwyveti saqmianobis
mniSvnelobiT, rac (wesisamebr) misTvis Semosavlis

108
wyaros da amiT arsebobis mudmiv ekonomikur
safuZvels warmoadgens, laTinurSi, garda uferuli
sityvisa "opus", gamoxataven germanuli sityvis eTikuri
Sinaarsis msgavsi Seferilobis sityvebiT officium
(opificium-idan e.i. Tavdapirvelad eTikurad uferuli,
mogvianebiT ki gansakuTrebiT senekasTan _ De benef.,
IV, 18 mowodebad qceuli) an moqalaqeTa Zveli
saTemo begaridan nawarmoebi sityviT munus anda,
bolos, sityviT professio, romelic am mniSvnelobiT
aseve sajaro-samarTlebrivi movaleobebidan, kerZod,
moqalaqeTa Zveli sagadasaxado deklaraciebidan unda
momdinareobdes, mogvianebiT ki "liberaluri
profesiebis" (ase mag. professio bene dicendi _
oratoruli profesia) Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba da am ufro viwro sferoSi Cveneburi
styvis "Beruf" yvela TvalsazrisiT maxlobel mTlian
mniSvnelobas iZens (sityvis ufro siRrmiseul
mniSvnelobasac ki; ase magaliTad, rodesac ciceroni
vinmeze ambobs: non intelligit quid profiteatur igi
gulisxmobs: "mas Tavisi WeSmariti mowodeba ver
Seucvnia"), _ oRond aq cxadia sruliad saaqaoze
orientirebulad, yovelgvari religiuri Seferilobis gareSe
moiazreba. cxadia, es kidev ufro metad exeba sityvas
"ars", romelic cezarianizmis epoqaSi "xelobas"
aRniSnavda. vulgata ieso ziraqidan zemoT moxmobil
adgilebs erT SemTxvevaSi Targmnis rogoc "opus",
meore SemTxvevaSi ki rogorc (v. 21) "locus", rac aq
daaxloebiT "socialuri mdgomareobis" mniSvnelobas
iZens. iseTi asketisagan, rogoric hieronimusi iyo, modis
damateba "mandaturam tuorum" (imis Sesabamisad,
rac gangesazRvreba), razec savsebiT marTebulad
mianiSnebs brentano, oRond (Cveulebisamebr) imis
gauTvaliswineblad, rom swored esaa cnebis asketuri _
reformaciamde arasaero, reformaciis Semdeg ki saero
_ warmomavlobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli. sxvaTa Soris
dauzustebelia, Tu romeli teqstis mixedviTaa
hieronimusiseuli Targmani; sityvis ‫ הכאלמ‬Zveli liturgiuli

109
mniSvnelobis zegavlena gamoricxuli ar unda iyos. _
romanuli enebidan mxolod sasuliero wodebisgan
momdinare espanur "vocation"-s aqvs raRacisadmi
Sinagani "mowodebis" gagebiT, germanuli sityvis
mniSvnelobis nawilobriv Sesatyvisi Seferiloba, magram
is arasodes ar aRniSnavs "profesias" garegnuli
mniSvnelobiT. bibliis romanul TargmanebSi espanuri
vocation, italiuri vocazione da chiamamento aqve
gansaxilveli luTeriseuli da kalvinisturi sityvaTxmarebis
nawilobriv Sesatyvisi mniSvnelobiT Cveulebisamebr
gamoiyeneba mxolod axalaRTqmiseuli ς-is, anu
saxarebiseuli sulis maradiuli xsnisken mowodebis
saTargmnelad, ris Sesatyviss vulgataSi "vocatio"
warmoadgens. (ucnauria adre miTiTebul naSromSi
brentanos msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos es, Cems
mier sakuTari mosazrebis gasamyareblad moxmobili
garemoeba imis dadasturebas warmoadgendes, rom
"mowodebis" cneba misi reformaciisSemdgomi
mniSvnelobiT adrec arsebobda. magram saubari xom
amaze ar aris: ςunda yofiliyo Targmnili sityviT
"vocatio", magram sad da rodis ixmareboda is Sua
saukuneebSi Cveni gagebiT? am Targmanis arsebobis
faqti da sityvis saero mniSvnelobis ararseboba, Tavad
Targmanis arsebobis faqtis miuxedavad, warmoadgens
swored Cveni mosazrebis dadasturebas). magaliTad,
"chiamamento"- s iyenebs am wesiT XV saukunis
bibliis italiuri Targmani, romelic dabeWdilia
gamocemaSi: Collezione di opere e rare, Bologna,
1887, "vocazione "- esTan erTad, romelsac bibliis
Tanamedrove italiuri Targmanebi iyeneben. amis
sapirispirod, germanuli sityvis "Beruf", Semosavlis
miRebis mizniT regularuli saqmianobis garegnul, saero
mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli sityvebi romanul enebSi,
rogorc leqsikuri masalidan, ise Cemi Zvirfasi megobris
profesor baistis (fraiburgi) safuZvliani
gamokvlevidanac gamomdinareobs, aranair religiur
anabeWds ar atareben, ganurCevlad imisa, aqvT Tu

110
ara maT sityvebis ministerium an officium msgavsad,
Tavdapirveli garkveuli eTikuri Seferiloba, Tu msgavsad
sityvebisa ars, professio, implicare (impiego) amgvar
movlenas imTaviTve ar icnobdnen. ieso ziraqidan
dasawyisSi moxseniebuli adgilebi, romelTac luTeri
Targmnis rogorc "Beruf", frangulad iTargmneba rogorc
v. 20 office, v. 21 labeur ( kalvinisturi Targmani),
espanurad v. 20 obra, v. 21 lugar (vulgatas
mixedviT), axal TargmanebSi: "posto" (protestantuli).
romanuli qveynebis protestantebma, maTi
mcirericxovanebis gamo, ver moaxerxes, Tumca maT
es arc ki ucdiaT, iseTi sityvaTSemoqmedebiTi
zegavlena moexdinaT enaze, rogorc es luTerma
moaxdina jer kidev naklebad akademiurad
racionalizirebul germanul kanceliariaTa enaze.
55) augsburgis aRmsareblobaSi es cneba mxolod
nawilobriv ganviTarda da implicituradaa mocemuli.
roca muxli XVI (ix. koldes gamocema gv.43)
mogviwodebs: "vinaidan saxareba ... ki ar anadgurebs
saero mmarTvelobas, policias da qorwinebas, aramed
surs, rom es yvelaferi SenarCunebuli iqnes rogorc
RvTiuri wesrigi da mis farglebSi yovelma adamianma
daamtkicos qristianuli siyvaruli da qmnas keTili
saqmeebi, misi profesiis Sesabamisad" (laTinurad es
ase JRers: et in talibus ordinationibus exercere
caritatem" eod. S. 42), aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom gvmarTebs zemdgomTa morCileba,
da rom "Beruf" cneba aq pirvel rigSi obieqtur wesrigad
moiazreba I kor. 7, 20-is gagebiT. xolo muxli XXVII
(koldesTan gv. 83 qveviT) "Beruf"-ze (laTinurad: in
vocatione sua) saubrobs mxolod RvTis mier dawesebul
wodebebTan kavSirSi: samRvdeloeba, mmarTvelni,
TavadTa da batonTa wodeba da msgavsi; oRond amas
germanulad mxolod konkordansis wigni Seicavs,
maSin, rodesac pirvel germanul gamocemaSi es fraza
ar Sesula.
mxolod muxli XXVI (kolde gv. 81) frazaSi ...

111
"xorcis gvema RvTis wyalobis mopovebas ki ar unda
emsaxurebodes, aramed xorcis ise marjve yofas, rom
man ar SeuSalos xeli imaSi, rac adamians misi
mowodebis Tanaxmad (laTinurad: juxta vocationem
suam) aqvs nabrZanebi", _ gamoiyeneba es sityva
Cveni dRevandeli cnebis momcveli mniSvnelobiT.
56) bibliis luTeriseul Targmanamde , rogorc amas
mowmobs leqsikonebi da kolegebic batonebi braune
da hoopsi Tavazianad gvidastureben, sityva
"Beruf,"holandiurad: "beroeop", inglisurad: "calling",
daniurad: "kald" , Svedurad: "kallelse", arc erT enaSi,
romlebic mas axla Seicaven, ar gvxvdeba Cveni
dRevandeli saero mniSvnelobiT. sityva "Beruf"-is
msgavsi JReradobis saSualozemogermanuli,
saSualoqvemogermanuli da saSualoniderlanduri
sityvebi aRniSnaven "Ruf"-xmobas misi dRevandeli
germanuli mniSvnelobiT, agreTve sityvis "Berufung" (=
Vokation) CaTvliT, rac gviani Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi
uflebamosili piris mier kandidatis "moxmobas"
gulisxmobda sasuliero Tanamdebobaze _ esaa is
specifikuri SemTxveva, romelic skandinaviuri enebis
leqsikonebSic gamorCeuladaa aRniSnuli. sityvis am
ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs mas drodadro
luTeric. oRond rac ar unda sasikeTod wasdgomoda am
sityvis specifikuri gamoyeneba mis gviandel
interpretacias, Tanamedrove "mowodebis"- cnebis
("Beruf") Semoqmedad (enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac) bibliis
Targmanebi rCeba da mxolod taulerTan (+ 1361)
SeiZleba im wanamZRvrebis povna, razec
mogvianebiT iqneba saubari. yvela enam, romelmac
bibliis protestantuli Targmanis gavlena ganicada,
Seqmna es sityva, xolo im enebSi, romelTac es ar
ganucdiaT, (msgavsad romanuli enebisa) amgvari
sityva an saerTod ar gvxvdeba an Tu gvxvdeba, mas
ara aqvs dRevandeli mniSvneloba.
luTeri sityviT "Beruf" Targmnis or Tavdapirvelad
sruliad gansxvavebul cnebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi esaa

112
pavle mociquliseuli ς RvTis mier maradiuli
xsnisken mowodebis mniSvnelobiT. amas
ganekuTvneba: I kor. 1: 26; efes. 1: 18; 4: 1_4; 2Tes. 1:
11; ebr. 3: 1; 2. petr. 1:10. yvela am SemTxvevaSi
saqme gvaqvs mowodebis im religiur cnebasTan,
romelic RvTis mier mociqulis meSveobiT gacxadebuli
saxarebiT xdeba, da cnebas ςiotisodenadac
araferi aqvs saerTo saero "profesiebTan" dRevandeli
gagebiT. luTeriseuli germanuli bibliebi am SemTxvevaSi
iyeneben sityvas "ruffunge" (magaliTad, haidelbergis
biblioTekis yvela inkunabulaSi) an gamoTqmis: "von
Gott geruffet" nacvlad iyeneben gamoTqmas "von
Gott gefordert". _ meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc adreve
aRvniSneT, wina SeniSvnaSi moyvanili ieso ziraqis Zis
sityvebs septuagintaseul TargmanSi:
da
 igi Targmnis rogorc "damkvidrdi Sens
xelobaSi" da "darCi Sens xelobaSi", nacvlad: darCi
Sens samuSaosTan, da Semgomi periodis
(avtorizirebuli) bibliis kaTolikuri Targmanebi (magaliTad,
flaiSiuciseuli, fulda 1781) am SemTxvevaSi (iseve
rogorc axali aRTqmiseul pasaJebSi) mas ubralod
emyarebian.am ziraqiseuli pasaJis luTeris Targmani,
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, pirveli SemTxvevaa,
roca germanuli sityva "Beruf" mTlianad misi
dRevandeli wminda saero mniSvnelobiTaa
gamoyenebuli. ( winamorbed Segonebas - V. 20:
_igi Targmnis rogorc
"darCi RvTis sityvaSi", miuxedavad imisa, rom
ziraqiseuli adgilebi 14: 1 da 43: 10 aCveneben, rom _
ebrauli gamoTqmis ‫קת‬, romelsac (Talmudis
citatebis mixedviT) ziraqi iyenebs, Sesabamis _
 -s sinamdvileSi Cveni "Beruf" (xelobis)
msgavsi, kerZod "xvedris" an "dakisrebuli samuSaos"
mniSvneloba unda hqondes). sityva "Beruf" gviandeli
da dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, rogorc aRvniSneT,
manamde ar arsebobda germanul enaSi, arc,

113
ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, bibliis Zveli
mTargmnelebisa da mqadageblebis leqsikaSi.
luTeramdeli germanuli bibliebi ziraqiseul adgils
Targmnian rogorc "saqmes" (Werk). bertold
regensburgeli Tavis qadagebebSi, yvelgan, sadac Cven
"mowodebas" vityodiT, axsenebs sityvas "samuSao"
(Arbeit). amrigad sityvaTxmarebis wesi igivea, rogorc
antikurobaSi. pirveli, jerjerobiT CemTvis cnobili
nawyveti, sadac marTalia ara "Beruf", aramed "Ruf"
(rogorc ς Targmani) gamoiyeneba wminda saero
saqmianobisTvis, gvaqvs tauleris mSvenier
qadagebaSi efes. 4 Sesaxeb (bazelis gamocema. 117
V): romelic glexebze mogviTxrobs, niadagSi "nakeli
rom SeaqvT" da tauleri Tvlis, rom isini xSirad ufro
sworad iqcevian "rameTu ubralod TavianT mowodebas
misdeven, vidre sasuliero pirni, romlebic TavianT
mowodebas arad agdeben". am sityvas am
mniSvnelobiT saero enaSi ar SeuRwevia. da imis
miuxedavad, rom dasawyisSi luTeriseuli
sityvaTxmareba (ix. Werke, Erl. Ausg. 51, S. 51)
meryeobs "Ruf"- sa da "Beruf"- s Soris, uSualod
tauleriseuli zegavlena mTlad ueWveli araa, TumcaRa
swored am qadagebaze zogierTi miniSneba,
magaliTad, "qristianis TavisuflebaSic" mogvepoveba.
saqme isaa, rom wminda saero mniSvnelobiT
taulerisagan gansxvavebiT luTers es sityva
Tavdapirvelad ar gamouyenebia (ase migvaCnia,
deniflis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, luTeri, gv. 163).
cxadia ziraqiseuli rCeva, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT RvTisadmi rwmenis zogad Segonebas,
septuagintaseul variantSi ar Seicavs saero "profesiuli"
saqmianobis araviTar specifikur religiur Sefasebas
(gamoTqma ςjafa, damaxinjebul meore
nawyvetSi umal amis sapirispiro movlena iqneboda,
damaxinjebuli rom ar yofiliyo). rasac ieso ziraqi
ambobs, ubralod fsalmunis (fsalm. 37: 3) Segonebas:
"daemkvidre qveyanaze da mwyemse simarTle"_

114
Seesatyviseba, iseve rogorc es naTlad vlindeba
gafrTxilebaSic (muxli 21), ar daabrmavebino Tavi
uRvToTa saqmeebs, radgan RvTisTvis iolia Ratakis
gamdidreba. mxolod dasawisSi gakeTebuli gafrTxileba
‫ קת‬-Si darCenis Sesaxeb (muxli 20), avlens garkveul
naTesaobas saxarebiseul ς-Tan, magram
swored aq ar gamoiyena luTerma (berZnuli -
sTvis) sityva "Beruf". sityva "mowodebis" am or,
aSkarad sruliad heterogenul gamoyenebas Soris
SemaerTebel xids luTerTan warmoadgens nawyveti
korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistoledan da misi Targmani.
luTerTan (gavrcelebul Tanamedrove
gamocemebSi) is. nawyveti, sadac es adgili gvxvdeba,
ase JRers: (I kor. 7: 17) "... yvela moiqces ise, rogorc igi
ixmo ufalma... (18) "winadacveTilad ixmo vinme? nu
emsgavseba winadaucveTels; winadaucveTlad ixmo
vinme? nu winadaicveTs. (19) winadacveTiloba araferia
da winadaucveTelobac araferia; mxolod RmrTis
mcnebaTa dacvaa yvelaferi. (20) yvela darCes imad,
radac iqna xmobili (_
es, rogorc saidumlo mrCevelma a.merqsma miTxra,
udao hebraizmia, _ vulgataSi: in qua vocatione vocatus
est). (21) monad xar xmobili? nu swuxar. magram Tu
SegiZlia moipovo Tavisufleba, umalve isargeble amiT.
(22) radganac mona, uflis mier xmobili, Tavisufalia
uflisa, iseve rogorc Tavisuflad xmobili _ qristes monaa.
(23) sasyidliTa xarT nayidni. nu gaxdebiT monebi
kacTa. (24) vinc ra wodebiT aris xmobili, imadve
darCes, Zmano, RmrTis winaSe." 29-e muxlSi Semdeg
modis miTiTeba imaze, rom dro "cotaRa darCa", rasac
mosdevs kargad nacnobi, esqatologiuri molodiniT
(muxli 31) motivirebuli miTiTebebi, rom colianebi ise
iyvnen, rogorc ucoloni, da myidvelni, rogorc aras
mqoneni da a. S. 20-e muxlSi luTerma Zvel germanul
Targmanebze dayrdnobiT jer kidev 1523 wels am Tavis
egzegezSi ς Targmna rogorc "Ruf" (Erl. Ausgabe,
Bd. 51 S. %1) da ganmarta igi rogorc "mdgomareoba".

115
 marTlac naTelia, rom am adgilze _ da mxolod am
adgilze _ sityva ς met-naklebad Seesatyviseba
laTinur "status" da germanul "Stand -s -mdgomareoba-
(ojaxuri mdgomareoba, monis mdgomareoba da a.S.).
(magram namdvilad ara "Beruf"-s Tanamedrove
gagebiT, rogorc brentano miiCnevs misi citirebuli
Sromis 137 gverdze. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
brentanos Tavad es nawyveti an is, rasac me amis
Sesaxeb vwer, dakvirvebiT waekiTxos). es sityva,
garkveulwilad mimsgavsebuli mniSvnelobiT, Tavisi
fuZiT -sTan, "moxmobil TavyrilobasTan"
danaTesavebuli, berZnul literaturaSi, ramdenadac
leqsikuri masala mowmobs, erTaderTxel gvxvdeba
dionisius halikarnaselTan, sadac is laTinur classis,
berZnul nasesxobas, "moxmobil", gawveul moqalaqeTa
qvedanayofs Seesatyviseba. Teofilaqtosi (XI / XII
saukuneebi) I kor. 7: 20-s adgils ase ganmartavs:

(batonma kolega daismanma
mimaqcevina amaze yuradReba). _ Cvens dRevandel
"Beruf"-s arc am adgilze Seesabameba ς. mas
Semdeg, rac luTerma esqatologiurad motivirebul
SegonebaSi, rom yvela Tavis amJamindel wodebaSi
darCeniliyo, ς Targmna rogorc "Beruf",
mogvianebiT, apokrifebis Targmnisas, ieso ziraqis
tradicionalisturad da antiqrematistulad motivirebul
rCevaSi, rom yvela Tavis xelobaSi darCeniliyo, rCeva-
darigebis ukve TviT faqtobrivi msgavsebis gamo
agreTve ς zustad iseve Targmna rogorc "Beruf".
(swored esaa gadamwyveti da niSandoblivi. adgili I kor.
7: 17 saerTod ar moiTxovs ς Targmnas "Beruf"-
is mniSvnelobiT = moRvaweobis SemosazRvruli sfero).
amasobaSi (an SeiZleba imavdrouladac) 1530 wels
augsburgis konfesiaSi dadginda protestantuli dogma
kaTolikeTa mier saero zneobriobis ugulebelyofis
usargeblobis Sesaxeb da amasTan mimarTebaSi
gamoyenebuli iqna gamoTqma "yovels misi xelobis

116
mixedviT" (ix. winamdebare SeniSvna). es garemoeba
da swored 30-ian wlebSi luTeris mier wesrigis
siwmindis sul ufro mzardi dafaseba, romelSic calkeuli
individia Cayenebuli, rac cxovrebiseul calkeul
wvrilmanebSic ki RvTiuri gangebisadmi misi sul ufro
mkveTrad gamoxatuli rwmenidan gamomdinareobda,
amasTanave RvTis survilis Tanaxmad samyaros
wesrigis, rogorc Seucvladis, miRebisadmi misi mzardi
mzaoba, poulobs asxvas aq, luTeriseul TargmanSi.
"Vocatio" Sua saukuneebis laTinurSi niSnavda wminda
cxovrebisadmi RvTis mier mowodebulobas,
gansakuTrebiT monasterSi da sasuliero pirTaTvis da es
Seferiloba miiRo luTerisaTvis, xsenebuli dogmis
zewoliT, saero "profesiulma" saqmianobamac. vinaidan
axla is sityvebs oς da  ieso ziraqis teqstSi
Targmnis rogorc "Beruf", risTvisac uwin mxolod
berebis Targmanidan momdinare (laTinuri) analogia
moipoveboda, maSin, rodesac ramdenime wliT adre jer
kidev solomoniseul igavebSi 22: 29 ebraul ‫ הכאלמ‬-s,
romelic ieso ziraqis berZnuli teqstis sityvas  edo
safuZvlad da germanuli sityvis Beruf, skandinaviuri
kald , kallelse -s msgavsad upiratesad sasuliero
"mowodebidan" gamomdinareobs, Targmnis, iseve
rogorc sxva adgilebSic (dab. 39, 11), sityviT
"Geschäft", (LXX: vulgata: opus, inglisuri
bibliebi: business, Sesabamisad agreTve skandinaviuri
da yvela CemTvis xelmisawvdomi Targmani). amrigad
mis mier Cveni dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT sityvis
"Beruf" Seqmna Tavdapirvelad sruliad luTeranuli
rCeboda. kalvinistebi apokrifebs arakanonikurad
miiCnevdnen. luTeriseuli mowodebis cneba maT
mxolod im ganviTarebis gzis dasasruls aRiares da
xazgasmiT gamokveTes, romelmac "Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis" interesi wamoswia wina planze. pirvel
(romanul) TargmanebSi ki maT Sesabamisi sityva arc
moepovebodaT da arc imis Zala SeswevdaT, rom is,
ukve stereotipulad Camoyalibebuli, enis

117
sityvaTxmarebaSi SemoetanaT.
"mowodebis" cneba Tavisi dRevandeli
mniSvnelobiT ukve XVI saukunis arasaeklesio
literaturaSi imkvidrebs adgils. luTeramde bibliis
mTargmnelebi sityvisTvis ς iyenebdnen cnebas
Berufung (magaliTad, 1462 / 1466, 1485 wlebis
haidelbergis inkunabulebi), 1537 wlis ekiseul
ingolStadtur TargmanSi naTqvamia: "in dem Ruf, worin
er beruft ist". Semdgomi periodis kaTolikuri Targmanebi
ZiriTadad uSualod luTers mihyvebian. inglisSi yvelaze
pirvelad uiklifiseul bibliis TargmanSi (1382) vxvdebiT
sityvas "cleping" (Zvelinglisuri sityva, romelic
mogvianebiT nasesxebi sityviT "calling" Seicvala), _
anu sityva, romelic Seesabameboda gviani reformaciis
sityvaTxmarebas, rac damaxasiaTebelia lolardTa
eTikisaTvis. amis sapirispirod 1534 wlis tindaliseuli
Targmani ideis wodebriv interpretacias Seicavs: "in the
same state wherein he was called", iseve, rogorc 1557
wlis Jenevis Targmani. 1539 wlis oficialurma
kranmeriseulma Targmanma "state" Secvala sityviT
"calling", Tumca niSandoblivia, rom vulgataze
dayrnobiT, 1582 wlis (kaTolikuri) reimsis biblia iseve,
rogorc elisabedis epoqis sakaro anglikanuri bibliebi
ubrundebian sityvas "vocation". is, rom inglisisTvis
bibliis kranmeriseuli Targmani iqca puritanuli cnebis
"calling" wyarod profesiis = trade mniSvnelobiT, jer
kidev mereim (ix. zeviT) SeniSna metad zustad. ukve
XVI saukunis Sua wlebSi gamoiyeneba calling am
mniSvnelobiT, ukve 1588 wels saubrobdnen "unlawful
callings" (ukanono profesiebis) Sesaxeb, 1603 wels
"greater callings" "umaRlesi" profesiebis mniSvnelobiT
da a. S. (ix. merei). (metad ucnauria brentanos
mosazreba (iqve, gv. 139), rom Sua saukuneebSi
sityvas "vocation" ar Targmnidnen rogorc "profesias"
da am cnebas arc icnobdnen, radgan mxolod
TavisufalT SeiZleba hqondeT "profesia", xolo Tavisufali
adamianebi maSin _ samoqalaqo profesiebSi _ ar

118
arsebobdnen. vinaidan Suasaukuneobrivi
mewarmeobis mTeli sazogadoebrivi agebuleba
antikurobis sapirispirod Tavisufal Sromaze iyo
dafuZnebuli da pirvel rigSi vaWrebi TiTqmis yvelani
Tavisufalni iyvnen, CemTvis amgvari msjeloba mTlad
gasagebi ar aris).
57) amasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. k. kregeris metad
yuradsaRebi gamokvleva: "Die Anschauung Luthers
vom Beruf" (Gießen 1900), romlis albaT erTaderT
xarvezs, iseve rogorc yvela RvTismetyvel avtorTan,
warmoadgens cnebis "lex naturae" (bunebrivi wesrigi)
analizis arasakmarisi sicxade. (amasTan dakavSirebiT
ix. e. troelCis recenzia zeebergis wignze / Seeberg,
Dogmengeschichte, Gött. Gel. Anz. 1902 / da
gansakuTrebiT Sesabamisi nawilebi misi qristianuli
eklesiis "socialuri moZRvrebebidan").
58) vinaidan, rodesac Toma akvineli adamianTa
wodebriv da profesionalur dayofas warmoaCens,
rogorc RvTiuri gangebis namoRvawars, amiT
sazogadoebis obieqturi kosmosi igulisxmeba. is, rom
calkeuli individi erT gansazRvrul konkretul "xelobas"
(Cveni terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, Toma akvineli ki
amas ministerium an officium-s uwodebs) irCevs, amis
mizezi "causea naturales" ("bunebriv mizezebSia")
saZiebeli. Quaest. quodlibetal. VII art. 17 c: "Haec
autem diversificatio hominum in diversis officiis
contingit primo ex divina providentia, quae ita
hominum status distribuit, ... secundo etiam ex causis
naturalibus, ex quibus contingit, quod in diversis
hominibus sunt diversae inclinationes ad diversa officia
..." ("adamianTa dayofa sxvadasxva profesiis mixedviT
jer erTi, ganpirobebulia RvTiuri gangebiT ... meore ki
bunebrivi mizezebiT, romelTac gansazRvres is, rom
sxvadasxva adamianebi sxvadasxva profesiebisadmi
arian midrekilni...") zustad aseve gamodis magaliTad,
paskalic im debulebidan, rom SemTxveviToba
ganapirobebs profesiis arCevans (Sdr. paskalis

119
Sesaxeb: A. Köster, Die Ethik Pascals, 1907).
"organuli" religiuri eTikebidan am TvalsazrisiT mxolod
yvelaze Caketil indur eTikaSia sxvagvari
mdgomareoba. profesiis Tomisturi gagebis
dapirispirebuloba protestantul (da imTaviTve axlo
monaTesave ufro gviani periodis luTeranul)
gagebasTan, metadre gangebis faqtoris gamorCeulad
aqcentirebisas imdenad aSkaraa, rom amjerad
sakmarisia zemoTmoyvanil citatas davjerdeT. Toma
akvinelis Sesaxeb ix.: Maurenbrecher, Thomas von
Aquinos Stellung zum Witschaftsleben seiner Zeit,
1898. iq, sadac calkeul SemTxvevebSi luTeris pozicia
TiTqosda Toma akvineliseuls emTxveva, saqme umal
sazogadod sqolastikur moZRvrebas exeba, vidre
konkretulad Toma akvinelis gavlenas. radganac deniflis
dasabuTebidan Cans, rom igi Toma akvinels marTlac
mTlad kargad ar icnobda (ix.: Denifle, Luther und
Luthertum, 1903, S. 501 da amasTan dakavSirebiT
Köhler, Ein Wort zu Denifles Luther, 1904, S. 25 f.).
59) "qristianis TavisuflebaSi" saubaria 1. adamianis
"orgvar bunebaze" saero movaleobebis lex naturae
(aq =samyaris bunebrivi wesrigis) mniSvnelobiT, (Erl.
Ausg. 27 S. 188) rac gamomdinareobs iqedan, rom
adamiani faqtiurad Tavis sxeulze da socialur
garemozea mijaWvuli. 2. amasTan uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli meore dasabuTeba, rom am situaciaSi
miiRebs adamiani, Tuki is morwmune qristiania,
gadawyvetilebas (gv. 196), rom wminda siyvarulidan
momdinare RvTiuri madlis Sewevnas moyvasis
siyvaruliT miuzRos. "rwmenisa" da "siyvarulis" am
metad aramyar kavSirs gadaebmeba 3. (gv. 190) Zveli
asketuri dasabuTeba, romlis Tanaxmadac Sroma aris is
saSualeba, romelic "Sinagan" adamians xorcze
batonobas moapovebinebs. _ 4. aqedan gamomdinare,
Sroma yofila, _ ase grZeldeba amasTan dakavSirebiT
msjeloba da aq kvlav iCens Tavs saxecvlili formiT lex
naturae - s idea (aq = bunebrivi zneobrioba), _ jer

120
kidev adamisTvis (codviT dacemamde)
damaxasiaTebeli, RvTis mier misTvis STanergili
instinqti, rasac igi "mxolod RvTis saameblad" ahyva. _
da bolos 5. (gv. 161 da 199) maTes saxarebaze (7: 18)
dayrdnobiT Cndeba idea, rom gamrje profesiuli Sroma
yofila da kidevac unda yofiliyo rwmeniT sulSTaberili
axali cxovrebis Sedegi, oRond ise, rom mis safuZvelze
kalvinizmisTvis gadamwyveti "Rirsad TviTgamovlenis"
idea ar ganviTarebula. _ im mgznebare suliskveTebiT,
romliTac gamsWvalulia es teqsti, aixsneba egzom
heterogenuli cnebiTi elementebis gamoyeneba.
60) "yasbis, xabazis an glexis keTilganwyobilebaze ki
ar vamyarebT Cveni sadilis miRebis imedebs, aramed
maTi mxriT mogebiT dainteresebze; Cven apelirebas
vaxdenT ara maT moyvasisadmi siyvarulis grZnobaze,
aramed maT TavkerZobaze, da arasodes velaparakebiT
maT Cvens moTxovnilebebze, aramed mudam maT
mogebaze." (W. of N. I, 2.)
61) Omnia enim per te operabitur (Deus), mulgebit per
te vaccam et servilissima quaque opera faciet, ac
maxima pariter et minima ipsi grata erunt. (Exegese
der Genesis, Op. lat. exeg. ed. Elsperger VII, 213).
"yvelaferi xom Seni (RvTis) nebis Tanaxmad xdeba.
Zroxasac wvelian da yvelaze umniSvnelo saqmes
asruleben, da yvela saqme, rogorc diadi, ise umciresi,
Tanabaria Sens winaSe." luTeramde am azrs vxvdebiT
taulerTan, romelic sasuliero da saero "mowodebas"
Rirebulebrivi TvalsazrisiT principulad aTanasworebs.
Tomizmisadmi dapirispirebuloba germanuli mistikisa da
luTerisaTvis saerTo maxasiaTebelia. calkeul
formulirebebSi es imgvarad vlindeba, rom Toma
akvineli _ metadre mWvretelobis zneobrivi Rirebulebis
SesanarCuneblad, magram amavdroulad mokalmase
beris poziciidan _ iZulebuli Seiqna pavle mociquliseuli
frazis: "vinc ar muSaobs, man arc unda Wamos",
imgvari interpretacia moexdina, ris Tanaxmadac
Sroma, romelic lege naturae ucilobelia, kacTa

121
modgmas ekisreba sazogadod da ara yovel calkeul
adamians. Sromis SefasebaSi glexTa "opera servilia"-
dan (mdabali movaleobani) moyolebuli aRmamimarTuli
gradacia aris is, rac dakavSirebulia materialuri
mizezebis gamo qalaqze, rogorc sacxovrebel adgilze,
mijaWvuli mowyalebis mTxovneli bermonazvnobis
specifikur xasiaTTan da igi iseve ucxoa germaneli
mistikosebisaTvis, rogorc luTerisTvis, romlebic
profesiaTa Tanafardi Sefasebisas wodebrivi dayofis
RvTisTvis sasurvelobas usvamdnen xazs. _ amasTan
dakavSirebuli yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Toma
akvineliseuli adgilebi ix. maurenbrexerTan wignSi:
Thomas von Aquinos Stellung zum Wirtschaftsleben
seiner Zeit (Leipzig 1898, S. 65 f.).
62) miT ufro gasakviria, rom calkeul mkvlevars hgonia,
TiTqos amgvar siaxles adamianTa qcevisaTvis ukvalod
SeuZlia Caiaros. unda vaRiaro, rom es ar mesmis.
63) "pativmoyvareoba ise Rrmadaa adamianTa gulebSi
fesvgadgmuli, rom mejinibe, mzareulis xelis biWi,
kurtnis muSac ki trabaxiT Tavs iwonebs da
Tayvanismcemlebs eZebs..." (Fauge`res Ausgabe I,
208, vgl. Köster a.a.O. 17, S. 136 ff.). por-roialisa da
iansenizmis principuli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb
"profesiis" mimarT, rasac mogvianebiT mokled kvlav
SevexebiT, Sdr. am etapze doqtor paul honigshaimis
SesaniSnavi naSromi (Dr. Paul Honigsheim) "Die
Staats- und Soziallehren der französischen Jansenisten
im 17. Jahrhundert" (Heidelberger historische
Dissertation 1914, esaa "safrangeTis
ganmanaTleblobis winaistoriis" Sesaxeb
("Vorgeschichte der französischen Aufklärung")Dvrceli
naSromis nawili. gans. Sdr. gv. 138 da Semdg.).
64) fugerebTan dakavSirebiT igi ambobs: "roca erTi
adamianis sicocxleSi aseTi didi da mefuri qonebis
moxveWa xdeba, es mTlad wesieri da RvTisnieri gziT
ar unda xdebodes". esaa Tavisi arsiT glexuri undobloba
kapitalis mimarT. aseve zneobrivad saeWvod miaCnia

122
mas ijara-Sesyidvac, vinaidan es "axali, sul axlaxan
gamogonili saqmea" (Gr. Sermon v. Wucher, Erl. Ausg.
20 S. 109), _ radgan es ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
misTvis iseve gaumWvirvalia, rogorc Tanamedrove
sasuliero pirisTvis sakredito-savaWro garigebebi.
65) es winaaRmdegobrioba zedmiwevniT zustadaa
gaSuqebuli h. levis naSromSi (H. Levy, "Die
Grundlagen des ökonomischen Liberalismus in der
Geschichte der englischen Volkswirtschaft", Jena
1912). Sdr. agreTve, magaliTad, kromvelis jarSi
Semaval levelerTa 1653 wlis peticia monopoliebisa da
kompaniebis winaaRmdeg wignSi: Gardiner. History of
the Commonwealth, 1894-1901, II, p. 179. lodis reJimi
ki amis sapirispirod iswrafvoda mefisa da eklesiis mier
marTuli "qristianul-socialuri" sameurneo
organizaciisaken, saidanac mefe politikur da fiskalur-
monopolistur sargebels moeloda. swored amis
winaaRmdeg iyo puritanTa brZola mimarTuli.
66) Tu ra igulisxmeba amiT, amis ganmarteba
irlandielTa mimarT im manifestis magaliTze SeiZleba,
romliTac kromvelma 1650 wlis ianvarSi maTi
gamanadgurebeli omi wamoiwyo da romelic irlandiuri
(kaTolikuri) samRvdeloebis 1649 wlis 4 da 13
dekembris klonmaknoizis manifestebis pasuxs
warmoadgenda. ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegia:
"Englishmen had good inheritances which many of
them purchased with their money ... they had good
leases from Irishmen for long time to come, great
stocks thereupon, houses and plantations erected at
their cost and charge ... You broke the union ... at a
time when Ireland was in perfect peace and when
through the example of English industry, through
commerce and traffic, that which was in the nations
hands was better to them if all Ireland had been in
their possession .. Is God, will God be with you? I am
confident he will not." (ingliselebi /irlandiaSi/ karg
mamulebs flobdnen, mravali maTgani fuliTaa

123
SeZenili... isini grZelvadiani ijariT flobdnen irlandielTa
miwebs, saxlebsa da mindvrebs, Seqmnils maT xarjze
da maTi saxsrebiT. Tqven daarRvieT kavSiri ... im
momentSi, rodesac irlandiaSi mSvidoba sufevda da
rodesac ingliselTa mibaZviT, vaWrobisa da aReb-
micemobis wyalobiT irlandielma xalxma imaze did
sikeTes miaRwia, vidre amas mTel irlandiaze batonoba
moutanda mas ... TqvenTan ars ki RmerTi, iqneba ki
TqvenTan RmerTi? darwmunebuli var, rom ara.) es
manifesti, burebis winaaRmdeg omis periodis
mowinave werils rom mogvagonebs, imitom ki ar aris
niSandoblivi, rom aq ingliselTa kapitalisturi "interesi"
omis samarTlebriv mizezadaa warmoCenili, _ es
bunebrivia, SeiZleboda, vTqvaT, aRmosavleTSi
interesTa sferos ganvrcobasTan dakavSirebiT veneciasa
da genuas Soris warmarTul molaparakebebSic aseve
savsebiT dasaSveb argumentad yofiliyo
gamoyenebuli (rasac brentano gv. 142 _ miuxedavad
imisa, rom amaze yuradReba me Tavad gavamaxvile _
sruliad gasaocrad Cems sawinaaRmdego argumentad
ayenebs). aramed am dokumentis Tavisebureba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom kromveli _ da nebismierma, vinc ki
mis xasiaTs icnobs, icis, Tu raoden Rrma subieqturi
darwmunebulobiT _ irlandielTa mimarT maTi dapyrobis
zneobriv gamarTlebas RvTis saxelis moxmobiT im
garemoebaze afuZnebs, rom inglisurma kapitalma
irlandielebs Sromis unari Camouyaliba. _ (es manifesti
karlailis wignis garda dabeWdili da gaanalizebulia
gardineris Sromis History of the Commonwealth, I, p.
163 nawyvetSic da misi povna aseve SesaZlebelia
kromvelis Sesaxeb hionigis wignis germanul
TargmanSic).
67) am sakiTxis ufro metad ganvrcobisaTvis amis
adgili aq jer ar aris. Sdr. ori komentaris gamotovebiT
citirebuli avtorebi.
68) ix. iulixeris mSvenieri wignis Gleichnisreden Jesu,
Band II S. 636, S. 108 f. komentarebi.

124
69) momdevno sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Sdr..: pirvel
rigSi kvlav egeriseuli gamokvleva miTiTebul naSromSi.
ukve aqve unda iqnes miTiTebuli Snekenburgeris
naSromze (Schneckenburger, Vergleichende
Darstellung des lutherischen und reformierten
Lehrbegriffes, herausgegeben von Güder, Stuttgart
1855) , romelic dResac ar moZvelebula. (luTardtiseuli
luTeris eTikis, gv.84, pirveli gamocema, romelic me
xelT mqonda, ganviTarebis WeSmarit suraTs ar iZleva).
Semdeg Sdr. Seeberg, Dogmengeschichte Bd. II, S. 262
qveviT. _ aranairi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia statias "Beruf"
gamocemaSi: Realenzyklopädie f. protestantische
Theologie und Kirche, romelic cnebisa da misi
genezisis mecnieruli analizis nacvlad aTasgvar
sakmaod zerele SeniSvnebs Seicavs nair-nair, vTqvaT
qalebTan dakavSirebul da misTana sakiTxebze . _
luTeris Sesaxeb nacionalur-ekonomikuri literaturidan
dasaxelebuli unda iqnas Semdegi Sromebi: Schmoller,
Geschichte der nationalökonomischen Ansichten in
Deutschland während der Reformationszeit, Zeitschrift
für Staatswissenschaft. XVI, 1860; Wiskemann,
Preisschrift (1861); G. Ward, Darstellung und
Würdigung von Luthers Ansichten vom Staat und
seinen wirtschaftlichen Aufgaben, Conrads
Abhandlung, XXI, Jena 1898. reformaciis saiubileo
TariRTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili garkveuli TvalsazrisiT
SesaniSnavi gamokvlevebi luTerze, Tu ar vcdebi, am
gansakuTrebuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb arafer arsebiTad axals
ar Seicavs. luTeriseul (da luTeranul) socialur eTikasTan
mimarTebaSi, cxadia, pirvel rigSi mosaZiebelia
Sesabamisi adgilebi trolCiseuli "socialuri
moZRvrebidan".
70) korinTelTa mimarT pirveli epistoles meSvide Tavis
interpretacia (Erl. Ausg. 1523, 51 S. I f.) . aq luTeri
"yvela xelobis" Tavisuflebis ideas teqstis am adgilTan
dakavSirebiT jer kidev imgvarad ganmartavs, rom amis
safuZvelze 1.uaryofil unda iqnas yovelgvari

125
adamianuri ganCineba (bermonazvnuli aRTqma,
Sereuli qorwinebis akrZalva da a.S.) 2. dabejiTebiT
STanergil unda iqnes (RvTis winaSe TavisTavad
indiferentuli) moyvasis mimarT nakisri saero
valdebulebebis Sesruleba, rogorc moyvasisadmi
siyvarulis mcnebis aRsruleba. sinamdvileSi ki yvelaze
niSandobliv gansjaSi ix. mag. gv. 55, 56 saqme exeba
lex naturae-s dualizms RvTiuri samarTlianobis winaSe.
71) Sdr. zombartis mier sruliad marTebulad "xelosnuri
suliskveTebis" (= tradicionalizmi) sakuTari
gamokvlevisaTvis epigrafad wamZRvarebuli adgili
luTeris teqstidan Von Kaufhandlung und Wucher
("vaWrobisa da mevaxSeobis Sesaxeb" 1524):
"amitomac unda eswrafode, rom amgvar vaWrobaSi
sazrdos garda sxvas arafers eZiebde, amis mixedviT
angariSobde da gamoiTvlide xarjs, jafas, Sromas da
risks, da amrigad, saqonelsac amis mixedviT adebde,
auwevde an aklebde fass, raTa amgvari Sromisa da
garjis sazRauri miiRo". es principi sruliad Tomisturi
azriTaa Camoyalibebuli.
72) ukve h. fon Sternbergisadmi miweril werilSi,
romelSic 1530 wels luTeri am ukanasknels 117-e
fsalmunis miseul egzegezas uZRvnis, (dabali)
aristokratiis "wodeba" misi zneobrivi gadagvarebulobis
miuxedavad RvTis mier ganCinebulad miiCneva (Erl.
Ausg. 40 S. 282 qveviT). am werilidan (gv. 282 zeviT)
naTlad Cans, Tu raoden gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda msgavsi azris CamoyalibebisaTvis miunceris
mier marTuli masebis mRelvarebebs. Sdr. agreTve
egeris moxseniebuli naSromi gv. 150.
73) aseve 111-e fsalmunis muxli 5 da 6 (Erl. Ausg. 40
S. 215 da 216) interpretaciisas 1530 wels amosaval
punqtad aRebulia polemika saero wesrigis mimarT
monastrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis
winaaRmdeg. oRond amjerad lex naturae (kaizerisa da
iuristTa mier Sekowiwebuli pozitiuri samarTlis
sapirispirod) uSualod "RvTiuri samarTlianobis"

126
identuria: is RvTis mieraa dadgenili da, pirvel yovlisa,
xalxis wodebriv dayofas moicavs (gv. 215 abzaci 2),
TumcaRa, amavdroulad, dabejiTebiT xazgasmulia RvTis
winaSe wodebaTa Tanasworoba.
74) rogorc amas pirvel rigSi "Von Konzilien und
Kirchen" ("saeklesio krebaTa da eklesiaTa Sesaxeb",
1539) da "Kurzes Bekenntnis vom Heiligen Sakrament"
("mokle aRsareba wminda SemowirulebaTa Sesaxeb",
145) gvaswavlis.
75) Tu raoden ukana planze rCeba luTerTan CvenTvis
esoden mniSvnelovani, kalvinizmis gamsWvalavi,
qristianis mier profesiul saqmianobasa da qcevaSi
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis idea, amas mowmobs adgili
teqstidan "Von Konzilien und Kirchen" (Erl. Ausg. 25 S.
376 qveviT): "im Svidi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis garda"
(romelTa mixedviTac WeSmariti eklesia Seicnoba) aris
kidev garegnuli niSnebi, romelTa meSveobiTac wminda
qristianuli eklesia Seicnoba, ... Tuki Cven ara varT
garyvnilni da loTebi, ampartavanni, qedmaRalni,
fufunebis moyvarulni, aramed varT ubiwoni, znekeTilni,
fxizelni". es niSnebi luTeris Tanaxmad imitomac ar
arian ise utyuarni, rogorc "is pirvelni" (wminda
moZRvreba, locva da sxv.), "radgan mravali warmarTi
am saqmeebSi kargadaa gawafuli da zogjer ufro
wmindanadac ki gamoiyureba, vidre qristianebi". _
kalvinis pirovnuli Tvalsazrisi, rogorc amas Semdgom
ganvixilavT, didad gansxvavebuli ar iyo, puritanizmisa
ki namdvilad gansxvavdeboda. qristiani luTerTan
RmerTs udaod "in vocatione"(Tavis mowodebaSi) da
ara "per vocationem" (mowodebis meSveobiT)
emsaxureba (ix.: Eger. S. 117 ff.). _ swored Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis ideis (marTalia, umal misi pietisturi,
vidre kalvinisturi versiis) Tundac calkeuli
wanamZRvrebis povna SeiZleba germanel
mistikosebTan (ix. mag. zeebergis "dogmaTa
istoriaSi" /Seeberg, Dogmengeschichte/, S. 195 zeviT
citirebuli zoizeseuli adgili, aseve adre citirebuli

127
tauleriseuli gamonaTqvamebi), Tumc es yvelaferi
wminda fsiqologiuri Seferilobisaa.
76) misi saboloo Tvalsazrisi, rogorc Cans,
Camoyalibebulia dabadebis wignis rig ganmartebebSi
(Op. lat. exeget. ed. Elsperger): Vol. IV p. 109: Neque
haec fuit levis tentatio, intentum esse suae vocationi
et de aliis non esse curiosum ... Paucissimi sunt, qui
sua sorte vivant contenti ... (p. III eod.) Nostrum autem
est, ut vocanti Deo pareamus ... (p.112) Regula igitur
haec servanda est, ut unusquisque maneat in sua
vocatione et suo dono contentus vivat, de aliis autem
non sit curiosus. (t. 4, gv. 109: "araa ioli gamocda,
misdio Sens mowodebas da yovelive sxva danarCens
yuradReba ar miaqcio ... Zalian cotaa iseTi, vinc Tavisi
xvedriT kmayofilia..."; gv. 111: "magram Cveni saqmea
_ davemorCiloT RvTis sityvas ..."; gv, 112: "amrigad,
daculi unda iqnas wesi: dae, yoveli adamiani darCes
Tavis mowodebaSi da icxovros imiT dakmayofilebulma,
rac naboZebi aqvs, sxva yvelafris mimarT gulgrilad
ganwyobilma.") saboloo jamSi es savsebiT
Seesabameba tradicionalizmis Toma akvineliseul
ganmartebas (th. V, 2 gen. 118 art. I c): Unde necesse
est, quod bonum hominis circa ea consistat in quadam
mensura, dum scilicet homo ... quaerit habere
exteriores divitas, prout sunt necessariae ad vitam
ejus secundum suam conditionem. Et ideo in excessu
hujus mensurae consistit peccatum, dum scilicet
aliquis supra debitum mondum vult eas vel acquirere
vel retinere, quod pertinet ad avaritiam. ("aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom sikeTe adamianisTvis
mdgomareobs zomierebaSi, sanam adamiani
miiswrafvis materialuri sikeTeebisken, ramdenadac
isini aucilebelia im cxovrebis wesisTvis, mis
mdgomareobas rom Seesabameba. amitomac zRvars
gadasvla codvaa, vinaidan adamiani miiltvis ufro metis
mopovebis an SenarCunebisken, vidre es misTvis
aucilebelia, rasac siZunwemde mivyavarT"). sakuTari

128
wodebis Sesabamisi moTxovnilebiT gansazRvruli
mogebisaken swrafvis masStabis codvian
gadametebas Toma akvineli asabuTebs gamomdinare
lex naturae-dan, rogorc es materialuri sikeTeebisaken
swrafvis mizanSi (ratio) vlindeba, xolo luTeri ki RvTis
gangebiT. rwmenisa da profesiis urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb luTerTan ix. agreTve v. VII p. 225: ... quando
es fidelis, tum placent Deo etiam physica, carnalia,
animalia, officia, sive edas, sive bibas, sive vigiles, sive
dormias, quae mere corporalia et animalia sunt. Tanta
res est fides ... Verum est quidem, placere Deo etiam
in impiis sedultatem et industriam in officio (amgvari
aqtivoba profesiul saqmianobaSi warmoadgens
saTnoebas lege naturae). Sed obstat incredulitas et
vana gloria, ne possint opera sua referre ad gloriam
Dei ( kalvinistur gansjaTa Tanaxmierad) ... Merentur
igitur etiam impiorum bona opera in hac quidem vita
praemia sua (winaaRmdegobrivoba avgustineseuli
"vita specie virtutum palliata" - s mimarT) sed non
numerantur, non colliguntur in altero. ("Tuki Sen
gwams, RvTisTvis fizikuric sasurvelia da sulieric,
yvelaferi, rac ki samsaxurebrivi movaleobis mizniT
keTdeba; Wam Tu svam, fxizlob Tu gZinavs, yvelaferi,
rac ki dakavSirebulia xorcTan Tu sulTan. amgvaria
rwmena .. marTalia, RmerTisTvis sasurvelia Tu
ukeTurnic mondomebiTa da rudunebiT asruleben
TavianT movaleobebs; oRond urwmunoeba da
ampartavnoba maT abrkolebs RvTis sadideblad keTili
saqmeebis keTebaSi. ukeTurTa keTil saqmeebsac
miezRoba jildo, magram mxolod amqveyniur
cxovrebaSi, ise, rom maT ar moaqvT xsna saiqios").
77) saeklesio qadagebaTa krebulSi (Erl. Ausg. 10, S.
233, 235/6) naTqvamia: "TiToeuli adamiani raime
mowodebisTvisaa mowodebuli". am mowodebas (236
gverdze "brZanebazec" kia saubari) unda elodos igi da
amiT RmerTs emsaxuros. RmerTs axarebs ara naRvawi,
aramed morCilebis gamovlineba .

129
78) am garemoebis Sesabamisia _ imis sapirispirod,
rac zeviT pietizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb iTqva muSa
qalebis mwarmoebelunarianobaze _ drodadro
Tanamedrove mewarmeTa gancxadebebi imis
Taobaze, rom magaliTad, mkacrad eklesiuri luTerani
Sinamrewvelebi, vTqvaT, vestfaliaSi, arc Tu iSviaTad
ukiduresad tradicionalisturad azrovneben, Sromis
wesis cvlilebis mimarT _ maSinac ki roca saqme ar
exeba fabrikul sistemaze gadasvlas _ Semosavlis
mosalodneli gazrdis macdunebeli perspeqtivis
miuxedavad uaryofiTad arian ganwyobilni da amis
dasasabuTeblad saiqioze miuTiTeben, sadac yvelaferi
xom isedac gaTanabrdeba. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom
TavisTavad eklesiurobisa da morwmuneobis faqti
cxovrebis wesisaTvis mTlianobaSi gadamwyveti araa:
umal bevrad ufro konkretuli religiuri SinaarsiT
datvirTulma sicocxlis sazrisis zegavlenam iTamaSa
gadamwyveti roli kapitalizmis Camoyalibebisas, rac _
ufro SezRuduli formiT _ dResac TamaSobs garkveul
rols.
79) Sdr. Tauler, Basler Ausg. BI. 161 f.
80) Sdr. uCveulo zeaweuli ganwyobiT gamsWvaluli
tauleriseuli qadageba (a.a.O., Fol. 17. 18 v. 20).
81) vinaidan es am adgilas warmoadgens luTeris
Sesaxeb mocemuli SeniSvnebis erTaderT mizans, unda
davjerdeT aseT mwir naucbaTev monaxazs, rac,
bunebrivia, luTeris srulyofili Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT
verasgziT damakmayofilebeli ver iqneba.
82) cxadia, vinc istoriis agebis levelerTa wess
gaiziarebda, namdvilad xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndeboda, raTa es yvelaferi kvlavac rasobriv
gansxvavebulobamde daeyvana: maT (levelerebs),
rogorc anglosaqsTa warmomadgenlebs, swamdaT, rom
TavianT "birthright" (pirmSoobis uflebas) icavdnen
vilhelm dampyroblis CamomavlebTan da normanebTan
dapirispirebaSi. pirdapir gansacvifrebelia, am dromde
rogor aravin Seecada plebei "roundheads"

130
(mrgvalTavianebi) CvenTvis anTropometruli gagebiT
"mrgvalTavianebad" warmoeCina.
83) pirvel rigSi, ingliselTa erovnuli siamaye, Magna
Charta (didi qartiisa) da diadi omebis Sedegi. lamazi
ucxoeli gogonas danaxvisas warmoTqmuli dReisaTvis
aseTi tipiuri gamoTqma: "She looks like an English girl"
("is inglisel gogonas hgavs") ukve XV saukunidan iRebs
dasabams.
84) es gansxvavebebi, bunebrivia, inglisSic
SenarCunebuli iqna. saxeldobr "squirearchie"
("skvaeroba") darCa Cvens dRevandelobamde "merry
old England" ("mxiaruli Zveli inglisis") gansaxierebad
da reformaciidan moyolebuli mTeli periodi SeiZleba
gaazrebuli iqnes, rogorc ingliselobis orive tipis
urTierTWidili. am punqtSi me veTanxmebi m.j. bonis
SeniSvnebs ("frankfurter caitungSi") britanuli
imperializmis Sesaxeb f. Sulce-gevernicis mSvenier
wignTan dakavSirebiT. Sdr. H. Levy, Archiv für Soz.-
Wiss. 46, 3.
85) miuxedavad winamdebare da Semdgomi, ucvlelad
darCenili, Cemi azriT, sakmaod garkveuli
SeniSvnebisa, sruliad gasaocrad swored amas
maxveven Tavs kvlavindeburad.

II. asketuri protestantizmis profesiuli eTika

Sinaarsi:
1. saero askezis religiuri safuZvlebi
2. askeza da kapitalisturi suliskveTeba

131
 asketuri protestantizmis (cnebis aq
gamoyenebuli mniSvnelobiT) istoriuli matareblebi
ZiriTadad oTxgvaria: 1. kalvinizmi im saxiT, romelic
man misi batonobis ZiriTad dasavleTevropul
regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT, XVII saukunis manZilze
SeiZina; 2. pietizmi; 3. meTodizmi; 4. anabaptisturi
moZraobidan aRmocenebuli seqtebi 1). am
mimdinareobaTagan arc erTi ar iyo danarCenebisgan
absoluturad gamocalkevebuli da araasketuri
reformatoruli eklesiebisgan gamocalkevebac aseve
araa bolomde mkacrad gatarebuli. meTodizmi
mxolod XVIII saukunis Sua periodSi warmoiSva inglisuri
saxelmwifo eklesiis wiaRSi da, misi damaarseblebis
CanafiqriT, arc imis survili hqonda, rom axali eklesia
yofiliyo da arc imisi, rom asketuri suliskveTebis
aRorZinebad qceuliyo Zveli eklesiis farglebSi, da
mxolod misi ganviTarebis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
amerikaSi gadanacvlebis Semdeg, Camoscilda igi
anglikanur eklesias. pietizmi Tavdapirvelad inglisSi da
gansakuTrebiT holandiaSi kalvinizmis niadagze
aRmocenda da sruliad SeumCneveli arxebiT
orTodoqsobasTan dakavSirebuli rCeboda, da sadRac
XVII saukunis miwurulisTvis speneris mecadineobiT
moxda, dogmaturad nawilobriv Secvlili safuZvlebiT,
misi gadasvla luTeranobaSi. igi mimdinareobad
rCeboda eklesiis SigniT da mxolod cincendorfTan
dakavSirebuli, moraviul saZmoSi husituri da
kalvinisturi gavlenis gamoZaxiliT aRbeWdili
("hernhuterTa") ganStoeba Seiqna iZulebuli,
meTodizmis msgavsad, misi neba-survilis
sawinaaRmdegod Taviseburi saxis seqta
Camoeyalibebina. Tavisi ganviTarebis sawyis etapze
kalvinizmi da anabaptizmi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad
iyvnen gamijnulni, magram XVII saukunis miwuruls
isini erTmaneTTan mWidro SexebaSi aRmoCndnen da
jer kidev inglisisa da holandiis independistur seqtebSi

132
imave saukunis dasawyisSi es gardamavloba
safexurebrivad xorcieldeboda. rogorc pietizmis
magaliTidan Cans, luTeranobaze gadasvlac
TandaTanobiTia; zustad aseTive urTierTmimarTebaa
kalvinizmsa da anglikanur eklesias Soris, Tavisi
garegnuli xasiaTiTa da misi yvelaze Tanmimdevrul
aRmsareblTa suliskveTebiT kaTolicizms rom
enaTesaveba. im asketurma mimdinareobam, romelsac
"puritanizmi" ewoda, 2) am araerTmniSvnelovani
sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT, mis mimdevarTa da
gansakuTrebiT ki mis yvelaze Tavgamodebul
damcvelTa farTo fenebis cnobierebaSi ieriSi, marTalia,
anglikanizmis safuZvlebze miitana, magram aqac
winaaRmdegobebi mxolod TandaTanobiT, brZolis
msvlelobaSi gamZafrda. da Tuki am etapze mowyobisa
da organizaciis CvenTvis naklebad saintereso
sakiTxebs droebiT gverdze gadavdebT, maSin miT
umetes igive rCeba saqmis viTareba. dogmaturi
gansxvavebani, TviT yvelaze mniSvnelovannic ki,
rogoricaa moZRvreba predestinaciisa da rwmenismieri
gamarTlebis Sesaxeb, mravalferovan kombinaciebSi
erTmaneTSi gadadiodnen da ukve XVII saukunis
dasawyisisTvis, rogorc wesi, aferxebdnen saeklesio
erTianobis SenarCunebas, Tumca amas gamonaklisebis
gareSe ar Cauvlia. da pirvel yovlisa: cxovrebis
zneobrivi warmarTvis wesis CvenTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani momentebi erTnairad iCenen Tavs
sruliad gansxvavebuli, zemoT dasaxelebuli oTxi
wyarodan erT-erTis an ramdenime maTganis
kombinaciidan warmomdgari denominaciis
mimdevarTa Soris. Cven kidev vnaxavT, rom msgavsi
eTikuri debulebebi SeiZleba gansxvavebul dogmatur
safuZvlebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. aseve, sulis
xsnisaTvis gamiznuli didi gavlenis mqone damxmare
literaturuli saSualebani, metadre sxvadasxva
konfesiaTa kazuisturi kompendiebi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi zegavlenas axdendnen erTmaneTze da

133
maT Soris SeiZleba didi msgavsebis povna cxovrebis
warmarTvis aSkarad gansxvavebuli praqtikis
miuxedavad. iqneb mogvCveneboda kidec, rom
yvelaze sworad viTom maSin moviqceodiT, Tuki
dogmatur safuZvlebs, iseve rogorc eTikur Teorias,
sruliad ugulvebelvyofdiT da wminda zneobriv praqtikas
daveyrdnobodiT, ramdenadac misi dadgena
SesaZlebeli iqneboda. _ oRond es ase mainc ar aris.
asketuri zneobriobis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
dogmaturi Zirebi, cxadia, Cakvda gaafTrebuli brZolebis
Sedegad. magram im dogmebze odindelma
mijaWvulobam waruSleli kvali ara marto gviandel
"aradogmatur" eTikas daatyo, aramed swored
pirvandeli azrobrivi Sinaarsis codnam gaxada
gasagebi, Tu raoden mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli es
zneobrioba im drois yvelaze Rrma adamianebis
erTianad gamsWvalav saiqios ideasTan, romlis
yovlismomcveli Zalis gareSe maSin, cxovrebiseul
praqtikaze seriozuli gavlenis mqone veranairi zneobrivi
siaxle ver ganxorcieldeboda. TavisTavad cxadia, rom
CvenTvis gadamwyvetia ara is, rac vTqvaT, im epoqis
eTikur kompendiebSi Teoriulad da oficialurad
iswavleboda 3) _ TumcaRa amasac hqonda eklesiuri
disciplinis, sulis xsnisaTvis zrunvisa da qadagebis
gavleniT, praqtikuli mniSvneloba, _ aramed sruliad
sxva ram: kerZod ki religiuri rwmenisa da religiuri
cxovrebis mier Seqmnili im fsiqologiuri mamoZravebeli
Zalebis gamovlena, romelTac cxovrebis warmarTvis
wess gezi misces da individs miznad misi dacva
dausaxes. es mamoZravebeli Zalebi ki umeteswilad
aseve religiuri mrwamsis Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinareobdnen. imdroindeli adamiani
moCvenebiTad abstraqtul dogmebze Tavs iseTi
intensivobiT imtvrevda, risi gagebac Tavis mxriv,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tuki Cven
praqtikul-religiur interesebTan am dogmebis kavSirs
CavwvdebiT. Tavs ver avaridebT im zogierT dogmatikur

134
dakvirvebas 4), romlebic Teologiurad gauwafav
mkiTxvels iseve Znelad aRsaqmelad unda moeCvenos,
rogorc Teologiurad ganswavluls naCqarevad da
zedapirulad. amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, SesaZlebelia,
religiuri ideebi mxolod imgvari "idealur-tipurad"
kompilirebuli TanamimdevrulobiT warmovadginoT,
rogorsac iSviaTad SevxvdebiT istoriul realobaSi.
vinaidan swored imis gamo, rom SeuZlebelia istoriul
sinamdvileSi mkveTri mijnebis gavleba, imedi unda
viqonioT, rom mis specifikur gamovlinebas mxolod
yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatuli formebis ganxilvisas
gadavawydebiT.
aRmsarebloba 5), romlis gamoc XVI da XVII
saukuneebSi maRalganviTarebul kapitalistur
qveynebSi: niderlandebSi, inglisSi, safrangeTSi didi
politikuri da kulturuli brZolebi iyo gaCaRebuli da
romelsac am mizeziT pirvel rigSi vuTmobT yuradRebas,
iyo kalvinizmi 6). mis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel dogmad
maSinac da, sazogadod, dResac iTvleba moZRvreba
madliT rCeulobis Sesaxeb. TumcaRa, imazec bevrs
davobdnen, warmoadgenda Tu ara is reformirebuli
eklesiis "yvelaze arsebiT" dogmas, Tu mxolod
"danamats". istoriuli movlenis arsebiTobis Sesaxeb
gansja an Rirebulebrivi da aRmsareblobiTia _ kerZod,
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki amiT movlenis erTaderTi
"interesis aRmZvreli" da mudmivad "Rirebuli" faqtori
igulisxmeba; an, Tuki sxva istoriul procesebze misi
gavlenis kauzaluri relevanturoba igulisxmeba, maSin
saqme imgvar gansjas exeba, roca xdeba istoriuli
mniSvnelobis miniWeba. Tuki ganzraxvisamebr, am
ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisidan amovalT da kiTxvas im
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb davsvamT, romelic xsenebul
dogmas misi kulturul-istoriuli gavlenis Sesabamisad,
unda ganesazRvros, maSin am gavlenas uTuod maRali
Sefaseba unda mieces 7). brZolam, romelsac
oldenbarneveldti awarmoebda, marcxi ganicada; iakob
I-is mefobis periodSi ganxeTqileba inglisis eklesiaSi

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gadaulaxavi Seiqna mas Semdeg, rac samefo
Zalaufleba da puritanizmi dogmaturadac _ swored am
moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT _ ver SeTanxmdnen, da
saerTodac kalvinizmSi uwinaresad es ukanaskneli
moiazreboda saxelmwifo safrTxed da xelisuflebis mier
idevneboda 8). XVII saukunis didi sinodebi, pirvel
yovlisa dordrextisa da vestminsteris, maT gverdiT ki
mravali ufro momcronic, TavianTi saqmianobis mTavar
miznad am moZRvrebis kanonikur rangSi ayvanas
isaxavdnen. igi "ecclesia militans" (mebrZoli eklesiis)
uricxv gmirTaTvis mtkice sayrdens warmoadgenda da
rogorc XVIII, iseve XIX saukuneebSi saeklesio
ganxeTqilebebi gamoiwvia, xolo diadi ganaxlebebisas
sabrZolo yiJinad iqca. mas gverds ver avuvliT da mis
Sinaarss, _ vinaidan dRes Zneli dasaSvebia, rom igi
romelime ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis iyos cnobili, _
1647 wlis "vestminsteris AaRsarebaTa" autenturi
teqstidan gavecnobiT, romlis debulebebi am punqtTan
dakavSirebiT ubralod meordeba, rogorc independisturi,
ise baptisturi aRmsareblobis mier 9):

Tavi 9. (Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb) # 3:

adamianma Tavisi SecodebiT sruliad dakarga raime
sulierad sasikeTosa da netarebis momtanis mimarT
sakuTari nebis warmarTvis yovelgvari unari, Tanac
imdenad, rom bunebrivi adamiani, rogorc sikeTis
mimarT sruliad zurgSeqceuli da codvaSi mkvdari,
uunaroa Tavad moeqces an Tundac amisaTvis sakuTari
Tavi mainc Seamzados .
Tavi 3. (RvTis maradiuli gadawyvetilebis
Sesaxeb) # 3: ufalma Tavisi sidiadis gasacxadeblad
sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT zogierTi adamiani maradiuli
sicocxlisTvis gansazRvra winaswar (predestineated),
sxvani ki maradiuli sikvdilisTvis ganawesa
(foreordained) . # 5: isini, vinc kacTa modgmidan
sicocxlisTvis arian ganCinebulni, ufalma, vidre
samyaros safuZveli Caeyreboda, sakuTari maradiuli da

136
ucvleli ganzraxulebiT da idumali gadawyvetilebiT da
sakuTari SeuzRudavi nebiT qristes mierad rCeuli
maradiuli brwyinvalebisTvis ganawesa, da man es
moimoqmeda Tavisufali wminda madliTa da siyvaruliT,
da ara ise, TiTqos amisken misTvis adamianur
arsebebSi rwmenis an keTil saqmeTa ganWvretas, an
maTgan erT-erTSi gamoCenil sibejiTes an kidev sxva
rames, rogorc winapirobas an mizezs, ebiZgebinos,
aramed yovelive misi brwyinvale madlis gansadideblad
moxda. # 7: da eama ufals, misi nebis amoucnobi
rCevis Tanaxmad, romlis Sesabamisad, sakuTari
survilisamebr, igi madls mohfens an warstacebs mis
qmnilebebze Tavisi SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis sadideblad,
kacTa modgmidan danarCenebs mibruneboda da isini
maTi codvebisaTvis sircxvilisa da mrisxanebisTvis
gaewira, sakuTari brwyinvale samarTlianobis
sadideblad.
Tavi 10. (qmediTi mowodebis Sesaxeb) # 1:
saamuria uflisTvis, rom yvela, vinc ki man sicocxlisTvis
ganawesa, da mxolod isini, mis mier dadgenil da
misTvis xelsayrel dros Tavisi sityviTa da suliT qmediTad
moixmos ... is maT amoaclis qvis guls da
gadaunergavs xorciel guls, maT nebas ganumtkicebs
da Tavisi yovlisSemZle ZaliT sikeTisTvis ganawyobs....
Tavi 5. (gangebis Sesaxeb) # 6: rac Seexeba
borot da uRvTo adamianebs, visac ufali, rogorc
samarTliani msajuli Zvel codvaTa gamo daabrmavebs
da gaasastikebs, igi maT mxolod sakuTar madls ki ar
warstacebs, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda, rom maT
goneba ganaTebodaT da gulebic aRvsebodaT, aramed
xandaxan maT im niWsac arTmevs, romelsac isini
flobdnen, da imgvar movlenebTan mohyavs SexebaSi,
romlebic maTi znedacemulobis wyalobiT codvisaTvis
xelsayrel pirobebs qmnian. igi maT sakuTar
avxorcobas, amqveyniur cTunebebsa da satanis
Zalauflebas miandobs, da, bolos xdeba ise, rom maT is

137
saSualebebic ki sastiks xdis, rasac RmerTi sxvebis
mosalbobad iyenebs 10).
"mirCevnia umal jojoxeTSi movxvde, vidre
amgvarma RmerTma misi Tayvaniscema maiZulos" _
aseTi iyo rogorc cnobilia, miltonis azri am moZRvrebis
Sesaxeb 11). magram CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovania ara dogmis Sefaseba, aramed misi
istoriuli roli. mxolod mcire xniT SevyovndebiT
kiTxvaze, Tu rogor warmoiSva es moZRvreba da
kalvinisturi Teologiis ideaTa romel wres ganekuTvneba
igi. masTan misvla ori gziTaa SesaZlebeli. swored im
yvelaze Tavgamodebul da mgznebare diad mlocvelTa
cnobierebaSi, romelTac qristianobis istoria jer kidev
avgustinedan moyolebuli icnobs, religiuri xsnis
gancdis fenomeni imis uryev Segnebas ukavSirdeba,
rom yvelafers mxolod obieqturi Zalis qmedebas unda
vumadlodeT da araviTar SemTxvevaSi, Tundac
iotisodenadac ki, sakuTar Rirsebas. usafrTxoebis
yovlismomcveli laRi gancda, romelSic maTi codvis
SegrZnebis gausaZlisi krunCxva hpovebs Svebas,
rogorc Cans, yovelgvari gaSualebis gareSe atydeba
maT Tavs da anadgurebs imis warmodgenis nebismier
SesaZleblobas, rom madlis es arnaxuli ZRveni
ramenairad sakuTar Zalisxmevas mieweros an sakuTari
rwmenisa da nebis RvawlTan an RirsebasTan iqnas
dakavSirebuli. im umaRlesi religiuri genialobis
periodSi, roca luTers "qristianis Tavisuflebis" daweris
unari Seswevda, uflis "saidumlo gadawyvetileba"
misTvisac uryevad, sakuTari religiuri madlmosilebis
absolutur, erTaderT usafuZvlo wyaros warmoadgenda
12). formalurad mas igi mogvianebiTac ar dauTmia,
magram am ideas masTan aramcTu centraluri adgili ar
moupovebia, aramed igi sul ufro da ufro iwevda ukana
planze, rac ufro metad iZulebiT "politikurad realisti"
xdeboda luTeri, rogorc saeklesio politikaze
pasuxismgebeli. melanxtonma sruliad Segnebulad
aarida Tavi am "saSiSi da bneli" moZRvrebis

138
augsburgul aRmsareblobaSi Setanas da luTeranobis
eklesiis mamaTaTvis dogmaturad savsebiT dadginda,
rom madli, SesaZloa, daikargos (amissibilis) da
monaniebisTvis mzadmyofi morCilebiTa da RvTis
sityvisadmi da sakramentebisadmi morwmuneobrivi
ndobiT iqnas xelaxla mopovebuli. swored amis
sapirispirod, moZRvrebis mniSvnelobis sul ufro
sagrZnobi zrdiT warimarTa es procesi kalvinTan 13),
mis dogmatur mowinaaRmdegeebTan polemikuri
kamaTis manZilze. igi sruli sisavsiT mxolod misi
"Institutio"-s mesame gamocemaSi gaiSala da
centraluri adgili mxolod posthum (sikvdilis Semdeg)
daikava diadi religiuri brZolebis periodSi, romelTa
dasrulebisken iswrafodnen dordrextisa da
vestminsteris krebebi. kalvinTan "decretum horribile"
(saSineli dadgenileba) luTeris msgavsad gancdili ki ara,
gaazrebulia da amitomac misi mniSvneloba izrdeba
koncefciis logikuri Tanamimdevrulobis zrdasTan erTad,
misi mTlianad RmerTze da ara adamianze orientirebuli
interesis mimarTulebiT 14). ara RmerTia
adamianTaTvis, aramed adamianebi arian RvTisTvis,
da yovelgvari xdomileba _ anu kalvinisaTvis aseve
ueWveli WeSmaritebac, rom adamianTa mxolod mcire
nawili SeiZleba iyos netarebisTvis ganCinebuli _ azrs
iZens mxolod rogorc garkveuli miznis anu RvTis
sidiadis TviTgamobrwyinebis saSualeba. misi
suverenuli gankargvis mimarT miwieri
"samarTlianobis" masStabebis misadageba uazrobaa
da mis didebulebas Seuracxyofs 15), vinaidan is da
mxolod is aris Tavisufali anu arc erT kanons ar
eqvemdebareba da misi gadawyvetilebebi CvenTvis
mxolod imdenad SeiZleba iyos gasagebi da ubralod
cnobilic ki, ramdenadac igi sasikeTod miiCnevs, rom
maT Sesaxeb gvamcnos. maradiuli WeSmaritebis am
fragmentebs unda CaveWidoT, xolo sxva danarCeni
anu Cveni individualuri bedisweris sazrisi, idumalebis
wyvdiadiTaa moculi, risi gamokvleva SeuZlebeli da

139
dauSvebelia. Tuki uaryofilni sakuTar daumsaxurebel
xvedrze wuwuns mohyvebodnen, es cxovelebis Civils
emgvaneboda, adamianebad rom ar gaCndnen.
vinaidan yoveli qmnileba uflisgan gadaulaxavi
ufskruliTaa dacilebuli da misgan mxolod maradiul
sikvdils imsaxurebs, vinZlo mas sakuTari sidiadis
gamosabrwyineblad sxvagvari gadawyvetileba ar
miuRia. Cven mxolod is viciT, rom adamianTa erT
nawils netareba uweria, meores ki maradiuli wyevla.
imis daSveba, rom adamianur damsaxurebas an
Secodebas misi bedisweris gansazRvraSi rame wvlili
miuZRvis, imis aRiarebis tolfasi iqneboda, rom
odiTganve dadgenil, uflis absoluturad Tavisufal
gadawyvetilebebSi cvlilebebis Setana gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli adamianuri Carevis Sedegad _ es sruliad
warmoudgeneli mosazrebaa. axali aRTqmis "zeciuri
mamidan", romelsac yoveli codvilis Semobruneba ise
axarebs, rogorc dedakacs kapikianis povna, is
yovelgvari adamianuri gagebisTvis miuwvdomel
transcendentul arsebad iqca, romelic dasabamidanve,
sruliad gamoucnobi gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad,
nebismier adamians mis xvedrs argunebs da kosmosSi
umcires nawilakzec ki Tavis batonobas avrcelebs 16).
vinaidan uflis gadawyvetilebebi erTxel da samudamod
dadgenilia, misi madli iseve arasodes daikargeba
maTTvis, viszec igi gadmovida, rogorc miuwvdomelia
maTTvis, visac is ar eRirsa.
Tavisi paTetikuri araadamianurobiT xsenebul
moZRvrebas im Taobis ganwyobisaTvis, romelic mis
grandiozul Sedegebs danebda, pirvel rigSi, erTi Sedegi
unda hqonoda: calkeuli individis gaugonari Sinagani
simartovis gancda 17). reformaciis periodis
adamianisaTvis sasicocxlod gadamwyvet _ maradiuli
netarebis _ sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi adamiani imisaTvis
iyo ganwiruli, rom eulad gaevlo Tavisi gza
dausabamobidanve dadgenili bedisweris Sesaxvedrad.
aravis SeeZlo misi Svela. arc moZRvars, vinaidan

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mxolod rCeuls ZaluZs gaigos spiritualiter (sulierad)
RvTis sityva. arc sakraments (saidumlos), vinaidan
sakramentebi marTalia, uflis mier misi didebis
aRsamatebladaa dawesebuli da amitomac mtkiced
unda iqnen daculi, magram es RvTis madlis
mosapovebli saSualeba ki araa, aramed subieqturad
mxolod rwmenis "externa subsidia" (ukanasknel
TavSesafars) warmoadgens. arc eklesias, vinaidan
marTalia, ZalaSi rCeba fraza "extra ecclesiam nulla
salus" (eklesiis gareT xsna ar arsebobs) im gagebiT,
rom vinc eklesias Tavs aridebs, mas RvTis mier rCeulTa
rigebSi yofna ar uweria 18); magram (garegnul)
eklesias gankveTilnic ekuTvnian da sworedac unda
ekuTvnodnen da mis mosarjulebel xerxebs unda
daeqvemdebaron, oRond ara imisTvis, rom am gziT
maradiul netarebas eziaron, _ es SeuZlebelia, _
aramed imitom, rom maTac RvTis sadideblad mis
mcnebaTa dacva unda daekisros iZulebiT. da bolos, arc
RmerTs, vinaidan qristec xom mxolod rCeulTaTvis
mokvda 19), vis saxsneladac RmerTma igi
dausabamobidanve msxverplad Sesawirad gaimeta.
saeklesio-sakramentuli xsnis amgvari absoluturi
(luTeranobaSi jer kidev mTeli TanamimdevrulobiT
ganuxorcielebeli) eliminireba warmoadgenda
kaTolicizmis mimarT absoluturad gadamwyvet faqtors.
aq hpova Tavisi dasasruli samyarosaTvis jados axsnis
20) im didma religiur-istoriulma procesma, dasabami
Zvelebraul winaswarmetyvelebebSi rom daedo da
romelmac elinur mecnierul azrovnebasTan kavSirSi
sulis xsnis yovelgvari magiuri saSualebebi dagmo,
rogorc crurwmena da mkrexeloba. WeSmariti puritani
uarhyofda yovelgvar religiur ceremonias saflavze da
Tavis axloblebs uxmod da Cumad krZalavda, raTa
aranairi "superstition" (crurwmena), magiur-
sakramenturi xasiaTis xsnis saSualebebis mimarT
aranairi ndoba ar daeSva 21). aramcTu aranairi
magiuri, aramed saerTod araviTari saSualeba ar

141
arsebobda, raTa RvTis madli maTken mimarTuliyo,
visac uflis gadawyvetilebiT amaze uari eTqva.
adamianis es Sinagani izolirebuloba, RvTis ucilobeli
siSorisa da yovelgvari xelTqmnilis uvargisobis Sesaxeb
pirquS moZRvrebasTan kavSirSi, Seicavs, erTi mxriv,
kulturasa da subieqtur religiurobaSi yovelgvari vnebiT-
grZnobiTi elementis mimarT puritanizmis im
absoluturad negatiuri damokidebulebis mizezs, _
radgan es sulis xsnisaTvis usargebloa da mxolod
sentimentalur iluziebsa da xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis
crurwmenas uwyobs xels, _ da amdenad, sazogadod,
mTeli grZnobiTi kulturis principuli uaryofis mizezsac
22); xolo, meore mxriv ki, igi warmoadgens im
iluziebisgan daclili da pesimisturi individualizmis
fesvebs 23), rac dResac ki iCens Tavs puritanuli
warsulis mqone xalxebis "erovnul xasiaTsa" da
institutebSi esoden TvalSi sacemi kontrastulobiT im
sruliad sxva yaidis saTvaleebis mimarT, romliTac
mogvianebiT "ganmanaTlebloba" Sehyurebda
adamians 24). madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvrebis am
gavlenis kvals naTlad vxedavT CvenTvis saintereso
epoqis cxovrebis wesisa da msoflaRqmis elementarul
gamovlinebebSi da, kerZod, iqac ki, sadac misi, rogorc
dogmis mniSvneloba gaqrobis piras iyo. es moZRvreba
xom RvTisadmi ndobis im eqskluziurobis yvelaze
eqstremaluri forma iyo, romlis analizic Cvens
amocanas warmoadgens. amis magaliTia is saocrad
xSirad gameorebuli gafrTxileba, gansakuTrebiT,
inglisur puritanul literaturaSi adamianuri Semweobisa
da adamianuri megobrobis mimarT yovelgvari
ndobisagan Tavis Sekavebis Sesaxeb 25). yvelaze axlo
megobris mimarTac ki usazRvro undoblobas gvirCevs
TviT uwyinari baqsteric, xolo beili pirdapir
mogviwodebs, rom aravis mivendoT da Cvens Sesaxeb
araferi makompromatirebeli ar SevatyobinoT: mxolod
RmerTi unda iyos ndobiT aRWurvili piri 26).
luTeranobasTan aSkara winaaRmdegobrioba

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gamovlinda imaSi, rom amgvari cxovrebiseuli
ganwyobilebis fonze piradi aRsareba, romlis mimarT
Tavad kalvins mxolod mosalodneli mcdari sakramentuli
gagebis gamo hqonda eWvi, im regionebSi, sadac
kalvinizmma srulad moikida fexi, igi krintis dauZvrelad
gaqra: es udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. pirvel
yovlisa es iyo am religiurobis Taviseburi gavlenis
simptomi. garda amisa, misi eTikuri poziciis
CamoyalibebisTvis fsiqologiuri biZgis mimcemic.
eliminirebuli iqna emociurad datvirTuli danaSaulis
gancdisagan 27) perioduli "ganmuxtvis" saSualeba. im
Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac amas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
zneobrivi praqtikisaTvis hqonda, kidev iqneba saubari.
saxeze ki gvaqvs adamianTa religiuri mdgomareobis
Sedegebi. WeSmariti eklesiisadmi 28) sulis xsnis
aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli kuTvnilebis miuxedavad,
sakuTar RmerTTan kalvinistis urTierToba srul Sinagan
izolaciaSi xorcieldeboda. visac am Taviseburi
atmosferos specifikuri zegavlenis 29) SegrZneba surs,
man, sasurvelia, puritanuli literaturis yvelaze
popularuli wigni, benianis "Piligrim`s progress" 30)
(piligrimis mogzauroba) waikiTxos, sadac aRwerilia
"qristianis" saqcieli mas Semdeg, rac man Seigno, rom
"gaxrwnilebis qalaqSi" cxovrobda da xmam mouwoda
dauyovnebliv zeciuri qalaqisaken mosalocad
dasdgomoda gzas. coli da Svilebi ebRauWebian mas,
magram is yurebSi TiTebdacobili, "Life, eternal life!"
(sicocxle, maradiuli sicocxle!) sityvebis ZaxiliT mihqris
ukan mouxedavad. veranairi udaxvewilesi Rrma analizi
ver gadmoscems imaze ukeT ZiriTadad mxolod
sakuTari TaviT dakavebuli, mxolod sakuTar xsnaze
mzrunveli morwmune puritanis ganwyobas, vidre
sapyrobileSi mTxzveli mkalavis miamiti gancdebi, riTac
morwmuneTa aseTi mowoneba daimsaxura da ramac
mis TanamoazreebTan gzaSi gamarTul im daTaflul
saubrebSi hpova gamoxatuleba, raRaciT gotfrid keleris
"samarTlian mejagriseebs" rom mogvagoneben. da

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mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tavs daculad daigulebs,
ebadeba azri, rom urigo ar iqneboda, Tuki sakuTari
ojaxic Tan eyoleboda. aq igive mtanjveli SiSia sikvdilisa
da saiqios winaSe, aseTi simZafriT rom SevigrZnobT
alfons de liguorisTan, rogorc is diolingerma aRgviwera;
ra usasrulod Sorsaa es yovelive saaqaoze momarTuli
im amayi suliskveTebisagan, im florenciel moqalaqeTa
makiaveliseul sadidebel xotbaSi rom hpova
gamoxatuleba, visTvisac papisa da interdiqtis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi "mSobliuri qalaqis siyvaruli ufro
maRla idga, vidre sakuTari sulis xsnis gamo SiSi" da,
cxadia, kidev ufro daSorebulia es im ganwyobisagan,
rasac rixard vagneri zigmunds aTqmevinebs sasikvdilo
orTabrZolis win: "Cemi salami uZRveni votans, Cemi
salami uZRveni valhalas ... oRond valhalis miuwvdomel
gancxromaze nurafers metyvi". magram, cxadia, am
SiSis Sedegebia esoden niSandoblivad gansxvavebuli
benianTan da liguorisTan: igive SiSi, romelic erTs
warmoudgeneli TviTdakninebisken ubiZgebs, meores
cxovrebasTan daucxromeli da sistematuri brZolisaken
waaqezebs. mainc saidan modis es gansxvavebuloba?
erTi SexedviT, gamocanad gveCveneba, Tu
rogoraa SesaZlebeli wuTisoflis im mWidro
marwuxebisgan, romliTac mas individi Seuborkavs,
misi Sinagani Tavis daxsnis tendenciis dakavSireba
socialuri organizaciis sferoSi kalvinizmis udavo
upiratesobasTan 31). magram, ramdenadac ucnauri ar
unda iyos, es upiratesoba swored im specifikuri
Seferilobidan momdinareobs, romelic qristianulma
"moyvasis siyvarulma" calkeuli individis Sinagani
izolirebis wnexis qveS kalvinisturi sarwmunoebis
meSveobiT SeiZina. es aqedan, pirvel yovlisa, sruliad
dogmaturad gamomdinareobs 32). samyaro imisaTvis
da mxolod imisaTvisaa Seqmnili, raTa RvTis
TviTgandidebas emsaxuros; rCeuli qristiani imisaTvis
da mxolod imisaTvis arsebobs, rom amqveynad RvTis
mcnebaTa aRsrulebiT uflis didebas Tavisi wili

144
Sehmatos. uflisaTvis ki sasurvelia qristianis socialuri
moRvaweoba, vinaidan mas surs, rom cxovrebis
socialuri mowyoba mis mcnebaTa Sesabamisad da
imgvarad iyos mowesrigebuli, rom am dasaxul mizans
Seesatyvisebodes. saero cxovrebaSi kalvinistis
socialuri 33) saqmianoba aris saqmianoba "in majorem
gloriam Dei" (RvTis aRmatebuli didebisaTvis).
Sesabamisad, amave xasiaTisaa profesiuli
saqmianobac, romelic adamianTa erTobliobis saaqao
cxovrebis samsaxurSi dgas. ukve luTerTan vpoulobT
Sromis danawilebiTi profesiuli saqmianobis
gamomdinarebas "moyvasisadmi siyvarulidan". oRond
is, rac masTan wminda konstruqtiul-azrobriv
Canasaxad darCa, kalvinistebTan maTi eTikuri sistemis
niSandobliv nawilad iqca. imis gamo, rom
"moyvasisadmi siyvaruli" mxolod RvTis 34) da ara
qmnilebis 35) sadidebeli samsaxuri SeiZleba iyos, igi
pirvel rigSi, vlindeba lex naturae (bunebrivi wesrigiT)
dakisrebuli profesiuli valdebulebebis SesrulebaSi da
amasTan erTad, iZens Tavisebur obieqturad upirovno
samsaxuris anu Cveni garemomcveli sazogadoebrivi
kosmosis racionalurad mowyobis xasiaTs. imitom, rom
am kosmosis araCveulebrivad mizanSewonili ageba da
mowyoba, bibliuri gamocxadebisa da aseve saganTa
bunebaSi wvdomis Tanaxmad, aSkarad imisaTvis
gamiznuli, rom kacTa modgmisaTvis "sargeblis"
motanas emsaxuros, dasaSvebs xdis amgvari upirovno
sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmis samsaxurSi
moRvaweobis, rogorc RvTis didebis xelSemwyobisa da
RvTisTvis sasurvelis ganxilvas. Teodiceis problemisa da
samyaros da sicocxlis "sazrisis" Sesaxeb yvela im
sakiTxis sruli gamoTiSva, razec sxvebi imtvrevdnen
Tavs, puritanisTvis, iseve rogorc _ sxva mizezebis
gamo _ ebraelisTvis, TavisTavad cxadi ram iyo; sxvaTa
Soris, garkveuli azriT, saerTod mTeli aramistikuri
qristianuli religiurobisTvisac. Zalebis amgvar
ekonomias kalvinizmSi kidev erTi niSani daemata.

145
uTanxmoeba "calkeul adamiansa" da "eTikas" (sioren
kierkegariseuli gagebiT) Soris kalvinizmisTvis ar
arsebobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi religiur
sakiTxebSi calkeul adamians mTlianad sakuTari Tavis
anabara tovebda. aq ar aris amis mizezebisa da
kalvinizmis politikuri da ekonomikuri racionalizmisTvis
am aspeqtebis mniSvnelobis gaanalizebis adgili.
kalvinisturi eTikis utilitaristuli xasiaTis Ziri amaSi
mdgomareobs da profesiis kalvinisturi koncefciis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebanic aqedan momdinareobs
36). _ aq kidev erTxel mivubrundebiT specialurad
predestinaciis moZRvrebis ganxilvas.
amrigad, CvenTvis gadamwyvet problemas
warmoadgens Semdegi: rogor SeiZleboda asatani
yofiliyo es moZRvreba 37) im epoqaSi, romlisTvisac
saiqio aramcTu ufro mniSvnelovani, aramed mravali
TvalsazrisiT ufro sandoc ki iyo, vidre saaqao cxovrebis
yvela interesi 38). erTi kiTxva imTaviTve unda
dabadebuliyo nebismieri morwmunisaTvis da mas
yvela sxva interesi ukana planze unda ganedevna: var
Tu ara me rCeuli? da rogor SemiZlia Cems rCeulobaSi
davrwmunde 39)? _ Tavad kalvinisTvis es problemas ar
warmoadgenda. igi Tavs "iaraRad" aRiqvamda da
sakuTar madlmosilebaSi eWvi ar epareboda.
Sesabamisad, im SekiTxvaze, Tu ra gziT SeuZlia
calkeul adamians sakuTar rCeulobaSi darwmundes,
mas ZiriTadad erTi pasuxi aqvs: unda davjerdeT
codnas uflis gadawyvetilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb da
WeSmariti rwmeniT boZebul mudmiv sasoebas qristes
mimarT. varauds, rom TiTqos SesaZlebeli yofiliyos
sxvebis qcevis mixedviT imis dadgena, rCeulni arian
isini Tu gankicxulni, igi principulad uarhyofda, rogorc
uflis saidumloebebSi CaZiebis kadnier mcdelobas.
rCeulni am cxovrebaSi garegnulad arafriT
gansxvavdebian gankicxulTagan 40) da im erTaderTi,
"finaliter" (saboloo) uryevi rwmeniT aRsavse sasoebis
gamoklebiT, rCeulTa yvela subieqturi gamocdilebac

146
aseve misawvdomia "ludibria spiritus sancti"
(suliwmindis dacinvis) saxiT gankicxulTaTvisac.
amrigad, rCeulni uflis uxilav eklesias warmoadgenen
da amadve rCebian kidec. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom
sxvagvari iyo epigonTa _ ukve bezas _ da pirvel
yovlisa rigiT adamianTa farTo fenebis pozicia. maTTvis
"certitudo salutis" (xsnaSi darwmunebuloba)
madlmosilebis Secnobadobis azriT absoluturad
yovlismomcvel mniSvnelobamde unda amaRlebuliyo
41) d amdenad, yvelgan, sadac ki fexi moikida
predestinaciis moZRvrebam, kiTxvasac ar dauyovnebia
imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi, romelTa meSveobiTac "electi" (rCeulTa)
wrisadmi kuTvnileba Seicnoba. ara mxolod
reformirebuli eklesiis niadagze aRmocenebuli pietizmis
ganviTarebisaTvis hqonda am kiTxvas mudmivad
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, romelic garkveuli azriT,
misTvis Zireulic ki xdeboda periodulad, aramed mas
Semdeg, rac reformirebulTa ziarebis moZRvrebisa da
ziarebis praqtikis udides politikur da socialur
mniSvnelobas gaviazrebT, kidev mogviwevs imis
Sesaxeb saubari, Tu ra rols asrulebda mTeli XVII
saukunis manZilze pietizmis farglebs gareT calkeuli
adamianis madlmosilebis dadgenadoba, vTqvaT, misi
ziarebaze anu monawileTa socialuri mdgomareobisTvis
centralur gadamwyvet sakulto ceremoniaze daSvebis
sakiTxisaTvis.
ramdenadac sakuTari madlmosilebis Sesaxeb
wamoiWreboda kiTxva, amdenad SeuZlebeli iyo
orTodoqsuli doqtrinis mier arsebiTad principulad
formaluradac ki dauZleveli 42), kalviniseuli miTiTebiT
dakmayofileba 43), romlis Tanaxmad adamianisTvis
madliT STanergili rwmenis simtkicea sakuTari rCeulobis
damadasturebeli. pirvel rigSi, es SeuZlebeli iyo sulis
saxsnelad mowodebuli praqtikisaTvis, romelic yovel
fexis nabijze moZRvrebis mier Cagonebul tanjvas
awydeboda. is am siZneleebs sxvadasxva gziT

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arTmevda Tavs 44). Tuki saqme ar exeba madlismieri
rCeulobis axlebur gadaazrebas, mis Serbilebas an,
saerTod sulac uaryofas 45), maSin niSandoblivad wina
planze iwevs sulis sacxonebeli rCeva-darigebis ori
urTierTdakavSirebuli tipi. erTi mxriv, adamians
movaleobad ekisreba, Tavi rCeulad miiCnios da amaSi
nebismieri daeWveba gandevnos, rogorc eSmakiseuli
cTuneba 46), vinaidan sakuTar xsnaSi
darwmunebulobis nakleboba rwmenis ukmarisobis anu
madlis ukmarisobis Sedegia. amrigad, mociqulis
Segoneba sakuTari mowodebis "ganmtkicebis"
Sesaxeb aq moiazreba rogorc yoveldRiur brZolaSi
TviTgamarTlebisa da sakuTar rCeulobaSi subieqturi
dajerebulobis mopovebis movaleoba. qedmodrekil
codvilTa nacvlad, romelTac luTeri madlis gardmosvlas
aRuTqvams, Tuki isini monanie rwmeniT RmerTs
miandoben Tavs, xdeba Tavis xsnaSi im guldajerebul
"wmindanTa" gamowrToba 47), romelTac kapitalizmis
heroikuli epoqis foladisebr puritan vaWarTa Soris da
calkeuli egzemplarebis saxiT dResac ki vawydebiT.
meore mxriv ki, sakuTar xsnaSi guldajerebulobis
mosapoveblad saukeTeso saSualebad daucxromeli
profesiuli Sroma cxaddeba 48). is da mxolod is
gandevnis religiur eWvs da iZleva sakuTar
madlmosilebaSi darwmunebulobas.
saero profesiul saqmianobas rom amgvari unari
miewereboda, _ is, rom igi ganixileboda, rogorc, ase
vTqvaT, religiuri SiSis grZnobis ganmuxtvisaTvis
Sesaferi saSualeba _ amis mizezi reformirebul eklesiaSi
gamefebuli religiuri ganwyobis im siRrmiseul
TaviseburebebSi Zevs, romlebic luTeranobasTan
dapirispirebulobaSi yvelaze naTlad rwmenismieri
TviTgamarTlebis arsis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi iCens
Tavs. es gansxvavebebi ise moxdenilad da yovelgvari
SefasebiTi gansjis gverdis avliT, ise wmindad
obieqturadaa gaanalizebuli 49) Snekenburgeris
mSvenier leqciaTa ciklSi, rom momdevno mokle

148
SeniSvnebi arsebiTad ubralod mis mosazrebebs
exmianeba.
umaRlesi religiuri gancda, romliskenac
miiswrafvis luTeriseuli RvTismosaoba, im saxiT, rogorc
is, vTqvaT, XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda,
aris "Unio mystica" (mistikuri Serwyma) ufalTan 50).
rogorc ukve Tavad dasaxeleba mianiSnebs, romelic
amgvari saxiT reformatoruli moZRvrebisaTvis ucnobia,
aq saqme gvaqvs RvTis substancialur gancdasTan:
morwmune sulSi RvTaebrivi sawyisis realuri SeRwevis
SegrZnebasTan, rac Tvisobrivad germanel mistikosTa
mWvretelobis analogiuria da gamoirCeva Tavisi pasiuri,
nanatri simSvidis RmerTSi mopovebisken swrafviT da
Sinagani ganwyobis wminda sulierebiT. rogorc filosofiis
istoriidan cnobilia, mistikuri yaidis religiuroba aramcTu
mSvenivrad SeTavsebadia empiriuli mocemulobis
sferoSi sinamdvilis gamokveTilad realistur aRqmasTan
da dialeqtikur doqtrinaTa uaryofis gamo xSirad mis
uSualo sayrdenadac ki gvevlineba; aramed
SesaZlebelia agreTve, rom mistika gaSualebulad
cxovrebis racionalur warmarTvas sulac sasikeTod
waadges. da mainc mis damokidebulebas
samyarosTan, bunebrivia, aklia garegnuli qmedebis
dadebiTi Sefaseba. amas garda, luTeranobaSi "Unio
mystica" erwymis sakuTari codvismieri uRirsobis im
Rrma gancdas, romelsac saTuTad unda daecva
codvebis mitevebisTvis aucilebel morCilebasa da
miamit sialaleze dafuZnebuli luTerani morwmunis
"poenitentia quotidiana" (yoveldRiuri monanieba).
amis sapirispirod, specifikurad reformirebuli religiuroba
iseve imTaviTve uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili realobisgan
paskalis kvietisturi gaqcevis mimarT, rogorc is,
mTlianad individis Sinagan bunebaSi gadmotanili
wminda sulieri ganwyobilebis luTeranuli
RvTismosavobis mimarT. nebismieri qmnilebis mimarT
uflis absoluturi transcendentulobis gamo sruliad
gamoricxulia RvTaebrivi sawyisis adamianis sulSi

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realuri SeRweva: "finitum non est capax infiniti"
(sasruls ar gaaCnia usasrulos aRqmis unari). RvTis
kavSiri mis madlmosilebTan mxolod imgvarad
SeiZleboda damyarebuliyo da gacnobierebuliyo, rom
RmerTi maTSi moqmedebs ("operatur") da rom maT es
gacnobierebuli aqvT kidec, _ rom amgvarad maTi
qmedeba RvTis madliT STanergili rwmenidan
momdinareobs, xolo es rwmena ki, Tavis mxriv,
TviTlegitimacias RvTis mier gamowveuli qmedebis
xarisxis meSveobiT axdens. siRrmiseuli, sazogadod,
nebismieri praqtikuli religiurobis klasifikaciisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sakuTari wmindanobis mdgomareobis
51) aRqmaSi arsebiTi gansxvavebebi hpovebs aq Tavis
gamoxatulebas: religiur virtuozs Tavis madlmosilebaSi
darwmuneba SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis, rogorc RvTiuri
Zalis WurWlad, an mis iaraRad aRqmis gziT. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi misi religiuri cxovreba mistikuri
grZnobadi kulturisken ixreba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki
asketuri qmedebisken. xsenebul pirvel tips luTeri
uaxlovdeba, meores ki kalvinizmi ganekuTvneba.
maradiuli netarebis mopoveba reformirebulebsac
ewadaT "sola fide" (oden rwmenis) meSveobiT.
magram, vinaidan ukve kalvinis TvalTaxedviT,
yvelanairi carieli grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, rac ar
unda amaRlebulad gveCvenebodes isini, mainc Tavgzis
ambnevia 52), rwmenam Tavi obieqturi SedegebiT
unda daamtkicos, raTa certitudo salutis myari
safuZveli Seuqmnas. igi "fides efficax" (qmediTi
rwmena) 53), xsnisken mowodeba "effectual calling"
(qmediTi mowodeba) /savois deklaraciis gamoTqma/
unda iyos. da Tuki Semdeg kiTxvas davsvamT, Tu
romelia is nayofi, romlis meSveobiTac reformirebuls
SeuZlia WeSmariti rwmena utyuarad Seicnos, amaze
pasuxi iqneba: misi, rogorc qristianis, cxovrebis wesiT,
romelic RvTis saxelis gandidebas emsaxureba. Tu ra
aris amisaTvis aucilebeli, amis TvalnaTliv danaxva
uSualod bibliaSi RvTis mier sakuTari nebis

150
gacxadebidan an gaSualebulad mis mier Seqmnili
samyaros mizanSewonili wesrigidan (lex naturae) 54)
SeiZleba. konkretulad, sakuTari sulieri mdgomareobis
im mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, rac bibliis
Tanaxmad rCeulT, magaliTad, patriarqebs axasiaTebda,
SesaZlebelia sakuTari madlmosilebis Semowmeba 55).
mxolod rCeuls aqvs namdvilad fides efficax 56),
mxolod mas Seswevs unari xelaxali dabadebis
(regeneratio) meSveobiT da aqedan gamomdinare
mTeli misi cxovrebis ganwmendiT (sanctificatio) RvTis
saxeli WeSmaritad da ara moCvenebiTad keTili
saqmeebiT ganadidos. da ramdenadac igi
gaacnobierebs, rom misi saqcieli _ yovel SemTxvevaSi
Tavisi Zireuli xasiaTiT da ucvleli ganzraxulebiT
(propositum oboedientiae) /"principamde ayvanili
morCileba"/ _ masSi Cadebul RvTis didebis
aRsamatebel Zalas 57) emyareba, maSasadame, ara
mxolod RvTisTvis sasurveli, aramed, pirvel yovlisa,
RvTis namoqmedaria 58), miaRwevs igi im umaRles
sikeTes, riskenac religiuroba miiltvoda, anu
madlmosilebaSi darwmunebulobas 59). da rom igi
mosapovebelia, am azrs korinTelTa mimarT meore
epistolec (13, 5) ganamtkicebs 60). ragind absoluturad
gamousadegari ar unda iyos keTili saqmeebi, rogorc
maradiuli netarebis misaRwevi saSualeba _ vinaidan
TviT rCeulic qmnilebad rCeba da yovelive, rasac is
akeTebs RvTis moTxovnebs usasrulod scildeba, _ isini
mainc aucilebelia, rogorc rCeulobis niSani 61). isini
teqnikur saSualebas warmoadgenen ara imisTvis, raTa
sulis cxoneba Seisyidon, aramed, raTa am cxonebis
gamo SiSi daZlion. am gagebiT, maT zogjer pirdapir
"cxonebisTvis aucilebel saWiroebad" moixsenieben 62)
an maT "possesiio salutis" (madlis flobas) ukavSireben
63). es ki, principSi, praqtikulad niSnavs Semdegs:
RmerTi Svelis mas, vinc Tavs TviTonve Svelis 64), imas,
rom kalvinisti, rasac xelsayrel dros kidev gavaSuqebT,
sakuTar sulis xsnas _ ufro zusti iqneboda Tuki vityodiT,

151
masSi darwmunebulobas _ Tavad "qmnis" 65), oRond
es qmna kaTolicizmisgan gansxvavebiT calkeul
damsaxurebaTa TandaTanobiT dagrovebaSi ki ar
mdgomareobs, aramed mudmivi alternativis: _ rCeuli
Tu gankicxuli? _ winaSe myof sistematur TviTkontrolSi.
amiT Cveni dakvirvebebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
punqts mivadeqiT.
rogorc cnobilia, reformirebul eklesiebsa da
seqtebSi sul ufro mkveTrad 66) Camoyalibebul azrTa
msvlelobas luTeris mxare daJinebiT "sinergizms"
sayvedurobda 67). da udaod sruliad samarTlianadac,
Tuki amiT reformirebuli rigiTi qristianis yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisTvis ganmsazRvreli praqtikuli Sedegebi
iqneboda nagulisxmevi 68), ragind marTebulic ar unda
yofiliyo mopasuxe mxaris protesti maTi dogmaturi
poziciis kaTolikur moZRvrebasTan gaigivebis gamo.
vinaidan albaT manamde arasodes ar arsebula
zneobrivi saqcielis religiurad Sefasebis imaze ufro
intensiuri forma, vidre is, romelic kalvinizmma Tavis
mimdevrebs Camouyaliba. oRond am saxis
"sinergizmis" praqtikuli mniSvnelobisTvis
gadamwyvetia, pirvel rigSi, im xarisxobriv TvisebaTa
Secnoba, romlebic mis Sesatyvis cxovrebis wess
axasiaTebs da mas Sua saukuneebis rigiTi qristianis
yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan ganasxvavebs. SesaZlebelia
maTi daaxloebiT amgvarad formulireba vcadoT: Sua
saukuneebis normaluri kaTolike eriskaci 69) eTikuri
TvalsazrisiT garkveulwilad cxovrobda principiT:
"xvalem ikiTxos xvalisa". igi pirvel yovlisa
keTilsindisierad asrulebda tradiciul movaleobebs. misi
"keTili saqmeebi" ki, romlebic am farglebs
scildebodnen, rogorc wesi, ar hqmnidnen aucileblad
urTierTdakavSirebul, yovel SemTxvevaSi aucileblobiT
nakarnaxev sasicocxlo sistemaSi gamTlianebul calkeul
qmedebaTa racionalur mwkrivs; igi maT
saWiroebisamebr iqmoda, vTqvaT, konkretul codvaTa
gamosasyidad an sulis xsnaze zrunvis gavleniT, an

152
misi cxovrebis moaxloebuli dasasrulisas erTgvari
sadazRvevo jildos saxiT. raRa Tqma unda, kaTolikuri
eTika "mrwamsis" eTika iyo. magram calkeuli
qmedebis konkretuli "intentio" (ganzraxuloba)
gadamwyveti iyo misi SefasebisTvis. xolo calkeuli _
kargi an cudi _ saqcieli mis Camdens miewereboda da
gavlenas axdenda mis warmaval Tu samaradiso
xvedrze. eklesia sruliad realisturad iTvaliswinebda
imas, rom adamiani absoluturad calsaxad gansazRvrul
da Sesafasebel erTianobas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed
misi zneobrivi cxovreba (wesisamebr) sapirispiro
motivebiT gamowveuli xSirad metad
winaaRmdegobrivi qcevisgan Sedgeba. cxadia,
eklesiac misgan, rogorc idealisgan cxovrebis
principulad Secvlas iTxovda. magram am moTxovnas
igi arbilebda (saSualo donis umravlesobisTvis) misi
umniSvnelovanesi Zalauflebisa da aRzrdis saSualebiT:
monaniebis saidumloebiT, romlis funqcia kaTolikuri
religiurobis Zireul TaviseburebasTan iyo siRrmiseulad
dakavSirebuli.
samyarosaTvis "jados axsna" anu magiis, rogorc
xsnis saSualebis, gamoTiSva 70) kaTolikur
RvTismosaobaSi imgvari TanmimdevrobiT ar
ganxorcielebula, rogorc puritanul (da manamde
mxolod iudevelur) religiurobaSi. kaTolikes 71) sakuTari
arasrulyofilebis daZlevis saSualebad misi eklesiis
saidumloebaTa madli aqvs: mRvdeli is grZneuli magi
iyo, vinc gardasaxvis saswauls axdenda da visac xelT
gasaRebis Zalaufleba epyra. sinanuliT aRvsil da
monanie morwmunes SeeZlo misTvis miemarTa, is ki
mas codvaTa gamosyidvisa da madlis gardmosvlis
imeds, mitevebis rwmenas unergavda da, amgvarad,
im sazarel daZabulobas uxsnida, romelic kalvinistis
cxovrebis ucilobeli xvedri iyo, rasac veraferi
Seamsubuqebda. misTvis msgavsi guliTadi da
adamianuri nugeSi ar arsebobda da kaTolikes an,
Tundac, luTeranisgan gansxvavebiT, mas imis imedic

153
ver eqneboda, rom sisustisa da fuqsavatobis wuTebis
gadafarva moZalebuli keTili nebis wuTebiT gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli. kalvinistis RmerTi Tavisianebisgan calkeul
"keTil saqmeebs" ki ar iTxovda, aramed sistemis
rangSi ayvanil saqmeTa wminda uzenaesobas 72).
codvis, sinanulis, monaniebis, mitevebis, axali codvis
kaTolikur, WeSmarit adamianur aRmaval-daRmaval
urTierTmonacvleobaze an droebiTi sasjelis meSveobiT
gamosasyid, madlis mosapovebeli saeklesio
saSualebebiT mTeli cxovrebis dasabalansebel saldoze
aq saubaric ki ar iyo. rigiTi adamianis eTikuri praqtika
gaTavisuflebuli iqna yovelgvari ugegmobisa da
usistemobisgan da mTeli cxovrebis warmarTvis
Tanamimdevrul meTodad gardaiqmna. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom "meTodistebis" saxeli iseve SerCaT XVIII
saukuneSi puritanuli ideebis ukanaskneli diadi
aRorZinebis warmomadgenelT, rogorc maTi sulieri
winaprebi moixseniebodnen XVII saukuneSi azrobrivad
sruliad igiveobrivi saxelwodebiT -"precizistebi" 73).
vinaidan mxolod mTeli cxovrebis azris yovel wuTs da
yovel qmedebaSi 74) gamovlenil Zireul gardaqmnaSi
SeZlebda adamianis status naturae (bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan) status gratiae (madlmosilebis
mdgomareobaSi) amamaRlebeli madlis Zala
TviTdamkvidrebas. "wmindanis" cxovreba erTaderTi
transcendentuli miznisken: sulis cxonebisken iyo
mimarTuli, magram swored amis gamo misi saaqao
arseboba zedmiwevniT racionalizebuli da erTTavad
dedamiwaze RvTis didebis aRmatebis miswrafebiT iyo
gamsWvaluli; _ da ideas "omnia in majorem dei
gloriam" manamde arc arasodes ar mohkidebian aseTi
ukiduresi seriozulobiT 75). mxolod mudmivi refleqsiis
gziT warmarTuli cxovreba SeiZleboda status naturalis
daZlevad CaTvliliyo: dekartes "cogito ergo sum"
(vazrovneb, ese igi varsebob) amgvari eTikuri
gadaazrebiT iqna aTvisebuli misi Tanamedrove
puritanebis mier 76). am racionalizebam ki

154
reformirebulTa RvTismosaobas specifikuri asketuri ieri
mianiWa da safuZvlad daedo rogorc kaTolicizmTan mis
Sinagan naTesaobas 77), ise masTan specifikur
dapirispirebulobas. radganac cxadia, msgavsi ram
kaTolicizmisTvisac ucxo ar iyo.
qristianuli askeza Tavis TavSi udaod ukiduresad
sxvadasxvagvar elementebs moicavda, rogorc
garegnuli gamovlinebis, ise Sinaarsis mixedviT.
dasavleTSi ki igi Tavis umaRles gamovlinebis formebSi
jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi da calkeul gamovlinebebSi
ukve antikurobaSic ki racionalur xasiaTs atarebda.
amas efuZneba dasavleTSi bermonazvnuri cxovrebis
wesis msoflio istoriuli mniSvneloba, aRmosavluri
bermonazvnobis, _ ara misi erTobliobis, aramed misi
zogadi tipis _ sapirispirod. is principSi ukve wminda
benediqtis wesdebaSi, ufro metad klunielebTan, kidev
ufro metad cistercielebTan da, bolos, yvelaze metad
iezuitebTan iyo saero cxovrebidan umizno gaqcevisa
da virtuozuli TviTgvemisagan gaTavisuflebuli. igi
cxovrebis racionalurad warmarTvis sistematurad
Camoyalibebul meTodad iqca, raTa, status naturae
daeZlia, iracionaluri instinqtebis Zalauflebisgan da
nivTieri samyarosa da bunebaze mijaWvulobisagan
daexsna, gegmazomieri wadilis uzenaesobisTvis
daemorCilebina adamiani 78), misi qmedebani
mudmivi TviTkontrolisaTvis, xolo maTi eTikuri
mniSvneloba awon-dawonili SefasebisaTvis
daeqvemdebarebina da, amrigad, beri _ obieqturad _
RvTis sauflos samsaxurSi Camdgar muSad aRezarda,
am gziT ki igi axla ukve subieqturad, misi sulis xsnis
SesaZleblobaSi daerwmunebina. amgvari _ aqtiuri _
TavdaWeriloba iyo, rogorc wminda ignaciusis exercitia
(sulieri varjiSebisa) da saerTodac bermonazvnuri
racionaluri saTnoebis umaRles formaTa mizani 79), ise
puritanizmis umTavresi praqtikuli cxovrebis ideali 80).
ukve im usazRvro zizRSi, romelic gamosWvivis puritan
martvilTa dakiTxvis qronikebSi puritanizmis

155
mimdevarTa darbaislur simSvidesTan didgvarovan
prelatTa da moxeleTa TavSeukavebeli lanZRva-ginebis
dapirispirebisas 81), avlens Tavs TavdaWerili
TviTkontrolis is maRali Sefaseba, ingliseli da
angloamerikeli "gentleman"-is saukeTeso tips dRemde
rom axasiaTebs 82). CvenTvis gasageb enaze es ase
iJRerebda 83): puritanuli _ iseve, rogorc nebismieri
"racionaluri" _ askeza imisaTvis iRwvis, rom adamians
"afeqtebze" upiratesoba moapovebinos da Tavi
daamkvidrebinos mis "konstantur motivebs", metadre
maT, romlebic mas Tavadve "STaunerga": _ anu
imisaTvis, rom igi "pirovnebad" aRzardos, sityvis am
formalur-fsiqologiuri mniSvnelobiT. zogierTi
gavrcelebuli warmodgenis sapirispirod, askezis mizani
iyo fxizeli Segnebuli aumRvrevli cxovrebis warmarTva,
_ cxovrebiT instinqturi tkbobis SeuzRudaobis daZleva
misi gadaudebeli amocana, _ mis mimdevarTa
cxovrebis niris mowesrigeba ki misi umniSvnelovanesi
saSualeba. yvela es ZiriTadi debuleba iseve
gamokveTilad poulobs asaxvas kaTolikuri
bermonazvnobis wesdebebSi 84), rogorc kalvinistis
cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis principebSi 85). orive
maTganis soflismZleveli Zala erTianad mTeli adamianis
amgvar meTodur mocvas efuZneba, gansakuTrebiT ki
kalvinizmis, rogorc "ecclesia militans"-is unari,
gansxvavebiT luTeranobisagan, uzrunveleyo
protestantizmis arseboba.
meore mxriv ki, savsebiT naTelia, Tu raSi
mdgomareobda kalvinisturi askezis
SuasaukuneobrivTan dapirispirebuloba: es iyo "consilia
evangelica" (evangelur rCevaTa) ugulvebelyofa da am
gziT misi wminda saero askezad gardaqmna. oRond es
imas ki ar niSnavs, TiTqos kaTolicizmSi "meToduri"
cxovreba monastris senakiT Semoifargleboda. es
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyo ase arc Teoriulad da arc
praqtikulad. ukve mravalgzis aRiniSna, rom
miuxedavad kaTolicizmis arc ise didi moraluri

156
momTxovnelobisa, eTikuri TvalsazrisiT usistemo
cxovreba ver swvdeba im umaRles idealebs, romlebic
man _ aseve saero cxovrebisTvisac _ dasaxa 86).
magaliTad, wminda franciskis mier tertiarielTa ordenis
dafuZneba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis asketizmiT
ganmsWvalvis gabedul da rogorc cnobilia, ara erTaderT
mcdelobas warmoadgenda. cxadia, qmnilebebi,
rogoricaa "qristes mimdevarni", swored maTi Zlieri
zegavlenis wyalobiT TvalsaCinos xdian, Tu rogor
aRiqmeboda maTSi naqadagebi cxovrebis wesi
umaRles zneobriobad yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
zneobriobisaTvis sakmaris minimumTan SedarebiT, da
rom es ukanaskneli sulac ar izomeboda im
masStabebiT, romelTac puritanizmi flobda. da garkveul
saeklesio instituciaTa, pirvel yovlisa, codvaTa mitevebis
praqtikas, romelic reformaciis epoqaSi amitomac
aRiqmeboda ara ubralod umniSvnelo darRvevad,
aramed umTavres Zireul zianad, gamudmebiT
sistematuri saero askezis wanamZRvrebTan Sejaxeba
uwevda. oRond gadamwyveti is iyo, rom religiuri
TvalsazrisiT meTodurad mcxovrebi adamiani par
excellence (upiratesad) swored mxolod beri iyo da beri
rCeboda anu, rac ufro intensiurad ipyrobda calkeul
adamians askeza, miT ufro riyavda mas yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisagan, vinaidan swored saero zneobriobis
dajabnaSi 87) mdgomareobda specifikurad wminda
cxovreba. Tavdapirvelad es luTerma gadalaxa da
kerZod ara rogorc raRac "ganviTarebis tendenciis"
ganmaxorcielebelma, aramed sruliad piraduli
gamocdilebis safuZvelze, sxvaTa Soris, sawyis etapze
jer kidev meryevad, SemdgomSi ki politikuri situaciis
sul ufro mZlavri biZgiT, xolo kalvinizmma ki es ubralod
misgan aiTvisa 88). marTlac misi religiurobis formis
gansazRvrisaTvis uSualod sakiTxis arsSi Cawvdomas
niSnavda, roca jer kidev sebastian frankma reformaciis
mniSvneloba imaSi dainaxa, rom amieridan nebismieri
qristiani mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze beri unda

157
yofiliyo. yoveldRiuri saero cxovrebidan askezis
gadinebas jebiri gadaeRoba da is, mgznebare sidinjiT
Sinaganad CaRrmavebuli bunebis pirovnebebi,
romlebic im dromde Tavis saukeTeso warmomadgenelT
berobisTvis amwesebdnen, amieridan imisaTvis iyvnen
mowodebulni, rom saero profesiuli cxovrebis farglebSi
asketuri idealebi ganexorcielebinaT. kalvinizmma ki
Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze amas raRac dadebiTi:
saero profesiul saqmianobaSi rwmenis dadasturebis
aucileblobis idea 89), Sehmata. man amiT religiurad
orientirebul pirovnebaTa farTo fenebs askezisaken
dadebiTi biZgi misca da eTikis predestinaciis
moZRvrebaze misi dafuZnebis Sedegad bermonazonTa
sasuliero aristokratiis adgili qveynierebis miRma da
mis zemoT RvTis mier ukuniTi ukunisamde
predestinirebulma wmindanTa aristokratiam daikava
am qveynad 90), romelic Tavisi character indelebilis
(ucodvelobis) wyalobiT samaradisod Serisxuli
kacobriobisagan principulad gadaulaxavi da Tavisi
uxilaobis gamo kidev ufro Semzaravi ufskruliT iyo
dacilebuli 91), vidre garegnulad qveynierebisagan
ganmdgari Sua saukuneebis beri, _ es iyo ufskruli,
romelic mTeli Tavisi simZafriT aRibeWda nebismier
socialur msoflaRqmaSi. vinaidan rCeulTa da, amdenad,
wmindanTa amgvar madlmosilebas moyvasis codvaTa
mimarT sakuTari sisustis gacnobierebiT gulisxmieri
Tanadgoma ki ar Seesabameboda, aramed mis mimarT
siZulvili da zizRi, rogorc maradiuli gankicxviT
daRdasmuli RmerTis mtrisadmi 92). msgavs aRqmis
wess imgvarad gamZafrebis unari Seswevda, rom
garkveul viTarebaSi SeiZleboda seqtebis Seqmnamde
misuliyo saqme. amas adgili hqonda maSin, roca _
msgavsad imisa, rogorc es XVII saukunis
"independistur" mimarTulebebSi moxda _ odindel
kalvinistur rwmenas, rom RvTis dideba eklesiis mier
sjulis kanonisadmi gankicxulTa daqvemdebarebas
moiTxovs, sjabnida imaSi darwmunebuloba, rom uflis

158
abuCad agdeba iqneboda, Tuki mis samwysoSi
auRorZinebeli aRmoCndeboda da eklesiis saidumloaTa
Tanaziari an sulac, rogorc RvTis msaxuri, maTi
ganmgebeli gaxdeboda 93). anu, erTi sityviT, maSin,
roca eklesiis donatisturi gageba Rirsad TviTgamovlenis
ideis nayofad warmoCndeboda, rogorc amas kalvinist
baptistebTan hqonda adgili. iqac, sadac sruli
TanamimdevrobiT ar ganxorcielebula "wminda"
eklesiis, rogorc Rirsad TviTgamovlenil aRorZinebulTa
erTobliobis mier wamoyenebuli seqtebis Seqmnis
moTxovna, eklesiis mowyobis mravalgvari saxecvla
mohyva Sedegad imis mcdelobas, rom erTmaneTisgan
gaemijnaT aRorZinebuli da auRorZinebeli, eklesiis
saidumloTaTvis moumwifebeli qristianebi, rom
saeklesio mmarTveloba pirvelT daTmobodaT an
saerTodac maT gamorCeuli mdgomareoba
SehqmnodaT da RvTismsaxurebaSi mxolod
aRorZinebulni daeSvaT 94).
amrigad, es asketuri cxovrebis warmarTvis wesi
Tavis myar normas, romelzec mas mudmivad
orientireba SeeZleboda da romelic mas usaTuod
esaWiroeboda, bunebrivia, bibliis meSveobiT iZenda.
da kerZod, mravalgzis aRweril kalvinizmis
"bibliokratiaSi" CvenTvis umniSvnelovanesia is, rom
axali aRTqmis msgavsad aseve uflis mier sulSTaberili
Zveli aRTqmis moralur miTiTebaTa Rirseba aq savsebiT
gaTanabrebulia axalTan, Tuki isini aSkarad mxolod
iudevelTa istoriul urTierTobebs ar gansazRvraven an
qristes mier ar arian dabejiTebiT uaryofilni. swored
morwmuneTaTvis warmoadgenda kanoni idealad
miCneul normas, romlis srulad miRweva verasodes
iqneboda SesaZlebeli 95), maSin, rodesac luTeri piriqiT
_ Tavdapirvelad _ kanonTa monobisagan Tavisuflebas
asxamda xotbas, rogorc morwmuneTa RvTiur
privilegias 96). Rrmad religiuri da mainc sruliad fxizeli
ebrauli cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis gavlena, romelic
puritanTa usayvarles wignebSi: solomonis igavebsa da

159
mTel rig fsalmunebSia Camoyalibebuli, igrZnoba mTel
maT cxovrebiseul ganwyobilebaSi. kalvinizmis
specifikurad racionaluri xasiaTi anu religiurobis
mistikuri da, saerTod, grZnobiTi sawyisis daTrgunva
sruliad marTebulad daukavSira jer kidev sanfordma 97)
Zveli aRTqmis gavlenas. TavisTavad, amgvari
ZvelaRTqmiseuli racionalizmi rogorc aseTi, arsebiTad
wvrilburJuaziul tradicionalisturi xasiaTisaa da ara
mxolod winaswarmetyvelTa da mravalricxovan
fsalmunTa mZlavri paTosi iyo masSi, aramed is
Semadgeneli nawilebic, romlebic specifikuri grZnobadi
religiurobis ganviTarebisaTvis ukve Sua saukuneebSi
iqcnen amosaval wertilad. saboloo jamSi es mainc isev
sakuTriv kalvinizmis arsebiTi, kerZod, swored asketuri
xasiaTi iyo, romelic misi kongenialuri ZvelaRTqmiseuli
RvTismosaobis elementebis amokiTxvasa da
asimilirebas lamobda.
cxovrebis zneobrivad warmarTvis amgvari
sistematizeba, rac kalvinisturi protestantizmis askezas
kaTolikur ordenTa cxovrebis racionalur formebTan aqvs
saziaro, ukve garegnuladac imaSi mJRavndeba, Tu
rogor gamudmebiT akontrolebda sakuTari
madlmosilebis mdgomareobas "asokirkita" puritani
qristiani 99). marTalia, religiuri dRiuri, romelSic
codvebi, cdunebebi da madlis mosapoveblad win
gadagmuli nabijebi Tanamimdevrulad anda sulac
cxrilis saxiT iyo aRnusxuli, erTnairad misaRebi iyo,
rogorc, pirvel rigSi, iezuitebis mier Seqmnili
Tanamedrove-kaTolikuri RvTismosaobisTvis (saxeldobr
safrangeTis), ise yvelaze Tavgadadebuli reformirebuli
saeklesio wreebisTvis 100); magram maSin, rodesac is
kaTolicizmSi aRsarebis sisrulis mizans emsaxureboda
an "directeur de l`âme" (sulier moZRvars) mis mier
qristianis an (umetesad) qristiani qalis mimarT gaweuli
avtoritaruli xelmZRvanelobis safuZvels uqmnida,
reformirebuli qristiani "Tavad isinjavda" misi
meSveobiT "majiscemas". igi moxseniebulia yvela

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mniSvnelovani moralisti Teologis mier, saTnoebis
asparezze miRweuli sakuTari warmatebebis jer kidev
benjamin frankliniseuli tabularul-statistikuri aRnusxva
iZleva amis klasikur nimuSs 101). meore mxriv ki, Zveli
Suasaukuneobrivi (ukve antikurobisTvisac cnobili)
RvTis mier warmoebuli xarjTaRricxvis xati benianTan
imgvar damaxasiaTebel ugemovnebobamdea
miyvanili, rom codvilis da RmerTis urTierToba muStrisa
da shopkeeper (meduqnis) urTierTobasTanaa
Sedarebuli: vinc erTxel mainc daidebs vals, igi mTeli
Tavisi garjis SemosavliT didi-didi mzard procentebs,
magram verasodes Tavns ver gaistumrebs 102). rogorc
sakuTar qcevas, RvTisasac iseve akontrolebda gviani
epoqis puritani da Tvlida, rom misi cxovrebis yovel
calkeul movlenaSi uflis xeli eria. da aqedan
gamomdinare, kalviniseuli odindeli moZRvrebisagan
gansxvavebiT, zustad icoda, Tu ratom gamoitana
RmerTma esa Tu is ganCineba. amrigad, cxovrebis
ganspetakebas SeeZlo saqmiani warmoebis xasiaTi
SeeZina 103). mTeli yofierebis Zireuli qristianizeba iyo
cxovrebis zneobrivad warmarTvis amgvari meTodikis
Sedegi, rasac kalvinizmma luTeranobisagan
gansxvavebiT miaRwia. kalvinizmis gavlenis xasiaTis
swori gagebisaTvis mudam unda gvaxsovdes, rom es
meTodika cxovrebaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad
gadamwyvet moments warmoadgenda. aqedan, erTi
mxriv, naTeli xdeba, Tu ratom SeZlo swored
aRmsareblobis am formam msgavsi zegavlenis
moxdena, xolo, meore mxriv ki, Tu ratom unda
emoqmedaT sxva konfesiebs imave mimarTulebiT, Tuki
maTi zneobrivi impulsebi Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideis
am gadamwyvet punqtSi igiveobrivi iyo.
am dromde Cven kalvinisturi religiurobis
niadagze vrCebodiT da, Sesabamisad, predestinaciis
moZRvrebas puritanuli zneobriobis meTodur safuZvlad
ganvixilavdiT cxovrebis meTodurad racionalizebuli
eTikuri warmarTvis wesis gagebiT. es imitom moxda,

161
rom xsenebuli dogma sinamdvileSi reformirebuli
moZRvrebis qvakuTxedad iqna miCneuli im religiuri
partiis anu "presbiterianelTa" wreebis farglebs gareTac,
romelic yvela TvalsazrisiT mkacrad kalviniseuli
safuZvlebis mimdevari rCeboda: mas Seicavda ara
mxolod 1658 wlis independisturi savois deklaracia,
aramed agreTve 1689 wlis baptisturi Hanserd Knollys
confession da aseve meTodizmis farglebSi am
moZraobis udidesi organizatoruli talanti, jon uesli,
marTalia, madlis universalobis ideis damcveli iyo,
magram meTodistTa pirveli Taobis udidesi agitatori da
misi yvelaze Tanamimdevruli moazrovne uaitfeldi ki
ledi hanTingdonis garSemo Sekrebili, garkveuli drois
manZilze sakmaod gavleniani wris msgavsad "madlis
partikularizms" emxroboda. swored es moZRvreba iyo,
romelic XVII saukunis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebiT
aRsavse epoqaSi, Tavisi grandiozuli Sekrulobis
wyalobiT "wminda cxovrebis" mebrZol damcvelT imis
rwmenas uRvivebda, rom isini RvTis iaraRi da misi
providenciuri gangebis ganmaxorcielebelni iyvnen
104) da swored is aferxebda mxolod saaqaoze
orientirebul wminda utilitaristul sinergizmad naadrev
gadagvarebas, romelsac iracionaluri da idealuri
miznebisaTvis amgvari gaugonari msxverplis gaRebis
unari arasodes ar eqneboda. xolo rwmenis
dakavSireba absoluturi determinizmiTa da
zegrZnobadis sruli transcendentulobiT gamorCeul
aucilebel moqmed normebTan, rasac es moZRvreba
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli genialuri formiT axorcielebda,
amavdroulad _ principSi - gacilebiT ufro
"Tanamedrove" iyo, vidre grZnobisaTvis ufro misaRebi
lmobieri moZRvreba, romelic RmerTsac ki zneobrivi
kanonisadmi daqvemdebarebuls xdida. upriani
iqneboda, rom Cveni dakvirvebebisaTvis esoden
fundamenturi (rac isev da isev naTlad gamoCndeba)
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis idea, rogorc meToduri
zneobriobis fsiqologiuri amosavali wertili, swored

162
madlis rCeulobasTan da yoveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis mis
mniSvnelobasTan mimarTebaSi yofiliyo "wminda saxis
kulturad" Seswavlili, da rom Cven am moZRvrebidan
amovsuliyaviT, rogorc yvelaze Tanamimdevruli
formidan, vinaidan es idea rwmenisa da zneobriobis
urTierTkavSiris sqemis saxiT SemdgomSi gansaxilvel
denominaciebSic zustad Tanazomierad meordeba. is
Sedegebi, romlebic am ideis pirvel mimdevarTa mier
cxovrebis asketurad warmarTvas unda mohyoloda,
protestantizmis farglebSi iqcnen luTeranobis
(SedarebiTi) zneobrivi uZlurebis uprincipialures
antiTezad. luTeriseuli "gratia amissibilis" (RvTis
wyaloba, romelic SeiZleba daikargos), magram
sinanuliT aRsavse monaniebiT kvlav SeiZleba
mopovebuli iqnas, sCans, TavisTavad imisaTvis aranair
stimuls ar Seicavda, rac CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi
mniSvnelovania, rogorc asketuri protestantizmis
nayofi: anu mTeli eTikuri cxovrebis sistematurad
racionaluri mowyobisaTvis 105). amrigad, luTeranuli
RvTismosaoba naklebad Trgunavda instinqturi
qmedebis SeuzRudav vitalurobasa da miamit
mgrZnobiarobas, mas aklda mudmivi TviTkontrolisa
da, amdenad, sazogadod sakuTari cxovrebis
gegmazomieri reglamentirebis is stimuli, romelsac
kalvinizmis pirquSi moZRvreba Seicavda. iseTi religiuri
geniosi, rogoric luTeri iyo, am Tavisufal, samyarosadmi
gaxsnilobis atmosferoSi laRad cxovrobda da sadamdec
misi frTebis Zala swvdeboda, mas "status naturalis"
mdgomareobaSi CaZirvis safrTxe ar emuqreboda. da
im sada, daxvewili da Taviseburi ganwyobiT
gamsWvaluli RvTismosaobis formis, romelic
luTeranobis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs amkobda
iseve, rogorc maTi kanonisagan Tavisufali zneobriobis
paralelebi, ufro iSviaTad moiZebneba WeSmariti
puritanizmis niadagze, vidre vTqvaT, hukeris,
Cilingsuortis da sxvaTa, lmobieri anglikanizmis wiaRSi.
oRond rigiTi luTeranisTvis, Tundac zedmiwevniT

163
marTlmorwmunisTvis, araferi iyo imaze garduvali,
vidre is, rom status naturalis - bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan _ misi gamoxsna mxolod droebiTi iyo
anu sanamdec calkeuli aRsarebis an qadagebis
zegavlena gastanda. cnobilia, Tu raoden TvalSisacemi
iyo TanamedroveTaTvis gansxvaveba reformirebul
mTavarTa karisa da xSirad loTobisa da avyiobis Waobad
qceul luTeran 106) mTavarTa karis zneobriv normebs
Soris; iseve, rogorc wminda moZRvrebis mqadagebeli
luTeranuli samRvdeloebis ususuroba baptizmis asketur
mimdinareobebTan SedarebiT. is, rac germanul
xasiaTSi "udrtvinvelobad" da "bunebriobad" aRiqmeba,
angloamerikuli cxovrebis atmosferos sapirispirod,
dRemde _ TviT adamianTa fiziognomikaSic ki _ "status
naturalis" SeuboWaobis Zirfesvianad ganadgurebis
anabeWds rom atarebs da rasac germanelebi
aTvalwunebiT, rogorc wesi, am ukanasknelis
SezRudulobad, Tavisuflebis naklebobad da Sinagan
SeboWilobad miiCneven, _ cxovrebis warmarTvis wesSi
im winaaRmdegobebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
sruliad arsebiTad kalvinizmisagan gansxvavebiT
luTeranobis mier cxovrebis naklebad asketuri
gamsWvalvidan warmosdgebian. amgvar emociebSi
mJRavndeba "samyaros laRi pirmSos" antipaTia
asketuris mimarT. luTeranobas, kerZod, misi madlis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, aklda swored
cxovrebiseuli qcevis sistematizebis is fsiqologiuri
stimuli, romelic am qcevis meTodur racionalizebas
iwvevs. es stimuli, romelic RvTismosaobis asketur
xasiaTs ganapirobebebs, Tavis mxriv, udaod
SeiZleboda sxvadasxva saxis religiuri motivebiT
yofiliyo gamowveuli, rasac sul male kidec davinaxavT:
kalvinizmiseuli predestinaciis moZRvreba sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobaTagan erT-erTi iyo. magram uTuod unda
davrwmunebuliyaviT imaSi, rom igi ara marto sruliad
ganumeorebeli TanamimdevrulobiT, aramed aseve
sruliad Tandayolili fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis unariTac

164
gamoirCeoda 107). amis Sesabamisad, arakalvinisturi
asketuri mimdinareobebi, Tuki am ukanasknelT maTi
askezis wminda religiuri motivaciis TvalsazrisiT
davakvirdebiT, kalvinizmis Sinagani
Tanamimdevrulobis Sesustebad aRiqmeba.
istoriul sinamdvileSic saqme, Tu yovelTvis ara,
umetesad mainc imgvarad iyo, rom askezis
reformirebuli saxe danarCeni asketuri
mimdinareobebisTvis an misabaZi iyo an maT mier
sakuTari, reformirebuli askezidan gadaxrili, anda,
masze aRmatebuli principebis Camoyalibebisas,
Sedarebisa da Sevsebis mizniT iyo gamoyenebuli. iq,
sadac sxvagvari religiuri fundamentirebis
miuxedavad, mainc igive asketuri Tanamimdevruloba
iCenda Tavs, es, rogorc wesi, saeklesio mowyobis
Sedegi iyo, razec sxva konteqstSi kidev iqneba saubari
108).
yovel SemTxvevaSi, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvreba amosavali wertili iyo
Cveulebriv "pietizmad" wodebuli asketuri
mimdinareobisTvis. ramdenadac es mimdinareoba
reformirebuli eklesiis farglebSi rCeba, TiTqmis
SeuZlebelia pietist da arapietist kalvinistebs Soris
mkveTri mijnis gatareba 109). puritanizmis TiTqmis
yvela saxelganTqmul warmomadgenels pietistTa rigebs
miakuTvnebdnen da sruliad dasaSvebia mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmad, yvela is urTierTkavSiri
predestinaciisa da Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideas Soris,
romelsac subieqturi "certitudo salutis" (xsnaSi
darwmunebulobis) mopovebis interesi udevs
safuZvlad, rogorc es zeviT iqna warmoCenili, ubralod
kalviniseuli pirveladi moZRvrebis pietistur
gadamuSavebad ganixileba. reformirebul
gaerTianebaTa wiaRSi asketur "revivals"
(aRorZinebaTa) warmoSoba metadre holandiaSi, rogorc
wesi, dakavSirebuli iyo drodadro miviwyebas micemuli
an Sesustebuli madlismieri rCeulobis ideis xelaxla

165
gacocxlebasTan. amitomac inglisTan dakavSirebiT
cneba "pietizmi" umetesad arc ki gamoiyeneba 110).
magram kontinenturi reformirebuli (niderlandur-
qvemorainuli) pietizmic, sul cota, Tavisi arsiT mainc,
zustad iseve, rogorc beilis religiuroba Tavdapirvelad
ubralod reformirebuli askezis gamZafrebas
warmoadgenda. imdenad Zlieri aqcenti keTdeboda
"praxis pietatis" (RvTismosav praqtikaze), rom amis
gamo dogmaturi marTlmorwmuneoba ukana planze
iwevda, drodadro ki pirdapir umniSvnelodac ki
gamoiyureboda. predestinirebulT xom iseve SeeZloT
dogmaturi Secdomebis daSveba, rogorc sxva codvebis
Cadena, da gamocdilebam aCvena, rom mravali,
saskolo RvTismetyvelebaSi sruliad gauwafavi qristiani
rwmenis aSkara nayofs amJRavnebda, maSin, rodesac
meore mxriv, naTeli xdeboda, rom mxolod Teologiur
codnas aramc da aramc ar mohqonda sakuTari
saqcieliT ganmtkicebuli rwmenismieri dajerebuloba
111). amrigad, Teologiuri codniT rCeuloba sruliadac ver
damtkicdeba 112). amitomac daiwyo pietizmma,
romelic Rrma urwmunobiT iyo gamsWvaluli TeologTa
eklesiis 113) mimarT, Tumca oficialurad mas
ekuTvnoda _ esaa misi erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli niSani _
"praxis pietatis" momxreTa Segroveba qveynierebisgan
gandgomil "religiur wreebSi" 114). wmindanTa uxilavi
eklesiis dedamiwaze CamoyvaniT mas undoda igi xiluli
gaexada ise, rom amas Sedegad seqtebis Seqmna ar
mohyoloda, am erTobliobas TavSefarebuli eswrafvoda
miwieri cxovrebis yvela gavlenas ganrideboda,
ukanasknel wvrilmanebSic ki RvTis nebaze orientirebuli
cxovrebiT ecxovra da am gziT cxovrebiseuli qcevis TviT
yoveldRiur garegnul niSnebSic sakuTar aRorZinebaSi
darwmunebuliyo. WeSmaritad moqceulTa (Tems)
"ecclesiola" amgvarad surda _ esec aseve saerToa
nebismieri specifikuri pietizmisTvis _ sulieri askezis
gziT ukve saaqaoSi egema RmerTTan Tanaziarobis
netareba. am ukanasknel miswrafebas raRac Sinagani

166
naTesaoba hqonda luTeriseul "unio mystica"-sTan da
mas Zalze xSirad religiis grZnobadi mxaris imaze
metad gaZliereba mosdevda, vidre es Cveulebriv
reformirebul qristianobas axasiaTebda. Tuki Cveni
Tvalsazrisi angariSgasawevia, swored es unda iqnes
reformirebuli eklesiis wiaRSi "pietizmis" arsebiT
maxasiaTebel niSnad ganxiluli. vinaidan, Tavdapirvelad
kalvinisturi RvTismosaobisaTvis mTlianobaSi ucxo,
samagierod Suasaukuneobrivi religiurobis garkveuli
formebis Sinaganad monaTesave, grZnobiTi momenti
warmarTavda praqtikul religiurobas mopovebuli xsniT
amqveyniuri tkbobisaken, asketuri brZolis nacvlad
saiqio momavlisaTvis mis mosapoveblad. amasTan,
grZnobas imgvari simZafre SeiZleboda SeeZina, rom
mosalodneli iyo religiurobas pirdapir isteriuli xasiaTi
mieRo da Semdeg amas mohyoloda uTvalavi
magaliTebidan cnobili, nevropaTiulad dadgenili,
TiTqmis vnebiani religiuri aRtkinebis mdgomareobis
nervuli modunebulobis periodebTan
urTierTmonacvleoba, rac "RmerTTan daSorebulobad"
aRiqmeboda, _ Sedegi pirdapir sapirispiro iyo im fxizeli
da mkacri disciplinisa, romlis daqvemdebarebaSic
aqcevda puritanis sistematizirebuli wminda cxovreba
adamians: es iyo im "SebrkolebaTa" Sesusteba,
romlebic kalvinistis racionalur pirovnebas
"afeqtebisagan" icavda 115). amasTan, qmnilebis
ganwirulobis kalvinistur ideasac aseve SeeZlo
emocionalurad _ mag., "matlad TviTSegrZnebis" formiT
_ aRqmuls, profesiul saqmianobaSi aqtivobis Cakvla
gamoewvia 116). aseve predestinaciis ideasac SeeZlo
fatalizmad qceuliyo, Tuki igi _ kalvinisturi racionaluri
religiurobis WeSmariti tendenciebis sapirispirod _
ganwyobisa da grZnobismieri aTvisebis sagani
gaxdeboda 117). dabolos, samyarosagan
gandgomisaken wmindanTa ltolvas grZnobaTa
mometebuli gamZafrebisas SeeZlo erTgvari
naxevradkomunisturi xasiaTis samonastro erTobliobis

167
organizebamdec mieyvana saqme, rogorc amas
araerTgzis da TviT reformirebul eklesiaSic ki axdenda
pietizmi 118). oRond sanam es ukiduresi, swored
xsenebuli grZnobierebiT ganpirobebuli efeqti miRweuli
ar iqneboda anu reformirebuli pietizmi saero profesiuli
saqmianobis farglebSi xsnaSi darwmunebulobas
eswrafvoda, pietisturi principebis praqtikuli Sedegi
mxolod profesiuli saqmianobis farglebSi cxovrebis
wesis imaze kidev ufro mkacri kontroli da profesiuli
eTikis imaze kidev ufro metad ganmtkiceba iyo, vidre
amis ganxorcieleba "amaRlebuli" pietistebis mier
meore xarisxis qristianobad miCneul, rigiTi
reformirebuli qristianebis "znekeTilobas" ZaluZda.
wmindanTa religiuri aristikratia, romelic nebismieri
reformirebuli askezis ganviTarebaSi miT ufro aSkarad
ikveTeboda, rac ufro seriozulad iyo igi aRqmuli,
mogvianebiT _ rogorc es holandiaSi moxda _
voluntaristulad Camoyalibda eklesiis SigniT religiuri
wreebis saxiT, maSin, roca inglisur puritanizmSi is
eklesiis mowyobis farglebSi nawilobriv aqtiuri da
pasiuri qristianebis namdvili urTierTgamijvnisken,
nawilobriv ki _ ukve adre Tqmulis Tanaxmad _ seqtebis
Seqmnisaken ubiZgebda.
Speneris, frankes, cincendorfis saxelebTan
dakavSirebuli, luTeranobis safuZvelze mdgomi
germanuli pietizmis ganviTareba predestinaciis
moZRvrebis niadags gvaSorebs. magram amiT
aramcdaaramc ar gvaSorebs im ideaTa sferos, ris
logikur dagvirgvinebasac is warmoadgens, ise, rogorc
vTqvaT, inglisur-niderlanduri pietizmis zegavlena
Spenerze mis mierve dasturdeba da, magaliTad, mis
pirvel religiur wreebSi beilis Sromebis kiTxvisas iCens
Tavs 119). CvenTvis saintereso Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare, pietizmi ubralod arakalvinisturi
religiurobis sferoebSic meTodurad daxvewili da
kontrolirebuli anu asketuri cxovrebis wesis SeRwevas
niSnavs 120). luTeranobas ki es racionaluri askeza

168
ucxo sxeulad unda aReqva da germanuli pietisturi
doqtrinis arasakmarisi Tanamimdevrulobac aqedan
warmomdgari sirTuleebis Sedegi Seiqna. sistematuri
religiuri cxovrebis wesis dogmaturi
fundamentirebisTvis SpenerTan luTeriseuli ideebi
Sexamebulia keTili saqmeebis, rogorc aseTis, specifikur
reformatorul maxasiaTebel niSanTan, romelTac
"RvTisTvis pativis migebis ganzraxviT" sCadian 121) da
aseve reformirebuli JReradobis mqone rwmenasTan,
rac aRorZinebulTaTvis SedarebiTi qristianuli
srulyofilebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs 122).
arada, Teorias swored Tanamimdevruloba aklda:
qristianuli cxovrebis wesis sistematuri xasiaTi, romelic
misi pietizmisTvisac niSandoblivia, mistikosebis Zlieri
gavlenis qveS myof 123) SpenerTan sakmaod
gaurkvevl, magram arsebiTad luTeranul yaidazea umal
aRwerili, vidre dasabuTebuli, "certitudo salutis"
gamoiyvaneba ara ganspetakebidan, aramed Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis ideis nacvlad am fenomenTan
misadagebulia luTerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, adre
moxseniebuli, rwmenasTan sakmaod aramdgradi
kavSiris damyareba 124). magram, rac ufro metad
jabnida pietizmSi racionalur-asketuri elementi grZnobiT
mxares, miT ufro myarad Sedioda ZalaSi Cveni
TvalTaxedvisTvis arsebiTad mniSvnelovani debulebebi,
saxeldobr ki is, rom: 1. sakuTari ganspetakebis
meToduri srulqmna sul ufro maRali, kanoniT
kontrolirebadi ganmtkicebisa da srulyofilebis
mimarTulebiT, madlmosilebis niSans unda
warmoadgendes 125) da rom 2)RvTiuri gangeba unda
iyos is, rac amgvarad srulqmnilT amoZravebs, rac
imaSi vlindeba, rom ufali maT moTminebiT lodinisa da
meToduri gansjisas Tavis niSans aZlevs 126). profesiuli
saqmianoba a. h. frankesTvisac asketur saSualebas
par excellence warmoadgens 127); rom RmerTi SromiT
miRweuli warmatebiT Tavisianebs akurTxebs,
misTvisac iseve utyuari iyo, rogorc amas mogvianebiT

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pietistebTanac vnaxavT. pietizmma ki "ormagi
dekretis" surogatad TavisTvis is warmodgenebi
Seqmna, romlebic arsebiTad igive, magram ufro
fermkrTali formiT damkvidrda, vidre moZRvreba RvTis
gamorCeul madlze dafuZnebul aRorZinebulTa
aristokratiis Sesaxeb 128) im yvela fsiqologiuri
SedegiT, kalvinizmTan dakavSirebiT rom iqna zemoT
aRwerili. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba, magaliTad,
pietizmis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier (cxadia, sruliad
usamarTlod) misTvis dabralebuli egreT wodebuli
"terminizmi" 129) anu imis daSveba, rom madli,
marTalia, sazogadod yvelas gardmoevlineba, oRond
TiToeuls _ an erTaderTxel misi cxovrebis sruliad
gansazRvrul momentSi an odesme, ukanasknel wams
130). vinc es momenti xelidan gauSva, maSasadame,
mas veRar daexmara yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi
madlis universalizmi: kalvinisturi moZRvrebis
Tanaxmad, igi RvTis mier ugulvebelyofilis
mdgomareobaSia. saboloo jamSi, am Teorias sakmaod
uaxlovdeba, magaliTad, frankes mier piradad gancdilis
safuZvelze abstrahirebuli da pietizmSi metad
gavrcelebuli, _ SeiZleba gabatonebulic ki _ mosazreba
imis Sesaxeb, rom madls mxolod gansakuTrebul
erTaderT da ganumeorebel viTarebaSi, kerZod,
winamorbedi "monaniebiTi Widilis" Semdeg ZaluZs
"gamoRweva" 131). oRond, radgan amgvari
gancdisadmi, pietistebis azriT, yvela ver iqneboda
midrekili, nebismieri adamiani, visac, pietisturi
miTiTebis Sesabamisad, mis gamosawvevad
gamoyenebuli asketuri meTodis miuxedavad, es
gancda Tavad ar dauflebia, aRorZinebulTa TvalSi
erTgvar pasiur qristianad rCeboda. meore mxriv,
"monaniebiTi Widilis" gamosawvevad meTodis
SeqmniT, saboloo jamSi, RvTiuri madlmosilebis
miRwevac racionaluri adamianuri Zalisxmevis obieqtad
iqceoda. kerZo pirTa aRsarebis mimarT, marTalia, ara
yvelas _ (mag., ara frankes mier) _ magram mainc

170
mravali pietistis mier gaziarebuli eWvebi, aRsarebis
Zirfesvianad amoZirkvas luTeranobaSic rom uwyobda
xels, metadre ki (rogorc amas SpenerisTvis araerTgzis
dasmuli SekiTxvebic mowmobs), swored pietist sulier
moZRvarTa eWvebi, saTaves am madlismieri
aristokratizmidan iRebs: umwikvlo qcevaSi gamovlenil
monaniebiT miRweul madlis xilul Sedegs xom codvaTa
mitevebis daSvebulobis sakiTxi unda gadaeWra,
amdenad SeuZlebeli iyo mis mosapoveblad mxolod
"contritio" (sinanuls) dasjerebodnen 132). _
cincendorfiseuli religiuri TviTSefaseba, TumcaRa
arcTu maincdamainc mdgradi orToqsiis SemotevaTa
mimarT, niadag RvTis "saWurvlis" ideamde
daiyvaneboda. magram sxvafriv, cxadia, am ucnauri,
riClis TqmiT, "religiuri diletantis", ideuri pozicia
CvenTvis mniSvnelovan punqtebTan dakavSirebiT
Znelad Tu iqneba calsaxad gaazrebuli 133). íigi Tavs
daJinebiT ara "pietistur-iakobisturi", aramed kanonze
dafuZnebuli "pavlianur-luTeranuli tropis" momxred
acxadebda. xolo Tavad religiuri saZmo da misi
praqtikuli saqmianoba, rasac cincendorfi sakuTari, mis
mier araerTgzis aRniSnuli luTeranobis erTgulebis
miuxedavad 134) dasaSvebad miiCnevda da xelsac
uwyobda, ukve mis 1729 wlis 12 agvistos notarialur
oqmSi im poziciaze idga, romelic mravali TvalsazrisiT
savsebiT Seesatyviseboda wmindanTa aristokratiis
kalvinistur ideas 135). 1741 wlis 12 noembers
qristesTvis saZmos Tavkacis Tanamdebobis mravalgzis
ganxiluli gadabareba garegnuladac raRac msgavsis
gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. amasTan erTad,
religiuri saZmos sami "tropidan" _ kalvinisturi da
moraviuli _ imTaviTve arsebiTad mowodebis
reformatorul eTikaze iyo orientirebuli. jon ueslisTan
saubarSi cincendorfma savsebiT puritanul yaidaze
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tuki rwmenismierad
gamarTlebuli Tavad ver SeZlebda sakuTari
gamarTlebulobis Secnobas, amas sxvebi mainc

171
SeZlebdnen misi qcevis wesidan gamomdinare 136).
magram meore mxriv, specifikur herrnhutul
RvTismosaobaSi grZnobiTi momenti metad Zlieradaa
wina planze wamoweuli da Tavad cincendorfi niadag
imas eswrafvoda, raTa sakuTar saZmoSi puritanuli
gagebiT asketuri ganspetakebis tendencia
Seesustebina 137) da sinergizmi luTeranul yaidaze
moeqcia 138). amasTan erTad, religiuri wreebis
uaryofis gavleniT da aRsarebis institutis SenarCunebiT,
warmoiSva arsebiTad luTeriseulad gaazrebuli rwmena
sakramentTa, rogorc xsnis saSualebaTa mimarT. garda
amisa specifikurad cincendorfiseuli debulebac, TiTqos
religiuri aRqmis bavSvuroba misi WeSmaritebis
sawindars, iseve, rogorc wilisyra RvTis nebis
gamocxadebis saSualebas unda warmoadgendes, ise
Zlier ewinaaRmdegeboda cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis
racionalizms, rom mTlianobaSi, sadamdec ki am grafis
gavlena swvdeboda 139), antiracionaluri, emociuri
elementebi herrnhutul RvTismosaobaSi bevrad ufro
Warbobda, vidre es Cveulebriv pietizmisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli 140). Sparnbergeris "Idea fidei
fratrum"-Si zneobriobisa da codvaTa mitevebis
urTierTdakavSireba iseve aramyaria 141), rogorc
luTeranobaSi sazogadod. meTodisturi srulyofilebisaken
swrafvis cincendorfiseuli uaryofa _ aqac iseve, rogorc
yvelgan _ Seesabameba mis arsebiTad evdemonistur
ideals, emociurad ukve awmyoSi 142) ganacdevinos
adamianebs netareba (misi sityvebiT: "Glückseligkeit"),
nacvlad imisa, rom racionaluri Sromis meSveobiT isini
saiqiosaTvis am netarebaSi darwmunebulobis
mosapoveblad Seamzados 143). meore mxriv, aqac
cocxali rCeba idea, rom religiuri saZmos arsebiTi
mniSvneloba sxva eklesiebis sapirispirod qristianuli
cxovrebis aqtivobaSi, misiasa da _ amasTan
dakavSirebul _ profesiul saqmianobaSi 144)
mdgomareobs. arada, margeblobis TvalsazrisiT
cxovrebis praqtikuli racionalizeba xom aseve sruliad

172
arsebiTi Semadgeneli nawilia cincendorfis
msoflmxedvelobisac 145). igi misTvis _ iseve, rogorc
pietizmis sxva warmomadgenlebisTvis _ erTi mxriv,
rwmenisaTvis saxifaTo filosofiuri gonebaWvretis
gadaWriT uaryofidan da amis Sesabamisad konkretuli
empiriuli codnisadmi keTilganwyobidan 146), meore
mxriv ki cxovrebiT gamobrZmedili profesionali
misioneris alRodan momdinareobs. religiuri saZmo,
rogorc misiis centri, amavdroulad saqmiani
wamowyebac iyo da amgvarad warmarTavda igi Tavis
wevrebs im saero askezis gziT, romelic cxovrebaSic
yvelgan pirvel rigSi dasaxul "amocanebs" eZebs da
cxovrebasac maT Sesabamisad fxizlad da
gegmazomierad awyobs. dabrkolebad ki aq kvlav RvTis
mier "madlmosilebiT" gamorCeuli "mowafeebis" wreSi
147) idealad qceuli mociqulTa misioneruli cxovrebidan
momdinare, mociqulTa upovarobis qarizmis gandideba
aRimarTeba, rac saboloo jamSi, "consilia evangelica"
(saxarebiseul rCeva-darigebaTa) nawilobriv aRdgenas
niSnavda. amiT, marTalia, ferxdeboda kalvinisturi tipis
racionaluri profesiuli eTikis Seqmna, Tumca _ rogorc
baptistTa moZraobis gardaqmnis magaliTma aCvena _
ar gamoiricxeboda; ufro metic, is umal Sinaganad
mzaddeboda mxolod "mowodebis mizniT" Sromis ideis
wyalobiT.
mTlianobaSi, Tuki germanul pietizms CvenTvis
sayuradRebo Tvalsazrisidan ganvixilavT, misi askezis
religiurad dafuZnebis procesSi meryeobisa da
yoymanis konstatireba mogviwevs, romelic kalvinizmis
rkinisebri Tanamimdevrulobisgan sagrZnoblad
gansxvavdeba da nawilobriv luTeranuli gavleniT,
nawilobriv ki misi religiurobis emociuri xasiaTiTaa
ganpirobebuli. vinaidan, marTalia, ukiduresi
calmxrivobaa luTeranobis sapirispirod, am grZnobiTi
elementis pietizmis specifikur maxasiaTeblad
warmoCena 148), magram kalvinizmTan SedarebiT,
cxovrebis racionalizebis intensivoba uciloblad naklebi

173
unda yofiliyo, vinaidan dReniadag gamosavleni da
maradiuli momavali cxovrebis sawindarad qceuli
madlmosilebis ideis Sinagani impulsi emociurad
awmyoze iyo gadmotanili, xolo sakuTar xsnaSi
dajerebulobas, rasac predestinirebuli dauRalavi da
warmatebuli profesiuli saqmianobiT ganuxrelad
eswrafvoda, pirovnebis imgvari qedmodrekiloba da
daTrgunuloba Caenacvla 149), rac, nawilobriv,
wmindad Sinagan gancdebze mimarTuli emociuri
aRgznebis, nawilobriv ki pietizmis mxriv mravalgzis
eWvSetanili, magram mainc umetesad moTmenili
luTeriseuli aRsarebis institutis Sedegi iyo 150). radgan
yovelive amaSi gacxadebulia sulis xsnis Ziebis swored
is specifikurad luTeriseuli wesi, romlisTvisac
gadamwyvetia ara praqtikuli ganspetakeba, aramed
"codvaTa miteveba". momavali (saiqio) netarebis
Sesaxeb utyuari codnis misaRebad da
SesanarCuneblad gegmazomieri racionaluri swrafvis
adgils aq ikavebs imis moTxovnileba, rom RmerTTan
Serigeba da Tanaziaroba axla (saaqaoSi) iqnes
gancdili. da rogorc ekonomikis sferoSi uwevs awmyoSi
tkbobisaken midrekilebas Widili "meurneobis"
racionalur mowyobasTan, romelic momavlisaTvis
zrunvazea dafuZnebuli, _ garkveuli azriT, igive
viTarebaa, religiuri cxovrebis sferoSic. sruliad naTelia,
rom religiuri moTxovnilebis awmyoSi Sinagan grZnobiT
afeqtebze mimarTva saero moRvaweobis racionilizebis
nakleb impulss Seicavda, vidre reformirebul
"wmindanTa" mxolod saiqioze mimarTuli Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis moTxovnileba, maSin, rodesac am
mimarTulebas, orTodoqsi luTeranis tradicionalisturad
sityvasa da sakramentebze mijaWvul
morwmuneobasTan SedarebiT, religiurad cxovrebis
kidev ufro meTodurad gamsWvalva ZaluZda.
mTlianobaSi pietizmi, moyolebuli frankedan da
Speneridan, vidre cincendorfamde grZnobiTi mxaris sul
ufro mzardi aqcentirebiT viTardeboda. oRond es raRac

174
misTvis imanenturi "ganviTarebis tendencia" ki ar iyo,
masSi rom hpovebda gamoxatulebas; aramed es
gansxvavebebi momdinareobda im religiuri (da
socialuri) wris winaaRmdegobebidan, romelsac
warmoSobiT ekuTvnodnen pietizmis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi. aq amas ver SevexebiT, iseve,
rogorc ver visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor iCens Tavs
germanuli pietizmis Tavisebureba misi socialuri da
geografiuli ganvrcobisas 151). aq kidev erTxel unda
gavixsenoT, rom puritan wmindanTa cxovrebis wesis
sapirispirod, pietizmis amgvari grZnobieri Seferva,
bunebrivia, sruliad TandaTanobiTi gardamavlobis gziT
xdeboda. Tuki am gansxvavebis praqtikuli Sedegi
Tundac savaraudod mainc unda daxasiaTdes, maSin is
siqveleni, pietizmma rom aRmoacena, albaT umal
imisTvis unda Segvefardebina, rac erTi mxriv,
"profesiis erTgul" moxeleebTan, mosamsaxureebTan,
muSebTan da SinamrewvelebTan 152), xolo meore
mxriv ki arsebiTad patriarqalurad ganwyobil
damsaqmebelTa RvTis maamebel samadlo
mowyalebaSi (cincendorfiseul yaidaze) SeiZleboda
gamovleniliyo. maTTan SedarebiT, kalvinizmi ufro
burJuaziul-kapitalisturi mewarmis mkacrad
samarTlebriv da aqtiur xasiaTTan danaTesavebulad
gveCveneba 153).
dabolos, wminda grZnobiTi pietizmi, razec ukve
riClma mianiSna 154), warmoadgens "leisure classes"
(usaqmurTa klasebis) religiur gasarTob TamaSobebs.
rac ar unda naklebad amomwuravi iyos es
daxasiaTeba, mas dRemde mainc Seesabameba
garkveuli gansxvavebebi TviT ekonomikur
TaviseburebaSic ki im xalxebisa, romlebmac am ori
asketuri mimdinareobidan erT-erTis gavlena ganicades.
_
grZnobismieri da amavdroulad mainc asketuri
religiurobis Sexameba kalvinisturi askezis dogmaturi
safuZvlebis sul ufro mzard ugulvebelyofasTan

175
anda uaryofasTan kontinentaluri pietizmis anglo-
amerikul saxesxvaobas: meTodizmsac axasiaTebs 155).
ukve misi saxelwodebac ki aCvenebs, Tu ra
esaxebodaT mis mimdevarTa gansakuTrebul
Taviseburebad maT TanamedroveT: anu cxovrebis
wesis "meToduri" sistematizeba certitudo salutis
mopovebis mizniT, vinaidan aqac imTaviTve swored
amas exeboda saqme da is rCeboda religiuri
miswrafebis centrad. uamravi gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, am mimarTulebis mainc ueWveli
naTesaoba germanuli pietizmis garkveul
mimdinareobebTan 156) pirvel yovlisa imaSi vlindeba,
rom es meTodika sagangebod gadatanili iqna
"moqcevis" grZnobiTi aqtis gamowvevaze. kerZod ki _
jon ueslisTan herrnhuterul-luTeranuli gavleniT
gamowveulma _ grZnobismierebam, gansakuTrebiT
amerikul niadagze SeiZina mZafrad emociuri xasiaTi,
radgan meTodizmi imTaviTve masebSi misioneruli
moRvaweobisTvis iyo gamiznuli. rig SemTxvevebSi
Semzarav eqstazamde misul monaniebiT Widils, ris
gancdasac amerikaSi "SiSis merxze" amjobinebdnen,
saqme daumsaxurebel RvTis madlis rwmenamde da
amiT imavdroulad uSualod gamarTlebulobisa da
Serigebis Segnebamde mihyavda. es emociuri
religiuroba aranaklebi Sinagani sirTuleebiT uCveulo
kavSirurTierTobas amyarebda puritanizmis mier erTxel
da samudamod daRdasmul asketur eTikasTan.
uwinaresad, gansxvavebiT kalvinizmisgan, romelic
yovelgvar grZnobismierebas saeWvo TvalTmaqcobad
Tvlida, aq certitudo salutis-is erTaderT utyuar
safuZvlad miCneuli iqna principulad mxolod
grZnobiTad gancdili, uSualod sulieri aRqmidan
momdinare, madlmosilis absoluturi dajerebuloba _
amasTan, wesisamebr, am dajerebulobis gaCenis dRe
da saaTic ki dadgenili unda yofiliyo. amdagvarad
aRorZinebuls, ueslis im moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, romelic
ganspetakebis doqtrinis Tanamimdevrul gaZlierebas,

176
magram misi orTodoqsuli gaazrebidan arsebiT
gadaxvevas warmoadgens, ukve am cxovrebaSi
ZaluZs masze madlis gardmosvlis wyalobiT meore,
rogorc wesi, izolirebulad dawyebuli da aseve xSirad
myisieri Sinagani aqtis, "ganspetakebis", gziT
miaRwios srulyofilebis Segnebas ucodvelobis gagebiT.
rac ar unda Zneli iyos am miznis miRweva _ es
umetesad mxolod sococxlis bolos xerxdeba _, misken
swrafva mainc aucilebelia, vinaidan igi certitudo
salutis-is sawindaria da kalvinistis "kuSt"
Sefiqrianebulobas udardeli dajerebulobiT Caanacvlebs
157) _ da yovel SemTxvevaSi, WeSmaritad moqceulma
sakuTar Tavsac da sxvebsac is mainc unda daumtkicos,
rom codvas "masze Zalaufleba aRara aqvs". amitomac,
grZnobis mowmobis gadmwyveti mniSvnelobis
miuxedavad, mainc ZalaSi rCeboda kanonze
orientirebuli umwikvlo qmedebis moTxovna. rodesac
uesli mis epoqaSi gamefebuli keTili saqmeebiT
ganspetakebis rwmenis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, is amiT
ubralod acocxlebda Zvel puritanul ideas, rom keTili
saqmeebi madlmosilebis ara realur safuZvels, aramed
misi Secnobis safuZvels warmoadgenen, da isic
mxolod maSin, Tuki maT oden RvTis sadideblad
sCadian. mxolod uzado saqcieliT es ver miiRweoda _
rogorc ueslim sakuTar Tavzec gamoscada _ amas
madlmosilebis SegrZnebac zed unda darTvoda. keTil
saqmeebs igi drodadro madlis "winapirobad"
moixseniebda da 1771 wlis 9 agvistos deklaraciaSic
158) aRniSnavda, rom vinc keTil saqmeebs ar iqms, is
WeSmariti morwmunec ar aris, da meTodistebic niadag
imas usvamdnen xazs, rom isini oficialuri eklesiisagan
moZRvrebiT ki ara, aramed RvTismosaobis formiT
gansxvavdebian. rwmenis "nayofis" mniSvneloba
umetesad ioanes saxarebiT (I. 3, 9) sabuTdeboda da
umwikvlo saqcieli aRorZinebis aSkara niSnad
cxaddeboda. am yvelafris miuxedavad sirTuleebi mainc
gaCnda 159). im meTodistebisTvis, vinc predestinaciis

177
moZRvrebis mimdevarni iyvnen, Tavad asketuri
cxovrebidan gamomdinare ganuxrelad Rirsad
TviTgamovleniT mopovebuli madlmosilebis Segnebis
nacvlad, certitudo salutis-is uSualod madlisa da
srulyofilebis SegrZnebaSi 160) gadatanas _ vinaidan
erTjerad monaniebiT Widils "perseverantia"
(madlmosilebis mdgradobaSi) darwmunebuloba
ukavSirdeboda _, oridan erTi mniSvneloba hqonda: erTi
mxriv, amas susti bunebis pirovnebebTan "qristianuli
Tavisuflebis" antinomisturi interpretacia anu meToduri
cxovrebis wesis darRveva mosdevda, xolo im
SemTxvevebSi ki, roca amgvari gansjis
Tanamimdevruloba uaryofili iyo, amas Sedegad
wmindanis Tavbrudamxvev simaRlemde atacebuli
TviTdajerebuloba 161): anu puritanul yaidaze
formirebuli tipis emociurobis gamZafreba
mohyveboda. amgvar Sedegebs, mowinaaRmdegeTa
Tavdasxmebis fonze, erTi mxriv, bibliis normatiuli
mniSvnelobisa da Rirsad TviTgamovlenis garduvali
aucileblobis mometebuli xazgasmiT cdilobdnen win
aRdgomodnen 162), meore mxriv ki, am movlenebs,
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, moZraobis SigniT
antikalvinisturi, madlis dakargvadobis mqadagebeli
uesliseuli mimdinareobis gaZliereba mosdevda.
Zlierma luTeriseulma zegavlenebma, romelTac religiuri
saZmos gaSualebiT uesli ganicdida 163), gaaZlieres
ganviTarebis es tendencia da gazardes meTodisturi
zneobriobis religiuri orientaciis gaurkvevloba 164).
amis Sedegad, bolosdabolos, aucilebeli fundamentis
saxiT, arsebiTad mxolod "regeneration"-is cneba anu
uSualod rwmenis nayofad warmodgenili, xsnaSi
grZnobismieri dajerebuloba da madlmosilebis
damadasturebeli ganspetakeba iqna Tanamimdevrulad
SenarCunebuli, misi, (yovel SemTxvevaSi virtualurad
mainc) codvis Zalauflebisagan gaTavisuflebis
SedegiTurT da Sesabamisad, Semcirda xsnis garegani
saSualebebis, metadre sakramentebis, mniSvneloba.

178
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, meTodizmis Tanamdevi
"general awakeng" (sayovelTao gamofxizleba) yvelgan,
magaliTad, axal inglisSic, madlisa da rCeulobis
moZRvrebis gaZlierebas gulisxmobda 165).
amdenad, Cvens TvalTaxedvas eTikur aspeqtSi
meTodizmic iseTive aramyarad dasabuTebul
warmonaqmnad esaxeba, rogorc pietizmi. magram
misTvisac predestinaciis moZRvrebis erTgvar surogats
ganasaxierebda swrafva "higher life" (ufro maRali
cxovrebisaken), "xelmeore kurTxevisaken" da inglisis
niadagze aRmocenebuli misi praqtikuli eTika mTlianad
iqauri reformirebuli qristianobis praqtikul eTikaze iyo
orientirebuli, romlis "revival" (aRorZinebac) mas surda,
rom yofiliyo. meTodurad xorcieldeboda moqcevis
emociuri aqtis gamowveva. da mas Semdeg, rac es
miiRweoda, RmerTTan TanaziarobiT gamowveul
RvTismosav tkbobas ki ar hqonda adgili
cincendorfiseuli emocionaluri pietizmis yaidaze,
aramed gaRviZebuli grZnoba myisve srulyofilebisaken
racionaluri swrafvis kalapotSi aRmoCndeboda
Cagdebuli. amdenad, religiurobis emociur xasiaTs
germanuli pietizmis tipis Sinagan grZnobier
qristianobamde ar mihyavda saqme. es, rom
(nawilobriv moqcevis swored emocionaluri xasiaTis
gamo) codvis SegrZnebis ufro naklebad mwvave
gancdas ukavSirdeboda, ukve Snekenburgerma
warmoaCina da meTodizmis kritikaSi igi ucvlel
Semadgenlad darCa. aq kvlav gadamwyveti iyo
religiuri aRqmis Zireuli reformirebuli xasiaTi.
emocionaluri mRelvareba mxolod drodadro iZenda
(magram maSin ukve) "koribantebisebr" aRtkinebuli
enTuziazmis xasiaTs, rac mTlianobaSi aracdaramc ar
vnebda cxovrebis wesis racionalur xasiaTs 166).
amrigad, meTodizmis "regeneraciam" mxolod wminda
sinergizmis damateba Seqmna: anu moaxdina asketuri
cxovrebis wesis religiurad dafuZneba mas Semdeg, rac
uari iTqva predestinaciis moZRvrebaze. gardaqmnis

179
maxasiaTebeli niSnebi, aucilebeli, WeSmariti moqcevis
gadasamowmeblad, ueslis sityvebiT, misi
"winapiroba", aqac zustad imdagvaria, rogorc
kalvinizmSi. meTodizmi, rogorc dagvianebuli movlena
167), SemdgomSi mowodebis ideis ganxilvisas, romlis
ganviTarebisTvis mas araferi axali ar Seumatebia 168),
SegviZlia arsebiTad ganze gadavdoT.
evropuli kontinentis pietizmi da anglosaqsonuri
erebis meTodizmi, rogorc maTi ideuri arsiT, ise maTi
istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, meorad movlenebs
warmoadgenen 169). maT sapirispirod, protestantuli
askezis meore damoukidebel matareblad kalvinizmis
gverdiT gadanaTvlis moZRvreba da XVI-XVII
saukuneebis manZilze uSualod misgan an misi religiuri
naazrevis aTvisebis Sedegad warmomdgari seqtebi
gvevlineba 170), romelTac baptistebi, menonitebi da
pirvel rigSi kvekerebi 171) ganekuTvnebian. isini im
religiur erTobebs warmoadgenen, romelTa eTika
reformirebuli moZRvrebis principulad sapirispiro,
heterogenul safuZvels eyrdnoba. momdevno narkvevi,
romelSic wina planze CvenTvis mniSvnelovani
momentebia wamoweuli, veranairad ver axerxerxebs
am mravalwaxnagovani mimdinareobis Sesaxeb sruli
warmodgenis Seqmnas. bunebrivia, ZiriTadi aqcenti
kvlav ganviTarebis procesze keTdeba adreuli
kapitalizmis qveynebSi. istoriuli da principuli
TvalsazrisiT, yvela am erTobis umTavres ideas, romlis
mniSvneloba kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis, cxadia,
mxolod sxva konteqstSi SeiZleba gaxdes sruliad naTeli,
Cven, wanamZRvrebis saxiT, adre ukve SevxvedrivarT,
esaa: "believers` church" (morwmuneTa eklesia) 172).
es ki niSnavs imas, rom religiuri erToba anu,
reformatoruli eklesiebis terminologiiT, "xiluli eklesia"
173) ukve gaiazreboda ara rogorc saiqiosaTvis
gamiznuli erTgvari fideikomisi, ara rogorc savaldebulo
wesiT, ubiwoTa da biwierTa erTnairad momcveli
dawesebuleba _ iqneba es RvTis didebis aRsamateblad

180
(kalvinistur yaidaze), Tu adamianTaTvis xsnis
saSualebaTa gadasacemad (kaTolikur da luTeranul
yaidaze), _ aramed gamonaklisis gareSe, mxolod da
mxolod rogorc piradad morwmuneTa da aRorZinebulTa
erToblioba anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi
moiazreboda ara rogorc "eklesia", aramed rogorc
"seqta" 174). martooden amis simbolizacias
warmoadgenda TavisTavad wmindad garegnuli principi,
rom moenaTlaT mxolod da mxolod zrdasruli
adamianebi, romelTac rwmena Sinaganad piradad
moipoves da aRiares 175). am rwmenis meSveobiT
"gamarTleba" ki xelaxla monaTlulebTan, rogorc isini
yoveli religiuri saubrisas dabejiTebiT imeorebdnen,
radikalurad gansxvavdeboda qristes damsaxurebaTa
"garegnuli" aRiarebis ideisagan, romlic gabatonebuli
iyo Zveli protestantizmis orTodoqsul dogmatikaSi 176).
igi umal qristeseuli cxonebis momniWebeli Rvawlis
Sinagan gaTavisebaSi mdgomareobda. es ki
individualuri zeSTagonebiT anu yovel calkeul
adamianSi mxolod da mxolod RvTiuri sulis
amoqmedebiT xorcieldeboda. es zeSTagoneba
nebismierisTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeboda da sakmarisi
iyo RvTiuri sulis moTminebiT lodini, raTa saaqaoze
codviani CabRauWebiT mis gardmosvlas xeli ar
SeSloda. amrigad, sruliad ukana planze gadaiwia
rwmenis mniSvnelobam eklesiis moZRvrebis codnisa
da aseve monaniebrivi mzaobiT RvTis madlis
mopovebis gagebiT da daiwyo _ bunebrivia, didi
gardaqmnebis momtani _ adreqristianul pnevmatur-
religiur ideaTa renesansi. seqtas, romlisTvisac
magaliTad, menno simonsma Tavis "Fundamentboek"-
Si (1539) pirvelma Seqmna dasrulebuli moZRvrebis
msgavsi ram, iseve, rogorc sxva xelaxla monaTlulTa
seqtebs, surda WeSmariti umwikvlo qristes eklesia
yofiliyo anu pirvandel qristianTa Temis msgavsad
martooden uflis mier piradad gamoRviZebulTa da
mowodebulTagan yofiliyo Semdgari. mxolod da mxolod

181
aRorZinebulni arian qristes Zmebi, radgan isinic
macxovris msgavsad, sulierad uSualod RvTis mier
arian Seqmnilni 177). anabaptistTa pirveli
gaerTianebebisTvis aqedan momdinareobda "saero
cxovrebisaTvis" anu aucilebeli saWiroebis farglebs
miRma eriskacebTan yovelgvari urTierTobisaTvis Tavis
arideba, umkacres bibliokratiasTan kavSirSi, rac
qristianTa pirveli Taobis cxovrebis misabaZ nimuSad
qcevas gulisxmobda, da saero cxovrebisaTvis Tavis
aridebis es principi manamde ar gamqrala mTlianad,
vidre Zveli suliskveTeba sicocxles inarCunebda 178).
am, maTi dasabamis gamsWvalavi motivebidan
anabaptisturma seqtebma ucvlel mocemulobad
gadaiRes is principi, romelsac Cven _ marTalia, cota
sxvagvarad dasabuTebuls, _ ukve kalvinizmSi
gavecaniT da romlis fundamenturi mniSvneloba
mudmivad iCens Tavs, esaa: yovelgvari "xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebis", rogorc mxolod RvTisaTvis misagebi
mowiwebis dakninebis, upirobo uaryofa 179). bibliur
wesze cxovrebis warmarTva pirvel Sveicarul-
zemogermanul anabaptistTa TaobaSi iseve radikalurad
moiazreboda, rogorc odesRac wminda franciskTan. es
gulisxmobda, amqveyniur siameTaTvis mtkiced zurgis
Seqcevas da mkacrad mociqulTa nimuSis mibaZviT
cxovrebas. da marTlac, maTi mravali pirveli
warmomadgenlis cxovreba wminda egidiusisas
mogvagonebs. oRond, bibliis kanonTa amgvari
umkacresi dacva 180) religiurobis suliwmindiT
zeSTagonebuli (pnevmaturi) xasiaTis fonze mTlad
myarad ver idga fexze. rac RmerTis mier
winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTaTvis iqna
gacxadebuli, sulac ar moicavda yvelafers, risi
gacxadebac mas saerTod SeeZlo an surda. piriqiT,
sityvis, ara rogorc werilobiTi sabuTis, aramed
morwmuneTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi rogorc suliwmidis,
nebismiers rom mimarTavs, visac misi gagoneba surs,
moqmedi Zalis zegavlenis gagrZeleba warmoadgenda

182
pirvandel qristianul TemTa mowmobis Tanaxmad,
WeSmariti eklesiis erTaderT maxasiaTebel niSans,
rogorc amas jer kidev luTeris winaaRmdeg mokamaTe
Svenkfeldi, xolo mogvianebiT ki presbiterianelebis
winaaRmdeg galaSqrebuli foqsi gvaswavlida. am
uwyveti gamocxadebis ideidan warmodga cnobili,
SemdgomSi kvekerebTan Tanamimdevrulad
Camoyalibebuli moZRvreba gonebisa da sindisis mier
aRqmuli suliwmindis Sinagani mowmobis saboloo
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. amiT, marTalia,
ara bibliis mniSvneloba, aramed misi absoluturi
batonoba moispo da amavdroulad dasabami daedo
imgvar ganviTarebas, romelmac xsnis saeklesio
moZRvrebis yvela gadmonaSTs da, dasasrul,
kvekerebTan naTlobasa da ziarebasac ki sruliad
radikalurad mouRo bolo 181). anabaptisturi
denominaciebi predestinacionistebTan, pirvel rigSi
kalvinistebTan erTad, axorcielebdnen sakramentTa,
rogorc xsnis saSualebaTa, ukiduresad radikalur
gaufasurebas da ase zedmiwevniTi TanamimdevrulobiT
axdendnen samyaros religiur "ganjadoebas". mxolod
uwyveti gamocxadebis "Sinagani Suqi" uwyobda
saerTod xels RvTis bibliuri gamocxadebis WeSmarit
gagebas 182). meore mxriv, misi zegavlena,
kvekerebis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad mainc, romlebmac
am SemTxvevaSi absoluturi Tanamimdevruloba
gamoiCines, SeiZleboda im adamianebzec
gavrcelebuliyo, romelTac bibliuri formiT gamocxadeba
arasodes ganucdiaT. debuleba "extra ecclesiam nulla
salus" (eklesiis gareT araa xsna), ZalaSi rCeboda
mxolod suliwmindis mier gaciskrovnebulTa am uxilavi
eklesiisaTvis. Sinagani naTelis gareSe bunebrivi
adamiani, bunebrivi gonierebiT marTulic 183) ki,
martooden qmnilebad rCeboda, romlis uflisagan
daSorebulobas baptistebi, iseve rogorc kvekerebi,
TiTqmis kidev ufro mwvaved aRiqvamdnen, vidre
kalvinistebi. meore mxriv, aRorZinebas, romelsac iqms

183
suliwminda, Tuki mas moTminebiT davelodebiT da
Sinaganad mivendobiT, ZaluZs, vinaidan is uflis
namoqmedaria, codvis Zalauflebis imgvari sruli
daZlevis mdgomareoba gamoiwvios 184), rom
pirvandel yofaSi dabruneba an sulac madlmosilebis
dakargva faqtiurad SeuZlebeli xdeba, TumcaRa, rogorc
mogvianebiT meTodizmSi, am mdgomareobis miRweva
ar iTvleboda wesad da umal calkeuli adamianis
srulyofilebis done miiCneoda ganviTarebas
daqvemdebarebulad. yvela baptistur erTobliobas ki
surda yofiliyo "wminda" Temi, mis wevrTa uzado
yofaqcevis mniSvnelobiT. qveynierebisa da misi
interesebisagan Sinagani gandgoma da sindisis
meSveobiT CvenTan mosaubre RmerTis batonobisadmi
upirobo morCileba warmoadgenda WeSmariti
aRorZinebis erTaderT utyuar niSans, xolo Sesatyvisi
yofaqceva ki netarebis aucilebel winapirobas. misi
damsaxureba ki ar xdeboda, aramed is RvTiuri madlis
ZRveni iyo; oRond mxolod mas SeuZlia Tavi
aRorZinebulad CaTvalos, vinc sakuTari sindisis karnaxiT
cxovrobs. "keTili saqmeebi" am gagebiT
warmoadgendnen "causa sine qua non" (aucilebel
pirobas). rogorc vxedavT, berkliseul ideaTa es bolo
mwkrivi, romelsac Cven veyrdnobodiT, praqtikulad
reformirebul moZRvrebas utoldeboda da udaod jer
kidev kalvinisturi askezis gavleniT iqna ganviTarebuli,
romelic inglissa da niderlandebSi baptisturma
seqtebma ganicades da romlis seriozulad da
siRrmiseulad aTvisebis qadagebas daeTmo j. foqsis
misioneruli moRvaweobis mTeli pirveli periodi.
fsiqologiurad ki baptisturi zneobriobis
specifikurad meToduri xasiaTi efuZneboda _ radgan
predestinacia uaryofil iqna _ pirvel rigSi, suliwmindis
zemoqmedebis "moTminebiT lodinis" ideas, romelic
kvekerTa "meeting"-s dResac Tavis damRas asvams da
berklis mier mSvenivrad iqna gaanalizebuli: am
mdumare molodinis mizania yovelgvari instinqturisa

184
da iracionaluris, "bunebrivi" adamianis vnebebisa da
subieqturobis daZleva: igi unda dadumdes, raTa am
gziT sulSi daisadguros im aucilebelma siRrmiseulma
siCumem, romelSic SesaZlebelia RvTis sityvis
gaJRereba. cxadia, amgvari "moTminebiT lodini"
SeiZleboda isteriis mdgomareobaSi,
winaswarmetyvelebasa da, vidremdis esqatologiuri
imedi arsebobda, garkveul SemTxvevebSi TviT
qiliasturi enTuziazmis afeTqebaSic ki gadazrdiliyo,
rogorc es RvTismosaobis yvela analogiurad
fundamentirebul saxeobebSia mosalodneli da rac
miunsterSi ganadgurebul moZraobaSi kidevac moxda.
magram normalur saero profesiul saqmianobaSi
baptizmis SeRwevasTan erTad idea, rom RvTis sityva
gaismis iq, sadac qmnileba dums, aSkarad qmedebis
mSvidad awondawonvis Cvevis gamomuSavebas da
am qmedebis sakuTari sindisis rudunebiT analizze
orientirebas niSnavda 185). es mSvidi, fxizeli,
araCveulebrivad keTilsindisieri xasiaTi SemdgomSi
kidevac SeiZina gviani periodis baptistur
gaerTianebaTa, gamorCeulad ki kvekerTa
cxovrebiseulma praqtikam. samyarosaTvis radikaluri
formiT jados axsna saero askezis garda Sinaganad
aranair sxva gzas ar tovebda. im erTobebisTvis,
romelTac politikur ZalebTan da maT saqmianobasTan
araferi saerTo ar undodaT hqonodaT, am asketur
siqveleTa profesiul saqmianobaSi SeRweva
garegnuladac ki ganxorcielda. maSin, rodesac yvelaze
adreuli baptisturi moZraobis winamZRolni TavianT
qveynierebisadmi gandgomilobaSi angariSgauwevlad
radikalurebi iyvnen, bunebrivia, baptistTa ukve pirvel
TaobaSi mkacrad mociqulebrivi cxovrebis wesi
aRorZinebulobis gamosavlenad yvelasaTvis aucileblad
savaldebulo aRar iyo. ukve am Taobas
ganekuTvnebodnen SeZlebuli burJuaziuli elementebi
da jer kidev menoze adre, romelic mTlianad saero
profesiuli siqvelisa da kerZo sakuTrebis wesrigis

185
aRiarebis niadagze idga, praqtikulad reformirebuli
eTikis mier gakvalul gzas miubrunda baptistTa
zneobriobis pirquSi simkacre 186), vinaidan luTeris
Semdeg, romelsac am sakiTxSi baptistebic
eTanxmebodnen, askezis saero cxovrebis miRmuri,
bermonazvnuri formiT ganviTareba gamoricxuli iyo,
rogorc bibliasTan SeuTavsebeli da sinergistuli. TumcaRa
_ Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT aq ganuxilavad
darCenil adreuli epoqis naxevrad komunistur erTobebs
_ ganaTlebasa da saarsebo aucileblobis farglebs
gadasul yovelgvar qonebaze uars dRemde ara marto
egreT wodebul "tunkerTa" (domplelaers, dunckards)
baptisturi seqta ambobda, aramed profesiisadmi
erTguleba, magaliTad, berklisTanac gaazrebulia ara
kalvinistur an Tundac mxolod luTeranul, aramed umal
Tomistur yaidaze, rogorc "naturali ratione" (bunebrivi
mizezebis gamo) morwmunis saaqao cxovrebaSi
Cabmulobis Seuqcevadi Sedegi 187). Tu am
mosazrebebSi mowodebis kalvinisturi koncefciis
imgvarive Sesusteba Cans, rogorc Spenerisa da
germaneli pietistebis mraval gamonaTqvamSi
samagierod, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva momentebis
wyalobiT, sagrZnoblad matulobs baptistur seqtebSi
ekonomikuri profesiuli interesis intensivoba _
nawilobriv, Tavdapirvelad am qveynierebisgan
gandgomidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebze religiur movaleobad gagebuli uaris
Tqmis gamo, rac misi, rogorc principis, uaryofis
Semdegac ki, yovel SemTxvevaSi, menonitebTan da
kvekerebTan mainc, Tavis praqtikul arsebobas
agrZelebda iaraRis gamoyenebasa da sabrZolo ficze
mtkice uaris Sedegad, rac maTTvis oficialuri
Tanamdebobebis dakavebas SeuZlebels xdida. amas
ganuyrelad Tan sdevda yvela baptisturi denominaciis
gamsWvalavi dauZinebeli mtroba nebismieri saxis
cxovrebis aristokratuli stilis mimarT, rac nawilobriv,
rogorc kalvinistebis SemTxvevaSi, xelTqmnilis

186
gandidebis akrZalvis Sedegs, nawilobriv ki
zemoxsenebuli apolitikuri da Tundac antipolitikuri
principebis Sedegs warmoadgens. am gziT baptisturi
cxovrebis wesis fxizeli da keTilsindisieri meTodika
mTlianad apolitikuri profesiuli saqmianobis kalapotSi
iqna moqceuli. amasTan, is uzarmazari mniSvneloba,
rasac sulis xsnis baptisturi moZRvreba sindisismier
kontrols, rogorc RvTis individualur gamocxadebas
aniWebda, profesiul saqmianobaSi misi gamovlinebis
xasiaTs imgvar niSans asvamda, ris udides
mniSvnelobas kapitalisturi suliskveTebis arsebiTi
aspeqtebis ganvrcobisaTvis Cven ufro axlos oden
mogvianebiT da Tanac mxolod imdenad SevexebiT,
ramdenadac es protestantuli askezis mTeli politikuri da
socialuri eTikis ganxilvis gareSea SesaZlebeli. maSin
Cven _ es mainc rom iTqvas winaswar _ davinaxavT,
rom is specifikuri forma, romelic saero askezam
baptistebTan, kerZod ki, kvekerebTan SeiZina 188),
ukve XVII saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansjis
Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi "eTikis" im umniSvnelovanesi
principis praqtikul TviTdamkvidrebaSi gamovlinda,
romelic formulirebulia rogorc: "honesty is the best
policy" (patiosneba _ saukeTeso politikaa) 189) da
romelmac sakuTari klasikuri dokumenti frankliniseuli
adre citirebuli traqtatis saxiT hpova. sanacvlod,
kalvinizmis gavlena ufro mewarmeobis
kerZomeurneobrivi energiis ganTavisuflebaSi unda
vivaraudoT, vinaidan miuxedavad "wmindanis" sruli
formaluri legalurobisa, saboloo jamSi, kalvinistisTvisac
arcTu iSviaTad ZalaSi rCeboda goeTeseuli fraza: "vinc
moqmedebs, is yovelTvis usindisoa, sindisi
damkvirveblis garda aravis gaaCnia" 190).
kidev erTi yuradsaRebi elementi, romelic
baptisturi denominaciebis saero askezis intensivobas
sasikeTod waadga, Tavisi sruli mniSvnelobiT aseve
mxolod sxva konteqstSi SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.
TumcaRa amasTan dakavSirebiTac upriani iqneboda

187
zogierTi SeniSvnis wamZRvareba aq warmodgenil
azrTa msvlelobis arCevanis dasabuTebis mizniT. aq
jerjerobiT sruliad ganzrax Zvelprotestantuli eklesiebis
obieqturi socialuri instituciebidan da maTi eTikuri
zegavlenebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki esoden
mniSvnelovani saeklesio disciplinidan ki ar
amovdivarT, aramed im zemoqmedebidan, rasac
calkeuli adamianis mier asketuri religiurobis subieqturi
gaTaviseba axdenda cxovrebis wesze. es ara marto
imis gamo moxda, rom movlenis am mxares dRemde
yvelaze naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda, aramed
imitomac, rom saeklesio disciplinis zemoqmedeba
aramcdaaramc ar xorcieldeboda yovelTvis erTi
mimarTulebiT. calkeuli adamianis cxovrebis eklesiur-
policiur kontrols, rac kalvinisturi saxelmwifoebrivi
eklesiis regionebSi lamis inkviziciis zRvars aRwevda,
SeeZlo umal mavne ukuqmedeba moexdina im
individualuri energiis gaTavisuflebaze, romelic xsnis
meTodurad mopovebis asketuri swrafviT iyo
ganpirobebuli da garkveul SemTxvevebSi igi amas
kidec axdenda. zustad iseve, rogorc saxelmwifos
merkantilistur reglamentirebas ZaluZda gamoewrTo,
vTqvaT, industria, Tundac calke aRebuli, magram ara
kapitalisturi "suliskveTeba", _ romelsac is yvelgan,
sadac ki igi policiur-avtoritarul xasiaTs iZenda, umal
piradapir Trgunavda kidec, _ analogiurad igive
zemoqmedeba SeiZleboda wamosuliyo askezis
eklesiuri reglamentirebidanac, Tuki is zedmetad
policiur yaidaze warimarTeboda: amiT igi iZulebis
wesiT nergavda gansazRvrul garegnuli qcevis wess.
samagierod, garkveul SemTxvevebSi Trgunavda
cxovrebis meTodurad warmarTvis subieqtur impulsebs.
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas 191) mudam
gasaTvaliswinebelia is didi gansxvaveba, romelic
saxelmwifo eklesiaTa avtoritaruli zneobrivi policiisa da
nebayoflobiT morCilebaze dafuZnebuli seqtebis
zneobrivi policiis zemoqmedebas Soris arsebobda. is

188
faqti, rom baptisturma moZraobam Tavis yvela
denominaciaSi principulad "seqtebis" da ara
"eklesiebis" Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli, sul cota misi
askezis intensivobisTvis mainc iseve xelsayreli
gamodga, rogorc amas _ gansxvavebuli simZafriT _ im
kalvinistur, pietistur, meTodistur gaerTianebebSic
hqonda adgili, romlebic faqtiurad iZulebis wesiT
daadgnen voluntaristuli erTobebis Seqmnis gzas 192).
axla ki Tvali unda mivadevnoT profesiuli
mowodebis puritanuli ideis zegavlenas samewarmeo
saqmianobaze, mas Semdeg, rac winamdebare
narkvevi misi religiuri dasabuTebis Camoyalibebas
Seecada. miuxedavad yvela calkeuli gadaxvevisa da
gansxvavebulobisa, aqcentis dasmisas sxvadasxva
asketur religiur erTobebSi CvenTvis arsebiTad
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze rom ecema, am
ukanasknelTa arseboba da gavlenianoba mainc yvela
am erTobaSi iCenda Tavs 193). unda gavixsenoT, rom
Cveni dakvirvebebisTvis gadamwyveti mudam iyo
yvela denominaciis mier religiuri "madlmosilebis
mdgomareobis", erTTavad rogorc imgvari
mdgomareobis (status) gaazreba, romelic adamians
xelTqmnilis biwierebas, "amqveyniurobas", ganaridebs
194), risi mopovebac _ ganurCevlad imisgan, Tu rogor
miiRweoda is mocemuli denominaciis dogmatikis
Tanaxmad, _ SeiZleboda garantirebuli yofiliyo ara
raRac magiur-sakramentaluri saSualebebiT an
aRsarebis gziT codvisagan gantvirTviT anda kidev
calkeuli RvTisnieri saqmeebis meSveobiT, aramed
mxolod "bunebrivi" adamianis cxovrebis stilisagan
calsaxad gansxvavebuli specifikuri xasiaTis qcevaSi
Rirsad TviTgamovleniT. aqedan momdinareobda
calkeuli adamianisTvis cxovrebis wesSi misi
madlmosilebis mdgomareobis meToduri kontrolisa da
amdenad, cxovrebis wesis asketurad gamsWvalvis
stimuli. cxovrebis amgvari asketuri stili ki, rogorc
vnaxeT, gulisxmobda mTeli yofierebis RvTis nebaze

189
orientirebul racionalur mowyobas. da es askeza ukve
opus supererogationis (gadametebul saqmes) ki aRar
warmoadgenda, aramed imgvari saqmianoba iyo,
romelic yvelas unda SeZleboda, visac surda yofiliyo
sakuTar xsnaSi darwmunebuli. es religiurad moTxovnili,
"bunebrivi" cxovrebisgan gansxvavebuli wmindanTa
gamorCeuli cxovreba amqveyniurobis farglebs gareT
bermonazvnur erTobebSi ki aRar warimarTeboda,
aramed _ esaa swored gadamwyveti _ saero cxovrebis
farglebsa da wesrigSi. saiqios gaTvaliswinebiT,
cxovrebis wesis amgvari racionalizeba saero cxovrebis
farglebSi, warmoadgenda asketuri protestantizmis
profesiuli mowodebis koncefciis Sedegs. _
qristianuli askeza, Tavdapirvelad saero
cxovrebidan simartoves TavSefarebuli, ukve
monastridan misgan garidebuli eklesiurad gabatonda
saero cxovrebaze. magram amasTan erTad man saero
yoveldRiur cxovrebas mTlianobaSi SeunarCuna misi
bunebrivi, SeuboWavi xasiaTi. axla ki igi cxovrebis
sarbielze gamovida, monastris kari gamoijaxuna da
saero yoveldRuri cxovrebis sakuTari meTodikiT
gaJRenTvas da mis amqveyniurobaSi, Tumc mainc
araamqveyniur anda saamqveynio racionalur
cxovrebad gardaqmnas Seudga. Tu ra SedegebiT, amis
Cvenebas Cveni Semdgomi gamokvlevebiT
SevecdebiT.

imisaTvis, raTa ekonomikuri yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis normebTan asketuri protestantizmis Zireuli
religiuri debulebebis kavSiri davinaxoT, pirvel rigSi,
saWiroa, imgvari Teologiuri nawerebis moxmoba,

190
romlebic aSkarad sulis xsnis praqtikis farglebs
gascdnen. vinaidan iseT epoqaSi, roca saiqio yvelafers
niSnavda, qristianis socialuri mdgomareoba ki
damokidebuli iyo imaze, daiSveboda Tu ara is
ziarebaze, roca sasuliero piris Careva sulis xsnis,
eklesiuri disciplinisa da qadagebis sakiTxebSi imgvar
zegavlenas axdenda, ris Sesaxebac Cven,
Tanamedrove adamianebs, ubralod warmodgenac ki ar
SegviZlia SeviqmnaT _ amaSi dasarwmuneblad iseTi
nawerebisTvis, rogoricaa "consilia" (rCevebi), "casus
conscientiae" (sindisis sakiTxebi) da a.S. erTi Tvalis
gadavlebiTac cxadia, rom _ "erovnuli xasiaTis" ZiriTad
Semoqmedad swored am praqtikaSi fexmokidebuli
religiuri ideebi gvevlineba.
am monakveTSi mocemuli msjelobisas,
Semdgomi msjelobebisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven
asketur protestantizms, rogorc raRac erTians
ganvixilavT. magram, vinaidan kalvinizmidan
aRmocenebuli inglisuri puritanizmi profesiuli
mowodebis ideis yvelaze Tanamimdevrul
fundamentirebas gvTavazobs, Cveni principis
Tanaxmad, mTel yuradRebas mis erT-erT
warmomadgenels movapyrobT. riCard baqsteri
puritanuli eTikis mravali sxva literaturuli
warmomadgenlisagan, pirvel rigSi, gamokveTilad
praqtikuli da mSvidobismoyvare poziciiT da
amavdroulad misi, araerTgzis xelaxla gamocemuli da
Targmnili Sromebis sayovelTao aRiarebiT gamoirCeva.
presbiterianeli da vestminsteris sinodis apologeti,
amasTan _ iseve, rogorc epoqis mravali saukeTeso
warmomadgeneli _ dogmaturad TandaTan mkacr
kalvinizms Camocilebuli, rogorc yovelgvari revoluciis,
seqtantobisa da "wmindanTa" fanatikuri gznebis
mgmobeli, Sinaganad kromvelis uzurpaciis
mowinaaRmdege, arada, garegnuli uCveulo
Taviseburebebis mimarT didsulovnebiT, xolo
mowinaaRmdegis mimarT obieqturobiT gamorCeuli,

191
Tavisi moRvaweobis asparezs igi arsebiTad eklesiur-
zneobrivi cxovrebis praqtikul xelSewyobaSi eZebda, da
es erT-erTi yvelaze warCinebuli sulieri moZRvari, visac
ki istoria odesme icnobda, saparlamento mTavrobis,
aseve kromvelisa da restavraciis saqmianobis
samsaxurSi manamde idga 195), vidre am
ukanasknelis mmarTvelobis periodSi, jer kidev
"barTlomes dRemde", Tanamdebobidan ar gadadga.
misi "Christian Directory" puritanuli moralis Teologiis
yvelaze yovlismomcvel kompendiums warmoadgens
da amavdroulad yvelgan sakuTari sulis xsnis praqtikul
gamocdilebazea orientirebuli. _ germanuli pietizmis
nimuSad aRebuli Speneriseuli "Teologiuri gansjani",
kvekerobis nimuSad _ berklis "apologia" da maT
gverdiT asketuri eTikis sxva warmomadgenlebi 196),
adgilis dazogvis mizniT SeZlebisdagvarad SeniSvnebSi
Sesadarebladaa moxmobili 197).
Tuki xelSi aviRebT baqsteris "wmindanTa
maradiul simSvides" da mis "Christian Directory"-s
anda kidev sxva maT monaTesave naSromebs 198),
msjelobaSi simdidrisa 199) da misi mopovebis
Sesaxeb, imTaviTve TvalSi gvecema axalaRTqmiseuli
gamocxadebis swored ebionituri elementebi 200).
simdidre, rogorc aseTi, didi safrTxea, misi cTunebani
usasruloa, misken swrafva 201) ara marto uazrobaa
RvTis sauflos aRmatebul mniSvnelobasTan SedarebiT,
aramed zneobrivad saeWvocaa. aq askeza warmaval
sikeTeTa mopovebisaken yovelgvari swrafvis
winaaRmdeg gacilebiT ufro mwvavedaa mimarTuli,
vidre kalvinTan, romelic sasuliero pirTa simdidreSi maTi
moRvaweobisaTvis dabrkolebas ki ara, piriqiT, maTi
dafasebis metad sasurvel zrdas xedavda da maT
nebas rTavda, usiamovnebis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi
pirobiT, qoneba momgebianad daebandebinaT.
puritanuli nawerebidan fulisa da qonebis
moxveWisaken swrafvis mgmobeli nebismieri
raodenobis magaliTebis daxvaveba da maTi, am mxriv,

192
bevrad ufro udardel gvianSuasaukuneobriv eTikur
literaturasTan dapirispireba SeiZleba. am eWvebs ki
mTeli seriozulobiT ekidebodnen, _ oRond ufro
guldasmiT dakvirvebaa saWiro, raTa maTi WeSmariti
eTikuri azri da mimarTeba SevniSnoT. zneobrivad
marTlac dasaZraxia vTqvaT, dagrovil qonebaze
dasveneba 202), simdidriT tkboba, Sedegad uqnaroba
da avxorcoba rom mohyveba, magram pirvel rigSi ki
"ubiwo" cxovrebisaken ltolvis Seneleba. da radganac
qonebas Tan amgvari nebivrobis safrTxe moaqvs,
mxolod imitomaa is saeWvo. vinaidan "wmindanTa
maradiuli simSvide" saiqioSia, dedamiwaze ki
adamianmac, Tavis madlmosilebaSi rom darwmundes,
unda "imisi saqmeni qmnas, vinc igi warmogzavna,
vidremdis arsebobs dRe". ara muqTaxoroba da
gancxroma, aramed mxolod saqmianoba emsaxureba,
ueWvelad gacxadebuli RvTis nebis Tanaxmad, misi
didebis matebas 203). maSasadame, yvela
codvaTagan drois flangvaa pirveli da principulad
umZimesi. sicocxlis monakveTi usasrulod mokle da
Zvirfasia imisaTvis, raTa sakuTari mowodebuloba
"dadgindes". zneobrivad absoluturad sagmobia drois
flangva garTobaSi, "fuW laybobaSi" 204), fufunebaSi
205) da TviT imaze met _ eqvsidan maqsimum rva
saaTamde _ ZilSi, vidre janmrTelobisTvisaa saWiro
206). aq jer kidev frankliniseul yaidaze ar Tqmula, rom:
"dro fulia", magram es fraza ZalaSi garkveulwilad
sulieri mniSvnelobiT Sedis: dro usasrulod Zvirfasia,
vinaidan yoveli dakarguli saaTi RvTis didebis
aRsamatebeli samsaxuris saqmianobas akldeba 208).
aqedan gamomdinare, fuWi da zogjer pirdapir
dasagmobic kia mWvretelobiTi umoqmedoba im
SemTxvevaSi mainc, roca es profesiuli saqmianobis
xarjze xdeba 209). radgan is RvTisTvis imaze naklebad
saamuria, vidre profesiul saqmianobaSi misi nebis
aqtiuri ganxorcieleba 210). garda amisa, kvira dRec
xom amisTvis arsebobs da, baqsteris Tanaxmad,

193
mudam swored is xalxi usaqmurobs Tavis profesiaSi,
visac arc uflisTvis rCeba dro, rodesac saamiso wuTi
dgeba 211).
amrigad, baqteris mTavar naSroms ganuxrelad
gasdevs araerTgzis ganmeorebuli Tavdauzogavi,
ganuwyveteli, fizikuri Tu gonebrivi Sromis, rig
SemTxvevebSi, lamis mgznebare qadageba 212). aq
ori momentis Tanxvedraa 213). pirvel rigSi, Sroma, is
kargad nacadi asketuri saSualebaa, romelic dasavleTis
eklesiaSi, ara marto aRmosavleTTan, aramed mTeli
msoflios 214) TiTqmis yvela bermonazvnur
wesdebebTan mwvave dapirispirebaSi, odiTganve
dafasebuli iyo 215). saxeldobr, Sromaa is specifikuri
preventiuli saSualeba yvela im sacduris winaaRmdeg,
rasac puritanizmma "unclean life" (uwminduri
cxovrebis) cnebaSi mouyara Tavi, _ da romlis roli arcTu
mTlad umniSvneloa. seqsualuri askeza puritanizmSi
bermonazvnulisgan xom mxolod xarisxiT da ara
fuZemdebluri principiT gansxvavdeba da vinaidan igi
colqmrul cxovrebazec vrceldeba, amitom is ufro metis
momcvelia, vidre bermonazvnuli askeza. radganac
sqesobrivi urTierToba qorwinebaSic mxolod RvTisTvis
sasurveli saSualebaa misi didebis aRsamateblad, da
dasaSvebia aRTqmis Sesabamisad: "iqmeniT nayofierni
da gamravldiT" 216). rogorc religiuri eWvebisa da
skrupulozuri TviTgvemis sawinaaRmdegod, aseve
yovelgvari seqsualuri cTunebebisagan Tavis dasacavad
_ zomieri dietis, mcenareuli sakvebisa da civi
abazanebis gverdiT _ ZalaSia daniSnuleba: "iSrome
dauzogavad Sens sarbielze" 217).
oRond, Sroma, amas garda da uwinares yovlisa,
xom RvTis mier ganwesebuli cxovrebis TviTmizania
saerTod 218). pavle mociquliseuli sityvebi: "vinc ar
muSaobs, is arc unda Wamdes" ZalaSia upirobod da
yvelasaTvis 219). Sromis dazareba madlmosilebis
mdgomareobis uqonlobis niSania 220).

194
 aq aSkarad gamoikveTeba sakiTxisadmi
Suasaukuneobrivi damokidebulebisagan gadaxra. am
frazis interpretacia Toma akvinelmac mogvca. magram
misi mosazrebis Tanaxmad 221) Sroma mxolod naturali
ratione (bunebrivi mizezebis gamo) calkeuli adamianis
da adamianTa modgmis sicocxlis SesanarCunebladaa
saWiro. iq, sadac es mizani qreba, es daniSnulebac
Zalas kargavs. igi mxolod kacTa modgmas da ara
calkeul adamians exeba. imaze, visac Sromis gareSe
Tavisi qonebis wyalobiT SeuZlia icxovros, igi ar
vrceldeba da, bunebrivia, umoqmedo Wvretac, rogorc
RvTis saufloSi moRvaweobis sulieri forma, sityvasityviT
gagebul pavle mociquliseul aRTqmaze ufro maRlaa
dayenebuli. popularuli TeologiisTvis bermonazvnuri
"produqtiulobis" umaRles formas sabolood xom locvisa
da gundSi galobis meSveobiT "thesaurus ecclesiae"
(eklesiis saganZuris) gazrda warmoadgenda.
baqsterTan TavisTavad cxadia, gamoiricxeba ara marto
Sromis zneobrivi movaleobis amgvari darRveva,
aramed igi umZafresad usvams xazs im debulebas,
rom arc simdidre ar aTavisuflebs pavle mociquliseuli
upirobo ganCinebisgan 222). arc qonebis mflobeli ar
unda Wamdes uSromelad, vinaidan sakuTari
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad mas Sroma Tundac
rom ar esaWiroebodes, RvTis ganCineba xom mainc
arsebobs, romelsac igi iseve unda daemorCilos, rogorc
Raribi 223). radganac, ganurCevlad yoveli
adamianisaTvis RvTis gangebas mowodeba (calling)
aqvs gamzadebuli, romelic pirovnebam unda Seicnos
da masSi unda iSromos, oRond es mowodeba
luTeranobis 224) msgavsad bediswera ki ar aris,
romelsac unda Seurigde da dasjerde, aramed esaa
TiTeuli adamianisadmi gacemuli uflis brZaneba, raTa
man mis sadideblad iRvawos. am, erTi SexedviT,
umniSvnelo niuanss Sorsmimavali fsiqologiuri
Sedegebi hqonda da dakavSirebuli iyo ekonomikuri
kosmosis imgvari providencialuri interpretaciis

195
Semdgom CamoyalibebasTan, romelic jer kidev
sqolastikosebisTvis iyo cnobili.
sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebisa da
profesiuli dayofis fenomeni, iseve, rogorc sxvebma,
Toma akvinelmac, visze dayrdnobac CvenTvis yvelaze
mosaxerxebelia, gaiazra, rogorc uSualod samyaros
ufliseuli gegmidan gamomdinare Sedegi. magram
adamianTa am kosmosSi CarTva xdeba ex causis
naturalibus da SemTxveviT ("contingent",
sqolastikosTa terminologiiT). luTerisaTvis, rogorc
vnaxeT, adamianTa mocemul wodebebsa da
profesiebSi obieqturi istoriuli wesrigidan gamomdinare
ganweseba, uSualod RvTis nebis gamovlinebad da,
Sesabamisad, calkeuli adamianis im adgilze da im
farglebSi darCena, RmerTma rom miuCina, religiur
movaleobad iqca 225). miT ufro, rom swored luTeriseuli
RvTismosaobis damokidebuleba "saero cxovrebisadmi"
isedac Tavidanve gaurkveveli iyo da aseTadve
rCeboda. luTeris ideaTa wridan, romelic "saero
cxovrebis" mimarT pavle mociquliseuli
indiferentulobisagan arasodes bolomde ar
ganTavisuflebula, saero cxovrebis mosawyobad eTikuri
principebis gamoyvana ar SeiZleboda da amitomac, is
iseTad unda yofiliyo miRebuli, rogoric iyo, xolo amas ki
religiuri movaleobis beWedi unda dasmoda. _ Tavis
mxriv, sul sxvagvar Seferilobas iZens puritanul
msoflxedvaSi kerZomeurneobriv interesTa
urTierTgadaxlarTulobis providencialuri xasiaTi. Tu ra
warmoadgens profesiuli niSniT dayofis provedencialur
mizans, amas Cven, puritanuli pragmatuli ganmartebis
sqemis Tanaxmad, misi nayofis mixedviT SevicnobT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT baqsteri iseT msjelobas iwyebs,
rac araerT punqtSi uSualod adam smiTiseul Sromis
danawilebis cnobil apoTeozs mogvagonebs 226).
profesiaTa specializacia, uwyobs ra xels mSromelis
gawafvas (skill), iwvevs Sromis nayofierebis
raodenobriv da xarisxobriv zrdas da im sazogado

196
keTildReobas emsaxureba (common best), romelic, rac
SeiZleba, mravali adamianis keTildReobis tolfasia. Tu
am etapze motivacia jerjerobiT wmindad utilitaristulia
da im epoqis saero literaturis zogierT ukve gavrcelebul
Tvalsazriss 227) enaTesaveba, myisve iCens Tavs
esoden damaxasiaTebeli puritanuli Seferiloba, rogorc ki
baqsteri Tavisi msjelobis saTaveSi Semdeg motivs
aqcevs: "gansazRvruli profesiis farglebs gareT
adamianis SromiTi saqmianoba mxolod droebiTi
SemTxveviTi samuSaoa da is sizarmaceSi met dros
atarebs, vidre SromaSi". da roca Semdegnairad
daasrulebs: "igi (garkveuli profesiis mSromeli) Tavis
samuSaos dalagebulad asrulebs, maSin, rodesac sxva
maradiul dabneulobaSia da misma saqmem ar icis arc
dro da arc adgili 228) ... amitomac warmoadgens
garkveuli profesia ("certain calling", sxva adgilas
naTqvamia "stated calling") umaRles sikeTes
nebismieri adamianisTvis". SemTxveviTi samuSao,
romlis Sesruleba Cveulebriv medReurs iZulebiT uwevs,
xSirad gardauvali, magram arasasurveli Sualeduri
mdgomareobaa. maT cxovrebas, visac "profesia ar
aqvs", aklia sistematur-meToduri xasiaTi, rasac, rogorc
vnaxeT, saero askeza iTxovs. kvekerebis eTikis
Tanaxmadac, adamianis profesiuli saqmianoba
saTnoebaSi Tanamimdevrul asketur varjiSs, misi
keTilsindisierebiT damtkicebul madlmosilebis Rirsad
TviTgamovlenas unda warmoadgendes, rac Tavis
gamoxatulebas hpovebs im rudunebasa 229) da
meTodSi, romliTac is Tavis profesiul saqmianobas
uZRveba. ara Sromas TavisTavad, aramed racionalur
profesiul saqmianobas iTxovs RmerTi. profesiis
puritanuli ideis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti mudam profesiuli
askezis am meTodur xasiaTze Zevs, gansxvavebiT
luTeriseuli moZRvrebisgan, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom
adamiani im xvedrs unda dasjerdes, RmerTma mas
erTxel da samudamod rom arguna 230). amis
safuZvelze pasuxi udaod dadebiTia ara marto

197
kiTxvaze, SeuZlia Tu ara adamians ramdenime
mowodeba (callings) urTierTSeaTavsos _ Tuki es
saxarbieloa, rogorc sazogado, ise sakuTari
keTildReobisTvis 231) da aravisTvis araa saziano da
Tuki es ar iwvevs imas, rom am urTierTSeTavsebul
profesiaTagan erT-erTSi adamianma
arakeTilsindisiereba ("unfaithful") gamoavlinos;
aramed arc profesiis Secvla miiCneva saZraxisad, Tuki
es daufiqreblad ki ara, RvTisTvis ufro saamuri 232) anu
zogadi principis Sesabamisad, ufro sasargeblo profesiis
dauflebis mizniT keTdeba. da uwinares yovlisa:
profesiis gamosadegoba da, Sesabamisad, misi
RvTisTvis sasurveloba, marTalia, pirvel rigSi, zneobrivi
da Semdeg "sazogadoebrivi erTianobisTvis" masSi
warmoebul sikeTeTa RirebulebiTi masStabiT izomeba,
magram amas mosdevs mesame da praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT cxadia, umniSvnelovanesi kriteriumi:
kerZomeurneobrivi "momgebianoba" 233). vinaidan, is
RmerTi, visi xeli puritanisTvis cxovrebis yvela
garemoebaSi urevia, rodesac erT-erT misians mogebis
Sanss aZlevs, mas am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari zraxvebi
aqvs. da amrigad, morwmune qristiani am mowodebas
unda gahyves da sasikeTod unda gamoiyenos
micemuli SesaZlebloba 234). "vinZlo RmerTi Tqven im
gzaze migiTiTebT, romlis meSveobiTac Tqven sakuTari
sulis an sxvebisaTvis yovelgvari zianis gareSe,
kanonieri wesiT, imaze mets moipovebT, vidre sxva
gziT, Tqven ki amas uarhyofT da naklebad momgebian
gzas daadgebiT, amiT Tqven Tqveni mowodebis
(calling) erT-erT mizans eRobebiT. Tqven uars ambobT
gaxdeT RvTis mouravi (stewart) da miiRoT misi ZRveni,
raTa amis gamoyeneba misTvisve SeZloT, Tuki igi
amas moiTxovs. cxadia, ara xorcieli gancxromisa da
codvis Cadenis mizniT, aramed mxolod RmerTisTvis
SegiZliaT iSromoT da gamdidrdeT" 235). saZraxia
simdidre, rogorc mxolod usaqmuri dasvenebisa da
codviani gancxromis sacduri da misken mxolod

198
imisaTvis swrafva, raTa mogvianebiT kacma
uzrunvelad da mxiarulad icxovros. magram, rogorc
profesiuli movaleobis aRsruleba is ara mxolod
zneobrivad aris nebadarTuli, aramed ganCinebulic kia
236). im monis araki, romelic gankicxuli iqna imis
gamo, rom man mindobil qonebas sargeblis sargebeli
ar Sehmata, TiTqos pirdapir laparakobs amis Sesaxeb
237). Raribad yofnis survili, rogorc xSirad iyo
argumentirebuli, avad yofnis survilis tolfasi unda
yofiliyo 238), is gmobis Rirsia, rogorc sinergizmi da
sazianoa RvTis didebisTvis. dabolos, Sromisunariani
adamianis maTxovroba codvaa ara mxolod rogorc
sizarmace, aramed mociqulis sityvis Tanaxmad,
moyvasisadmi siyvarulsac ewinaaRmdegeba 239).
iseve, rogorc myari profesiis asketuri
mniSvnelobis aqcentireba eTikurad aidealebs
Tanamedrove profesionalur specializacias, iseve
aidealebs mogebis Sansebis providencialuri gaazreba
saqmian adamians 240). askezisaTvis erTnairad
saZulvelia rogorc senioris didgvarovnuli udardeloba,
ise gaaznaurebuli mdabioris yoyloCinoba. amis
sapirispirod, srul eTikur mowonebas imsaxurebs fxizeli
burJua selfmademan (kaci, romelmac yvelafers Tavad
miaRwia) 241): "God blesseth his trade" _ "RmerTma
akurTxos misi saqme", ucvlel mimarTvad im
wmindanTaTvis iqca 242), romlebic didi warmatebiT
dahyvnen RvTis gangebas; da ZvelaRTqmiseuli
RmerTis mTeli Zlevamosileba, romelic mis rCeulT maTi
RvTismosaobisaTvis swored saaqaoSi miuzRavs 243),
amave mimarTulebiT unda yofiliyo warmarTuli
puritanisTvisTvisac, romelic baqsteris rCeviT, sakuTar
madlmosilebas bibliuri gmirebis sulier
mdgomareobasTan SepirispirebiT akontrolebda 244) da
amasTan bibliiseul gamonaTqvamebs "samarTlis
wignis paragrafebiviT" ganmartavda. TavisTavad Zveli
aRTqmiseuli gamonaTqvamebi ki mTlad
erTmniSvnelovani namdvilad ar iyo. ukve vnaxeT, rom

199
enobrivad pirvelad luTerma gamoiyena saero gagebiT
cneba "Beruf" ieso ziraqis Zis wignis erTi monakveTis
Targmanisas. ieso ziraqis Zis wigni ki im ganwyobis
gamo, romliTac is aris gaJRenTili, gancdili elinisturi
zegavlenis miuxedavad, mainc (gafarToebuli) Zveli
aRTqmis tradicionalisturi Seferilobis Semadgenel
nawils warmoadgens. niSandoblivia, rom germanel
luTeran glexebSi es wigni xSirad dRemde gamorCeuli
siyvaruliT sargeblobs 245), iseve, rogorc germanuli
pietizmis farTo dinebaTa luTeranobiT Sekruli xasiaTic
ieso ziraqis Zis wignisTvis upiratesobis miniWebaSi
vlindeboda 246). puritanebi apokrifebs uaryofdnen,
rogorc araRvTivSTagonebulT, maT mier RvTiurisa da
xelTqmnilis alternatiulobis gadaWriT aRiarebis
safuZvelze 247). miT ufro Zlieri iyo kanonikur wignTa
Soris iobis wignis zemoqmedeba misi, erTi mxriv, uflis
absoluturad suverenuli, adamianuri masStabebisTvis
miuwvdomeli sidiadis brwyinvale gandidebiT,
kalvinistur msoflxedvas esoden kongenialurad rom
exmianeboda, da, meore mxriv, wignis dasasruls
gaJRerebuli, kalvinistisTvis imdenadve
meorexarisxovani, ramdenadac puritanisTvis
umniSvnelovanesi, darwmunebulobiT, rom RmerTi
Tavis rCeulT saaqao cxovrebaSic da swored _ iobis
wignis Tanaxmad: mxolod! _ aq uboZebs materialuri
TvalsazrisiTac wyalobas 248). aRmosavluri kvietizmi,
romelic fsalmunebis aRmafreniT aRsavse striqonebsa
da solomonis arakebSi gamosWvivis, iseve
ugulvebelyofili iqna, rogorc baqsteris mier mowodebis_
"Beruf"_ cnebisTvis ganmsazRvreli, korinTelTa mimarT I
epistoles erTi pasaJis tradicionalisturi Seferiloba. amis
sanacvlod, miT ufro meti aqcenti keTdeboda Zveli
aRTqmis im adgilebze, romlebic formalur patiosnebas
asxamdnen xotbas, rogorc RvTisTvis sasurveli qcevis
maxasiaTebel niSans. Teoriam, romlis Tanaxmad,
TiTqos moses rjulma, axali kavSiris gamo, Zala mxolod
imdenad dakarga, ramdenadac is ebraeli xalxisTvis

200
saritualo adaT-wesebiTa da istoriulad ganpirobebul
danawesebs Seicavda, sxva mxriv ki, rogorc "lex
naturae" (bunebrivi kanonis) gamoxatulebas,
mniSvneloba yovelTvis hqonda da inarCunebda kidec
mas 249), SesaZlebeli gaxada, erTi mxriv, imgvar
danawesTa gabaTileba, romlebic Tanamedrove yofa-
cxovrebasTan sruliad SeuTavsebelni iyvnen da,
amasTanave, ZvelaRTqmiseuli zneobriobis
mravalricxovani monaTesave niSnis meSveobiT gza
gauxsna sakuTar marTebulobaSi darwmunebuli da
fxizeli legalurobis im suliskveTebis Zalumad zrdas,
romelic protestantizmis saero askezisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli 250). amrigad, roca Tanamedroveni
Tu ufro gviandeli avtorebi, saxeldobr, inglisel puritanTa
Zireul zneobriv ganwyobas mravalgzis "english
hebraism" (inglisur ebraizmad) moixseniebdnen 251),
es, sworad gagebis SemTxvevaSi, sinamdviles
Seefereba. oRond, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT ara
Zveli aRTqmis teqstebis warmoSobis periodis
palestinuri iudaizmi, aramed is iudaizmi, radac igi
mravalsaukunovani formalistur-kanonikuri da Talmudis
zegavlenis wyalobiT TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda,
Tumca am SemTxvevaSic ukiduresi sifrTxiliT unda
movekidoT paralelebs. Zveli iudaizmis, mTlianobaSi
sicocxlis, rogorc aseTis, SeuzRudav dafasebaze
mimarTuli ganwyoba metad daSorebuli iyo
puritanizmis specifikuri Taviseburebisgan. aseve
gansxvavdeboda misgan _ arc es ar unda gamogvrCes
mxedvelobidan _ Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove
iudaizmis sameurneo eTika im niSnebiT, romlebic
gadamwyveti iyo orive maTganis adgilis
gansazRvrisaTvis kapitalisturi eTosis Camoyalibebis
procesSi. iudaizmi politikurad Tu spekulatiurad
orientirebuli "avanturistTa"-kapitalizmis mxareze idga:
misi eTosi, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, pariaTa _
kapitalizmis iyo, puritanizmi ki _ racionaluri burJuaziuli
warmoebisa da Sromis racionaluri organizebis eTosis

201
matarebeli. man iudaizmis eTikidan aiRo mxolod is, rac
am farglebSi eteoda.
cxovrebis ZvelaRTqmiseuli normebiT
gamsWvalvis qaraqterologiuri Sedegebis warmoCena _
mimzidveli amocana, romelic sabolood jer, sakuTriv,
iudaizmTan dakavSirebiTac ki ar gadaWrila 252), am
narkvevis CarCoebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda. dasaxelebuli
urTierTkavSirebis gverdiT, puritanizmis erTian Sinagan
habitusTan mimarTebaSi, pirvel yovlisa, mxdvelobaSi
misaRebia is, rom masSi grandiozuli formiT
ganicadaAaRorZineba RmerTis rCeuli eris rwmenam
153). ise, rogorc TviT zomieri baqsteric ki ufals
madlobas swiravda, inglisSi da WeSmarit eklesiaSi rom
gaaCina da ara sadme sxvagan, sakuTari, RvTis madliT
gamowveuli uzadobisTvis, amgvarive madlierebiT iyo
gamsWvaluli puritanuli burJuaziis sasicocxlo
ganwyobac 254) da ganapirobebda formalisturad
koreqtul mtkice xasiaTs, rogoric kapitalizmis im
heroikuli epoqis warmomadgenelTaTvis iyo
niSandoblivi.
Cven im gansakuTrebuli punqtebis garkvevasac
SevecdebiT, romlebTan SexebaSic mowodebis
puritanul gaazrebasa da cxovrebis asketurad
warmarTvis moTxovnas uSualo zegavlena unda
moexdina kapitalisturi cxovrebis stilis Camoyalibebaze.
rogorc vnaxeT, askeza mTeli ZaliTa da RoniT, pirvel
rigSi, upirispirdeba cxovrebiT SeuboWav tkbobas da
yvela im siames rac mas Tan sdevs. yvelaze
niSandoblivad es momenti "Book of sports" 255)
garTobebis Sesaxeb wignis gamo amtydar brZolaSi
gamovlinda, romelic iakob pirvelma da Carlz pirvelma
sruliad gamiznulad puritanizmis dasaZlevad kanonis
rangSi aiyvanes da romlis wakiTxva am ukanasknelma
yvela eklesiis kaTedridan brZana. roca puritanebi
gaSmagebiT ewinaaRmdegebodnen mefis
gankargulebas, rom kviraobiT, arasaeklesio dros,
garkveuli saxalxo garTobebi kanoniT SeiZleboda

202
nebadarTuli yofiliyo, maTi gaafTrebis mizezi marto
SabaTis simSvidis darRveva ki ara, wmindanis
mowesrigebuli cxovrebis wesidan gadaxvevac iyo. da
rodesac mefe am garTobaTa kanonierebis nebismier
xelyofas mZime sasjeliT emuqreboda, amis mizani
swored saxelmwifosaTvis saSiSi anu antiavtoritaruli
asketuri mimarTulebis mospoba iyo. feodalur-
monarqiuli sazogadoeba "garTobis moyvarulT"
burJuaziis, Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi moralisa da
avtoritetebis moZule asketuri religiuri Temebisgan
iseve icavda, rogorc dRes icavs kapitalisturi
sazogadoeba "Sromis mosurneT" muSaTa klasobrivi
moralisa da avtoritetebis moZule profkavSirebisagan.
puritanebi amis sapirispirod Tavis arsebiT
Taviseburebas icavdnen: cxovrebis asketurad
warmarTvis princips. vinaidan sportisadmi puritanTa
antipaTia TviT kvekerebTanac ki sulac ar iyo principuli.
oRond igi erTaderT racionalur mizans unda
momsaxureboda: fizikuri Sromisunarianobis
SesanarCuneblad saWiro dasvenebas. magram rogorc
dauokebeli Zalis moWarbebisagan ganmuxtvis
SeuzRudavi saSualeba, igi puritanizmisTvis saeWvo
xdeboda, xolo Tu wminda tkbobis saSualebad iqceoda
da sulac agonalur pativmoyvareobas, uxeS
instinqtebsa da niZlavis iracionalur wadils aRviZebda,
maSin is, cxadia, ubralod gmobas imsaxurebda.
amrigad, cxovrebiT instinqturi tkboba, romelic
profesiuli saqmianobisgan iseve momcdenia, rogorc
religiuri movaleobisgan, warmoadgenda swored
racionaluri askezis mosisxle mters, da sul erTia, igi
"seniorTa" sportuli TamaSobebis saxiT mogvevlineboda
Tu ubralo kacis sacekvao moednebze da samikitnoebSi
dros tarebis saxiT 256).
aqedan gamomdinare, undoblobiT aRsavse da
yovlad mtrulia Sesabamisad damokidebulebac uSualo
religiuri Rorebulebis armqone kulturuli faseulobebis
mimarT. oRond es ise ki ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos

203
puritanizmis cxovrebiseuli ideali Savbnel, kulturis
moZule, umecrebas gulisxmobda. WeSmariteba umal
sruliad sapirispiroa _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, saZulveli
sqolastikosebis gamoklebiT, mecnierebasTan
mimarTebaSi mainc. garda amisa, puritanuli moZraobis
yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi Rrmad arian
renesansul ganaTlebaSi Caflulni: moZraobis
presbiterianuli frTis qadagebebi aWrelebulia
klasicizmebiT 257) da TviT radikalebic ki, miuxedavad
imisa, rom swored maT misces amgvar mimarTulebas
biZgi, ar ugulvebelyofdnen msgavs ganswavlulobas
Teologiur polemikaSi. albaT arc erTi qveyana ar iyo ise
gadaZeZgili "graduates" (umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
xalxiT), rogorc axali inglisi Tavisi arsebobis pirvel
TaobaSi. mowinaaRmdegeTa satiris amosaval wertilad,
rogorc mag., batleris "hudibrasSi", swored puritanTa
kabineturi ganswavluloba da gawafuli dialeqtikaa
qceuli: es nawilobriv dakavSirebulia codnis religiur
dafasebasTan, rac kaTolikuri "fides implicita" (faruli
codnis) mimarT damokidebulebidan
gamomdinareobda. _ ukve sruliad sxvagvaradaa
saqme, rogorc ki arasamecniero literaturisa 258) da
saxviTi xelovnebis sferoSi gadavinacvlebT. aq askeza,
cxadia, saltesaviT SemoeWdo mxiarul beber ingliss. da
es ara marto saero dResaswaulebs Seexo. puritanTa
mZvinvare siZulvili yvelafris mimarT, rasac odnav
mainc "superstition" (crurwmenis) suni udioda, magiuri
Tu eklesiuri wesiT madlis gardmosvlis yovelgvari
reminiscenciis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli, igi qristianul
Sobis zeimsac iseve devnida, rogorc maisis xes 259)
daDSeuboWav saeklesio xelovnebiT tkbobas. is, rom
holandiaSi adgili darCa diadi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
mourideblad realisturi xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis
260), mxolod imas adasturebs, Tu raoden nakleb
efeqturi iyo iqauri avtoritaruli wesiT ganxorcielebuli
zneobrivi reglamentacia samefo karisa da regentTa
wodebis (rantieTa fenis) gavlenasTan SedarebiT,

204
magram, amavdroulad, gamdidrebul wvrilburJuaTa
sicocxlis xalisTan SedarebiT, mas Semdeg, rac
kalvinisturi Teokratiis xanmokle batonoba
gawonasworebul saxelmwifoebriv eklesiurobad
gardaiqmna da amiT kalvinizms asketuri mimzidvelobis
Zala SesamCnevad gamoecala 261). puritanisTvis
Teatri saZulveli iyo 262), xolo SesaZleblis yovelgvari
farglebidan erotikisa da siSiSvlis ganuxrelad
amoZirkviT literaturaSi, iseve rogorc xelovnebaSi
radikalur Sexedulebebs adgili aRar darCa. iseT
cnebebs, rogorc "idle talk" (fuWi ybedoba),
"superfluities" (zedmetobebi) 263), "vain ostentation"
(amao pativmoyvareoba) _ iracionaluri, umizno,
amdenad araasketuri da Sesabamisad ara RvTis
sadidebeli, aramed adamianis samsaxurisTvis
gamiznuli qmedebebis gansazRvrebebs rom
warmoadgenen _ wamdauwum iSveliebdnen, raTa
xelovnebis motivTa nebismier gamoyenebasTan
SedarebiT, fxizeli mizanSewonilobisTvis mieniWebinaT
calsaxa upiratesoba. sabolood, es pirovnebis uSualo
morTulobas, magaliTad, mis Cacmulobasac Seexo 264).
cxovrebis stilis unificirebis im mZlavr tendencias,
romelsac dRes produqciis "standartizaciis" kapitalisturi
interesi 265) udgas mxarSi, idealuri safuZveli
"xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis" uaryofaSi eZebneba 266).
amasTanave cxadia, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
puritanizmi Tavis TavSi uzarmazar winaaRmdegobebs
moicavda, rom xelovnebaSi zedrouli sidiadisadmi
instinqturi swrafviT misi winamZRolni ufro Zlier iyvnen
gaJRenTilni, vidre "kavalerTa" sulieri ganwyoba 267),
da rom iseTi ganumeorebeli geniosi, rogorc rembrandti
iyo, romlis "yofaqceva" puritanuli RmerTis TvalSi
namdvilad madls ar imsaxurebda, Semoqmedebis
mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad sakuTari seqtanturi
garemocviT beWeddasmuli aRmoCnda 268). magram
saerTo suraTs es aranairad ar cvlis, ramdenadac
pirovnebis Zalumi TviTCaRrmavebuloba, romelic

205
puritanizmis sulieri atmosferodan moberil niavs
SeiZleboda Tan moetana da sinamdvileSi mohyva
kidec, upiratesad mxolod literaturas da isic mxolod
Semdgom TaobaSi waadga sasikeTod.
puritanizmis mier yvela am mimarTulebiT
moxdenili zegavlenis ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilvis gareSe
unda gavacnobieroT, rom wminda esTetikuri Tu sportuli
siamovnebisaTvis gamiznuli kulturuli RirebulebebiT
gamowveuli sixarulis nebadarTuloba yovelTvis erT
niSandobliv zRudes awydeba: isini ufaso unda iyos.
adamiani xom mxolod RvTis wyalobiT mibarebuli
dovlaTis ganmgebelia, amitomac bibliuri monis
msgavsad, yovel mindobil kapikze angariSvaldebulia
269) da uTuod saeWvo iqneboda, aqedan raimes im
mizniT daxarjva, rac RvTis didebisTvis ki ara, sakuTari
siamovnebisTvisaa gansazRvruli 270). nuTu mas, visac
Tvalebi aqvs, am mosazrebis damcvelni Cvens droSic
ar Sexvedria? 271) adamianis movaleobis gancda
mindobili qonebis mimarT, romelsac is ganmgebeliviT
an sulac morCili "mogebis momtani manqanasaviT"
unda emsaxuros, sulis gamyinavi simZimiT awveba
cxovrebas. rac ufro matulobs qoneba, miT ufro
mZimea _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki asketuri sulieri
ganwyoba gamocdas gauZlebs _ pasuxismgebloba
imaze, rom is RvTis gansadideblad iqnes uklebliv
SenarCunebuli da Tavdauzogavi SromiT gazrdili.
cxovrebis amgvari stilis genezisis, iseve, rogorc
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi suliskveTebis mravali
Semadgeneli elementis, calkeuli fesvebic, Sua
saukuneebSia saZiebeli 272), magram mxolod asketuri
protestantizmis eTikaSi hpova man Tavisi
Tanamimdevruli zneobrivi safuZveli. misi mniSvneloba
kapitalizmis ganviTarebisaTvis dResaviT naTelia 273).
sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
saero protestantuli eTika mTeli ZaliTa da RoniT
ewinaaRmdegeboda qonebiT udardel tkbobas, man
SezRuda moxmareba, metadre ki fufunebis saganTa

206
moxmareba. amis sanacvlod, man fsiqologiurad
gaaTavisufla momxveWeloba tradicionalisturi eTikis
zewolisagan, borkilebi axsna mogebisaken ltolvas,
radgan ara mxolod misi legalizeba moaxdina, aramed
(ganxiluli mniSvnelobiT) uSualod RvTisTvis sasurvelad
gamoacxada. rogorc, puritanTa kvalad, kvekerobis didi
apologeti, berklic, dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, brZola
xorciel siameTa da garegnul sikeTeTa winaaRmdeg
warmoadgenda brZolas ara qonebis racionaluri
dagrovebis, aramed qonebis iracionaluri gamoyenebis
winaaRmdeg. amis arsi ki, uwinares yovlisa,
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebad 274) SeCvenebuli fufunebis
Tvalis momWreli formebis RirebulebiT SefasebaSi
mdgomareobs, rac esoden axlos iyo feodalur
suliskveTebasTan, qonebis, calkeuli adamianisa da
mTeli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo miznebisaTvis,
RvTisaTvis sasurveli racionaluri da utilitaristuli wesiT
gamoyenebas rom upirispirdeba. askeza
SeZlebulTagan xorcis mokvdinebas 275) ki ara, saWiro
da praqtikulad sasargeblo sagnebisaTvis iTxovda
sakuTari qonebis moxmarebas. cneba "comfort" metad
niSandoblivad moicavs qonebis gamoyenebis eTikurad
dasaSveb mizanTa wres da, bunebrivia, SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom cxovrebis imgvari stilis Camoyalibeba,
romelic xsenebul cnebas ukavSirdeba, yvelaze adre da
yvelaze naTlad swored am msoflmxedvelobis yvelaze
Tanamimdevrul momxreebTan: kvekerebTan,
SeimCneva. aramyar ekonomikur safuZvelze mdgari
raindobis, zomier sisadaves gacveTil eleganturobas
rom anacvalebs, yalbi brwyinvalebis moCvenebiTobasa
da elvarebas, maT burJuaziuli "home" (saxlis) sufTa da
soliduri myudroebis ideali daupirispires 276).
kerZomeurneobrivi dovlaTis warmoebis
damcveli askeza, arakeTilsindisierebasac iseve
ebrZoda, rogorc instinqtur sixarbes, _ vinaidan swored
amas gmobda igi, rogorc "covetousness", rogorc
"mamonizms" da a.S. anu gamdidrebis saboloo mizniT

207
simdidrisaken swrafvas. radgan qoneba, rogorc aseTi,
cTunebas warmoadgenda. magram aq ki askeza ukve
im Zalad gardaiqmneboda, "romelsac mudam sikeTe
unda da mudam borotebas iqms" _ yovel SemTxvevaSi
misi gagebiT borotebas anu qonebas da mis
cTunebebs. vinaidan saqme marto is ki ar iyo, rom igi,
Zvel aRTqmasTan da "keTil saqmeTa" eTikur
SefasebasTan srul TanxmobaSi, simdidrisaken, rogorc
miznisken, swrafvaSi saZraxisi qmedebis mwvervals
xedavda, xolo simdidris mopovebaSi ki, rogorc
profesiuli saqmianobis nayofSi _ RvTis kurTxevas;
aramed kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rom: dauRalavi,
gamudmebuli, sistematuri, saero profesiuli
saqmianobis, rogorc umaRlesi asketuri saSualebis da,
amavdroulad, adamianis aRorZinebulobisa da misi
rwmenis WeSmaritebis, yvelaze utyuari da xiluli
mtkicebulebis religiuri Sefaseba amgvari msoflxedvis
gavrcelebisTvis is umZlavresi berketi unda yofiliyo,
rasac Cven kapitalizmis "suliskveTeba" vuwodeT 277).
da Tuki moxmarebis SezRudvas momxveWelobisaken
swrafvis gaTavisuflebasTan gavaerTianebT, maSin amis
obieqturi Sedegi iZulebiTi asketuri xelmomWirneobis
meSveobiT kapitalis Seqmna iqneba 278).
dabrkolebebi, romlebic dovlaTis momxmareblur
xarjvas eRobeboda, kapitaldabandebis saxiT mis
mwarmoeblur gamoyenebas unda wasdgomoda
sasikeTod. Tu ra siZlieris iyo es zemoqmedeba, cxadia,
aranair zust ricxvobriv gansazRvrebas ar
eqvemdebareba. axal inglisSi xsenebuli urTierTkavSiri
imdenad xelSesaxebad ikveTeba, rom es iseTi
SesaniSnavi istorikosis Tvals, rogoric doili iyo, ar
gamohparvia 279). arada, holandiaSic, sadac mkacri
kalvinizmis batonobam sinamdvileSi mxolod Svid wels
gastana, WeSmaritad religiurad ganwyobil wreebSi
gamefebulma yofis sisadavem uzarmazari simdidris
fonze kapitalis dagrovebisadmi gadametebuli ltolva
gamoiwvia 280). garda amisa, dResaviT naTelia, rom

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yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebul da CvenTan dRemde
SemorCenil burJuaziuli qonebis "gaaznaurebis"
tendencias feodaluri cxovrebis formebis mimarT,
puritanizmis antipaTiis, gamo sagrZnobi winaRoba
unda Seqmnoda. XVII saukunis ingliseli merkantilisti-
avtorebi inglisur kapitalze holandiuris upiratesobas
imiT asabuTebdnen, rom holandiaSi, inglisisgan
gansxvavebiT, nakleb eswrafvodnen, rom axlad
SeZenili qoneba, rogorc wesi, miwaSi daebandebinaT
da igi _ esaa aq umTavresi da ara mxolod miwis
Sesyidva TavisTavad _ feodalur cxovrebis wesze
gadayvaniT gaeaznaurebinaT da am gziT kapitalisturi
gamoyenebis sferosTvis CamoecilebinaT 281). soflis
meurneobis, rogorc gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani,
RvTismosaobisTvis aseve gamorCeulad xelSemwyobi
dargis, puritanTa mierac gaziarebuli maRali Sefaseba
(mag., baqsterTan), lendlordebs ki ar exeboda, aramed
iomenebsa da fermerebs, XVIII saukuneSi ki ara _
iunkrebs, aramed "racionalur" soflis meurnes 282).
XVII saukunidan inglisis sazogadoebaSi Cndeba
ganxeTqileba "mxiaruli beberi inglisis"
warmomadgenlebs, "skvairebsa" da metad aramyari
sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis matarebel puritanul wreebs
Soris 283). erTi mxriv, Seuryeveli alali sicocxlis
xalisisa da, meore mxriv ki, mkacrad mowesrigebuli da
gawonasworebuli TavdaWerilobis da miRebuli eTikuri
normebisadmi upirobo morCilebis es orive niSan-
Tviseba dRemde inglisur "erovnul xasiaTSi"
erTmaneTis gverdigverd dgas 284). da aseve mkveTri
dapirispirebuloba Cans Crdiloamerikuli kolonizaciis
uZveles istoriaSi _ "adventurers" (avantiuristebs),
romlebic "indented servants" (eqspluatirebul monaTa)
Sromis xarjze plantaciebis gaSenebas da batonkacurad
cxovrebas eltvodnen, da puritanTa specifikurad
burJuaziul ganwyobas Soris 285).
sadamdec ki puritanuli msoflmxedvelobis
Zalaufleba swvdeboda, is nebismier SemTxvevaSi _ da

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bunebrivia, es imaze ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
kapitalis SeqmnisaTvis ubralo xelSewyoba _ sasikeTod
adgeboda cxovrebis warmarTvis burJuaziuli,
ekonomikurad racionaluri wesis damkvidrebis
tendencias; is iyo misi umTavresi da, pirvel yovlisa,
misi erTaderTi Tanamimdevruli gamtarebeli. man
daarwia Tanamedrove "ekonomikuri adamianis"
akvani. cxadia, cxovrebis es puritanuli idealebi ver
umklavdeboda puritanTaTvisac esoden kargad nacnob
simdidris moZalebul "cTunebaTa" mZime gamocdas.
gamudmebiT vawydebiT puritanuli suliskveTebis
yvelaze WeSmarit mimdevarT aRzevebis gzaze axlad
Semdgari wvrilburJuaziisa da fermerTa fenis rigebSi
286) da TviT kvekerTa Sorisac ki "beati possedentes"
(qonebiT netarT), romlebic mzad arian xeli aiRon Zvel
idealebze 287). aq kvlav igive xvedri iyo, romelsac
saero askezis winamorbedi Sua saukuneebis
samonastro askeza, gamudmebiT ewireboda, rogorc ki
meurneobis racionaluri marTva am mkacrad
mowesrigebuli cxovrebisa da momWirneobis savaneSi
srulad gaifurCqneboda, mopovebuli qonebis an
uSualod _ rogorc rwmenis gaxleCamde periodSi _
feodalizeba xdeboda an samonastro disciplinas sruli
daqceva emuqreboda da maSin saqmeSi
mravalricxovan "reformaTagan" erT-erTis Carevis dro
dgeboda. ordenTa danawesebis mTeli istoriac xom
garkveuli azriT, qonebis masekularizebel
zegavlenasTan mudmiv ganaxlebad Widils
warmoadgens. igive iTqmis grandiozuli masStabiT
puritanizmis saero askezazec. meTodizmis Zalumi
"revival", romelic win uswrebs XVIII saukunis
miwurulisTvis inglisuri industriis ayvavebas, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia amgvar samonastro reformasTan iqnas
Sedarebuli. aq marTebuli iqneboda adgili migveCina
jon ueslis erTi pasaJisTvis 288), romelic yovelive
aqamde naTqvamisTvis epigrafad gamodgeboda.
vinaidan mowmobs imas, Tu raoden absoluturad

210
naTlad hqondaT gaazrebuli asketur mimdinareobaTa
mesveurT aq ganxiluli, erTi SexedviT, esoden
paradoqsuli urTierTmimarTebebi da Tanac savsebiT
Cvenebur yaidaze 289). igi wers:
"vSiSob, rom yvelgan, sadac ki simdidrem
imata, iq im wiladve iklo religiurma SemarTebam.
amdenad, saganTa arsidan gamomdinare, Znelad
mesaxeba, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaxdes SesaZlebeli
WeSmariti religiurobis xangrZlivi droiT aRorZineba.
vinaidan religiam aucileblad unda warmoSvas rogorc
Sromismoyvareoba (industry), ise momWirneoba
(frugality), amas ki sxva araferi mosdevs, Tu ara
simdidris warmoqmna. magram, roca simdidre
matulobs, maSinve matulobs ampartavnoba, vneba da
amqveyniur siameTa mimarT siyvarulic mTeli maTi
mravalferovnebiT. mainc rogor unda gamxdariyo
SesaZlebeli, rom meTodizmi, es gulis religia, Tundac
am momentisaTvis amwvanebul xesaviT ayvavebuli,
am dReSi aRmoCeniliyo? meTodistebi yvelgan
muyaiTobasa da momWirneobas iCenen; Sedegad
matulobs maTi baraqac. amasTanave izrdeba maTi
siamaye, xorciel da amqveyniur siameTa mimarT maTi
miswrafebac da qedmaRloba. amrigad, marTalia,
religiis forma SenarCunebulia, magram suli TandaTan
qreba. nuTu ar arsebobs am wminda religiis ganuxreli
dacemis SeCerebis gza? adamianebs xeli ar unda
SevuSaloT, gamrjeni da momWirneni rom iynen. Cven
yvela qristians unda SevagonoT, moipovon is, risi
mopovebac SeuZliaT da dazogon is, risi dazogvac
SeuZliaT, saboloo jamSi es niSnavs: gamdidrdnen."
(Semdeg amas mosdevs Segoneba, rom maT, vinc
"yvelafers moipoveben, rac SeuZliaT da, yvelafers
dazogaven, rac SeuZliaT" aseve "rac SeuZliaT,
yvelaferi unda gascen", raTa imatos maTma
madlmosilebam da caTa Sina saunje daagrovon). _
rogorc vxedavT, aq calkeul wvrilmanebSic ki Tavis

211
gamoxatulebas poulobs Cvens mier ganxiluli
urTierTmimarTebebi 290).
Tavisi sruli ekonomikuri zegavlena (zustad ise,
rogorc amas uesli ambobs), im mZlavrma religiurma
moZraobebma, romelTa mniSvneloba sameurneo
ganviTarebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, maT asketur
aRmzrdelobiT unarSi mdgomareobda, rogorc wesi,
mxolod mas Semdeg gaavrcela, rac wminda religiuri
enTuziazmis mwvervali ukve gadalaxuli iqna, rac RvTis
sauflos Ziebis krunCxva TandaTanobiT fxizel profesiul
siqveled iwyebda gardaqmnas da utilitaristul
amqveyniurobas uTmobda adgils, _ anu rodesac,
doudenis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xalxur fantaziaSi
"robinzon kruzom", izolirebulma ekonomikurma
adamianma, romelic garkveulwilad misionerul
saqmianobasac eweva 291), "amaoebis bazridan"
zeciuri sauflosaken Sinaganad euli miswrafebiT devnili
benianiseuli "piligrimis" adgili daikava. Tuki amis
Semdeg fexi: "to make the best of both worlds" _
"orive samyaros SesaZleblobebis saukeTesod
gamoyenebis" principma moikida, maSin, aseve
doudenis SeniSvnis Tanaxmad, mSvidi sindisi
komfortuli burJuaziuli cxovrebis saSualebaTa mwkrivSi
unda moqceuliyo, rac aseve moxdeniladaa gamoxatuli
germanul andazaSi "rbili sasTumalis" Sesaxeb. is, rac
XVII saukunis religiuri TvalsazrisiT boboqarma epoqam
Tavis utilitaristul memkvidres mziTevSi gaatana, iyo
araCveulebrivad mSvidi _ Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT,
farisevlurad mSvidi _ sindisi sarfiani saqmianobisas,
oRond Tu mas kanonieri forma hqonda. "Deo placere
vix potest" _ "es RmerTisTvis sasurveli rodi iqneba" _
amis kvalic ki gamqrali iyo 292). warmoiSva
specifikurad burJuaziuli profesiuli eTosi. imis sruli
SegnebiT, rom RvTis absoluturi madli hfaravda da
misgan xilulad iyo kurTxeuli, burJua-mewarmes, Tuki is
formaluri koreqtulobis farglebSi rCeboda, misi
zneobrivi saqcieli uzado iyo, xolo mis mier sakuTari

212
simdidris gamoyeneba gakicxvas ar imsaxurebda,
SeeZlo da valdebulic ki iyo sakuTari mogebis
interesebis sasargeblod emoqmeda. amas garda,
religiuri askezis wyalobiT mis gankargulebaSi
aRmoCndnen fxizeli, keTilsindisieri, uCveulod
Sromisunariani da Sromaze rogorc RvTisTvis sasurvel
cxovrebis mizanze mijaWvuli mSromelebi 293).
amasTanave, askezam mas imaSi guldaarxeinebuli
darwmunebulobac uboZa, rom amqveyniur sikeTeTa
araTanabari gadanawileba RvTis gangebis
gansakuTrebul namoqmedars warmoadgens, romelic
am gansxvavebebiT iseve, rogorc SerCeviTi madlis
gardmofeniT RvTis idumal, CvenTvis miuwvdomel
miznebs axorcielebs 294). jer kidev kalvins ekuTvnis is
xSirad citirebuli gamonaTqvami, rom mxolod siRaribeSi
darCenis SemTxvevaSi iqneba "xalxi" anu mSromelTa
da xelosanTa masa RvTis morCili 295).
niderlandelebma (piter de la kurma da sxvebma) amis
"sekularizeba" Semdegnairad moaxdines: adamianTa
masa Sromobs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas
gaWirveba ubiZgebs da amgvarad formulirebuli
kapitalisturi meurneobis laitmotivi sabolood dabali
xelfasebis "mwarmoebelunarianobis" Teoriis nakads
SeuerTda. aqac, ganviTarebis im sqemis Sesabamisad,
romelsac mudmivad vawydebodiT, ideas, misi religiuri
fesvebis kvdomasTan erTad, sruliad SeumCnevlad
utilitaruli elferi eZleoda. Sua saukuneebis eTika
maTxovrobas ara marto iTmenda, aramed mas
meroWike berTa ordenebSi ganadidebda kidec. saero
maTxovrebic, romlebic SeZlebul adamians mowyalebis
meSveobiT keTil saqmeTa qmnis saSualebas
aZlevdnen, zogjer "wodebadac" ki iyvnen
moxseniebulni da Sefasebulni. jer kidev stuartTa
anglikanuri socialuri eTika iyo am poziciasTan Zalze
daaxloebuli. da mxolod puritanul askezas ewera
gadamwyveti roli eTamaSa RaribTaTvis im sastiki
inglisuri kanonmdeblobis SeqmnaSi, romelmac

213
safuZvlianad Secvala saqmis viTareba. da man es
kidec SeZlo, radgan protestantuli seqtebi da mkacrad
puritanuli erTobebi sakuTar garemocvaSi maTxovrobas
marTlac ar icnobdnen 296).
meore mxriv ki, sakiTxs mSromelTa poziciidan Tu
mivudgebiT, mag., pietizmis cincendorfiseuli
saxesxvaoba sakuTari xelobis erTgul im muSaks
aidealebda, romelic sargebels ki ar eswrafvis, aramed
mociqulTa magaliTis mibaZviT cxovrobs da,
maSasadame, qristes mowafeTa qarizma aqvs 297).
Tavdapirvelad kidev ufro radikaluri formiT iyo
baptistebTan msgavsi Tvalsazrisi gavrcelebuli.
marTlac, TiTqmis yvela aRmsareblobis asketuri
literatura erTianad im azriTaa gamsWvaluli, rom
patiosani Sroma dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevaSic ki
imis mxridan, visac cxovrebam sxvafriv aranairi sxva
Sansebi ar arguna, uflisaTvis ukiduresad saamur
saqmes warmoadgens. amaSi protestantul askezas
sakuTriv aranairi siaxle ar Seutania. magram man ara
marto usazRvrod gaaRrmava es Tvalsazrisi, aramed
Sehmata arsebul normas is, rac saboloo jamSi mis
gavlenas gansazRvravda: fsiqologiuri impulsi, romelic
Cndeboda am Sromis, rogorc mowodebis, rogorc
sakuTar madlmosilebaSi darwmunebulobis saukeTeso
da sabolood erTaderTi saSualebis gaazrebis wyalobiT
298). meore mxriv ki, man moaxdina Sromis amgvari
specifikuri mosurneobis eqspluataciis legalizeba,
ramdenadac mewarmis fulis Sovnis miswrafebac
"mowodebad" gamoacxada 299). dResaviT naTelia, Tu
raoden Zlierad unda Seewyo xeli Sromis
"produqtiulobisTvis" sityvis kapitalisturi gagebiT, RvTis
sasufevlisken erTaderT swrafvas mowodebad gagebuli
SromiTi movaleobis aRsrulebis gziT da mkacr askezas,
romelsac eklesiuri disciplina, bunebrivia, swored
upovarTa klass uqvemdebarebda. Sromisadmi, rogorc
"mowodebisadmi", midgoma Tanamedrove
mSromelisTvis iseve damaxasiaTebeli iyo, rogorc

214
mewarmesaTvis qonebis dagrovebis Sesabamisad
gaazreba. es maSindeli saqmis axleburi viTarebis
asaxvas warmoadgenda, rodesac iseTi gamWriaxi
damkvirvebeli, rogoric ser uiliam petti iyo, XVII
saukunis holandiis ekonomikur siZlieres imiT xsnida,
rom iq metad didia "dissenterTa" (kalvinistebisa da
baptistebis) ricxvi, romlebic "Sromasa da samewarmeo
muyaiTobas RvTis winaSe TavianT movaleobad"
miiCneven. "organul" socialur mowyobas misi im
fiskalur-monopolisturi formiT, romelic man
anglikanizmSi stuartebis xanaSi, kerZod ki lodis
koncefciaSi, SeiZina: _ "monopolistebTan"
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis qristianul-socialur niadagze
damyarebul amgvar kavSirs puritanizmi, romlis
warmomadgenelnic saxelmwifos mier privilegirebuli,
vaWarTa, SemsyidvelTa da kolonialistTa am saxis
kapitalizmis mgznebare mowinaaRmdegeni iyvnen,
upirispirebda sakuTar fxianobaze da inciativaze
dafuZnebul qonebis racionaluri legaluri dagrovebis
individualur impulsebs, romlebic _ maSin, rodesac
inglisSi saxelmwifos mier privilegirebuli monopolisturi
industriebi male mTlianad gaqra _ gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobda axlad warmoqmnili industriuli dargebis
CamoyalibebaSi saxelmwifo xelisufalTa gareSe,
nawilobriv maT miuxedavad an sulac sawinaaRmdegod
300). puritanebi (prini, parkeri), uars acxadebdnen
msxvilkapitalisturi yaidis "kariskacebTan da
proJektiorebTan" rogorc eTikurad saeWvo klasTan
yovelgvar TanamSromlobaze da amayobdnen sakuTari
burJuaziuli saqmosnobis moralis upiratesobiT, rasac im
devnis WeSmarit mizezad miiCnevdnen, romelsac isini
xsenebuli wreebisagan ganicdidnen. jer kidev defo
ayenebda winadadebas, rom dissenterTa winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi warmatebisaTvis sabanko Tamasuqebis
boikotisa da anabarTa denonsaciis gziT mieRwiaT. am
orive saxis kapitalisturi saqmianobis dapirispirebuloba
didwilad Seesatyviseboda maT Soris arsebul religiur

215
dapirispirebulobas. nonkonformistTa
mowinaaRmdegeni maT XVIII saukuneSic ki kvlav
dacinviT "spirit of shopkeepers" (meduqnis
suliskveTebis) matareblebad moixseniebdnen da
devnidnen rogorc Zvelinglisuri idealebis damRupvelT.
amaze iyo agreTve dafuZnebuli puritanuli da iudaisturi
sameurneo eTosis dapirispirebulobac da ukve
Tanamedroveebma (prini) icodnen, rom maTgan pirveli
da ara meore, warmoadgenda burJuaziul saneurneo
eToss 301).
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi suliskveTebis da ara
mxolod misi, aramed Tanamedrove kulturis erT-erTi
konstitutiuri Semadgeneli nawili: profesiuli mowodebis
ideaze dafuZnebuli cxovrebis racionalurad warmarTva
warmoSobilia _ es unda daemtkicebina winamdebare
gamokvlevas _ qristianuli askezis suliskveTebidan.
sakmarisia, am naSromis dasawyisSi citirebuli
frankliniseuli traqtatis xelaxla gadakiTxva imaSi
dasarwmunrblad, rom iq "kapitalizmis suliskveTebad"
moxsniebuli azrovnebis wesis umniSvnelovanesi
elementebi swored isaa, rac Cven zeviT gamovavlineT,
rogorc puritanuli profesiuli askezis Sinaarsi 302),
oRond religiuri fundamentirebis gareSe, rac franklinis
dros ukve dromoWmuli iyo. _ axali araa arc is
mosazreba, rom Tanamedrove profesiul saqmianobas
asketizmis beWedi azis. sakuTari dargobrivi
saqmianobiT Semofargvla, faustiseul adamianur
yovelmxrivobaze (rac am SemofargvliTaa
ganpirobebuli) uaris TqmasTan erTad Tanamedrove
samyaroSi rom sazogadod Rirebuli qmedebis
winapirobas warmoadgens anu is, rom "saqme" da
"TviTaRkveTa" dReisaTvis uciloblad urTierTs
ganapirobeben: burJuaziuli cxovrebis stilis es Zireuli
motivi _ Tuki mas surs iyos stili da ara stilisgan daclili
ram _ undoda CvenTvis ganemarta goeTes Tavisi
cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis mwvervalze, "mogzaurobis
wlebSi" da sicocxlis im dasasrulSi, romelic man Tavis

216
fausts arguna 303). goeTesaTvis amis Secnoba
niSnavda srulyofili da mSvenieri adamianurobis im
epoqasTan rezignirebul gamomSvidobebas, romelic
Cveni kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi iseve veRar
ganmeordeba, rogorc antikurobaSi aTenis gafurCqvnis
periodi. puritans surda profesionali yofiliyo, _ Cven
unda viyoT profesionalebi. vinaidan ramdenadac
askezam monastris senakidan profesiul saqmianobaSi
gadmoinacvla da saero zneobas daepatrona, Tavis
mxriv, xeli Seuwyo meqanikur-manqanuri produqciis
Tanamedrove teqnikur da ekonomikur winapirobebze
mijaWvuli sameurneo wesrigis grandiozuli kosmosis
agebas, romelic dRes am mamoZravebel meqanizmSi
dabadebidanve momwyvdeuli nebismieri calkeuli
adamianis _ da ara mxolod uSualod ekonomikurad
dasaqmebulis _ cxovrebis stils gausaZlisi zewoliT
gansazRvravs da albaT manamde iqneba amis
ganmsazRvreli, vidre ar Caiferfleba sawvavis
ukanaskneli centneri. mxolod rogorc "msubuqi
mosasxami, romelic nebismier wams SeiZleba
moviciloT", unda yofiliyo garegnul sikeTeebze zrunva,
baqsteris azriT, mis wmindanTa mxrebze mogdebuli
304). oRond bedisweram mosasxami foladisebr
javSnad aqcia. ramdenadac askeza samyaros
gardaqmnas da masze zemoqmedebas Seudga,
amqveyniurma garegnulma sikeTeebma adamianze sul
ufro meti da, sabolood, imgvari TavdauRweveli
Zalaufleba moipova, rogoric manamde ar axsovs
istorias. dRes misi suli _ vin icis sabolood Tu ara? _ am
garsidan gaqra. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gamarjvebul
kapitalizms mas Semdeg, rac is meqanikur safuZvelze
damkvidrda, es sayrdeni aRar esaWiroeba. misi
mocinari memkvidris: ganmanaTleblobis, vardisferi
ocnebebic sabolood gafermkrdalda da, rogorc odindel
religiur rwmenaTa Sinaarsi, "profesiuli movaleobis"
idea, moCvenebasaviT daexeteba Cvens cxovrebaSi.
iq, sadac "profesiuli movaleobis aRsruleba" kulturis

217
umaRles sulier RirebulebebTan uSualo kavSirSi ver
modis _ an Tu piriqiT, subieqturad ubralod ekonomikur
zewolad ar unda iqnes aRqmuli _, aseT SemTxvevaSi
dRevandeli adamiani, umeteswilad, saerTod xels iRebs
mis arsSi Cawvdomaze. misi absoluturi gaTavisuflebis
sivrceSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sakuTari religiur-
eTikuri sazrisisagan daclili qonebis dagrovebisken
swrafva dRes iqeTkenaa midrekili, rom wminda
agonalur vnebebTan iyos asocirebuli, rac mas arcTu
iSviaTad sportul xasiaTs sZens 305). jer aravin icis, Tu
vin dasaxldeba im samyofelSi an gamoCndebian Tu ara
am gasaocari ganviTarebis gzis dasaruls sruliad axali
winaswarmetyvelebi da mosalodnelia Tu ara Zveli
ideebisa da idealebis Zalumi aRorZineba, xolo Tu
msgavsi araferi moxdeba, xom ar daisadgurebs
erTgvarad piradi mniSvnelobis TviTdamkvidrebis
konvulsiuri mcdelobiT Selamazebuli meqanizirebuli
gaqvavebuloba. maSin ki am kulturuli evoluciis
"ukanaskneli adamianebis" mimarT WeSmaritebad
iqceva sityvebi: "profesionalebi sulis gareSe, tkbobis
moyvarulni gulis gareSe: da es araraoba Tavis Tavze
iqmnis warmodgenas, rom miaRwia adamianobis
dRemde miuwvdomel safexurs". _
oRond am gziT Cven RirebulebiTi da religiuri
Sefasebebis sferoSi gadaviWrebiT, riTic winamdebare
wminda istoriuli saxis gamokvleva ar unda iqnes
gadatvirTuli. Cveni uwinaresi amocanaa:
warmovaCinoT social-politikuri eTikis SinaarsisTvisac,
Sesabamisad, organizaciis saxisa da socialur erTobaTa
funqciisaTvis, moyolebuli religiuri Temidan, vidre
saxelmwifomde, asketuri racionalizmis, winamdebare
narkvevSi mxolod zedapirulad moxazuli, mniSvneloba.
Semdeg gaanalizebuli unda iqnas humanisturi
racionalizmis 306) da misi sasicocxlo idealebisa da
kulturuli zegavlenebis mimarT asketuri racionalizmis
damokidebuleba, mogvianebiT ki filosofiuri da
samecniero empirizmis ganviTarebis, teqnikuri

218
ganviTarebisa da kulturis sulieri faseulobebis mimarT.
dabolos, Tvali unda migvedevnebina racionaluri
askezis istoriuli qmnadobisaTvis, moyolebuli saero
askezis Suasaukuneobrivi Canasaxebidan, vidre misi
wminda wylis utilitarizmad Camoyalibebamde asketuri
religiurobis gavrcelebis calkeul regionebSi. mxolod am
gziT SeiZleba dadgindes asketuri protestantizmis
kulturuli mniSvneloba Tanamedrove kulturis sxva
plastikur elementebTan SedarebiT. aq ki jerjerobiT
SevecadeT misi zegavlenis faqti da forma erTaderT,
TumcaRa mniSvnelovan punqtSi mis motivebamde
dagveyvana. Semdeg unda warmoCeniliyo, Tu ra saxiT
ganicada, Tavis mxriv, protestantulma askezam misi
qmnadobisa da sakuTari Taviseburebis formirebis
procesSi, sazogadoebrivi kulturuli faqtorebis
erTobliobis, metadre ki ekonomikuris, mxridan gavlena
307). vinaidan, Tumca Tanamedrove adamians didi
survilis miuxedavad, mTlianobaSi arafriT ar Seswevs
unari, srulad warmoidginos is mniSvneloba, rac religiur
ideaTa Sinaarss cxovrebis wesze, kulturaze da erovnul
sulze sinamdvileSi hqonda, _ Cveni mizani mainc ver
iqneboda, calmxrivad "materialisturi" interpretacia
aseve calmxrivad spiritualisturi da kauzaluri kulturul-
istoriuli interpretaciiT Cagvenaclebina. orive Tanabrad
dasaSvebia 308), magram orive maTgani naklebad
emsaxureba istoriul WeSmaritebas, Tuki isini wina
mosamzadebel samuSaos ki ar warmoadgenen,
aramed gamokvlevis dagvirgvinebad moaqvT Tavi
309).

219
1) cvinglianizms sagangebod ar SevexebiT, vinaidan
man xanmokle Zlevamosilebis Semdeg swrafad
dakarga mniSvneloba. _ "arminianizmi", romlis
dogmaturi Tavisebureba predestinaciis dogmis
mZafrad formulirebul uaryofaSi mdgomareobda da
romelic "saero askezas" ugulvebelyofda, rogorc seqta,
mxolod holandiaSi (da SeerTebul StatebSi) iqna
konstituirebuli da am TavSi igi CvenTvis interess
moklebulia an mxolod negatiur interess aRZravs,
radganac is holandiaSi savaWro patriciatis konfesias
warmoadgenda (amis Sesaxeb ix. mogvianebiT). mis
dogmatikas scnobda anglikanuri eklesia da umetesi
meTodisturi denominaciebi. mis "erastianul" (anu
saxelmwifo suverenitetis saeklesio saqmeebzec
gavrcelebis mxardamWer) pozicias iziarebda yvela
politikurad dainteresebuli instancia, rogorc grZeli
parlamenti da elisabedi inglisSi, aseve niderlandebis
SeerTebuli Statebi, gansakuTrebiT ki, oldenbarneveldti.
2) "puritanizmis" cnebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
uwinares yovlisa ix: Sanford, Studies and Reflections of
the Great Rebellion, S. 65 f. yvelgan, sadac ki am
gamoTqmiT vsargeblobT, mas mudam im
mniSvnelobiT viyenebT, romelic man XVII saukunis
yoveldRiur enaSi SeiZina: man moicva asketuri
mimarTulebis religiuri moZraobebi holandiasa da
inglisSi, ganurCevlad maTi saeklesio mowyobis
programebisa da dogmebisa, maSasadame
"intependentebis", kongregacionalistebis, baptistebis,
menonitebisa da kvekerebis CaTvliT.
3) es sruliad mcdarad iqna gagebuli mocemuli
sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas. gansakuTrebiT zombarti,
magram agreTve brentanoc sistematurad imowmeben
eTikosi avtorebis (umetesad ki maTi, visac Cemi
meSveobiT gaecvnen) nawerebs, rogorc cxovrebiseuli
wesebis kodifikaciebs, ise rom arc ki kiTxuloben, Tu
romeli maTganisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, erTaderTi qmediTunariani sulis xsnis jildo.

220
4) imis gansakuTrebuli xazgasma albaT arc unda
mWirdebodes, rom es narkvevi, yvelgan, sadac ki mas
dogmatikis sferosTan Sexeba uxdeba, eyrdnoba
literaturas eklesiisa da dogmaTa istoriis Sesaxeb anu
masalas "meore xelidan" da, amdenad, araviTar
pretenzias ar acxadebs "originalurobaze". TavisTavad
cxadia, rom SeZlebisdagvarad Sevecade
CavRrmavebodi reformaciis istoriis wyaroebs. magram
amasTan erTad, TeologTa mravali aTeuli wlis intensiuri
da gawafuli Sromis ignorireba, nacvlad imisa, rom
wyaroebis Seswavlisas swored amiT mexelmZRvanela
_ rac isedac sruliad garduvali Seiqna _ Cemis mxriv,
metismeti Tavdajerebuloba iqneboda. imedi unda
viqonio, rom narkvevis iZulebiT simcires formulirebaTa
uzustoba ar gamouwvevia da rom, sagnobrivi
TvalsazrisiT mainc, Tavidan avicile seriozuli
gaugebrobani. nebismierisTvis, vinc naziarebia
umniSvnelovanes Teologiur literaturas, raime "axals"
es gamokvleva imdenad Seicavs, ramdenadac
yvelaferi, CvenTvis sagulisxmo aspeqtebzea dayvanili,
romelTagan zogierTi CvenTvis sruliad gadamwyveti, _
rogorc magaliTad, askezis racionaluri xasiaTi da misi
mniSvneloba Tanamedrove "cxovrebis stilisTvis", _
savsebiT bunebrivad scildeba RvTismetyvelTa
interesebs. mas Semdeg, rac es statia gamoqveynda,
sakiTxis am da sazogadod sociologiur mxareebs
sistematurad ikvlevs e. trolCi zemoT citirebul naSromSi
_ romlis "gerhardi da melanxtoni" iseve, rogorc
mravalricxovani recenziebi gamocemaSi: "Göttinger
gelehrte Anzeigen" ,_ misi didi Sromis garkveul
wanamZRvrebs Seicaven. ukve TavisTavad adgilis
simciris gamo citirebulia ara yvelaferi, rac ki
gamoyenebuli iqna, aramed mxolod is Sromebi,
romelTac Sesabamisi teqstis nawili eyrdnoba an
exmianeba. es arc Tu iSviaTad Zvel avtorTa Sromebia,
Tuki CvenTvis saintereso aspeqtebi maTTvisac ucxo
araa. germanuli biblioTekebis sruliad

221
aradamakmayofilebel finansur uzrunvelyofas mosdevs
is, rom "provinciaSi" umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebisa da
Sromebis mokle droiT gamoTxovna mxolod berlinidan
an sxva didi biblioTekebidan SeiZleba. mxedvelobaSi
myavs foeti, baqsteri, taiermans uesli, yvela meTodisti,
baptisti da kvekeri avtori da, saerTodac, pirveli periodis
bevri mwerali, vinc ver moxvda "Corpus
Reformatorum"- Si. safuZvliani kvlevisaTvis yovelmxriv
aucilebelia inglisur da gansakuTrebiT amerikul
biblioTekebSi muSaoba. warmodgenili narkvevisaTvis,
cxadia, saWiro (da SesaZloc) iyo mTlianobaSi imas
davjerebodiT, risi mopovebac germaniaSi gaxda
SesaZlebeli. _ amerikaSi bolo periodis manZilze
universitetebis mier sakuTari "seqtanturi" warsulis
niSandoblivad gamiznuli uaryofa iwvevs imas, rom
biblioTekebi am saxis literaturidan cotas an xSirad
sulac arafers axals aRar iZenen _ esaa amerikuli
cxovrebis "sekularizaciis" im sazogado tendenciis erTi
maxasiaTebeli, romelic sul mokle xanSi istoriulad
Camoyalibebul erovnul xasiaTs mospobs da qveynis
ZiriTadi instituciebis azrs sruliad da sabolood Secvlis.
amitomac, upriania, soflis mcire orTodoqsuli seqtebis
kolejebs mivaSuroT.
5) SemdgomSi Cven pirvel yovlisa asketuri
mimarTulebebis warmomavlobiT, winapirobebiTa da
ganviTarebis istoriiT ki ar davinteresdebiT, aramed
maT ideur Sinaarss miviRebT ise, rogorc is srulad iqna
Camoyalibebuli, anu rogorc mocemul sidides.
6)kalvinisa da kalvinizmis Sesaxeb zogadad yvelaze
mets kampSultes fundamenturi naSromis garda erix
marksis gamokvlevidan ("Coligny") SevityobT.
kempbeli (Campbell, The Puritans in Holland, England
and Amerika, 2 Bde.) yvelgan kritikuli da
aratendenciuri rodia. mZafrad antikalvinisturi
ganwyobisaa pirsonis naSromi ix.: Pierson, Studien
over Johan Calvijn. holandiis istoriisaTvis motlis
gverdiT Sdr. niderlandeli klasikosebi, pirvel rigSi, Greon

222
van Prinsterer, Handboek der geschiedenis van het
vaderland; misive: La Hollande et l` influence de
Calvin (1864); _ Le parti antirévolutionnaire et
confessionnel dans l`église des Paays- Bas (1860
Tanamedrove holandiasTan dakavSirebiT); _ Semdeg,
pirvel yovlisa, Sdr.: Fruin, Tien jaren uit den
tachtigjarigen oorlog da, gansakuTrebiT, Naber,
Calvinist of Libertijnsch ; amas garda: W. J. F. Nuyens,
Geschiedenis van de kerkelyke an politieke geschillen
in de Republiek der Vereenigde Provincien
(Amsterdam, 1886). XIX saukunisTvis Sdr.: A. Köhler,
Die niederländische reformierte Kirche, Erlangen ,
1856. safrangeTisTvis polencis gverdiT aseve Baird,
Rise of the Huguenots; inglisisaTvis karlailis, makoleis,
masonisa da _ last not least _ rankes gverdiT, pirvel
rigSi, gardinerisa da firTis saxvadasxva naSromebi,
romelTa citirebas mogvianebiT movaxdenT da agreTve
mag., Taylor, A retrospect of the religious life in
England (1854) da vaingartenis SesaniSnavi wigni
Weingarten, "Die englischen Revolutions-Kirchen",
amasTan erTad e. trolCis statia inglisel "moralistebze"
gamocemaSi: Realenzyklopädie für Protestantische
Theologie und Kirche, 3. Aufl., Semdeg, raRa Tqma
unda, misive "Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und
Gruppen" da ed. bernStainis brwyinvale esse
gamocemaSi: "Geschichte des Sozialismus" (Stuttgart
1895, Bd. I S. 506 f.). saukeTeso bibliografia (7000-ze
meti dasaxeleba) deqsterTan: Dexter,
Congregationalism of the last 300 years (cxadia,
upiratesad _ magram ara mTlianad _ saeklesio
mowyobis sakiTxebze). es wigni mTeli TaviT maRla
dgas praisis (Price, History of Nonconformism), skitis
da sxva mkvlevarTa Sromebze. SotlandiisTvis Sdr.
mag., Sack, Die Kirche von Schottland (1844) da
literatura jon noksis Sesaxeb. amerikuli koloniebis
Sesaxeb mravalricxovani calkeuli gamokvlevebidan
gamoirCeva doilis naSromi: Doyle, The English in

223
Amerika. Semdeg: Daniel Wait Howe, The Puritan
Republic (Indianapolis, The Bowen-Merrill-Cy
publishers); J. Brown, The piligrim fathers of New
England and their Puritan successors (3d ed. Revell.).
Semdegi citatebi miTiTebul adgilze. moZRvrebaTa
gansxvavebulobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
winamdebare gamokvleva gansakuTrebiTaa davalebuli
Snekenburgeris adre citirebuli saleqcio kursisgan. _
riClis saetapo naSromi: Ritschl, Die christliche Lehre
von der Rechtfertigung und Versöhnung (3 Bde. aq
citirebulia mesame gamocemis mixedviT) istoriuli
kvlevisa da SefasebiTi gansjis Zlier urTierTSerwymaSi
avlens avtoris gamokveTil Taviseburebas, romelic mTeli
misi gonebrivi gamWriaxobis brwyinvalebis
miuxedavad mkiTxvels yovelTvis sruli "obieqturobis"
garantias ar aZlevs. magaliTad, roca is Snekenburgeris
gamokvlevas uarhyofs, CemTvis amis marTebuloba
xSirad saTuo rCeba, Tumc ise ar gavkadnierdebi, rom
Tavad vikisro saboloo gansja. garda amisa, rac mas,
vTqvaT, religiur ideaTa da ganwyobilebaTa uzarmazari
mravalferovnebidan Tavad luTerTanac ki "luTeriseul"
moZRvrebad miaCnia, rogorc Cans, xSirad misive
SefasebiTi gansjiTaa ganpirobebuli anu esaa is, rac
riClisaTvis luTeranobaSi mudmivad Rirebuls
warmoadgens. esaa luTeranoba, rogoric is unda
yofiliyo (riClis Tanaxmad) da ara is, rogoric igi iyo
sinamdvileSi. is, rom yvelgan viyenebT karl miuleris,
zeebergis da sxv. naSromebs, gansakuTrebul
aRniSvnas ar saWiroebs. _ Tuki me, mkiTxvelsac da
sakuTar Tavsac ganmartebaTa avbediTi simsivne
movuvline sasjelad, es iZulebis wesi imiT iyo
nakarnaxevi, raTa SesaZlebeli gamexada am narkvevSi
gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa Tundac zedapiruli
gadasinjva, zogierTi masTan dakavSirebuli Tvalsazrisis
miTiTebiT, pirvel rigSi, RvTismetyvelebaSi
gauTviTcnobierebel mkiTxvelTaTvis.

224
7) winamdebare narkvevTan dakavSirebiT, imTaviTve
dabejiTebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven aq kalvinis pirad
mosazrebebs ki ar ganvixilavT, aramed kalvinizms da
Tanac mxolod mis im formas, romelic man XVI
saukunis bolosa da XVII saukunis manZilze SeiZina
misi yovlismomcveli gavlenis regionebSi, romlebic
amavdroulad kapitalisturi kulturis sayrdens
warmoadgendnen. germania Tavdapirvelad sruliad
ganze rCeba, vinaidan kalvinizms wminda saxiT aq
arsad ar moucavs didi regionebi. bunebrivia,
"reformirebuli" araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris
"kalvinisturis" identuri.
8) ukve kembrijis universitetis mier kenterberis
arqiepiskoposTan SeTanxmebuli anglikanuri
aRmsareblobis XVII statiis deklaracia, 1595 wlis e.w.
lambeTis statiebi, (oficialuri koncefciisagan
gansxvavebiT) sruliad gamokveTilad sikvdilisaTvis
winaswarganwirulobasac rom qadagebdnen, ar iqna
dedoflis mier ratificirebuli. swored gamokveTilad
sikvdilisaTvis winaswarganwirulobas (da ara mxolod,
ufro lmobieri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, maradiuli sasjelis
"daSvebas") aniWebdnen radikalebi gadamwyvet
mniSvnelobas (rogorc vTqvaT, Hanserd Knollys
Confession).
9)sityvasityviT aq da SemdgomSi citirebuli kalvinisturi
simboloebis teqsti ix.: Karl Müller, Die
Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche. Leipzig
1903. Semdgomi citatebi miTiTebul adgilze.
10) Sdr. Savoy da (amerikuli) Hanserd Knollys
Confession. hugenotTa predestinacionizmis Sesaxeb
ix. agreTve polenci I, gv. 545.
11) miltonis Teologiis Sesaxeb ix. aibaxis statia
gamocemaSi: Theologische Studien und Kritiken , 1879
(am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, 1823 wels xelaxla
aRmoCenili "Doctrina Christiania"-s, Tauchnitz Ed. 185
S. 1 f. samneriseuli Targmanis gamo dawerili,
makoleiseuli esse zedapirulia), ufro dawvrilebiTi

225
monacemebisaTvis ix., marTalia, cota zedmetad
sqematurad agebuli masonis mTavari eqvstomiani
inglisuri naSromi da masze dafuZnebuli miltonis
Sterniseuli germanuli biografia. _ miltonma sakmaod
adre daiwyo ormagi dekretis formiT predestinaciis
moZRvrebis daZleva, vidre sabolood, xandazmulobaSi
qristes moZRvrebis sruliad Tavisufal rwmenas ar
miaRwia. sakuTar drosTan yovelgvari kavSirisagan
Tavis daRwevisaken misi swrafvis gamo igi, garkveuli
azriT, sebastian franks SegviZlia SevadaroT. oRond
miltoni praqtikul-pozitiuri, xolo franki ki arsebiTad
kritikuli bunebis pirovnebaa. miltoni "puritania" saero
cxovrebis farglebSi RvTiur nebaze sicocxlis racionaluri
orientirebis mxolod im farTo gagebiT, romelic
STamomavlobisTvis kalvinizmis maradiul
memkvidreobas warmoadgens. zustad imave
mniSvnelobiT frankisTvisac "puritani" SegveZlo
gvewodebina. orive "caluRela" Cveni ganxilvis farglebs
miRma rCeba.
12)"Hic est fidei summus gradus: credere Deum esse
clementem, qui tam paucos salvat, _ justum, qui sua
voluntate nos damnabiles facit" _ "rwmenis umaRlesi
xarisxi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: gwamdes, rom
RmerTi mowyalea, imdenad mcirericxovanTa mxsneli,
rom samarTliania, Tavisi nebiT Cveni imdagvarad
Semqmneli, rom Cven SeiZleba maradiuli sasjelisTvis
viyoT ganwirulni" _ ase gvauwyebs cnobili adgili
Sromidan: "De servo arbitrio"
13) oriveni, luTeri da kalvini, principSi _ ix. riClis
SeniSvnebi "pietizmis istoriaSi" da kiostlinis statia
"RmerTi" gamocemaSi: Realenzyklopädie für
Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, 3. Aufl., _ orgvar
RmerTs icnobdnen: axali aRTqmis gamocxadebul
mowyale da keTil mamas, _ vinaidan mas uWiravs
gabatonebuli adgili Institutio Christiana-s pirvel
wignebSi, _ da mis miRma "Deus absconditus" Tavis
neba-survilze ganmkargav despots. luTerTan mTlianad

226
axali aRTqmis RmerTma imZlavra, radgan is sul ufro
gaurboda metafizikur refleqsias, rogorc raRac
usargeblosa da saxifaTos, kalvinTan ki transcendentuli
RvTaebis ideam moipova cxovrebaze Zalaufleba.
popularobis gziT maval kalvinizmSi, cxadia, veRar
moxerxdeboda misi SenarCuneba, magram ara axali
aRTqmis zeciurma mamam, aramed Zveli aRTqmis
iahvem daikava transcendetuli RvTaebis adgili.
14) Semdgom msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr.:
Scheibe, Calvins Prädestinationslehre, Halle, 1897.
zogadad kalvinistur TeologiasTan dakavSirebiT ix:
Heppe, Dogmatik der evangelisch-reformierten Kirche.
Elberfeld 1861.
15) Corpus Refornatorum Vol. 77 p. 186 ff.
16) kalvinisturi moZRvrebis cnebis winamdebare
gansazRvrebis sakmaod msgavsi formulirebis
amokiTxva SeiZleba hoornbeekis wgnSi: Hoornbeek,
Theologia practica (Utrecht, 1663) L. II c.1: de
praedestinatione _ niSandoblivia, rom es monakveTi
uSualod mosdevs saTaurs: De Deo. teqstobriv
safuZvels hoornbeekisTvis efeselTa mimarT epistoles
pirveli Tavi warmoadgens. _ aq ar gvWirdeba
gavaanalizoT predestinaciasa da RvTiur gangebasTan
individis pasuxismgeblobis kombinirebisa da nebis
empiriuli "Tavisuflebis" gadarCenis mTeli rigi
araTanamimdevruli mcdelobebi rac, jer kidev
avgustinesTan, moZRvrebis pirvelad
CamoyalibebisTanave, daiwyo.
17) "The deepest community (RmerTTan) is found not
in institutions or corporations or churches, but in the
secrets of a solitary heart", "yvelaze mWidro
urTierToba (RmerTTan) myardeba ara instituciebSi an
korporaciebSi an eklesiebSi, aramed martoxela gulis
idumal siRrmeebSi", ase ayalibebs doudeni Tavis
mSvenier wignSi: Dowden, Puritan and Anglican (S.
234), arsebiT punqts. calkeuli adamianis amgvari Rrma
Sinagani simartove zustad asevea damaxasiaTebeli

227
por-roialis iansenistebisTvisac, romlebic
predestinianelebi iyvnen.
18) Contra qui hujusmodi coetum contemnunt ...
salutis sue certi esse non possunt; et qui in illo
contemtu perseverat electus non est. Olevian, de
subst. foed. p. 222. vinc, amgvarad ugulebelyofs
eklesias (kerZod eklesias, sadac wminda moZRvreba,
sakramentebi da saeklesio disciplina sufevs _ m.v.),
ver iqneba darwmunebuli Tavis xsnaSi, xolo is, vinc
amas daiJinebs, ar aris rCeuli (oleviani).
19)"marTalia amboben, rom RmerTma Tavisi Ze
moavlina kacTa modgmis saxsnelad, _ magram es ar
iyo misi mizani, mas dacemisagan mxolod ramdenimes
gadarCena undoda ..... da me geubnebiT Tqven, rom
RmerTi mxolod rCeulTaTvis mokvda..." (qadageba,
warmoTqmuli 1609 wels brokSi roges maxloblad, ix.:
Wtenbogaert II p. 9.; Sdr.: Nuyens a. a. O. II S. 232)
qristes Suamavlobis dasabuTeba aseve daxlarTulia
Hanserd Knollys Confession-Si. is, rom RmerTs
SeiZleboda amgvari saSualeba sulac ar dasWirveboda,
principSi, yvelgan winaswar aris daSvebuli.
20) am procesis Sesaxeb ix. statiebi "msoflio religiaTa
sameurneo eTikis" ("Wirtschaftsethik der
Weltreligionen") Sesaxeb. ukve Zvelisraeluri eTikis
gamorCeuli mdgomareoba Sinaarsobrivad masTan
axlo mdgom egviptur da babilonur eTikasTan
mimarTebaSi da misi ganviTareba, moyolebuli
winaswarmetyvelTa epoqidan, efuZneboda, rogorc
xsenebul statiebSi kidec gamoCndeba, Tavidan
bolomde erT Zireul garemoebas, kerZod ki,
sakramentur magiaze, rogorc xsnis gzaze, uaris
Tqmas.
21) yvelaze Tanamimdevruli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad,
naTlobac aseve mxolod pozitiuri ganawesis wyalobiT
iyo aucilebeli, magram sulis xsnisaTvis araviTar
aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda. amitomac moaxerxes
mkacrma puritanebma _ Sotlandielma da ingliselma

228
independentebma _ im principis gatareba, rom
aSkarad gankveTilTa Svilebi ar yofiliyvnen monaTlulni
(mag., loTebis Svilebi). zrdasrul adamians, romelsac
monaTvla ewada, magram ziarebisTvis jer kidev ar iyo
"momwifebuli", 1586 wlis edamis sinodi (muxli, 32, I)
mxolod maSin miiCnevda monaTvlis Rirsad, Tuki misi
yofaqceva unaklo iqneboda da naTlobis survili
crurwmeniT ar iyo ganpirobebuli ("sonder superstitie").
22)"grZnobiTi kulturis" mimarT amgvari uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba, rogorc mSvenivrad gaaSuqa
doudenma miTiTebul naSromSi, udaod, puritanizmis
konstitutiur elements warmoadgens.
23) gamoTqma "individualizmi" moicavs sruliad
heterogenul movlenebs. Tu ra moiazreba amiT Cvens
SemTxvevaSi, imedia, momdevno miniSnebebis
meSveobiT gaxdeba naTeli. sityvis sxva mniSvnelobiT,
luTeranobas "individualisturi" uwodes, radgan is ar
icnobs cxovrebis asketur reglamentirebas. sul sxva
mniSvnelobiT iyenebs magaliTad, ditrix Seferi am
sityvas, roca Tavis naSromSi "Zur Beurteilung des
Wormser Konkordats" (Abh. d. Berl. Akad. 1905) Sua
saukuneebs "gamokveTili individualobis" epoqas
uwodebs, radgan istorikosisaTvis relevanturi
xdomilebis iracionalur momentebs maSin imgvari
mniSvneloba hqondaT, rogoric dRes aRar gaaCniaT. igi
marTalia, magram albaT marTlebi arian isinic, visac is
Tavisi mosazrebebiT upirispirdeba, radgan orive mxare
sruliad gansxvavebul rames gulisxmobs, roca
"individualobasa" da "individualizmze" saubrobs. _
iakob burkhardtis genialuri formulirebebi dRes
nawilobriv moZvelebulia da cnebis safuZvliani,
istoriulad orientirebuli analizi swored axla mecnieruli
TvalsazrisiT metad Rirebuli iqneboda. bunebrivia,
swored amis sruliad sapirispiro movlenasTan gvaqvs
saqme, roca enobrivi TamaSebiT gataceba garkveul
istorikosebs imisken ubiZgebs, rom es cneba plakatur

229
stilSi "gansazRvron", mxolod imisaTvis, raTa is iarliyad
daakran romelime istoriul epoqas.
24) da aseve dapirispirebulia, oRond naklebi
simwvaviT, ufro gviandel kaTolikur moZRvrebasTan.
amis sanacvlod, agreTve madlis rCeulobis
moZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli, paskaliseuli Rrma
pesimizmi iansenisturi warmomavlobisaa da swored
aqedan gamomdinare, saero cxovrebas garidebuli,
miseuli individualizmi arafriT ar emTxveva kaTolicizmis
oficialur pozicias. amis Sesaxeb ix. ukve citirebuli
honigshaimis naSromi frangi iansenistebis Sesaxeb.
25) zustad asevea iansenistebTanac.
26) Bailey, Praxis pietatis (deutsche Ausg., Leipzig
1724, S. 187). agreTve Speneric (ix. me-3-e
gamocemis mixedviT citirebuli: Ph. J. Spener,
"Theologische Bedenken" Halle 1712) imave
Tvalsazrisze dgas: megobari iSviaTad iZleva rCevas
RvTis gandidebis ganzraxviT, aramed umetesad
xorcieli (ara uTuod egoisturi) miznebiT
xelmZRvanelobs. _ "He" _ the "knowing man" _ "is
blind in no man`s cause, but best sighted in his own.
He confines himself to the circle of his own affairs, and
thrusts not his fingers in needless fires ... He sees the
falseness of it and therefore learns to trust himself
ever, others so far, as not to be damaged by their
disappointment" _ "Caxeduli kaci" sxvis saqmeebSi
erkveva, magram yvelaze ukeT mainc sakuTarSi. is
Tavisi saqmeebiT Semoifargleba da xels tyuilubralod
cecxlSi ar Cayofs ... is xedavs mis (qveynierebis _ m.v.)
siyalbes da amitomac mxolod sakuTar Tavs endoba,
xolo sxvebs ki mxolod imdenad, rom maT sakuTari
guliswyromis gamo mas ziani ar miayenon" _ ase
filosofosobs T. adamsi: Th. Adams (Works of the Puritan
Divines p. LI) _ beili _ Bailey (Praxis pietatis, a.a.O.
S.176) ki iZleva rCevas, rom yovel diliT, sanam xalxSi
gavereodeT, sjobs warmovidginoT, TiTqos faTerakebiT
savse uRran tyeSi mivdivarT da RmerTs SevTxovoT,

230
raTa "sifrTxiliTa da samarTlianobiT Segvmosos". _ esaa
udaod yvela asketuri denominaciis gamsWvalavi
ganwyoba da man pirdapir eriskacobaSi aqcia ara erTi
pietisti gandegilad. TviT Spanbergi (herrnhutenul) Idea
fidei fratrum (p. 382) -Si dabejiTebiT Segvaxsenebs
ieremia winaswarmetyvelis (17, 5) sityvebs:
"dawyevlilia kaci, romelsac adamianis imedi aqvs". _
am msoflmxedvelobis Taviseburi kacTmoZuleoba rom
srulad gaviazroT, gaTvaliswinebeli unda iqnas agreTve
hoornbeekis ganmartebebi (Theologia practica I gv.
882) mtris siyvarulis aucileblobis Sesaxeb: "Denique
hoc magis nos ulciscimur, quo proximum, inultum
nobis, tradimus ultori Deo ... Quo quis plus se
ulciscitur, eo minus id pro ipso agit Deus" _ "Cven miT
ufro mivuzRavT samagieros, Tu, moyvass Cveni
SurisZiebis gareSe gadavabarebT SurismaZiebel
RmerTs ... rac ufro Zlieria ganawyenebulis Surisgeba,
miT ufro sustia RvTis SurisZieba". aq imave
"SurisZiebis sxvaze gadabarebas" vawydebiT, rogorsac
Zveli aRTqmis im wignebSi vxvdebiT, babilonuri
tyveobis Semdgom periods rom ganekuTvnebian: esaa
SurisZiebis grZnobis rafinirebuli gaZliereba da
gaRrmaveba ZvelTan, _ "Tvali Tvalis wil", _ SedarebiT.
"moyvasis siyvarulis" Sesaxeb ix. Semdgom qveviTac.
27) cxadia, aRsarebis daniSnuleba mxolod es ar iyo.
magaliTad, muTmanis formulirebebi (ix. Muthmann, in:
"Zeitschr. für Religionspsychologie" I, Heft 2 S. 65)
aRsarebis metad rTuli fsiqologiuri problemis srul
gamartivebas warmoadgens.
28) kalvinisturi socialuri organizaciebis fsiqologiuri
safuZvlebis SefasebisTvis swored es kombinaciaa ase
mniSvnelovani. yvela isini Sinaganad "individualistur",
"miznobrivad" an "Rirebulebrivad racionalur" motivebs
efuZnebian. individi maTTan arasodes araa
grZnobismierad dakavSirebuli. "RvTis dideba" da
sakuTari xsna mudam "cnobierebis zRurblze" rCeba. es
dResac ki asvams puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebis

231
Taviseburebas garkveuli damaxasiaTebeli niSan-
Tvisebebis beWeds.
29) moZRvrebis ZiriTadi antiavtoritaruli maxasiaTebeli,
romelic eTikisaTvis yovelgvar saeklesio da saxelmwifo
zrunvas aufasurebs, rogorc umiznos, mudmivad am
moZRvrebis akrZalvas iwvevda, saxeldobr,
niderlanduri SeerTebuli Statebis mier. Sedegi yovelTvis
seqtebis Seqmna iyo (rogorc 1614 wlis Semdeg).
30) benianis Sesaxeb Sdr. fraudis mier dawerili
biografia morliseul krebulSi: Morley, English men of
letters; aseve makoleiseuli (zedapiruli) narkvevi:
Macaulay, Miscell. Works II p. 227. _ beniani
kalvinizmis SigniT denominacionaluri
gansxvavebulobebis mimarT indeferentulia, TumcaRa
Tavad mkacrad kalvinisturi baptistia.
31) savsebiT marTebulia reformirebuli qristianobis
socialuri xasiaTisTvis kalvinisturi ideis udaod did
mniSvnelobaze miniSneba, romlis Tanaxmad, "qristes
xorcis Tanaziarobis" (Calvin. Institutio christianae
religionis, III, 11, 10) moTxovnidan momdinare sulis
xsnis aucilebloba RvTiuri ganawesis Sesatyvisi
erTobliobis wevrobas gulisxmobs. oRond Cveni
gansakuTrebuli TvalsazrisisTvis problemis aqcentireba
cota sxvagvaria. nebismier dogmatur ideas
SesaZlebloba hqonda Camoyalibebuliyo TviT wminda
institucionaluri xasiaTis eklesiaSic ki, rasac, rogorc
cnobilia, kidevac hqonda sinamdvileSi adgili.
TavisTavad am ideas ar gaaCnda fsiqologiuri Zala,
gaeRviZebina erTobliobis Semqmneli iniciativa da es
iniciativa imgvari energiiT aRevso, rogoric kalvinizms
hqonda. erTobliobis Semqmneli misi es tendencia
iCenda Tavs swored RvTis mier ganwesebuli saeklesio
mrevlis sqemis farglebs gareT, "saero cxovrebaSic". aq
gadamwyvetia imis rwmena, rom qristianma Tavisi
madlismieri rCeuloba unda daamtkicos (ix. qveviT)
Tavisi qmedebis meSveobiT "in majorem Dei gloriam"
(RvTis didebis aRmatebis) gziT, xolo xelTqmnilis

232
gaRmerTebisa da adamianTa mimarT yovelgvari
pirovnuli mijaWvulobis winaSe mtanjvel Zrwolas es
energia SeumCnevlad saqmiani (yovelgvari
pirovnulobisgan daclili) moRvaweobis kalapotSi unda
waremarTa. qristiani, visTvisac Zvirfasia misi
madlismieri rCeulobis damtkiceba, RvTis miznebisTvis
iRwvis, romelnic yovelgvar pirovnuls moklebulni arian.
nebismieri, mxolod grZnobaze da ara racionalur
sawyisze damyarebuli, erTi adamianis pirovnuli
urTierToba meore adamianTan, sruliad iolad aRZravs,
rogorc puritanul, ise yovel sxva asketur eTikaSi, eWvs,
rom es xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebaa. megobrobasTan
dakavSirebiT, garda imisa, rac adre ukve iTqva,
magaliTad, Semdegi gafrTxilebac bevr rames hfens
naTels: "It is an irrational act and not fit for a rational
creature to love any one farther than reason will allow
us ... It very often taketh up mens minds so as to
hinder their love of God" (Baxter, Christian Directory IV
p. 253) "esaa iracionaluri aqti, vinaidan gonier
arsebas ar marTebs vinmesadmi imaze metad
siyvaruli, vidre es gonebis mieraa daSvebuli. es
grZnoba imdenad ipyrobs adamianTa gulebs, rom xels
uSlis maT RvTis siyvarulSi". amgvar argumentebs
kidev araerTxel SevxvdebiT. kalvinists aRafrTovanebs
idea, rom RmerTs samyaros aseve socialuri wesrigis
Seqmnisas, obieqturi mizanSewoniloba misi saxelis
gansadidebel saSualebad unda sdomeboda: ara
qmnileba rogorc aseTi, aramed misi nebiT qmnilis
wesrigi. amdenad, qmedebebisaken madlismieri
rCeulobis moZRvrebis mier gaTavisuflebuli wmindanTa
ltolva mTlianad samyaros racionalizebisaken
miswrafebis kalapotSi miedineba. saxeldobr, ideac imis
Sesaxeb, rom "sazogadoebrivi" sikeTe anda "the good
of many", (mravalTa sikeTe), rogorc amas mTlianad
gviandeli liberaluri racionalizmis yaidaze, romaelTa
mimarT epistoles (9, 3) erTgvarad ZaldatanebiTi
citirebis gziT ayalibebs baqsteri (ix.: Baxter, Christian

233
Directory IV p. 262) , calkeuli adamianis yovelgvar
"pirovnul" da "piradul" keTildReobaze maRlaa
dasayenebeli, _ puritanizmisTvis xelTqmnilis
gaRmerTebis uaryofidan momdinareobs (TumcaRa
TavisTavad es idea sulac araa axali). _ piradi
samsaxuris gawevis mimarT tradiciuli amerikuli mtruli
damokidebuleba, sxva mniSvnelovani mizezebis
gverdiT, "demokratiuli" ganwyobebidan rom
momdinareobs, garkveulwilad, (arapirdapiri gziT) am
tradiciasac ukavSirdeba.Easeve dakavSirebulia masTan
puritanuli warsulis mqone qveynebis SedarebiT Zlieri
imuniteti cezarianizmis mimarT, da, saerTodac
ingliselTa, Sinaganad ufro Tavisufali, erTi mxriv, didi
pirovnebebis umal "aRiarebisken" midrekili, meore
mxriv ki, maTi qveynis did saxelmwifo moRvaweTa
mimarT yovelgvari isteriuli Seyvarebulobisa da im
gulubryvilo azris uarmyofeli pozicia, rom TiTqos
"madlierebis" gamo SesaZlebelia vinmes mimarT
politikuri morCileba gvmarTebdes; _ raoden
gansxvavebulia es imisagan, rac Cven dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi TvalsazrisiT, 1878 wlidan ganvicadeT
germaniaSi. avtoritetebis mimarT rwmenis, _ romelic
mxolod upirovno, wminda werilis Sinaarsis mimarTaa
dasaSvebi, _ da aseve, Tundac yvelaze wminda da
gamorCeuli adamianebis gadametebulad dafasebis
codvianobis Sesaxeb ix.: Baxter, Christian Directory
(2.Aufl. 1678, I p.56). Tu ras warmoadgenda politikuri
TvalsazrisiT "xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis" uaryofa da
principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, jer eklesiaSi, xolo
sabolood saerTod cxovrebaSi mxolod RmerTs unda
"ebatona", Cvens mier gansaxilvel sakiTxTa wres ar
ganekuTvneba.
32) dogmaturi da praqtikul-fsiqologiuri "Sedegebis"
urTierTmimarTebaTa Sesaxeb kidev xSirad gveqneba
saubari. faqti, rom isini identurni ar arian, albaT arc kia
aRniSvnis Rirsi.

234
33) "socialuri", cxadia, am sityvis Tanamedrove
mniSvnelobasTan yovelgvari Sexebis gareSe, aramed
mxolod politikuri, saeklesio da sxva gaerTianeba-
organizaciebSi saqmianobis mniSvnelobiT.
34) keTili saqmeebi, romlebic Cadenilia raime sxva
mizniT da ara RvTisTvis pativis misagebad, codvas
warmoadgens, Hanserd Knollys Confession XVI.
35) Tu ras warmoadgens "moyvasisadmi siyvarulis"
amgvari, cxovrebis mxolod RmerTze orientirebulobiT
"gansazRvruli arapirovnuloba" sakuTriv religiuri
socialuri praqtikis sferoSi, sruliad naTlad SegviZlia
warmovidginoT "China Inland Mission" da
"International Missionaries` Alliance" magaliTze (amis
Sesaxeb ix.: Warneck, Geschichte der
protestantischen Mission, 5. Aufl. S. 99, 111).
uzarmazari TanxebiT xdeboda misionerTa mTeli laSqris
dafinanseba, mag., mxolod CineTSi misi ricxvi
daaxloebiT 1000 kacamde aRwevda, raTa moxetiale
mqadagebelT yvela warmarTisTvis, sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT, "SeeZliaT" saxareba, vinaidan es qristes
mieraa nabrZanebi da misi meored mosvlac amazea
damokidebuli. warmoadgendnen Tu ara amgvarad
damoZRvril-naqadagebni qristianobisTvis garkveul
SenaZens da, Sesabamisad, eziarebodnen Tu ara isini
netarebas an, saerTod, misioneris ena mainc Tu
esmodaT Tundac gramatikulad, _ es principulad sruliad
meorexarisxovani da mxolod uflis saqme iyo, rasac
erTaderTi is ganagebda. hiuZon teilori Tvlida (ix.:
Warneck, a.a.O. ), rom CineTSi 50 milionamde ojaxi
cxovrobda. 1000 misioners SeeZlo dReSi (!) 50 ojaxs
"miswvdomoda" da amgvarad SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda
1000 dReSi anu sam Tveze naklebi drois manZilze,
saxarebis yvela CinelisaTvis "miwodeba". _ es zustad is
sqemaa, romlis mixedviTac warmarTavda kalvinizmi
Tavis saeklesio wrTobas: ara sawvrTnelTa sulis xsna,
rac mxolod RvTis (da in praxi _ Tavad maTi) saqme iyo
da amdenad veranairi saeklesio disciplinis

235
saSualebebiT ver moxerxdeboda masze
zemoqmedebis moxdena, aramed RvTis didebis
aRmateba iyo mizani. vinaidan Tanamedrove
misioneruli saqmianoba interdenominacionalur
safuZvels emyareba, kalvinizmi masze pasuxismgebeli
ar aris. (Tavad kalvini warmarTTa mosaqcevad
misionerul moRvaweobas uarhyofda, radgan eklesiis
Semdgomi ganvrcoba "unius Dei opus" _ mxolod RvTis
saqmed _ miaCnda.) magram is udavod puritanuli
eTikis warmodgenaTa im wridanaa warmomdgari,
romlis Tanaxmadac, moyvasisadmi siyvaruls jerovnad
maSin miegeba, roca RvTis mcnebebi aRsruldeba misi
saxelis sadideblad. amiT moyvass mivagebT mis
kuTvnils, xolo sxva danarCeni mxolod RvTis saqmea. _
"moyvasisadmi" damokidebulebis "adamianuroba" ase
vTqvaT, Caklulia. es sruliad gansxvavebul
urTierTobebSi iCens Tavs. Tundac im cxovrebiseuli
atmosferos erTi gadmonaSTi rom moviSvelioT,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, savsebiT samarTlianad
saxelganTqmuli reformatuli gulmowyalebis (charitas)
sferodan: amsterdameli oblebi, TavianT XX saukuneSic
ki Sav-wiTel an wiTel-mwvane vertikalur zolebad Seferil
kabebsa da SarvlebSi _ erTgvar jambazur samoselSi _
gamowyobilni da sazeimo mwyobrSi eklesiisaken
mimavalni, warsulis ganwyobilebisaTvis udavod sruliad
amaRlebul sanaxaobad aRiqmebodnen da albaT RvTis
saxelis gandidebas im xarisxiT emsaxurebodnen,
ramdenadac nebismieri pirovnul-"adamianuri"
grZnobisTvis es Seuracxmyofelad aRsaqmeli unda
yofiliyo. da asea, rogorc kidev davinaxavT, piradi
profesiuli saqmianobis TviT calkeul wvrilmanebSic ki.
cxadia, es mxolod garkveul tendencias gamokveTavs
da mogvianebiT Tavad mogviwevs erTgvari
SezRudvebis gakeTeba. magram igi, rogorc am asketuri
religiurobis erT-erTi da Tanac metad mniSvnelovani
tendencia, aq aucileblad unda dadgeniliyo.

236
36) yvela TvalsazrisiT sruliad sxva saxisaa por ruaialis
predestinaciulad determinirebuli eTika misi mistikuri da
arasaero, amdenad kaTolikuri orientaciis wyalobiT (ix.:
Honigsheim a.a.O.)
37) hundeshageni (Hundeshagen, Beiträge zur
Kirchenverfassungsgeschichte und Kirchenpolitik 1864
I S. 37) dgas im _ SemdgomSi xSirad gaziarebul _
Tvalsazrisze, rom predestinaciis dogma iyo
moZRvreba TeologTaTvis da ara xalxisTvis. oRond es
mxolod maSin aris swori, Tuki cneba "xalxi"
identificirebulia gaunaTlebeli dabali fenebis masasTan.
da am SemTxvevaSic ki metad SezRuldulia misi
Sesabamisoba. kioleri (a.a.O.) XIX saukunis 40-ian
wlebSi swored "masebs" (igulisxmeba holandiis wvrili
burJuazia) miiCnevda mkacrad predestinaciulad
ganwyobilad. nebismieri, vinc ormag dekrets
uarhyofda, maTTvis eretikosi da gankicxuli iyo. mas
Tavad dausves (predestinaciuli gagebiT) misi xelaxali
dabadebis TariRis Sesaxeb kiTxva. aseve da kostas
xvedri da de kokiseuli separacionizmic amiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. ara mxolod kromvelma, _ romelic jer
kidev celerma (Das theologische System Zwinglis S.
17) dogmis zegavlenis gaTvalsaCinoebisTvis erTgvar
paradigmad aqcia, _ aramed misma wmindanebmac
mSvenivrad icodnen, Tu ras exeboda saqme, xolo
moZRvrebis Sesaxeb dordrextisa da vestminsteris
sinodTa kanonebi udidesi masStabis nacionalur
movlenad iqca. kromveliseuli tryers da ejectors mier
mxolod predestinacionistebi iyvnen daSvebulni
Tanamdebobebze, xolo baqsteri (Life I p. 72),
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mowinaaRmdege iyo,
miiCnevs, rom klerusis xarisxobrivi donis amaRlebaSi
maT udidesi gavlena moaxdines. is, rom reformist
pietistebs, inglisur da holandiur saidumlo religiur
SekrebaTa monawileebs, moZRvrebis Sesaxeb
warmodgena ar hqondaT, sruliad gamoricxulia. gana
swored es moZRvreba ar iyo maTi Tavis momyreli, raTa

237
certitudo salutis (sakuTar gadarCenaSi
darwmunebuloba) eZebnaT erToblivad. Tu ras
niSnavda moZRvreba predestinaciis Sesaxeb an ar
niSnavda iq, sadac is mxolod TeologTaTvis gankuTvnil
moZRvrebas warmoadgenda, amis warmoCena
eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT metad koreqtul kaTolicizms
SeuZlia, romlisTvisac is, rogorc ezoTeruli moZRvreba
erTgvarad gaurkveveli formiT sulac ar yofila ucxo. (aq
gadamwyveti iyo is, rom mosazreba, TiTqos calkeul
adamians SeuZlia Tavi rCeulad CaTvalos da am
rCeulobis Rirsad gamoavlinos, kaTolicizmis mier
mudam uaryofili iyo. kaTolikuri moZRvrebis Sesaxeb ix.
magaliTad: Ad. van Wyck, Tract. de praedestinatione
Cöln 1708. aq imis ganxilvas ar SevudgebiT, Tu
ramdenad swori iyo paskalis predestinaciuli rwmena.) _
hundeshageni, visTvisac es moZRvreba mTlad
misaRebi ar aris, STabeWdilebas aSkarad umetesad
germaniis viTarebidan iqmnis. misi es antipaTia
efuZneba wminda deduqciis gziT Camoyalibebul
Tvalsazriss, TiTqos am moZRvrebas zneobriv
fatalizmamde da antinomizmamde mivyavdeT. es
mosazreba jer kidev celerma uarhyo zemoxsenebul
naSromSi. meore mxriv ki, verc imas uarvyofT, rom
movlenaTa amgvari ganviTareba savsebiT SesaZlebeli
iyo, amis Sesaxeb jer kidev melanxtoni da uesli
saubroben: magram niSandoblivia, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda am dogmatis
kombinacias grZnobamoWarbebul "rwmenis"-
religiurobasTan. imgvari religiurobisTvis, romelsac
Rirsad TviTgamovlenis racionaluri idea ar gaaCnda,
msgavsi Sedegi imTaviTve iyo missave arsSi Cadebuli.
_ aseTi fatalisturi Sedegebi Tavs iCens islamSi. magram
ratom? imitom, rom islamuri winaswarganwesebuloba
predeterministulia (winaswargansazRvrulia) da ara
predestinatuli (winaswargamiznuli), mimarTulia saaqao
xvedrze da ara saiqio cxonebaze. aqedan
gamomdinare, vinaidan eTikurad gadamwyveti

238
momenti: predestinirebulis (winaswargamiznulis) mier
"Rirsad TviTgamovlena" islamSi araviTar rols ar
TamaSobs, Sesabamisad, mas mxolod religiur "jildos"
moklebuli meomruli guladoba (rogorc "moiras"
SemTxvevaSi) da ara sicocxlis meTodurad
ganmsazRvreli Sedegebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda. ix. F.
Ullrich, Die Vorherbestimmungslehre im Islam und Christentum.
Heidelberg, 1912 (Theol. Diss.) _ am moZRvrebis Sesusteba,
rac cxovrebiseulma praqtikam _ mag. baqsterTan _
gamoiwvia, mis arss imdenad axlo ar Sexebia, rom
ucvleli darCa RvTis gadawyvetilebiT, konkretuli calkeuli
individis rCeulobisa da misi gamocdis idea. _ da bolos,
puritanizmis (sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT) yvela didi
moRvawe im moZRvrebidan amodioda, romlis
pirquSma TavSekavebulobam axalgazrdobaSi maT
Camoyalibebaze iqonia gavlena: igi Seexo miltons,
iseve rogorc _ marTalia, sul ufro Sesustebuli ZaliT _
baqsters da TviT mogvianebiT metad Tavisuflad
moazrovne franklins. maTi Semdgomi emansipacia am
moZRvrebis sworxazovnad mkacri interpretaciisagan
yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi sruliad Seesabameba
ganviTarebis im gzas, romelic zustad imave
mimarTulebiT gaiara religiurma moZraobam, rogorc
mTlianobam. eklesiis aRorZinebis (revivals) yvela didi
mcdeloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi holandiaSi, xolo umetes
SemTxvevebSi ki inglisSic, yovelTvis kvlav am
moZRvrebas ukavSirdeboda.
38) rac, Tavis mxriv, benianis "piligrimis mogzaurobis"
yovlismomcvel Zireul ganwyobas qmnis.
39)es sakiTxi ukve epigonTa epoqis luTerans bevrad
naklebad aRelvebda, vidre kalvinists, Tundac
predestinaciis dogma rom ar miviRoT mxedvelobaSi,
oRond ara imitom, rom mas sakuTari sulis xsna nakleb
ainteresebda, aramed, radgan ganviTarebis im gzaze,
romelsac luTeriseuli eklesiuroba daadga, eklesiis,
rogorc institucionalurad sulis mxsneli dawesebulebis,
arsma wamoiwia wina planze anu calkeuli adamiani

239
Tavs misi saqmianobis obieqtad da masSi daculad
grZnobda. niSandoblivia, rom mxolod pietizmma
gaacocxla luTeranobaSi es problema. TavisTavad
certitudo salutis sakiTxi centraluria yoveli codvis
gamosyidvis arasakramentuli religiisTvis _ iqneba es
budizmi, jainizmi Tu nebimieri sxva. amis
ugulvebelyofa ar SeiZleba. swored aqedan iRebs
saTaves religiuri xasiaTis yvela fsiqologiuri impulsi.
40)amis Sesaxeb dabejiTebiTaa naTqvami bucerisadmi
werilSi (Corpus Reformatorum, 29, 883 f.) amasTan
dakavSirebiT Sdr. agreTve: Scheibe a.a.O. S.30.
41)vestminsteris aRsareba (XVIII, 2) rCeuls sakuTari
madlmosilebis utyuarad dadgenis perspeqtivas
usaxavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli Cveni
saqmianobiT "umaqnisi monebi" vrCebiT (XVI, 2) da
borotebis winaaRmdeg brZola mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
grZeldeba (XVIII, 3). rCeulsac xom xSirad didxans
uwevs Widili certitudo-s mosapoveblad, romelsac mas
aRsrulebuli movaleobis Segneba aZlevs, rasac
morwmune arasodes ar kargavs mTlianad.
42)ix. mag. Olevian, De substatia foederis gratuiti inter Deum et
electos (1585) 257. -- Heidegger, Corpus Theologiae XXIV, 87 f.
ix. agreTve sxva teqstebi: Heppe, Dogmatik der ev. reform.
Kirche. 1861, S.425.
43)WeSmariti kalvinisturi moZRvreba miuTiTebda
rwmenaze da sakramentebis meSveobiT RmerTTan
Tanaziarobis Segnebaze, xolo "sulis sxva nayofT"
mxolod gakvriT moixseniebda. ix. Sesabamisi adgilebi
hepesTan: Heppe, Dogmatik der ev. reform. Kirche, S.425.
Tavad kalvinma sruliad dabejiTebiT uarhyo keTili
saqmeni, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini misTvisac, iseve
rogorc luTeranebisTvis, rwmenis nayofni arian, rogorc
RvTis winaSe Tavis Rirsad gamosaCeni niSnebi (Instit.
III, 2, 37, 38). rwmenis saqmeebiT gamocdisken
praqtikuli Semobruneba, romelic swored askezas
axasiaTebs, paralelurad mimdinareobs kalvinis
moZRvrebis TandaTanobiT cvlilebebTan erTad, romlis

240
Tanaxmad (iseve rogorc luTerTan) WeSmarit eklesias,
pirvel yovlisa, wminda moZRvreba da sakramentebi
gamoarCeven, am orives ki uTanabrdeba "disciplina",
rogorc niSan-Tviseba. ganviTarebis am process
SegviZlia davakvirdeT hepeseul zemoxsenebul teqstSi
gv. 194/195, iseve rogorc im wesSi, romlis mixedviTac
xdeboda niderlandebSi XVI saukunis miwuruls mrevlSi
gawevrianeba (umTavres pirobas warmoadgenda
disciplinisadmi xelSekrulebiT gamoxatuli morCileba).
44)amis Sesaxeb aseve ix. Snekenburgeris SeniSvnebi
( a.a.O. S. 48).
45)amrigad, baqsterTan sruliad kaTolikur yaidaze iCens
Tavs gansxvaveba "mortal" (momakvdinebel) da "venial
sin" (misatevebel codvas) Soris. pirveli madlis
uqonlobaze an mis aqtualur naklulobaze mianiSnebs
da mxolod adamianis mTlian "conversion" (moqcevas)
SeuZlia, misi mopoveba xelmisawvdomi gaxados.
meore ki madlmosilebasTan SeuTavsebeli ar aris.
46)es mravalgvar variantebSi iCens Tavs baqsterTan,
beilisTan, sejvikTan, hoornbekTan. ix. agreTve
magaliTebi SnekenburgerTan gv. 262.
47)"madliT mosileba" xSirad moiazreba, rogorc
erTgvari wodebrivi xarisxi (iseve rogorc, vTqvaT,
asketTa wodeba Zvel eklesiaSi). ix. mag. (generaluri
Statebis mier akrZaluli!) naSromi: Schortinghuis. Het innige
Christendom 1740.
48)amazea saubari, rogorc mogvianebiT ganvixilavT,
baqsteriseuli Christian Directory -s uTvalav pasaJSi da mis
daskvniT nawilSi. sakuTari zneobrivi arasrulfasovnebis
SiSis gasafantad profesiuli saqmianobis gamoyenebis
rCeva mogvagonebs fulisadmi ltolvisa da profesiuli
askezis, rogorc sakuTari zneobrivi ususurebis Tvalis
asaxvevad gamogonil saSualebaTa paskaliseul
fsiqologiur interpretacias. masTan predestinaciis
rwmena yovelgvari xelTqmnilis codvis Tanamdev
araraobaSi darwmunebulobasTan kavSirSi erTianad
saero cxovrebis uaryofasa da mWvretelobas, rogorc

241
codvis wnexisagan gaTavisuflebisa da sakuTar xsnaSi
guldajerebulobis misaRwev erTaderT saSualebas,
emsaxureba. mowodebis cnebis marTlmorwmune
kaTolikuri da iansenisturi gaazrebis Sesaxeb doqt. paul
honigshaimma zemoT citirebul disertaciaSi (ufro didi
naSromis nawili, romelic imedia gagrZelebuli iqneba)
sagulisxmo SeniSvnebi gaakeTa. iansenistebTan
sakuTar xsnaSi darwmunebulobasa da saero
saqmianobas Soris kavSiris kvalic ki ar arsebobs.
"mowodebis" maTeuli koncefciis sazrisi kidev ufro
metad, vidre luTeriseuli da TviT WeSmaritad kaTolikuri
koncefciisa, mocemul cxovrebiseul mdgomareobasTan
SerigebaSi mdgomareobs, romelic nakarnaxevia,
rogorc, vTqvaT, kaTolicizmSi ara mxolod socialuri
wesrigiT, aramed sakuTari sindisis ZaxiliT (Honigsheim
a.a.O. S. 139f.).
49)mis Tvalsazriss exmianeba agreTve didi sicxadiT
gamorCeuli, h. holcmanisadmi miZRvnil gamocemaSi
gamoqveynebuli lobStainiseuli narkvevic, romelic
Semdgomi msjelobisas aseve Sedarebuli unda iqnes.
mas xSirad certitudo salutis-is laitmotivis zedmetad
mkveTr aqcentirebas sayvedurobdnen. magram aq
uTuod urTierTgasamijnia kalvinis Teologia
kalvinizmisgan da Teologiuri sistema sulis xsnis
praqtikis moTxovnebisgan. kiTxva: "rogor SemiZlia
Cems netarebaSi viyo dajerebuli?" iqceoda amosaval
wertilad yvela religiuri moZraobisTvis, romlebic ufro
farTo masebs moicavda. igi, rogorc ukve iTqva,
centralur rols TamaSobda ara mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi, aramed saerTod religiis istoriaSi, mag.,
induizmSi. an ki rogor SeiZleboda sxvagvarad yofiliyo?
50)namdvilad ar iqneba imis uaryofa, rom am cnebis
srulad Camoyalibeba mxolod gvian luTeranul epoqaSi
(pretoriusi, nikolai, maisneri) moxda. (mas iohanes
gerhardTanac vxvdebiT da Tanac mTlianad aq ganxiluli
mniSvnelobiT). amis safuZvelze, riCli Tavisi "pietizmis
istoriis" meoTxe wignSi (Bd. II S. 3 f.) luTeriseul

242
religiurobaSi am cnebis Setanas miiCnevs kaTolikuri
RvTismosaobis aRorZinebad da gadmoRebad. igi ar
davobs (gv.10) imis Sesaxeb, rom sakuTar xsnaSi
individualuri darwmunebulobis problema luTerTan da
kaTolike mistikosebTan igive iyo, magram sjera, rom
orive mxaris mier misi gadawyveta iyo swored sruliad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego. me cxadia, ver gavbedav amis
Taobaze sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmas. sio, romelic
"qristianis TavisuflebaSi" qris, rom sruliad
gansxvavebulia, erTi mxriv, gviandel literaturaSi
"sayvarel iezulainTan" daSaqruli laqucisagan, xolo,
meore mxriv ki, tauleris religiuri ganwyobisagan,
bunebrivia, nebismieri adamianisTvis iolad
SesagrZnebia. da Sesabamisad, luTeriseul ziarebis
moZRvrebaSi magiur-mistikuri elementis
SenarCunebas sxva religiuri motivebi aqvs, vidre
"bernardinul" RvTismosaobas _ solomonis "qebaTa-
qebis" ganwyobas _ rasac riCli isev da isev ubrundeba
qristesTan rogorc "siZesTan" urTierTobis mowesrigebis
wyaros. da mainc, gana sxva faqtorebTan erTad,
ziarebis am moZRvrebamac ar Seuwyo xeli mistikuri
ganwyobilebis religiurobis gamococxlebas? _ Semdeg,
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar aris marTali, TiTqos (a.a.O.
S. 11) mistikosis Tavisufleba ubralod cxovrebisgan
gandgomaSi mdgomareobdes. taulerma religiur-
fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad saintereso msjelobaSi
Rameuli kontemplaciebis praqtikul efeqtze, riskenac igi
sxvaTa Soris, uZilobisas mogviwodebs, sagangebod
miuTiTa im wesrigze, romelic am gziT saero profesiuli
saqmianobisaken mimarTul azrebSic myardeba:
"mxolod am gziT (RamiT Zilis win RmerTTan mistikuri
SerwymiT) ixveweba goneba da Zlierdeba tvini da
adamianic mTeli dRis manZilze am Sinagani varjiSis
wyalobiT, miT ufro mSvidobianad da RvTisnieradaa
guldajerebuli, rom WeSmaritad RmerTTan SekavSirda:
amis Semdeg mowesrigdeba misi yvela saqme.
amitomac, Tuki adamiani Tavs saqmisTvis winaswar

243
ganawyobs (= winaswar Seamzadebs) da,
maSasadame, saTnoebas daefuZneba, _ mas Semdeg,
rac igi sinamdviles miubrundeba, misi saqmeebi
znekeTili da RvTisnieri aRmoCndeba" (Tauler. Predigten,
Fol. 318). aqedan naTlad Cans da amas mogvianebiT
kvlav mivubrundebiT, rom mistikuri mWvreteloba da
mowodebis racionaluri gaazreba urTierTgamomricxavi
araa. sapirispiro movlena Tavs iCens mxolod iq, sadac
religiuroba pirdapir isteriul xasiaTs iZens, rasac arc
yvela mistikosTan da, miT umetes, arc yvela pietistTan
hqonia adgili.
51)amis Sesaxeb ix. Semdegi statiebi "msoflio
religiebis sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb, Sesavali.
52)amis winaswar daSvebiT kalvinizmi SexebaSi modis
oficialur kaTolicizmTan. oRond kaTolikesTvis amas
Sedegad mosdevda aRsarebis saidumlos aucilebloba,
reformirebulisTvis ki saero cxovrebis farglebSi
moRvaweobis gziT praqtikulad Rirsad TviTgamovlena.
53)ix. mag. ukve beza: (Beza, De praedestinationis doctrina et
vero uso tratatio (...) ex (...) praelectionibus in nonum Epistolae ad
Romanus caput, a Raphael Eglino (...) excepta. Genevae, 1584, p.
133) : ... "sicut ex operibus vere bonis ad sanctifationis donum, a
sanctifatione ad fidem ... ascendimus: ita ex certis illis effectis non
quamvis vocationen, sed efficacem illam, et ex hac vocatione
electionem et ex electione donum praedestinationis in Christo tam
firmam quam immotus est Dei thronus certissima connexione
effectorum et causarum colligimus ...") "msgavsad imisa,
rogorc Cven keTili saqmeebiT vmsjelobT
wmindanobaze, xolo wmindanobiT ki rwmenaze ... ase
Cven mizezisa da Sedegis mWidro kavSiris
SemecnebiT miRebuli SedegebiT vmsjelobT
mowodebaze, Tanac am mowodebis nayofierebaze,
mowodebis safuZvelze _ rCeulobaze, xolo rCeulobis
safuZvelze ki qristeSi xsnisTvis
winaswargansazRvrulobaze _ iseve myarze, rogorc
uryevia uflis taxti". sifrTxile ki mxolod gankicxulobis
niSnebis mimarT gvmarTebs, vinaidan aq saqme ukve

244
saboloo mdgomareobas exeba. (amis Taobaze
sxvagvarad mxolod puritanizmma daiwyo fiqri.) _ amis
Sesaxeb Semdeg ix. Snekenburgeriseuli safuZvliani
analizi mis zemoxsenebul naSromSi, romelic, cxadia,
mxolod SezRuduli kategoriis literaturas uTiTebs. mTel
puritanul literaturaSi es niSan-Tviseba isev da isev
iCens Tavs. "It will not be said: did jou believe? --- but: were jou
Doers, or Talkers only?"-- "imas ki ar gkiTxaven: gwamdaT
Tu ara Tqven? _ aramed: Tqven saqmis gamkeTeblebi
iyaviT Tu molaybeni?" _ ambobs beniani. baqsteris (The
saints` everlasting rest Kap. XII`) Tanaxmad, romelic
predestinaciis moZRvrebis yvelaze lmobier formas
qadagebs, rwmena aris qristesadmi morCileba guliTa
da saqmiT. "Do what you are able first, and then complain of God
for denying jou grace if you have cause" -- "jer gaakeTe
yvelaferi, risi unaric Segwevs, da Semdeg daiwye
Civili, rom RmerTma madli ar gaRirsa, Tuki amis
safuZveli geqneba" _ aseTi pasuxi gasca man wuxilze,
rom neba araa Tavisufali da mxolod ufalia, vinc
wmindanad qcevis unars zRudavs. (Works of the Puritan
Divines IV. p. 155). fuleris (eklesiis istorikosis)
gamokvleva Semoifargleboda erTaderTi sakiTxiT:
praqtikulad Rirsad TviTgamovlenisa da qceviT sakuTari
madlmosilebis dadasturebis Sesaxeb. asevea
housTanac mis, sxvagan ukve citirebuli teqstis pasaJSi.
naSromis _ Works of the Puritan Divines _ gadasinjvisas
imTaviTve yovel fexis nabijze vawydebiT
dasabuTebebs. arc Tu iSviaTad es uSualod kaTolikur-
asketuri nawerebi iyo, puritanizmze "moqcevas" rom
iwvevdnen, _ aseTi aRmoCnda baqsterisTvis iezuituri
traqtati. es koncefciebi sakuTriv kalviniseul
moZRvrebasTan SedarebiT,Works of the Puritan Divines
raRac Zireul siaxles ar warmoadgendnen (cf. Inst. Christ.
c. I, Orig. Ausg. v. 1536 p. 97, 112). oRond kalvinTan sakuTar
madlmosilebaSi sruli guldajerebuloba TviT am gziTac ki
ar miiRweoda (gv. 147, iqve). Cveulebisamebr,
imowmebdnen ioanes saxarebas (I. 3, 5) da msgavs

245
adgilebs. aqve mivuTiTebT, rom fides efficax (qmediTi
rwmenis) moTxovna viwro gagebiT, kalvinistebiT, ar
Semoifargleba. baptisturi aRmsareblobebi
predestinaciis Sesaxeb statiaSi zustad aseve
ganixilaven rwmenis nayofT ("and that its ... proper evidence
appears in the holy fruits of repentance and faith and newness of
life": -- "... misi (aRorZinebis) WeSmariti niSnebi
vlindeba wminda monaniebis, rwmenisa da
ganaxlebuli sicocxlis nayofSi." ix. aRmsareblobis st.7,
gamoqveynebuli gamocemaSi:. The Baptist Church Manual
by J.N. Brown . Philadelphia, Am. Bapt. Publ. Soc.). zustad
aseve pirvel gverdze dasmuli kiTxviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor Seicnobian RvTis Svilni, iwyeba 1648 wels
harlemis sinodis mier miRebuli, menonituri gavleniT
dawerili traqtatic "Olijf-Tacxken": Nu al is`t dat dasdanigh
vruchtbare ghelove allene zii het seker fonamentale kennteeken ...
om de conscientien der gelovigen in het nieuwe verbondt der genade
Gods te versekeren; razec pasuxia (gv. 10), rom axla
nayofieri rwmena warmoadgens im Zireul niSan-
Tvisebas, romelic axal kavSirSi morwmuneTa
keTilsindisierebas uzrunvelyofs RvTis wyalobiT.
54)socialuri eTikis materialuri SinaarsisTvis misi
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ukve zeviT iqna zogi ram
miniSnebuli. am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvainteresebs ara
Sinaarsi, aramed is, rac zneobrivi qcevisaTvis biZgis
mimcemia.
55)Tu raoden Seuwyo xeli am warmodgenam
puritanizmSi Zveli aRTqmiseuli iudeveluri suliskveTebis
SeRwevas, dResaviT naTelia.
56)savois deklaraciaSi "members ecclesiae purae"
(WeSmariti eklesiis wevrTa) Sesaxeb naTqvamia, rom
isini arian ("saints by effectual calling, visibly manifested by their
profession and walking" ) _ "wmindanebi maTi mowodebis
qmediTobis gamo, rac naTlad dasturdeba maTi
profesiuli saqmianobiTa da qceviT".
57)ix.: A principle of goodness gamocemaSi: Works of the
Puritan Divines, p. 175.

246
58)moqceva, sejvikiseuli gansazRvrebiT, aris
"madlismieri rCeulobis dekretis sityvasityviT
gadmowera". _ xolo, vinc rCeulia, is
morCilebisTvisacaa mowodebuli da mas amis unaric
aqvs miniWebuli, gvaswavlis beili. _ mxolod isini, vinc
RmerTma (maT qcevaSi gamoxatuli) rwmenisTvis
ixmo, arian WeSmariti morwmuneni da ara "temporary
believers" (droebiT morwmuneni) gvaswavlis (baptisturi)
Hansred Knollys confession .
59)Sdr. mag. baqsteris Christian Directory-s daskvniTi
nawili.
60)ase magaliTad, CernokTan Self-examination p. 183
(TviTSemowmeba) kaTolikuri "dubitatio" (daeWvebis)
uarsayofad.
61)am argumentacias magaliTad, isev da isev
vxvdebiT naSromSi: Joh. Hoornbeek, Theologia practica, II p.
70, 72, 182 I p. 160.
62)magaliTad, teqstSi Confession Helvet. 16, naTqvamia:
"et improprie his salus adtribuitur" - "nu miawerT maT
(saqmeebs) xsnas".
63)yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT ix.:
Schneckenburger S. 80 f.
64)"Si non es praedestinatus fac ut praedestineris"- "Tuki
xsnisTvis winaswar ar xar ganCinebuli, moiqeci ise,
rom amisaTvis iqne ganwesebuli" _ TiTqos es jer kidev
netar avgustines uTqvams.
65)uneblied gvaxsendeba Tavisi arsiT imave
mniSvnelobis goeTeseuli gamonaTqvami: "rogor
SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis Secnoba? dakvirvebiT _
arasodes, qmedebiT ki namdvilad. Seecade aRasrulo
Seni movaleoba da maSinve mixvdebi, Tu ras
warmoadgen. _ da mainc ra aris Seni movaleoba? dRis
moTxovna".
66)marTalia, Tavad kalvinTan ukve dadgenilia, rom
"wmindanoba" garegnul gamovlinebaSic mJRavndeba,
magram sazRvari siwmindesa da uwmindurobas Soris
adamianuri codnisTvis gamoucnobi rCeba. unda

247
virwmunoT, rom rCeulnic, Tundac CvenTvis
Seucnobelni, iq arian, sadac RvTis sityva misi kanonis
mixedviT mowyobil da marTul eklesiaSi Tavisi wminda
arsiT gacxaddeba.
67)kalvinisturi RvTismosavoba, praqtikul-religiur
saqcielTan garkveuli religiuri ideebis logikurad da
fsiqologiurad gaSualebul SedegTa mimarTebis is erTi
magaliTTagania, ase uxvad rom moiZebneba religiis
istoriaSi. bunebrivia, logikuri iqneboda fatalizmis,
rogorc predestinaciis Sedegis, deducireba. magram
"Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" ideis CarTvam swored
sapirispiro fsiqologiuri Sedegi gamoiRo. (rogorc
cnobilia, principulad imave mizezTa safuZvelze
miaweren nicSes mimdevrebi maradiuli
kvlavdabrunebis ideas zneobrivad dadebiT
mniSvnelobas. oRond aq saqme exeba
pasuxismgeblobas samomavlo cxovrebis mimarT,
romelic moqmed pirTan aranairi cnobierebis
kontinuumiT araa dakavSirebuli, _ maSin, rodesac
puritani ambobs: Tua res agitur -- Sens magivrad Seni
saqmeebi metyveleben). madlismieri rCeulobisa da
rCeulis saqmianobis urTierTmimarTeba mSvenivrad
aqvs ganxiluli _ epoqis Sesatyvisi eniT _ ukve
hoornbeeks (Theol. pract. Vol. I p. 159): electi (rCeulni) maTi
rCeulobis wyalobiT fatalizmisTvis miuwvdomelni arian,
swored fatalisturi Sedegebis uaryofiT axerxeben isini
Rirsad TviTgamovlenas, ("quos ipsa electio sollicitos reddit et
diligentes officiorum") "Tavad rCeuloba ubiZgebs maT
aqtiuri qmedebisaken maTi profesiis farglebSi".
praqtikul interesTa gadajaWvuloba spobs logikis gziT
gasaazrebel (sxvaTa Soris, miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
drodadro faqtobrivadac ganxorcielebul) fatalistur
Sedegebs. _ meore mxriv ki, religiis ideuri Sinaarsi,
rogorc kalvinizmmac aCvena, gacilebiT ufro didi
mniSvnelobisaa, vidre vTqvaT, viliam jeimsi avlens
amis aRiarebis survils (ix.: William James, The varieties of
religious experience, 1902, p. 444 f.). religiur metafizikaSi

248
swored racionaluri sawyisis mniSvneloba avlens Tavs
klasikuri formiT im grandiozul zegavlenaSi, romelic
sakuTriv RvTis kalvinisturi cnebis ideurma struqturam
moaxdina cxovrebaze. Tuki puritanTa RmerTi istoriaSi
moqmedebda ise, rogorc sxva aravin an mis win an
mis Semdeg, es mas upiratesad im atributebma
SeaZlebina, romliTac igi ideis Zalam aRWurva.
(cxovrebaSi TviTdamkvidrebis masStabis mixedviT
religiur ideaTa mniSvnelobis jeimsiseuli "pragmatuli"
Sefaseba, sxvaTa Soris, Tavadvea am SesaniSnavi
swavlulis puritanuli samSoblos ideaTa samyaros
WeSmariti nayofi) religiuri gancda, TavisTavad cxadia,
iracionaluria, rogorc nebismieri gancda. Tavis umaRles,
mistikur formaSi is aris gancda
(upiratesad), da rogorc jeimsma
mSvenivrad warmoaCina, gamoirCeva Tavisi absoluturi
arakomunikabelurobiT: mas specifikuri xasiaTi aqvs da
warmogvidgeba rogorc Semecneba, Tumca Cveni
enobrivi da cnebiTi aparatis saSualebebiT adekvaturad
misi reproducireba ver xerxdeba. sworia isic, rom
nebismieri religiuri gancda racionaluri formulirebis
mcdelobisas imTaviTve Sinaarss hkargavs da miT ufro
metad, rac ufro daxvewili xdeba cnebiTi formulireba.
amaSi Zevs yvela racionaluri Teologiis tragikuli
konfliqtis safuZveli, ris Sesaxebac jer kidev XVII
saukuneSi icodnen baptisturma seqtebma. _ oRond es
iracionaloba, _ romelic sxvaTa Soris araviTar
SemTxvevaSi araa mxolod religiuri "gancdisTvis"
damaxasiaTebeli, aramed (gansxvavebuli azriT da
doziT) sxva nebismierisTvisac, _ ar amcirebs imis,
swored praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT udides mniSvnelobas, Tu
ra saxisaa ideaTa sistema, romelic sakuTari TavisTvis
religiurad uSualod "gancdilis", ase vTqvaT,
konfiskacias axdens da mas Tavis kalapotSi
warmarTavs; vinaidan amis mixedviT Camoyalibda
cxovrebazeEeklesiis intensiuri gavlenisa da masSi
dogmaturi interesebis moWarbebulad ganviTarebis

249
epoqaSi is umetesi, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ase
mniSvnelovani eTikur SedegTa gansxvavebebi,
romlebic dedamiwaze sxvadasxva religiebs Soris
arsebobs. Tu ra daujereblad intensiuri iyo, dRevandeli
masStabiT Tu mivudgebiT, dogmatTa mimarT interesi
TviT eriskacisac ki diadi religiuri brZolebis epoqaSi, icis
nebismierma, vinc istoriul wyaroebs icnobs. amis
paralelur movlenad mxolod dRevandeli proletariatis
arsebiTad crumorwmune warmodgena SegviZlia
ganvixiloT imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi gakeTeba da
damtkiceba ZaluZs "mecnierebas".
68) Wether to make salvation our end be not mercenary or legal ? --
It is properly mercenary when we expect it as wages for work
done ... Otherwise it is only such a mercenarism as Christ
commandeth ... and if seeking Christ be mercenary, I desire to be so
mercenary ... kiTxvaze: "xom ar warmoadgens Cveni
xsnis mopovebisaken ltolva angarebas an sinergizms?"
_ baqsteri naSromSi: The Saints` Everlasting rest I, 6, _
Semdegnairad pasuxobs: "es marTlac angarebaa, Tuki
masSi jildos vxedavT gaweuli SromisTvis ...
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es iseTive angarebaa,
rogorc is, rasac qriste gviwesebs, xolo Tuki qristes
Zieba angarebas niSnavs, maSin me minda
angarebiani viyo." sxvaTa Soris, orTodoqsad
aRiarebulma bevrma kalvinistma Tavi ver aarida
ukidures sinergizmSi gadavardnas. beilis Tanaxmad
(Praxis pietatis p.262) mowyalebis gaReba warmoadgens
droebiTi sasjelis Tavidan asacilebel saSualebas. sxva
RvTismetyvelni gankicxulebs keTili saqmeebisken im
motiviT mouwodebdnen, rom maradiuli sasjeli amis
Semdeg egeb ufro asatani gamxdariyo, rCeulT ki
imitom, rom amis Semdeg RmerTs isini umizezod ki
ara, aramed (ob causam) (dasabuTebulad) eyvareboda,
risTvisac jildo rogorRac namdvilad moiZebneboda.
netarebis xarisxisTvis keTil saqmeTa mniSvnelobis
mimarT garkveul daTmobebze sruliad uxmaurod
apologiac wavida (Schneckenburger a. a. O. S. 101).

250
69)imisaTvis, raTa damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebebi
iqnas gamovlenili, aqac iZulebis wesiT "idealur-tipiur"
cnebaTa eniT saubaria saWiro, rac istoriul realobaze
garkveulwilad Zaldatanebas niSnavs, magram amis
gareSe dausrulebeli Sesworebebis gamo sruliad
gamoricxuli iqneboda formulirebaTa garkveviT
Camoyalibeba. Tu ramdenad SedarebiTia aq
SeZlebisdagvarad mkveTrad daxatuli
winaaRmdegobebi, calke ganxilvas saWiroebs.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom oficialuri kaTolikuri moZRvreba
jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi, Tavis mxriv, mTeli cxovrebis
sistematuri ganwmendis ideals saxavda. magram
aseve ueWvelia isic, rom I. saeklesio yoveldRiurobis
praqtika, swored misi yvelaze qmediTi mosarjulebeli
saSualebiT: aRsarebiT teqstSi "arasistematurad"
wodebul cxovrebis wess aiolebda, agreTve isic, rom 2.
safuZvelSi Cadebuli rigoristulad civi ganwyoba da
mTlianad sakuTari Tavis anabara darCenili kalvinistis
Sinagani izolireba eriskacTa Suasaukuneobrivi
kaTolicizmisTvis sruliad ucxo unda yofiliyo.
70)am momentis absoluturad centraluri mniSvneloba,
rogorc erTxel ukve aRiniSna, mxolod "msoflio religiaTa
sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb statiebSi
gamomJRavndeba TandaTan.
71)da garkveulwilad luTeransac. luTers ar undoda
sakramentaluri magiis am ukanaskneli naSTis
amoZirkva.
72)Sdr. mag.: Sedgwick, Buß- und Gnadenlehre (germanulad
Targm. roSerma 1689): sinanuliT aRvsils "mtkice wesi"
aqvs, romelsac is zustad icavs da ris mixedviTac is
mTel Tavis cxovrebas moawyobs da warmarTavs
(gv.591). is cxovrobs Wkvianurad, fxizlad da frTxilad, _
kanonis Sesabamisad (596). amis miRweva mxolod
mTeli adamianis mudmivi gardaqmniTaa SesaZlebeli,
rac madlismieri rCeulobis Sedegia (gv. 852). WeSmariti
monanieba mudam saqcielSi gamoixateba (gv. 361).
martooden "moralurad" keTil saqmeebsa da "opera

251
spiritualia" (sulier saqmeebs) Soris gansxvaveba, rogorc
hoornbeekma warmoaCina (Hoornbeek, a.a.O. 1. IX c),
swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini aRorZinebuli
sicocxlis Sedegia, rom (a.a.O. Vol. I S. 160) maTSi
mudmivi winsvla SeiniSneba, romelic mxolod RvTis
madlis (a.a.O. S.150) zebunebrivi CareviT SeiZleba
iqnas miRweuli. wmindanoba aris RvTis madlis
SewevniT adamianis sruli gardaqmna (das. S. 190 f.), _
esaa azrebi, romlebic saerToa mTeli
protestantizmisaTvis da, bunebrivia, isini kaTolicizmis
umaRles idealebSic moiZebneba; magram
qveynierebisaTvis maTi Sedegebi mxolod saero
askezaze mimarTul puritanul mimdinareobebSi avlens
Tavs da, rac mTavaria, mxolod iq moipoveba maTTvis
sakmaod maRali fsiqologiuri jildo.
73)es ukanaskneli saxelwodeba holandiaSi marTlac
specialurad "spetakTa" mier zustad (präzis) bibliis
miTiTebebis Sesabamisad warmarTuli cxovrebis
wesidan iqna gamoyvanili (asea mag. foetTan). sxvaTa
Soris, XVII saukunis puritanebic calkeul SemTxvevebSi
"meTodistebis" saxeliT moixseniebian.
74)vinaidan, rogorc amas puritani mqadageblebi
xazgasmiT aRniSnaven (mag. Bunyan, "The Phaisee and the
Publican, W. of. Pur. Div. S. 126): _ yoveli calkeuli codva
anadgurebs yvelafers, rac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
"keTili saqmeebis" meSveobiT "damsaxurebad"
SeiZleboda yofiliyo dagrovili, Tundac rom davuSvaT _
rac warmoudgenelia _ TiTqos adamians SeiZleboda
hqonoda imis unari, Caedina is, rac RmerTs misTvis
damsaxurebad unda CaeTvala an sulac mudmivad
srulyofilad ecxovra. aq iseve, rogorc kaTolicizmSi
saldos daangariSebiT erTgvar kontokorents ki ara aqvs
adgili, _ xati, romelic jer kidev antikurobaSi iyo
gavrcelebuli, _ aramed mTeli cxovrebisaTvis ZalaSia
sastiki an-an: madlmosileba an gankicxuloba. _
miniSnebebi kontokorentuli mosazrebis Taobaze ix.
SeniSv. 103.

252
75)amaSi mdgomareobs gansxvaveba ubralod
"Legality" (kanonierebasa) da "Civility" (Tavazianobas)
Soris, romlebic benianTan, rogorc mister "Wordly-
Wiseman" (brZeni eriskacis) megobrebi, saxloben
qalaqSi saxelad "Morality" (moraluroba).
76)ix.: Charnock, Self-examination (Works of the Pur. Div. S. 172):
Reflection and knowledge of self is a prerogative of a rational nature.
"refleqsia da sakuTari Tavis Secnoba _ racionalur
bunebaTa prerogativaa". da amasTan dakavSirebiT
SeniSvna: "Cogito, ergo sum, is the first principle of the new
philosopy" -- "vazrovneb, maSasadame, varsebob _ axali
filosofiis pirveli principia".
77)aq jer kidev naadrevia asketuri protestantizmis
garkveul ideaTa siaxlovis ganxilva duns skotusis
TeologiasTan, romelsac arasodes moupovebia
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, mas mxolod iTmendnen,
drodadro ki eresad acxadebdnen. aristoteles filosofiis
mimarT pietistebis Semdgom specifikur antipaTias
iziarebdnen rogorc luTeri (cota sxva azriT), ise kalvini
kaTolicizmTan sruliad Segnebul dapirispirebulobaSi (cf.
Inst. Chr. II c. 2, s. 4, IV c. 17, s. 24). "nebis primati", rogorc
amas kaalma uwoda, yvela am mimdinareobas
erTnairad axasiaTebs.
78)zustad ase, misi gamovlinebis umaRles istoriul
formebTan sruli TanxvdomiT, gansazRvravs mis
mniSvnelobas, magaliTad, kaTolikuri "saeklesio
leqsikonis" statia "askeza". amasve vxvdebiT
zeebergTan (ix.: Religionsenzyklopädie für prot. Theologie und
Kirche). vfiqrobT, nebadarTuli unda iyos winamdebare
gamokvlevis miznebisaTvis es cneba ise iqnas
gamoyenebula, rogorc amas Cvens SemTxvevaSi aqvs
adgili.
79)"hudibrasSi" puritanebi (I: simRera 18. 19)
franciskanelebTan arian Sedarebulni. genueli despanis
fieSis saangariSo moxsenebaSi kromvelis laSqari
"berebis" Tavyrilobadaa moxseniebuli.

253
80)arasaero bermonazvnur askezasa da saero profesiul
askezas Soris Sinagani kavSiris arsebobis Cems mier
dabejiTebiT mtkicebis fonze gancvifrebuli var, roca
brentanosTan (a.a.O. S. 134 da SemdgomSic) Sromis
berul askezas da masze yuradRebis miqcevis rCevas
Cems sawinaaRmdegod gamoyenebuli argumentis
saxiT vxvdebi! amaSia Cems winaaRmdeg momarTuli
mTeli misi "eqskursis" kulminacia. rogorc yvelas
SeuZlia dainaxos, mTeli Cemi gamokvlevis umTavres
winapirobas xom swored es Sinagani kavSiri
warmoadgens: reformaciam racionaluri qristianuli
askeza da cxovrebis meTodika monastrebidan saero
profesiul cxovrebaSi gadaitana. Sdr. Semdgomi
Seucvlelad darCenili msjelobani.
81)asea puritan eretikosTa dakiTxvis mravalricxovan
oqmebSi neilsTan da krosbisTan (ix.: Neal, History of the
Puritans; Crosby, English Baptists).
82)ukve sanfordi (miTiTebul naSromSi) _ iseve rogorc
manamdec da mis Semdegac, mravali sxva _ "reserve"
(TavSekavebulobis) idealis warmomavlobas
puritanizms ukavSireben. am idealTan dakavSirebiT
Sdr. agreTve jeims braisis komentarebi amerikuli
kolejis Sesaxeb misi "American Commonwealth"-is II tomSi.
"TavdaWerilobis" asketurma principma puritanizmi
Tanamedrove samxedro disciplinis Semoqmedad aqcia.
(ix. moric oranielis, rogorc Tanamedrove samxedro
instituciaTa Semqmnelis Sesaxeb: Roloff, Preuß. Jafrb. 1903
Bd. III S. 255) kromveliseuli "ironsides" (rkinisgverdani),
SemarTuli dambaCiT xelSi, tyviis gausrolelad, mterze
Setevis misatanad cxenebs Seupovrad rom
miagelvebdnen, TavianTi derviSisebri mgznebarebiT ki
ara, piriqiT, fxizeli TavdaWerilobiT, rac maT mudam
winamZRolisadmi srul morCilebaSi amyofebda,
sjabnidnen "kavalrebs", romelTa raindulad-Semtevi
ieriSebi sakuTar razms yovelTvis atomebad
aqucmacebda. zogi ram amis Sesaxeb ix.: Firth,
Cromwells Army.

254
83) amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT ix.: Windelband,
Ueber Willensfreiheit, S. 77 f.
84)magram ara ase sruliad Seurevlad. mWvreteloba,
xandaxan mgrZnobelobasTan Serwymuli, am
racionalur elementebTan xSirad gadaikveTeba.
samagierod, Tavis mxriv, mWvretelobac meTodurad
reglamentirebulia.
85)riCard baqsteris Tanaxmad, codviania yvelaferi, rac
RvTis mier CvenTvis boZebuli normis ganmsazRvreli
"reason" (gonierebis) winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli:
igulisxmeba, vTqvaT, ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad
codviani vnebebi, aramed yovelgvari uazro da uzomo
afeqtebi, rogorc aseTi, vinaidan isini "countenance"
(TavdaWerilobas) spoben da, rogorc wminda wylis
xelTqmnili movlenebi, RvTisadmi mimarTuli yovelgvari
racionaluri qmedebisa da SegrZnebisagan gvaSoreben
da RmerTs Seuracxyofen. Sdr. magaliTad, rac sibrazis
codvianobis Sesaxebaa naTqvami (Christian Directory 2.
Aufl. 1678 I S. 285. amasTan dakavSirebiT xdeba tauleris
S. 287 citireba). SiSis codvianobis Sesaxeb iqvea
saubari S. 287 Sp. 2. da sruliad dabejiTebiT da
mravalgzis (S. 310, 316 Sp. I) aRiniSneba, rom
xelTqmnilis (idolatry) gaRmerTebaa, roca Cveni mada "
rule or measure of eating" (Wamis normad da zomad)
iqceva. amgvari msjelobisas yvelgan pirvel rigSi
moxseniebul solomoniseul igavTa gverdiT drodadro
citirebulia agreTve plutarqeseuli "De tranquilitate animi"
("sulis simSvidis Sesaxeb"), arcTu iSviaTad aseve wm.
bernhardis, bonaventuras da sxvaTa Sua saukuneebis
asketuri nawerebi _ "visac ar uyvars Rvino, qali da
simRera ..." namdvilad Zneli iqneboda amis sapirispiro
principis ufro mkveTrad formulireba, vidre es idolatry
(xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis) cnebis yvela cxovrebiseul
grZnobad siameTa mimarT ganvrcobiT moxda, imaT
garda, romlebic higienuri TvalsazrisiTaa gamarTlebuli,
am SemTxvevaSi (rogorc es miTiTebul farglebSi sports
an sxva "recreations" exeba) isini dasaSvebia (amis

255
Sesaxeb qveviT kidev iqneba msjeloba). yuradsaRebia,
rom aq da sxvaganac damowmebuli wyaroebi
dogmaturi an Wkuis damrigebluri nawarmoebebi ki
araa, aramed isini sulze zrunvis praqtikidan
warmodgebian da amdenad imis saukeTeso
TvalsaCinoebas warmoadgenen, Tu ra mimarTulebiT
iRwvoda es praqtika.
86)sxvaTa Soris, unda iTqvas, rom CemTvis metad
dasanani iqneboda, Tuki am gamokvlevidan vinme
ama Tu im formis religiurobis Rirebulebriv Sefasebas
amoikiTxavda. amisgan is metad dacilebulia. saqme
exeba garkveuli, SesaZloa, wminda religiuri
TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT meorexarisxovan, praqtikuli
qcevisTvis ki metad mniSvnelovan niSan-TvisebaTa
gamovlinebas.
87)amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. saxeldobr e. trolCis statia
"ingliseli moralistebi" gamocemaSi "Realenz. für prot. Th.
u. K." 3. Aufl.
88)Tu raoden Zlieri iyo im sruliad konkretuli
cnobierebis religiur SinaarsTa da situaciaTa gavlena,
"istoriul SemTxveviTobad" rom gveCvenebian,
gansakuTrebiT aSkarad imaSi mJRavndeba, rom
reformirebul safuZvelze aRmocenebuli pietizmis
wreebSi, magaliTad, monastrebis ararsebobas
xandaxan pirdapir nanobdnen da imaSic, rom labadies
da sxvaTa "komunisturi" eqsperimentebi mxolod
samonastro cxovrebis surogats warmoadgendnen.
89)da, kerZod, ukve TviT reformaciis epoqis zogierT
aRmsareblobaSi. riClic (Pietismus I S. 258 f.), miuxedavad
imisa, rom Semdgom ganviTarebas igi reformatoruli
ideis gadagvarebad miiCnevs, ar daobs imis Taobaze,
rom Conf. Gall. 25, 26, Conf. Belg. 29, Conf. Helv. post. 17
"reformirebul partikularul eklesias sruliad empiriul
maxasiaTebel niSnebs udgenen da rom am WeSmarit
eklesiaSi morwmuneTa daSveba zneobrivi aqtivobis
niSnis gareSe ar xdeba" (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.
SeniSv. 43).

256
90)Bless God that we are not of the many (Th. Adams, W. of the
Pur. Div. p. 138) " madloba RmerTs, rom umravlesobas ar
mivekuTvnebiT".
91)amrigad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT esoden
mniSvnelovanma "birthright" (pirvelSobilobis uflebis)
ideam inglisSi mZlavri mxardaWera hpova: "The first born
which are written in heaven ... As the first born is not be defeated in
his inheritance and the enrolled names are never to be oblitterated, so
certainly shall they inherit eternal life" (Th. Adams, W. of the Pur.
Div. p. XIV) "pirmSoni, romlebic caSi arian Cawerilni ...
vinaidan rogorc pirvelSobilni ar dakargaven TavianT
memkvidreobas da sjulis ficarze Cawerili saxelebi
arasodes amoiSlebian iqidan, isini udaod
memkvidreobiT miiReben maradiul sicocxles".
92)luTeriseuli monaniebisTvis mzadmyofi sinanulis
grZnoba asketurad ganviTarebuli kalvinizmisTvis,
marTalia, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT naklebad, magram
praqtikaSi ki Sinaganad namdvilad ucxoa: es misTvis
aranair eTikur Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens,
gankicxuls araferSi adgia, xolo Tavis rCeulobaSi
darwmunebulisTvis ki sakuTari codva, romelsac igi
aRiarebs, ganviTarebis ukusvlisa da arasrulyofili
ganspetakebis simptomia, romelic mas sZuls da
nacvlad imisa, rom is moinanios, igi mis daZlevas
RvTis sadideblad saqmiT cdilobs. Sdr. hous (kromvelis
kapelanis 1656-58) mosazrebani naSromSi: "Of men`s
enmity against God and of reconciliation between God and Man",
Works of the English Puritan Divines p. 237: "The carnal mind is
enemity against God. It is the mind, therefore, not as speculative
merely, but as practical and active, that must be renewed." (eod.
p.246): "Reconciliation ... must begin in 1) a deep conviction ... of
your former enemity ... I have been alienated from God ... 2) (p. 251)
a clear and lively apprehension ... of the monstrous iniquity and
wickedness thereof." ("xorcieli goni RvTis mteria.
amitomac Sesacvlelia ara mxolod spekulatiuri goni,
aramed aseve praqtikuli da aqtiuric". "Serigeba unda
daiwyos 1)RvTisadmi Tqvens mtrobaSi Rrmad

257
darwmunebulobiT ... me ganvudeqi RmerTs ... 2)amis
Semzaravi mankierebisa da biwirebis ... cxadad da
cocxlad gaazrebiT"). aq saubaria mxolod codvis da ara
codvilis mimarT siZulvilze. magram ukve hercogis
qalis, renata d` estes (goeTeseuli "torkvato tasodan"
/mTargmn./ "leonoras" dedis) cnobili werili
kalvinisadmi, romelSic is im "siZulvilze" saubrobs,
romliTac igi mamisa da meuRlis mimarT aRivseboda,
Tuki imaSi darwmundeboda, rom isini gankveTilni
arian, naTlad metyvelebs siZulvilis pirovnebaze
gadatanis Sesaxeb da amavdroulad warmoadgens imis
magaliTs, rac zeviT madlismieri rCeulobis moZRvrebis
mier "bunebrivi" grZnobiT SeduRabebuli erTianobis
marwuxebidan individis Sinagani gaTavisuflebis
Sesaxeb iTqva.
93)"None but those who give evidence of being regenerated or holy
persons, ought to be received or counted fit members of visible
churches. Where this is wanting, the very essence of a church is lost"
(xilul eklesiaSi miRebuli an mis wevrebad miCneuli
unda iqnan mxolod isini, vinc yvela niSniT
aRorZinebulni an wmidanni arian. sadac es wesi ar aris
daculi, ikargeba Tavad eklesiis arsi" _ amgvaradaa
Camoyalibebuli es principi ouenis, kromvelis
mmarTvelobisas oqsfordis independistur-kalvinisturi
vicekancleris mier (Inv. into the origin of Ev. Ch.) . ix.
Semdegi statia.
94)ix. Semdegi statia.
95)ix. Cat. Genev. 149. Bailey, Praxis pietatis S. 125:
"cxovrebaSi ise unda viqceodeT, TiTqos moses garda
Cvenze sxva veravin batonobdes".
96)"reformirebulebs kanoni idealur normad
warmoesaxebaT, luTerans ki igi Trgunavs, rogorc
miuRweveli norma". luTeranul katexizmoSi is saxarebis
win dgas, raTa jerovani morCileba gaaRvivos,
reformirebul katexizmoebSi ki saxarebis Semdeg.
reformirebulni luTeranebs sayvedurobdnen, rom maT
"wmindanad qcevis namdvili ridi aqvT" (mioleri),

258
luTeranebi ki reformirebulebs "monur
kanonmorCilebasa" da qedmaRlobas ukiJinebdnen.
97)Studies and reflections of the Great Rebellion p. 79 f.
98)msgavsTa Soris, pirvel yovlisa, ar unda
dagvaviwydes puritanTa mier metwilad ubralod
ugulvebelyofili "qebaTa qeba", romlis aRmosavlurma
erotikam ganapiroba, magaliTad, wminda
bernhardiseuli RvTismosaobis tipis Camoyalibeba.
99) amgvari TviTkontrolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb ix.,
magaliTad, adre citirebuli Cernokiseuli qadageba
korinTelTa mimarT meore epistoles Temaze 13, 5 (Works
of the Pur. Div. p. 161 f.)
100)moralist TeologTa umravlesoba gvirCevs amas.
maT Soris baqsteric (Christ. Directory II, p. 77 ff.), oRond is
ar Cqmalavs amasTan dakavSirebul "safrTxes".
101)zneobrivi angariSwarmoeba, cxadia, sxvaganac
sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. oRond ar xdeboda
misi, rogorc odiTganve dadgenili rCeulobisa Tu
gankicxulobis Sesacnob erTaderT maxasiaTebel niSnad
aqcentireba da amdenad ar arsebobda amgvari
saguldagulo da keTilsindisieri "kalkulaciisaTvis"
umniSvnelovanesi fsiqologiuri jildo.
102)es iyo arsebiTi gansxvaveba sxva, garegnulad
msgavs qcevis wesTan mimarTebaSi.
103)baqsteric (Saints` everlasting rest c. XII) RvTis
uxilavobas ganmartavs SeniSvniT: rogorc miwer-
moweris gziT manamde unaxav ucnobTan momgebiani
vaWrobis gaCaReba iqneboda SesaZlebeli, iseve
SesaZlebeli iqneboda uxilav RmerTTan "netari
vaWrobis" gziT "Zvirfasi margalitis" mopoveba. _
amgvari komerciuli Sedarebebi, adreuli periodis
moralistebisa da luTerisaTvis Cveuli samarTlebrivi
Sedarebebis nacvlad, friad damaxasiaTebelia
puritanizmisTvis, romelic saboloo jamSi swored
adamians miandobs sakuTari netarebis "vaWrobiT
mogebas". _ Sdr. vTqvaT, Semdegi adgili
qadagebidan: We reckon the value of a thing by that which a

259
wise man will give for it, who is not ignorant of it nor under
necessity. Christ, the Wisdom of God, gave himself, his own precious
blood, to redeem souls and he knew what they were and had no need
of them (Matthew Henty, The worth of the soul, Works of the Pur.
Div. p. 313). "sagnis Rirebuleba CvenTvis ganisazRvreba
imiT, Tu ramdens iZleva masSi gonieri adamiani,
romelmac icis misi fasi da moqmedebs aucileblobis
gamo. qristem, uflis sibrZnem, gaiRo Tavi, sakuTari
uZvirfasesi sisxli, raTa exsna sulebi; man icoda, Tu ras
warmoadgendnen isini da igi maT ar saWiroebda".
104)sawinaaRmdegos ambobda ukve Tavad luTeri:
"tirili win uswrebs qmedebas da tanjva Crdilavs
yovelgvar saqmianobas".
105)luTeranobis eTikuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSic
mJRavndeba es sruliad mkafiod. amis Sesaxeb ix.
Hoennicke, Studien zur altprotestantischen Ethik, Berlin 1902 da
misi metad yuradsaRebi e. trolCiseuli ganxilva (Gött.
Gel. Anz. 1902 Nr. 8). luTeriseuli doqtrinis daaxloeba,
saxeldobr, ufro Zvel orTodoqsul kalvinisturTan Tavisi
garegnuli formiT metad Sors midioda. magram
sxvagvari religiuri orientacia mainc ganuxrelad
ikvalavda gzas. melanxtonis mier monaniebis cneba
wina planze aRmoCnda dayenebuli, raTa zneobriobis
kavSiri rwmenasTan xelCasaWidi gamxdariyo. kanonis
mier ganpirobebuli monanieba rwmenas win unda
uswrebdes, keTili saqmeebi ki mas ukan unda sdevdes,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es _ TiTqmis puritanuli
formulirebiT _ ar iqneba WeSmariti, gamamarTlebeli
rwmena. SedarebiTi srulyofilebis garkveulwilad
miRweva mas dedamiwazec dasaSvebad miaCnda,
ufro metic, Tavdapirvelad melanxtoni imasac ki
amtkicebda, rom gamarTleba imisTvis xdeboda, raTa
adamianebi keTili saqmeebisaTvis Seegulianebina,
xolo mzard srulqmnaSi unda yofiliyo Cadebuli ukve
saaqao netarebis is wili, risi boZebac rwmenas
SeeZleboda. da ufro gviandeli periodis luTerani
dogmatikosebis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom keTili

260
saqmeebi rwmenis aucilebeli nayofia, rom rwmena
axali cxovrebis Semoqmedia, garegnulad zustad iseve
iyo Camoyalibebuli, rogorc reformatebTan. kiTxvas, Tu
ras warmoadgenen "keTili saqmeebi", ukve
melanxtonma gasca pasuxi, magram kidev ufro zustad
gviandelma luTeranebma, kanonze miTiTebiT.
luTeriseuli odindeli ideebis reminiscenciad mxolod is
naklebi seriozuloba SemorCa, romliTac bibliokratias,
kerZod, Zveli aRTqmis calkeul normebze
orientirebulobas, ekidebodnen. arsebiTad dekalogi,
rogorc zneobis bunebrivi kanonis umniSvnelovanes
principTa kodifikacia, rCeboda adamianuri qcevis
normad. magram ar iyo aranairi saimedo
SemakavSirebeli xidi gadebuli mis statutarul
aRiarebasa da gamarTlebis rwmenis sul ufro mZafrad
mzard mniSvnelobas Soris, ukve Tundac swored
imitom, rom am rwmenas (ix. zeviT) sul sxva
fsiqologiuri safuZveli hqonda, vidre kalvinisturs.
eklesiis mier, romelic Tavs sulis mxsnel dawesebulebad
miiCnevda, ugulvebelyofili iqna da kidevac unda
yofiliyo ugulvebelyofili adreuli periodis luTeriseuli
pirvandeli Tvalsazrisi, axlis SemuSaveba ki ar
momxdara. kerZod, SeuZlebeli iyo, ukve Tundac
dogmaturi safuZvlis ("sola fide!") dakargvis SiSiT, mTeli
cxovrebis asketur racionalizebamde, rogorc calkeuli
adamianis zneobriv amocanamde, misvla. vinaidan ar
arsebobda swored stimuli, romelic Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis ideas im mniSvnelobas SesZenda,
rogoric man kalvinizmSi madlismieri rCeulobis
moZRvrebiT moipova. aseve eklesiis saidumloTa
magiur interpretacias, am moZRvrebis amoZirkvas
rom emTxveva, saxeldobr, regeneratio (aRorZinebis) an
Tundac misi dasawyisis gadatanas naTlobaSi, madlis
universalobis aRiarebisas, zneobriobis meToduri
ganviTarebis sawinaaRmdegod unda emoqmeda,
radgan igi adamianis SegrZnebisTvis asustebda
distancias "status naturalis" (bunebriv mdgomareobasa)

261
da madlmosilebas Soris, miT ufro, Tu mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT luTeris mier pirveli codvis mniSvnelobis
esoden aqcentirebas. aranakleb asustebda mas
rwmenismieri gamarTlebis aqtis sruliad garegnuli
interpretacia, romelic RvTis gadawyvetilebaTa
Secvladobis winapirobad swor gzaze moqceuli codvilis
monaniebis aqts ganixilavda. swored amas usvamda
sul ufro dabejiTebiT xazs melanxtoni. misi moZRvrebis
sruli gardaqmna, romelic monaniebisaTvis sul ufro
mzardi mniSvnelobis miniWebaSi gamoixata,
Sinaganad dakavSirebuli iyo mis mier "nebis
Tavisuflebis" aRiarebasTan. yovelive aman gansazRvra
cxovrebis warmarTvis luTeriseuli wesis arameToduri
xasiaTi. konkretuli codvebisTvis konkretuli mitevebis
aqtebi rigiTi luTeranis warmosaxvaSi _ ukve Tundac
aRsarebis SenarCunebis wyalobiT _ xsnis Sinaarss
ganapirobeben da ara sakuTar xsnaSi
darwmunebulobis Tavadve mompovebel wmindanTa
aristokratiis Camoyalibebas. amrigad, ver moxerxda
verc kanonisagan Tavisufal zneobriobamde da verc
kanonze orientirebul racionalur askezamde miRweva,
aramed kanoni ganagrZobda sruliad araorganulad
"rwmenis" gverdiT arsebobas, rogorc statusi da
idealuri moTxovna da ufro metic, vinaidan
sworxazovan bibliokratias, rogorc sinergizms,
ufrTxodnen. Tavisi konkretuli SinaarsiT kanoni
sakmaod meryevi da dauzustebeli da rac mTavaria,
usistemo rCeboda. _ cxovreba ki zustad iseve, rogorc
es trolCma (miTiTebul naSromSi) eTikuri Teoriis
Sesaxeb aRniSna, "mxolod bolomde mudam
ganuxorcielebel mcdelobaTa nakrebad" rCeboda,
romelic "calkeul aramyar miTiTebaTa
danawevrebulobaSi iyo SenarCunebuli" da
"cxovrebiseul urTierTmimarTebaTa erTobliobis farglebSi
zemoqmedebaze" ki ar iyo mimarTuli, aramed,
arsebiTad, ganviTarebis im gzis Sesabamisad, romelic
ukve Tavad luTerma gaiara (ix. zeviT), mocemul

262
cxovrebiseul situaciaze, rogorc wvrilmanebSi ise Zireul
sakiTxebSi, morgebulobas ganasaxierebda. _ sxva
kulturaTa mimarT germanelTa es ybadaRebuli
"Semguebloba", erovnebis swrafad Secvlisadmi maTi
midrekileba, am eris garkveuli politikuri bedisweris
garda, mniSvnelovanwilad am ganviTarebasac unda
mieweros, Cvens cxovrebiseul urTierTobebSi dRemde
rom hpovebs Tavis gamoZaxils. kulturis subieqturi
aTviseba susti rCeboda, vinaidan igi ZiriTadad
"avtoritarulad" SemoTavazebulis pasiurad SeTvisebis
gziT xorcieldeboda.
106)amis Sesaxeb ix. Tolukis salaRobo wigni: Tholuck,
Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus.
107)islamuri predestinaciis (ufro sworad
predeterminaciis) moZRvrebisa da misi safuZvlebis
sruliad sxvagvari zegavlenis Sesaxeb ix. adre citirebuli
ulrixis (haidelbergis Teologiuri) disertacia: F. Ulrich, Die
Vorherbestimmungslehre im Islam und Christentum, 1912 .
iansenistTa predestinaciis moZRvrebis Sesaxeb ix.: P.
Honigsheim a. a. O.
108)amis Sesaxeb ix. winamdebare krebulis Semdegi
statia.
109)riCli (Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus I S. 152 ) maT im
periodisTvis, labadies moRvaweobas rom uswrebda
win (sxvaTa Soris mxolod niderlandur _ specimina _
magaliTebze dayrdnobiT) imaSi eZebs, rom
pietistebTan I. religiuri sakrebuloebi iqmneboda, II.
"qmnilebiseuli yofierebis araraobis" idea "saxarebiseuli
sulis xsnis interesis sawinaaRmdego formiT"
ganivrcoboda, III. "madlmosilebaSi darwmunebuloba
Cvens ufal iesosTan alersiani urTierTobis"
arareformatoruli formiT miiRweoda. ukanaskneli
maxasiaTebeli niSani am adreuli epoqisTvis mis mier
ganxilul warmomadgenelTagan mxolod erTs
Seesatyviseba. "qmnilebis araraobis" idea TavisTavad
kalvinisturi suliskveTebis pirmSo iyo da mxolod iq,
sadac mas samyarodan praqtikuli gaqceva mosdevda,

263
vardeboda igi normaluri protestantizmis kalapotidan.
religiuri sakrebuloebis garkveuli moculobiT daarseba
(gansakuTrebiT ki katexizmos Seswavlis mizniT),
sabolood, Tavad dordrextis sinodma daadgina. riClis
zemoxsenebul gamokvlevaSi gaanalizebul pietisturi
RvTismosaobis niSanTagan albaT yuradsaRebia: 1.
"precizizmi", bibliuri sityvisadmi monuri morCilebis
mniSvnelobiT cxovrebis yvela garegnul gamovlinebaSi,
romelsac garkveul SemTxvevebSi gisbert foeti iziarebs;
2. rwmenismieri gamarTlebisa da RmerTTan Serigebis
ara TviTmiznad, aramed mxolod cxovrebis asketurad
SeubRalavad warmarTvis saSualebad gaazreba, ra
formiTac amas, vTqvaT, lodenStainTan vxvdebiT,
magram, rac melanxtonTanac aseve miniSnebulia,
mag. (S. 125 A. 2); 3. "monaniebisTvis Sesamzadebeli
Sinagani brZolis" maRali Sefaseba, rogorc aRorZinebis
niSani, rasac pirvelad v. teelinki aswavlida; 4.
ziarebaze uaris Tqma masSi auRorZinebel pirTa
monawileobis SemTxvevaSi (razec sxva konteqstSi
kidev iqneba saubari) da amasTan dakavSirebuli
dordrextis canones (dadgenilebaTa) darRveviT religiuri
sakrebuloebis daarseba, rasac mosdevda
"winaswarmetyvelebis" aRorZineba anu wminda werilis
interpretacia araRvTismetyvelTa, TviT qalebis (ana
maria Siureri) mierac ki. es yovelive warmoadgens
nawilobriv arsebiTi xasiaTis gadaxrebs reformatorTa
moZRvrebidan da praqtikidan. magram im
mimarTulebebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki inglisel
puritanebTan SedarebiT, riClis gamokvlevis miRma rom
aRmoCndnen, yvela CamoTvlili punqti, mesamis garda,
mainc im tendenciaTa gaZlierebas warmoadgens,
romlebic am RvTismosaobis mTel ganviTarebas
axasiaTebda. riClis gamokvleva bolomde
miukerZoebeli araa, rac imaSi vlindeba, rom am did
swavluls sakuTari eklesiurad an, ukeT rom vTqvaT,
religiur-politikurad orientirebuli Sefasebebi Seaqvs
masSi da yovelgvari specifikurad asketuri religiurobis

264
mimarT misi antipaTiidan gamomdinare, yvelgan,
sadac ki am mimarTulebiT msgavsi Semobruneba
xdeba, igi amas "kaTolicizmisken" ukan dabrunebad
moiazrebs. oRond kaTolicizmis msgavsad Zveli
protestantizmic Tavis rigebSi aerTianebs "all sorts and
conditions of men" (yvela jurisa da wodebis adamianebs)
da mainc saero iansenizmis saxiT gamovlenili saero
askezis rigorizmi kaTolikurma eklesiam iseve uarhyo,
rogorc pietizmma XVII saukunis specifikurad kaTolikuri
kvietizmi. _ Cveni specialuri gamokvlevisTvis pietizmi
ara Tanamimdevrulad, aramed xarisxobrivad sxva
movlenad iq gardaiqmneba, sadac "samyarosadmi"
mzard SiSs kerZomeurneobrivi profesiuli cxovrebidan
gaqceva anu samonastro-komunistur safuZvelze
(labadie) religiur sakrebuloTa daarseba anda
mWvretelobis sasargeblod saero profesiuli
saqmianobis Segnebuli ugulvebelyofa mohyveba,
rasac calkeul eqstremistulad ganwyobil pietistebs
ukiJinebdnen maTi Tanamedroveni. bunebrivia,
msgavsi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT xSirad iq iCenda Tavs,
sadac mWvreteloba (kontemplacia) im saxes iZenda,
rasac riCli "bernhardinizms" uwodebs, vinaidan es
pirvelad "qebaTa qebis" wminda bernhardiseul
interpretaciaSi gamomJRavnda: esaa mistikuri
ganwyobilebis religiuroba, romelic kripto-seqsualurad
Seferil "unio mystica" (RmerTTan mistikur TanaSerwymas)
eswrafvis. igi ukve wminda religiur-fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT udaod "aliud" (sxvas) warmoadgens, rogorc
reformirebul RvTismosaobasTan mimarTebaSi, aseve
mis asketur gamoxatulebasTan (iseT pirovnebebTan,
rogoric foetia) mimarTebaSi. riCli ki lamobs es
kvietizmi yvelgan pietistur askezasTan Seawyvilos da,
amrigad, es ukanasknelic aseve SeaCvenos da xelze
ixvevs nebismier citatas kaTolikuri mistikidan an
askezidan, rasac ki pietistur literaturaSi poulobs.
magram sruliad "eWvmiutaneli" ingliseli da
niderlandeli moralisti-RvTismetyvelebic xom

265
imowmebdnen bernhards, bonaventuras, Tomas
kempiels. _ kaTolikuri warsulisadmi damokidebuleba
yovel reformirebul eklesiaSi metad araerTgvarovani iyo
da im aspeqtis Sesabamisad, romelic wina planze
iqneboda dayenebuli, erTgan erTi, meoregan meore
mimarTuleba gamoCndeboda kaTolicizmTan anu mis
garkveul mxareebTan daaxloebuli.
110)Realenz. f. Prot. Theol. u. K. mesame gamocemaSi
gamoqveynebul, mirbtis metad sayuradRebo statiaSi
"pietizmi", pietizmis warmoSoba reformatorul
wanamZRvarTa sruli ugulvebelyofiT daiyvaneba
mxolod speneriseul pirovnul religiur gancdamde, rac,
cota ar iyos, ucnaurad gamoiyureba. _ pietizmis
SesavalTan dakavSirebiT dRemde namdvilad wakiTvis
Rirsia gustav fraitagis naSromi gamocemaSi "Bilder aus
der deutschen Vergangenheit". inglisuri pietizmis
sawyisebTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove literaturidan
ix., vTqvaT: W. Whitaker, Prima institutio disciplinaque pietatis
(1570).
111)amgvarma TvalTaxedvam, rogorc cnobilia,
pietizms SesZina unari, gamxdariyo tolerantobis ideis
mTavari matarebeli. amasTan dakavSirebiT upriania
zogi ram iqnas CarTuli xsenebuli ideis Sesaxeb.
istoriulad is dasavleTSi, Tuki amjerad gverdze
gadavdebT humanistur-ganmanaTleblur
indiferentulobas, rasac calke aRebuls, TavisTavad arsad
didi praqtikuli zegavlena ar mouxdenia, Semdegi
ZiriTadi wyaroebidan momdinareobs: 1. wminda
politikuri saxelmwifoebrivi mizanSewoniloba (arqetipi:
vilhelm oraneli) _ 2. merkantilizmi (ase gansakuTrebiT
aSkarad gamovlenili, magaliTad, qalaq amsterdamisa
da mTeli rigi qalaqebis, memamuleTa da Zalauflebis
mflobelTa SemTxvevaSi, romlebic seqtantebs
iRebdnen, rogorc ekonomikuri progresis pativsadeb
matareblebs) _ 3. kalvinisturi RvTismosaobis radikaluri
mimarTuleba. predestinacia xom Tavisi arsiT
gamoricxavda saxelmwifos mier aratolerantulobis gziT

266
religiis mxardaWeras. mas xom amiT sulTa xsna ar
ZaluZda; mxolod RvTisTvis pativis migebis mosazreba
ubiZgebda eklesias miemarTa misi daxmarebisaTvis
eresis dasaTrgunad. da rac ufro didi wona edeboda
mqadageblis da yvela ziarebulis rCeulTa wrisadmi
kuTvnilebas, miT ufro gausaZlisi xdeboda yovelgvari
saxelmwifoebrivi Careva sasuliero Tanamdebobebis
dakavebisas da universitetis auRorZinebel
aRzrdilTaTvis, mxolod imis gamo, rom isini Teologiurad
ganswavlulni iyvnen, mrevlis winamZRvarTa adgilebis
darigebisas da, saerTodac, uaryofili iyo xSirad arcTu
uzado yofaqceviT gamorCeul politikuri Zalauflebis
mpyrobelTa nebismieri Careva mrevlis saqmeebSi.
reformirebuli pietizmi am Tvalsazriss aZlierebda
dogmaturi marTlmorwmuneobis Rirebulebis
gaufasurebiT da debulebis _ "Extra ecclesiam nulla salus"
(eklesiis gareT ar aris xsna) _ TandaTanobiTi
dacxavebiT. kalvins RvTis mier wesdebuli eklesiisadmi
agreTve gankicxulTa daqvemdebareba mxolod uflis
sadideblad miaCnda dasaSvebad; axal inglisSi
eswrafodnen moexdinaT eklesiis, rogorc Rirsad
TviTgamovlenil wmindanTa aristokratiis, konstruireba;
magram ukve radikali independentebi uarhyofdnen,
rogorc samoqalaqo, ise nebismieri ierarqiuli
xelisuflebis mxridan mxolod calkeuli mrevlis farglebSi
SesaZlebel "Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" gamocdaSi
yovelgvar Carevas. mosazreba, TiTqos RvTis dideba
agreTve gankveTilTa saeklesio disciplinisadmi
daqvemdebarebas iTxovdes, idevneboda imTaviTve
arsebuli, magram TandaTanobiT sul ufro gznebiT
xazgasmuli mosazrebiT, rom RvTis didebis
Seuracxmyofelia, uflis mier gankicxulTan erTad ziarebis
miReba. amas voluntarizmamde unda mieyvana
saqme, vinaidan mas "believers` Church" (morwmuneTa
eklesiis) anu mxolod aRorZinebulTagan Semdgari
religiuri gaerTianebis Seqmnamde miyavda saqme.
ideaTa am wridan yvelaze radikaluri daskvnebi

267
kalvinisturma baptizmma gamoitana, romelsac, mag.,
"wmindanTa parlamentis" mesveuri, praizegod
barberone, miekuTvneboda. kromvelis jari sindisis
Tavisuflebas uWerda mxars, xolo "wmindanTa"
parlamenti _ TviT saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
dacalkavebasac ki, vinaidan misi wevrebi RvTismosavi
pietistebi iyvnen anu pozitiur-religiuri motivebis
safuZvelze. _ 4. SemdgomSi gansaxilveli baptisturi
seqtebi da agreTve yvelaze uryevad da siRrmiseulad
Tanamimdevrulni, TavianTi arsebobis dasabamidanve
mudam im principze idgnen, rom mxolod pirovnulad
aRorZinebulTa daSvebaa SesaZlebeli eklesiis TemSi da
amdenad hgmobdnen eklesiis yovelgvar
"institucionalur" xasiaTs da saero xelisuflebis yovelgvar
Carevas. amrigad, aqac is pozitiur-religiuri motivi iyo,
rac ucilobeli rjulSemwynareblobis moTxovnas
ganapirobebda. _ pirveli, vinc am motivebiT
baptistebamde TiTqmis erTi TaobiT adre, rojer
uiliamsamde ki ori TaobiT adre, upirobo
rjulSemwynareblobas da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
dacalkavebas uWerda mxars, albaT jon brauni iyo. am
TvalsazrisiT saeklesio Temis pirvel ganacxads, rogorc
Cans, amsterdamSi 1612 Tu 1613 wlis ingliseli
baptistebis rezolucia unda warmoadgendes: "the
magistrate is not middle with religion or matters of conscience ...
because Christ is the King and lawgiver of the Church and
conscience" (magistrati ar unda Caerios religiis an
sindisis saqmeebSi ... radgan qristea eklesiisa da
sindisis mefe da kanonmdebeli). saeklesio Temis pirveli
oficialuri dokumenti, romelic saxelmwifos mier sindisis
Tavisuflebis, rogorc uflebis, pozitiur dacvas iTxovda,
albaT 1644 wlis (particular -kerZo) baptistebis
aRmsareblobis 44-e muxli iyo. _ kidev erTxel
dabejiTebiT unda iqnas aRniSnuli, rom drodadro
gamoTqmuli mosazreba, TiTqos Semwynarebloba,
rogorc aseTi, kapitalizms sasikeTod waadga,
bunebrivia, sruliad mcdaria. religiuri Semwynarebloba

268
arafers specifikurad Tanamedroves an dasavlurs ar
warmoadgens. igi CineTSi, indoeTSi, elinizmis epoqis
winaaziis did saxelmwifoebSi, romis imperiaSi, islamur
imperiebSi, mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi mizanSewonilobis
motivebiT (dResac ki garkveul barierebs rom qmnian!)
SezRuduli, xangrZlivi periodebis ganmavlobaSi ise
ukideganod iyo gabatonebuli, rogorc arsad mTel
msoflioSi XVI da XVII saukuneebis manZilze, yvelaze
naklebad ki im regionebSi, sadac puritanizmi
batonobda, rogorc magaliTad, holandiasa da zelandiaSi
politikur-ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi anda kidev
puritanul Zvel Tu axal inglisSi. dasavleTisTvis _ rogorc
reformaciamde ise mas Semdeg _ iseve, rogorc
vTqvaT, sasanidebis imperiisaTvis umal
aRmsareblobiTi Seuwynarebloba iyo damaxasiaTebeli,
rac calkeuli epoqebis manZilze, oRond umeteswilad
politikuri mizezebis gamo, aseve sufevda CineTSi,
iaponiaSi, indoeTSi. aqedan gamomdinare,
Semwynareblobas, rogorc aseTs, kapitalizmTan
marTlac araferi esaqmeba. yvelaferi imazea
damokidebuli, Tu vis waadga igi sasikeTod. _
"morwmuneTa" eklesiis ("believers" Church) moTxovniT
gamowveuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb saubari momdevno
statiaSi gagrZeldeba.
112)Tavis praqtikul gamoyenebas es idea poulobs,
magaliTad, kromveliseuli "tryers", moZRvaris
Tanamdebobaze kandidatTa gamomcdelebis
SemTxvevaSi. isini eswrafodnen ara imdenad
sagnobriv-Teologiuri ganswavlulobis, aramed ufro
kandidatis subieqturi madlmosilebis mdgomareobis
dadgenas. ix. agreTve momdevno statia.
113)aristoteles da, saerTod, klasikuri filosofiis mimarT
pietizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli undoblobis povna
sawyisi formiT ukve kalvinTanaa SesaZlebeli (Sdr. Instit.
IIc. 2 S. 4; III c. 23 S.5; IV c. 17 S. 24). rogorc cnobilia,
Tavdapirvelad es undobloba aranakleb iyo gamovlenili
luTerTanac, magram SemdgomSi is gandevnil iqna

269
humanisturi gavlenis (pirvel yovlisa, melanxtonis),
codnis SeZenisa da apologetikis gardauvali
moTxovnebis wyalobiT. protestantuli tradiciis
Tanaxmad, cxadia, vestminsteris aRmsareblobac (c. I,
7) imas aswavlida, rom sulis xsnisaTvis yovelive
aucilebeli TviT uswavlelTaTvisac ki sakmaod
gasagebad saRvTo werilSia mocemuli.
114)amis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli oficialuri
eklesiebis protesti. magaliTad, jer kidev 1648 wlis
Sotlandiis presbiterianuli eklesiis (mokle) katexizmo
(gv. VII) gmobda, rogorc Tanamdebobriv
uflebamosilebaSi Carevas, saSinao RvTismsaxurebaSi
im pirTa monawileobas, vinc imave ojaxis wevrebi ar
iyvnen. pietizmic, iseve rogorc nebismieri asketuri
erToblioba, individs aTavisuflebda sasuliero
Tanamdebobrivi prestiJis interesebTan gadaxlarTuli
ojaxuri patriarqalizmis marwuxebidan.
115)angariSgasawevi mizezebis gamo aq Segnebulad
vikavebT Tavs, SevexoT religiuri cnobierebis Sinaarsis
"fsiqologiur" _ sityvis dargobriv-mecnieruli gagebiT _
mimarTebebs da TviT Sesabamisi terminologiis
gamoyenebasac ki, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavs varidebT.
fsiqologiis cnebaTa danamdvilebiT dadgenili maragi,
fsiqiatriis CaTvliT, jerjerobiT sakmarisi ar aris, raTa
Cveni problemis sferoSi istoriuli kvlevis miznebisaTvis
uSualod gamoyenebuli iqnas ise, rom istoriuli gansjis
obieqturoba ar dairRves. maTi terminologiis
gamoyeneba mxolod cTunebas aRZravda sruliad
gasagebi da xSirad ubralod trivialuri movlenebisTvis
ucxo sityvebSi diletanturi ganswavlulobis pirbade
agvefarebina da am gziT cnebebis zedmiwevniTi
sizustis yalbi moCvenebiToba Segveqmna, rac
samwuxarod tipiuri gaxldaT magaliTad,
lamprextisaTvis. _ garkveuli istoriuli masobrivi
movlenebis interpretaciisaTvis fsiqopaTologiuri
cnebebis gamoyenebis ufro yuradsaRebi mcdelobebi
ix. v. helpaxTan (W. Hellpach, Grundlinien zu einer Psychologie

270
der Hysterie, 12. Kapitel)aseve misi "Nervosität und Kultur". me
aq imis ganxilvas ar Sevecdebi, rom Cemi azriT, am
metad mravalmxrivad orientirebul avtors lamprextis
garkveuli Teoriebis gavlenam avno. _ Tu raoden
moklebulia yovelgvar Rirebulebas ufro adrindel
literaturasTan SedarebiT lamprextiseuli sqematuri
SeniSvnebi pietizmis Sesaxeb (germaniis istoriis VII
tomSi), icis nebismierma, vinc Tundac mxolod yvelaze
gavrcelebul literaturas icnobs.
116)rac daemarTa sqorTingheisis "Sinagani
qristianobis" mimdevrebs. _ religiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT
amis Zirebi RvTis monis Sesaxeb meore esaiaseul
igavsa da 22-e fsalmunSia saZiebeli.
117)es Tavs iCenda calkeuli movlenebis saxiT holandiel
pietistebTan, xolo Semdeg spinozas gavleniT.
118)labadie, tersteegeni da sxvebi.
119)es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod albaT maSin iCens Tavs,
roca igi _ erTi Speners damixedeT! _ sadavos xdis
xelisufalTa uflebamosilebas, areulobebisa da
umarTebulo qmedebebis garda, akontrolon religiur
sakrebuloTa saqmianoba imis safuZvelze, rom aq
saqme exeba mociqulTa saeklesio wesrigiT
garantirebul qristianTa ZiriTad uflebas (ix.: Spener,
Theologische Bedenken II S. 81 f.). es principulad zustad
igive puritanuli Tvalsazrisia calkeuli individis ex jure
divino (RvTiuri wesrigidan) momdinare da, amdenad,
xelSeuvali uflebebis mimarTebaTa da qmedebis
sferosTan dakavSirebiT. riCls arc es (pietizmi II) da arc
Semdgom teqstSi moxseniebuli eresi (ix gv.115)
gamohparvia. rac ar unda araistoriuli iyos riCliseuli
pozitivisturi (rom ara vTqvaT filisteruli) kritika,
mimarTuli "ZiriTadi uflebis" ideis winaaRmdeg,
romelsac Cven saboloo jamSi, arc meti arc naklebi, y
v e l a- f e r s vumadliT, rac dRes TviT ukidures
"reaqcionersac" ki misi individualuri Tavisuflebis sferos
minimumad esaxeba, erTSi mainc sruliad unda
daveTanxmoT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi gvaklia

271
Speneriseul luTeranul TvalsazrisSi misi organuli
CarTva.
Tavad religiuri sakrebuloebi (collegia pietatis),
romlTa Teoriul dasabuTebas Speneriseuli cnobili "Pia
desideria" warmoadgenda da romlebic praqtikulad man
Seqmna, Tavisi arsiT Seesabamebodnen inglisur
"prophesyings" (winaswarmetyvelurs), rac pirvelad ian
laskos londonur bibliur koloqviumebSi (1547) iCens
Tavs da aqedan moyolebuli, ucvlelad ikavebs adgils
eklesiis avtoritetis winaaRmdeg mimarTul puritanuli
RvTismosaobis saprotesto formebis arsenalSi. Jenevis
saeklesio disciplinis uaryofa, rogorc cnobilia, mis mier
imiT sabuTdeba, rom misi mowodebis matarebeli,
"mesame wodeba" (status oeconomicus: qristiani
eriskacebi), luTeranul eklesiaSi araa saeklesio
organizaciaSi CarTuli. meore mxriv, nakleb luTeranulia
_ eklesiidan gankveTis ganxilvisas _ saero xelisuflebis
mier delegirebul konsistoriumis eriskac wevrTa
"mesame wodebis" warmomadgenlebad aRiareba.
120)ukve Tavad pirvelad luTeranul regionebSi
warmomdgari saxewodeba "pietizmi" gulisxmobs, rom
im epoqis TanamedroveTa Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
uarsebiTesi iyo "pietas" (RvTismosavobis) meTodur
saqmianobad gardaqmna.
121)cxadia, unda vaRiaroT, rom amgvari motivacia,
marTalia, upiratesad kalvinizmisTvis, magram ara
mxolod misTvisaa niSandoblivi. swored uZveles
luTeranul saeklesio wesdebebSi vpoulobT maT
gansakuTrebiT xSirad.
122)ebraelTa mimarT epistoles (5, 13. 14) gagebiT. Sdr.
Spener, Theol. Bedenken I 306.
123)beilisa da baqsteris gverdiT (ix. Consilia theologica III,
6, 1, dist. I, 47, das. dist. 3,6) Speneri gamorCeulad afasebda
Tomas kemps, metadre ki taulers (romelTanac misTvis
yvelaferi gasagebi ar iyo: Consilia theologica III, 6, 1 dist.
1,1). am ukanasknelis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix.

272
gansakuTrebiT Consilia theologica I, 1, 1 Nr. 7. luTeri misi
gagebiT tauleridan momdinareobs.
124)ix. Ritschl, a.a.O. II, S. 113. gviandeli pietistebisa da
(luTeris) "monaniebasTan dakavSirebul brZolas" igi
rogorc WeSmariti moqcevis ganmsazRvrel
maxasiaTebels uarhyofda (Theolog. Bedenken III S. 476).
ufalTan Serigebis rwmenidan warmomdgari
ganspetakebis, rogorc madlierebis nayofis _
specifikurad luTeriseuli (ix. SeniSvna 58) formulireba _
Sesaxeb ix. riClTan 115-e gverdze damowmebuli
adgilebi. erTi mxriv, Certitudo salutis Sesaxeb ix. Theolog.
Bedenken I S. 324: WeSmariti rwmena imdenad
grZnobiTad ar aRiqmeba, ramdenadac mis nayofTa
(RvTisadmi siyvaruli da morCileba) safuZvelze, _
meore mxriv, ix.: Theolog. Bedenken I S. 335 f.: "xolo rac
Seexeba zrunvas imis Sesaxeb, rom darwmunebuli
iyoT sakuTar xsnasa da madlmosilebaSi, amas umal
"Cveni" _ luTeranuli _ "wignebidan miiRebT", vidre
"ingliseli mjRabnelebisgan". xolo ganspetakebis arsis
Taobaze ki igi ingliselebs eTanxmeboda.
125)religiuri dRiurebi, romelTac a. h. franke urCevda,
aqac amis garegnul niSans warmoadgenda. _
ganspetakebis misaRwevad meTodur varjiSsa da mis
Cvevad qcevas am ukanasknelis zrda da keTilisa da
borotis gacalkeveba unda gamoewvia: _ daaxloebiT
esaa frankeseuli wignis ("Von des Christen Vollkommenheit")
ZiriTadi Tema.
126)gangebis rwmenaSi orTodoqsuli poziciidan
amgvari racionalur-pietisturi gadaxra metad
niSandoblivi formiT gamovlinda halel pietistebsa da
luTeranuli orTodoqsiis warmomadgenels, loSers, Soris
gamarTul cnobil kamaTSi. Tavis wignSi "Timotheus
Verinus" loSeri iqamdec ki midis, rom yovelive, rac
adamianuri saqmianobiT miiRweva, daupirispiros
gangebis nebas. franke ki ucvlelad im Tvalsazrisze
rCeboda, rom imaSi, rac mosaxdenia, garkveulobis
yoveli gamonaTeba, mSvidad gadawyvetilebis

273
molodinis Sedegs rom warmoadgens, "uflis niSnad"
yofiliyo miCneuli: _ es savsebiT kvekeruli fsiqologiis
analogiuria da im sazogado asketur Sexedulebas
Seesabameba, rom racionaluri meTodikaa RmerTTan
daaxloebis gza. _ cincendorfi, romelmac
umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sakuTari
mrevlis bedi wilisyras miando, udaod Sors dgas
gangebis rwmenis frankeseuli formisgan. _ Speneri
(Theolog. Bedenken I S. 314) ki qristianuli "uSfoTvelobis"
daxasiaTebisas, romliTac Tavi RvTiur gangebas unda
miando da mas naCqarevi TviTneburi qmedebebiT ar
gadaeRobo, _ didwilad aseTivea frakeseuli Tvalsazrisic
_ taulers eyrdnoboda. puritanizmTan SedarebiT
mniSvnelovanwilad Sesustebuli (saaqao) mSvidobis
maZiebeli pietisturi RvTismosaobis aqtivoba yvelgan
gamokveTilad iCens Tavs. "First righteousness, then peace"
(jer umwikvloba, Semdeg mSvidoba), amis sapirispirod
amgvarad ayalibebs jer kidev 1904 wels erT-erTi
wamyvani baptisti (j. uaiti Tavis erT-erT ustarSi,
romelsac kidev araerTxel movixmobT) misi
aRmsareblobis eTikur programas (Baptist Handbook 1904 p.
107).
127)(Lect. paraenet. IV. S. 271.)
128)ZiriTadad am erTTavad ganmeorebadi
warmodgenis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli riCliseuli
kritika. _ ix. 125 komentarSi citirebuli frankeseuli
naSromi, romelic am moZRvrebas Seicavs.
129)mas vpoulobT agreTve inglisel
arapredestinacionistul pietistebTanac, mag.,
gudvinTan. mis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb Sdr.: Heppe,
Geschichte des Pietismus in der reformierten Kirche, Leiden 1879,
wigni, romelic riCliseuli nimuSad qceuli naSromis
Semdegac ki inglisisTvis da aqa-iq niderlandebisTvisac
jer kidev Seucvleli rCeba. jer kidev XIX saukuneSi
kolers (misi wignis Tanaxmad, romelsac Semdgom
statiaSi davimowmebT) niderlandebSi xSirad
usvamdnen kiTxvas misi aRorZinebis Sesaxeb.

274
130)am gziT cdilobdnen daeZliaT madlis xelaxla
mopovebadobis Sesaxeb luTeriseuli moZRvrebis
(gansakuTrebiT ki gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba "moqcevis"
Sesaxeb in extremis _ sikvdilis momentSi)
aradamajerebeli daskvna.
131)amasTan dakavSirebuli aucileblobis winaaRmdeg,
rom scodnodaT "moqcevis" dRe da saaTi, rogorc misi
WeSmaritebis savaldebulo niSan-Tvisebisa, ix.: Spener,
Theolog. Bed. II, 6, 1 p. 197. misTvis "monaniebrivi brZola"
iseve ucxo iyo, rogorc melanxtonisTvis luTeriseuli
terrores conscientiae (sindisis mtanjveli qenjna).
132)amasTan erTad, cxadia, agreTve garkveul rols
TamaSobda yoveli askezisaTvis niSandoblivi,
"sazogado mRvdelmsaxurebis" antiavtoritaruli
gaazrebac. _ garkveul SemTxvevebSi moZRvars
codvaTa mitevebis gadavadebas urCevdnen, vidre ar
"dadasturdeboda" WeSmariti monanieba, rasac riCli
sruliad marTebulad kalvinisturad miiCnevs.
133)CvenTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis punqtebis povna
yvelaze mosaxerxebelia plitTan Plitt, Zinzendorfs Theologie
(Bd. I-III , Gotha 1869 f.) Bd. I S 325, 345, 381, 412, 429, 433 f.,
444, 448, Bd. II S. 372, 381, 385, 409 f., Bd. III S. 131, 167, 176.
Sdr agreTve: Bernh. Becker, Zinzendorf und sein Christentum
(Leipzig 1900) 3. Buch, Kap. III.
134)cxadia, igi augsburgis aRmsareblobas luTeranul-
qristianuli rwmenis utyuar dokumentad mxolod mas
Semdeg ganixilavda, rac masze _ rogorc is Tavisi
amazrzeni terminologiiT ambobs _ "Wrilobebis naxarSi"
iqneboda gadasxmuli. cincendorfis kiTxva mkacri
sasjelia, radgan misi ena, undili azrebis simyifiT, imaze
mZimed aRsaqmelia, vidre is "qristoterpuli SarbaTi",
rac S.T. fiSerisTvis (miunxenel "qristoterpesTan" misi
polemikisas) esoden Semzaravi iyo.
135)"Cven verc erT religiaSi ver miviCnevT maT Cvens
Zmebad, vinc ar ganbanilan qristes sisxlis pkurebiT da
sruliad gardaqmnilni, ar agrZeleben sulis
ganspetakebisken swrafvas. Cven gacxadebul (=xilul)

275
qristianul mrevlad mxolod imas miviCnevT, sadac uflis
sityva spetakad da Seuryvnelad iqadageba da mis
Sesatyvisad mrevlis wevrebic, rogorc uflis Svilebi,
wminda cxovrebas ewevian". _ ukanaskneli
winadadeba, marTalia, luTeris katexizmodanaa aRebuli,
magram iq, rogorc ukve riCli aRniSnavs, igi im
kiTxvaze pasuxs emsaxureba, Tu rogor iqneba
kurTxeuli uflis saxeli, aq ki wmindanTa eklesiis
gamomijvnas.
136)ix.: Plitt I p. 346. _ es kidev ufro gamokveTiladaa
adre citirebul plitiseul pasuxSi kiTxvaze: "aris Tu ara
keTili saqmeebi saWiro xsnisaTvis?" _ "usargeblo da
mavnebelia xsnis misaRwevad, oRond xsnis miRwevis
Semdeg imdenadaa saWiro, rom vinc maT ar iqms, is
verc iqneba daxsnili". maSasadame, aqac ara realuri
safuZveli, aramed _ mxolod da mxolod! _ Semecnebis
safuZveli.
137)magaliTad, "qristianuli Tavisuflebis" im
karikaturebis meSveobiT, romelTac riCli (a.a.O. III S. 381)
amaTraxebs.
138)pirvel yovlisa, xsnis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi sasjelis
meSveobiT dakmayofilebis ideis gamZafrebulad
aqcentirebis gziT, romelic man, mas Semdeg, rac
amerikuli seqtebis mxridan misi misioneruli daaxloebis
mcdelobebi ukugdebuli iqna, kurTxevis meTodis
safuZvlad aqcia. amieridan, mis mier herrnhutuli
askezis miznad bavSvurobisa da qeddaxrili
TviTmoTokvis saTnoebaTa miRweva aRmoCndeba wina
planze dayenebuli, saZmos savsebiT puritanuli askezis
analogiuri tendenciebis mkveTrad sapirispirod.
139)oRond masac aqvs sakuTari sazRvrebi. ukve
Tundac amis gamo iqneboda mcdari, ganviTarebis
"socialur-fsiqologiur" safexurze mogveqcia cincendorfis
religiuroba, rogorc amas adgili aqvs lamprextTan.
amasTan erTad mis religiurobaze arafers ar mouxdenia
imaze Zlieri zegavlena, vidre im garemoebas, rom igi
iyo grafi _ arsebiTad feodaluri instinqtebiT. "social-

276
fsiqologiurad" swored misi religiurobis grZnobiTi mxare
iqneboda iseve Sesaferisi raindobis sentimentaluri
dekadansis droisa, rogorc "mgrZnobiarobis" epoqisa.
Tu maincdamainc "social-fsiqologiurad" unda moxdes
dasavleTevropul racionalizmTan dapirispirebulobaSi
misi gaazreba, maSin es umal aRmosavleT germaniis
patriarqalur kavSirurTierTobaTa simyaris meSveobiTaa
SesaZlebeli.
140)es dipelTan cincendorfiseuli kontroversidan iseve
gamomdinareobs, rogorc _ misi sikvdilis Semdeg _
mkafiod vlindeba 1764 wlis sinodis gamonaTqvamebSi
herrnhutuli religiuri sazogadoebis, rogorc sulis
mxsnelis, institucionaluri xasiaTi. amasTan
dakavSirebiT ix.: riCliseuli kritika (a.a.O. III S. 443 f.).
141)Sdr. mag., $ 151, 153, 160. is, rom kurTxeva
SesaZloa ar iyos boZebuli, miuxedavad WeSmariti
monaniebisa da codvaTa mitevebisa, gansakuTrebiT
TvalnaTeli xdeba SeniSvnebidan 311 gverdze da
luTeriseul xsnis moZRvrebas imdenad Seesatyviseba,
ramdenadac ewinaaRmdegeba kalvinistursa (da
meTodisturs).
142)Sdr. plitTan (II) 345-e gverdze citirebuli
gamonaTqvamebi. aseve: Spangenberg, Idea fidei p. 325.
143)Sdr. mag., plitTan (III) 131-e gverdze citirebuli
maTes saxarebis 20, 28 cincendorfiseuli ganmarteba:
"rodesac vxedav adamians, romelsac ufalma uzado
niWi uboZa, mixaria da siamovnebiT vsargeblob am
niWiT. oRond Tuki vamCnev, rom igi ar kmayofildeba
am ZRveniT, aramed misi kidev ufro daxvewisTvis
iRwvis, me amas msgavsi pirovnebis daqcevis
sawyisad miviCnev". _ cincendorfi marTlac uaryofda _
gansakuTrebiT 1743 wels Tavis saubarSi jon ueslisTan _
winsvlas ganspetakebaSi, vinaidan igi am ukanasknels
Tavis marTlebasTan aigivebda da mas mxolod qristes
mimarT oden grZnobismierad damyarebul kavSirSi
poulobda. pliti I gv. 413. "iaraRad yofnis" SegrZnebis
adgils ikavebs RvTiuris "floba": mistika da ara askeza

277
(im gagebiT, rogorc es ganmartebulia momdevno
statiebisTvis gankuTvnil SesavalSi). _ bunebrivia
(rogorc es iqve ganvixileT), puritanisTvisac arsebuli,
saaqao habitus aris is, rasac is sinamdvileSi eswrafvis.
oRond es, rogorc certitudo salutis aRqmuli habitus
warmoadgens masTan qmediT iaraRad yofnis
SegrZnebas.
144)rac swored amgvari gadaxvevis gamo ver iqna
Tanamimdevrulad eTikurad dasabuTebuli. cincendorfi
uarhyofs profesiis farglebSi "RvTisadmi msaxurebis",
rogorc profesiuli erTgulebisaTvis ganmsazRvreli
faqtoris, luTeriseul ideas. es masTan umal "macxovris
xelobis erTgulebisaTvis" sazRaurad moiazreba. (Plitt II
S. 411).
145)cnobilia misi gamonaTqvami: "gonieri adamiani ar
unda iyos urwmuno da morwmune adamiani ki
ugunuri" mis wignSi "Sokrates, d. i. Aufrichtige Anzeige nicht
sowohl unbekannter als vielmehr in Abfall geratener
Hauptwahrheiten" (1725), aseve misi siyvaruli imgvari
avtorebisadmi, rogoric beilia.
146)maTematikuri dasabuTebis gziT racionalizebuli
empirizmisadmi protestantuli askezis mkveTrad
gamoxatuli midrekileba cnobilia da ufro dawvrilebiT
misi aq ganxilva jer ar moxdeba. maTematikurad
racionalizebuli "zusti" kvlevisaken mecnierebaTa
Semobrunebis, saamiso filosofiuri motivebisa da
bekonis mosazrebaTa mimarT maTi dapirispirebis
Sesaxeb Sdr.: Windelband, Geschichte der Philosophie, S. 305-
307, gansakuTrebiT ki, SeniSvna 305-e gverdze
qvemoT, romelic marTebulad uarhyofs mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo
mecniereba gaazrebuli unda iqnas, rogorc materialur-
teqnologiuri interesebis nayofi. maT Soris, cxadia,
metad mniSvnelovani urTierTmimarTebebi arsebobs,
magram isini gacilebiT ufro rTulia. ix. agreTve:
Windelband, Neuere Philosophie, I S. 40 f. _ protestantuli
askezis poziciisaTvis gadamwyveti Tvalsazrisi, romelic

278
yvelaze naTlad SpenerTan (Spener, Theologische Bedenken I
S. 232, III S. 260) ikveTeba, SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
rogorc qristiani Seicnoba misi rwmenis nayofTa
mixedviT, ise RvTisa da mis ganzraxvaTa Semecnebaa
mxolod uflis saqmeTa Semecnebis gziT SesaZlebeli.
amis Sesabamisad, dargi, romelsac upiratesobas
aniWebda yovelgvari puritanuli, baptisturi da pietisturi
qristianoba, gaxldaT fizika da masTan erTad msgavs
meTodebze damyarebuli sxva maTematikur-
sabunebismetyvelo dargebi. maT swamdaT, rom
bunebaSi RvTiur kanonTa empiriuli gaazrebiT, isini
samyaros "sazrisis" codnamde amaRldebodnen, rac
cnebiTi spekulaciebis gziT RvTiuri gamocxadebis
fragmentuli xasiaTis gamo _ es kalvinisturi mosazrebaa
_ verasodes ver iqneboda Secnobili. XVII saukunis
empirizmi askezisaTvis warmoadgenda saSualebas,
eZiaT "RmerTi bunebaSi". savaraudod, empirizmi
aaxloebda RmerTTan, filosofiuri spekulacia ki
RmerTisgan aSorebda. Speneris Tanaxmad, upiratesad
aristoteleseulma filosofiam miayena qristianobas
ZiriTadi ziani. mas sjobia nebismieri sxva filosofia,
gansakuTrebiT ki "platoniseuli" (ix.: Cons. Theol. III, 6, 1,
Dist. 2, Nr. 13). Sdr. agreTve Semdegi niSandoblivi
monakveTi: "Unde pro Cartesio quid dicam non habeo, semper
tamen optavi et opto, ut Deus viros excitet, qui veram philosophiam
vel tandem oculis sisterent, in qua nullius hominis attenderetur
auctoritas, sed sana tantum magistri nescia ratio" (Spener, Cons.
Theol. II, 5 Nr.2) - "rasac me vityvi, es ar Seexeba
dekartes (Speners igi ar waukiTxavs), magram me
yovelTvis mimaCnda da mimaCnia, rom RmerTi
adamianebs iqeTken ubiZgebs, raTa sakuTari TvalebiT
Seimecnon utyuari filosofiuri WeSmariteba, ise, rom
raRac avtoritetebiT ki ar xelmZRvanelobdnen, aramed
mxolod da mxolod saRi gonebiT, maswavlebelTa
codnaze dayrdnobis gareSe". _ Tu ra mniSvneloba
hqonda asketuri protestantizmis am mosazrebebs
aRzrdis, kerZod ki, realuri swavlebis ganviTarebisaTvis,

279
kargadaa cnobili. maT, "Sinagani rwmenisadmi" ("fides
implicita") damokidebulebasTan kavSirSi, Seqmnes
protestantizmis pedagogiuri programa.
147)"es im yaidis xalxia, vinc TavianT bednierebas
daaxloebiT oTx rameSi xedavs: 1. gaxdnen ...
.dakninebuli, damcirebuli, abuCad agdebuli ... 2.
ugulebelhyon yvela grZnoba, rac RvTis samsaxurisTvis
ar esaWiroebaT ... 3. an araferi iqonion anda kvlav
gascen yvelaferi, rasac ki miiReben ... 4.
mojamagireebiviT imuSaon, ara anazRaurebisTvis,
aramed mowodebisa da RvTis saqmisaTvis da
moyvasisaTvis ... " (Rel. Reden II, S. 180, Plitt I S. 445).
yvelas rodi ZaluZs gaxdnen "mowafeebi", aramed
mxolod maT, visac ufali mouxmobs, magram Tavad
cincendorfis aRiarebiT (Plitt I S. 449), mainc rCeba
sirTuleebi, vinaidan samTo qadageba formalurad
yvelasadmia mimarTuli. TvalSi sacemia adreul
baptistur idealebTan am "siyvarulis Tavisufali
akosmizmis" naTesaoba.
148)vinaidan RvTismosaobis grZnobadi gaSinaganeba
aramcdaaramc ar iyo epigonTa epoqis
luTeranobisaTvisac ase martivad ucxo. aq konstitutiur
gansxvavebas warmoadgenda umal asketoba anu
cxovrebis wesis reglamentireba, romelsac luTeranebis
TvalSi "sinergizmis" gemo dahkravs.
149)"gulis SemZvreli SiSi" madlmosilebis ufro utyuari
niSania, vidre "darwmunebuloba", miiCnevs Speneri
(ix.: Spener, Theologische Bedenken I S. 324). bunebrivia,
puritan avtorebTanac vawydebiT "yalbi
darwmunebulobis" Sesaxeb dabejiTebiT gafrTxilebebs,
magram sxva Tu ara, predestinaciis moZRvreba mainc,
ramdenadac misi gavlena sulis xsnas gansazRvravda,
mudam sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebda.
150)vinaidan aRsarebis SenarCunebis fsiqologiur
efeqts yvelgan sakuTari saqcielisTvis subieqtis piradi
pasuxismgeblobisagan (amitomac iswrafvodnen

280
misken) da amiT asketuri wesebis rigoristuli
moTxovnebisgan Tavis daRweva warmoadgenda.
151)Tu raoden intensiurad iyo amaSi _ pietisturi
RvTismosaobis tipis Camoyalibebis drosac _ wminda
politikuri momentebi CarTuli, amaze jer kidev riCli
miuTiTebda Tavis viurtemberguli pietizmis
gamokvlevaSi (xSirad citirebuli naSromis III tomi).
152)ix. 142-e SeniSvnaSi citirebuli cincendorfis
gamonaTqvami.
153)TavisTavad cxadia, rom "patriarqaluria"
kalvinizmic, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi pirvandeli saxiT.
magaliTad, baqsteris moRvaweobis warmatebis kavSiri
kiderminsterSi mrewvelobis Sinaurul-industriul
xasiaTTan TvalnaTliv Cans misi avtobiografiidan. ix.
mis wignSi "Works of the Pur. Divines p. XXXVIII" citirebuli
adgili: "The town liveth upon the weaving of Kidderminster stuffs,
and as they stand in their loom, they can set a book before them, or
edify each other ..." (qalaqi kiderminsterSi mopovebuli
nedleulis darTviT cxovrobs; safeiqro dazgasTan
dgomisas, mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT win wigni daidon an
erTmaneTs aswavlon). amavdroulad patriarqalizmi
reformatoruli da, miT umetes, baptisturi eTikis wiaRSi
sxvagvar yaidaze Camoyalibda, vidre pietizmis wiaRSi.
oRond am problemis ganxilva sxva konteqstSia
SesaZlebeli.
154)"Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und Versöhnung", 3. Aufl., I S.
598. _ rodesac fridrix vilhelm I pietizms sazogadod
rentieebisTvis xelsayrel saqmed moixseniebda, es,
cxadia, umal am mefis Taviseburebas ufro
axasiaTebda, vidre Spenerisa da frankes pietizms, da
mefemac xom mSvenivrad uwyoda, Tu ratom uxsnida
am aRmsareblobas Tavisi rjulSemwynareblobiTi ediqtiT
sakuTari saxelmwifoebis kars.
155)meTodizmis SeswavlisaTvis damakvalianebel
Sesavlad gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia lufis mSvenieri
statia "meTodizmi" gamocemaSi: Real-Encykl. f. Prot.
Theol. u. Kirche , 3. Aufl. aseve ivargebs iakobis (kerZod:

281
"Handbuch des Methodismus"), koldes, iungstis, souTis
naSromebi. ueslis Sesaxeb ix.: Tyerman. Life and times of
John Wesley. London, 1870. popularobiT sargeblobs
uotsonis wigni (Watson, Life of Wesley, arsebobs misi
Targmanic). meTodizmis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT erT-
erT saukeTeso biblioTekas flobs Northwestern University
evanstonSi, Cikagos maxloblad. klasikuri
puritanizmidan medodizmze gardamaval erTgvar rgols
warmoadgens religiuri poeti isaak uotsi, oliver
kromvelis, Semdeg riCard kromvelis kapelanis (hous)
megobari, romlsac savaraudod rCevas ekiTxeboda
uaitfeldi (cf. Skeats p. 254).
156)es naTesaoba _ Tuki mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT
piradad uesliseul gavlenas _ istoriulad ganpirobebulia,
erTi mxriv, predestinaciis dogmis kvdomiT, meore
mxriv ki, meTodizmis damaarseblebTan "sola fide"-s
Zalumi gamoRviZebiT, pirvel yovlisa ki, motivirebulia
misi specifikurad misioneruli xasiaTiT, romelmac
"gamoRviZebis" qadagebis garkveuli Suasaukuneobrivi
meTodebis (gardaqmnili saxiT) aRdgena gamoiwvia da
igi pietistur formebTan Seajvara. "subieqtivizmis"
mimarTulebiT saerTo ganviTarebis xazs es movlena,
romelic am TvalsazrisiT ara mxolod pietizms, aramed
Sua saukuneebis bernrardiniseul RvTismosaobasac
CamorCeba, namdvilad ar ganekuTvneba.
157)drodadro ase axasiaTebda meTodisturi
sarwmunoebis efeqts Tavad uesli. saxezea naTesaoba
cincendorfiseul "netarebasTan".
158)ix. igive mag. uotsoniseul ueslis cxovrebaSi (germ.
gamocema) gv. 331.
159)ix.: J. Schneckenburger, Vorlesungen über die Lehrbegriffe der
kleinen protestantischen Kirchenparteien. Herausgeg. von
Hundeshagen. Frankfurt 1863, S. 147.
160)uaitfildi, predestinatTa jgufis beladi, romelic misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg araorganizebulobis gamo
daiSala, uaryofda uesliseul "srulyofilebis" moZRvrebas.

282
marTlac, is xom kalvinistTa Rirsad TviTgamovlenis ideis
mxolod surogats warmoadgens.
161)ix.: Schneckenburger a. a. O. S. 145. cota sxvagvaradaa
loofsTan. orive daskvna tipiuria yvela msgavsi saxis
religiurobisaTvis.
162)asea 1770 wlis konferenciaze. ukve 1744 wlis
konferenciam aRiara, rom bibliis sityvebi "misxal-
misxal" exeba, erTi mxriv, kalvinizms, meore mxriv ki,
antinomizms. am sityvebis Znelad gaazrebadobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, doqtrinaluri gansxvavebebis gamo
erTmaneTisgan gayra ar aris marTebuli, vinem bibliis,
rogorc praqtikuli normis, Rirebuleba SenarCunebuli
darCeba.
163)herrnhutelebisagan meTodistebs aSorebda maTi
moZRvreba ucodveli srulyofilebis SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb, romelsac kerZod cincendorfic uarhyofda,
maSin, rodesac meores mxriv uesli herrnhuteruli
religiurobis grZnobismierobas "mistikad" aRiqvamda
da "kanonis" Sesaxeb luTeriseul Sexedulebebs
"mkrexelobad" moixseniebda. aq Tavs iCens is
gammijnavi xazi, romelic uciloblad arsebobda
nebismieri formis racionalur religiur cxovrebis wessa
da luTeranobas Soris.
164)garkveul SemTxvevebSi jon uesli aRniSnavs, rom
yvelgan: kvekerebTan, presbiterielebTan Tu
anglikanelebTan, savaldebuloa dogmebis rwmena,
gamonakliss mxolod meTodistebi warmoadgenen. _
zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. agreTve erTgvarad
Semajamebeli ganxilva skitsTan: Skeats, History of the free
churches of England 1688-1851.
165)Sdr. mag.: Dexter, Congregationalism, p.455 f.
166)bunebrivia, mas xelis SeSla SeuZlia, rogorc es
dRes amerikel zangebTan xdeba. _ sxvaTa Soris
meTodisturi emociebis xSirad gamokveTilad paTologiuri
xasiaTi pietizmis SedarebiT lmobieri mgrZnobiarobis
sapirispirod _ wminda istoriuli mizezebisa da ritualis
sajaroobis garda _ albaT kidev ufro mWidrodaa

283
dakavSirebuli cxovrebis moWarbebulad asketur
gamsWvalvasTan meTodizmis gavrcelebis regionebSi.
oRond amis gadaWra mxolod nevrologebis saqmea.
167)loofsi (iqve, gv. 750) dabejiTebiT aRniSnavs, rom
meTodizmi sxva asketuri mimdinareobebisagan imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom igi inglisuri ganmanaTleblobis
epoqis Semdeg warmoiSva da adarebs mas CvenTan
am saukunis pirvel mesamedSi pietizmis (cxadia,
bevrad ufro sust) renesansTan. _ rac ar unda iyos,
riClze dayrdnobiT (Ritschl, Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und
Versöhnung, Bd. I S.568 f), mainc dasaSvebia paralelis
gavleba pietizmis cincendorfiseul saxesxvaobasTan,
romelic _ Spenerisa da frankeseuli pietizmis
sapirispirod _ ukve aseve reaqcias warmoadgenda
ganmanaTleblobaze. oRond, rogorc ukve davinaxeT,
meTodizmSi swored es reaqcia iRebs sruliad sxva
mimarTulebas, vidre herrnhutelobaSi, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, imdenad, ramdenadac masze
cincendorfiseuli gavlena vrceldeboda.
168)romelic man, rogorc amas jon uesliseuli nawyvetic
(qvemoT, gv. 196) adasturebs, zustad imgvaradve da
zustad imave SedegebiT ganaviTara, rogorc sxva
asketuri denominaciebi.
169)da, rogorc gamoCnda, puritanizmis
Tanamimdevruli asketuri eTikis SesustebiT, maSin,
rodesac Tuki, am religiur koncefciebs Cveuli
wesisamebr ganvixilavdiT, rogorc kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis mxolod "maCveneblebsa" da
"anareklebs", xom swored sruliad sapirispiro ram unda
momxdariyo.
170)baptistTagan mxolod egreT wodebuli " General
Baptists" (sazogado baptistebi) ukavSirdebian TavianTi
warmomavlobiT Zvel anabaptistebs. "Partikular Baptists"
(kerZo baptistebi), rogorc ukve adrec iTqva,
kalvinistebi iyvnen, romlebic eklesiisadmi kuTvnilebas
principulad mxolod aRorZinebulTaTvis an, sul cota,
piradad aRmsarebelTaTvis Semofarglavdnen, amdenad

284
principul voluntaristebad da nebismieri
saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis mowinaaRmdegeebad
rCebodnen, cxadia, praqtikaSi kromvelis
mmarTvelobisas yovelTvis Tanamimdevrulni ar iyvnen.
isini iseve, rogorc "General Baptists", rac ar unda
mniSvnelovanni iyvnen istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
baptisturi tradiciis warmomadgenelni, CvenTvis
gansakuTrebuli dogmaturi analizisTvis aranair sababs
ar warmoadgenen. eWvgareSea, rom kvekerebi,
formalurad jorj foqsisa da mis TanamoazreTa mier
Seqmnili axali seqta Tavisi Zireuli ideebiT mxolod
anabaptistTa tradiciis gamgrZelebelni iyvnen. maT
istoriaSi saukeTeso Sesavals, amavdroulad
baptistebTan da menonitebTan maTi urTierTobis
gaTvalsaCinoebiT, gvTavazobs berkli (Barclay, The inner
life of the religious societies of the Commonwealth, 1876).
baptistebis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. agreTve: H.M.
Dexter, The true story of John Smyth, the Se-Baptist, as told by
himself and his contemporaries, Boston 1881; (aseve J. C. Lang in
Bapt. Quart. R. 1883, p. 1 f.). J. Murch, A hist. of the Presb. and Gen.
Bapt. Ch. in the W. of Engl., London 1835. A.H. Newman, Hist. of
the Bapt. Ch. in the U. S., New York 1894 (Am. Church Hist. Ser.
Vol. 2); Vedder, A short hist. of the Baptists, London 1897; E. B.
Bax, Rise and fall of the Anabaptists, New York 1902; G. Lorrimer,
Baptists in history, 1902; J. A. Seiss, Baptist system examined Luth.
Publ. S. 1902; Semdgomi masalebi ix. gamocemebSi:
Baptist Handbook, London 1896 ff.; Baptist Manuals, Paris 1891/3;
Baptist. Quart. Review; Bibliotheca sacra (Oberlin 1900).
saukeTeso baptisturi biblioTeka savaraudod daculi unda
iyos Colgate College-Si niu-iorkis maxloblad. kvekerobis
istoriasTan dakavSirebiT saukeTeso koleqciad iTvleba
fondi Devonshire House londonSi (me ar misargeblia).
orTodoqsiis Tanamedrove oficialuri organoa prof. Jonsis
mier gamocemuli "American Friend", kvekerobis
saukeTeso istoria ekuTvnis rauntris. garda amisa: Rufus
B. Jones, George Fox, an autobiography, Phil. 1903; Alton C.
Thomas, A Hist. of the S. of Friends in America, Phil. 1895; Eduard

285
Grubb, Social Aspects of Quaker Faith, London 1899. aseve didi
da metad sayuradRebo biografiuli literatura. _
171)karl miuleris eklesiis istoriis mraval RirsebaTagan
erT-erTs warmoadgens is, rom TavisTavad SesaniSnav,
TumcaRa garegnulad naklebSesamCnev anabaptistur
moZraobas damsaxurebuli adgili daeTmo mis
gamokvlevaSi. am mimdinareobam, ise, rogorc arc
erTma sxvam, ganicada umowyalo devna yvela
eklesiis mxridan, _ vinaidan mas surda yofiliyo swored
seqta sityvis specifikuri mniSvnelobiT. igi miunsterSi
misgan warmomdgari esqatologiuri mimdinareobis
katastrofis gamo xuTi Taobis Semdegac ki
diskreditirebuli iyo mTel msoflioSi (mag. inglisSi). da
man, araerTgzis gaTelilma da kuTxeSi mimwyvdeulma,
Tavisi warmoSobidan mxolod didi xnis Semdeg
miaRwia sakuTari religiur-ideuri Sinaarsis mwyobrad
Camoyalibebas. amdenad, man imaze naklebi
"Teologia" Seqmna, vidre es SeiZleboda Tavsebadi
yofiliyo RvTis rwmenis, rogorc "mecnierebis", mimarT
profesiuli midgomisadmi mis arsebiTad mtruli
damokidebulebis principebTan. es naklebi simpaTiiT
ganawyobda adreul _ ukve misive epoqis _ dargobriv
Teologias da aseve naklebad iwvevda mis
pativiscemas. magram arc bevr, ufro axali drois
TeologTan ar aris didad gansxvavebulad saqme.
magaliTad, riCli (ix.: Ritschl, Pietismus I S. 22 f.,)
"anabaptistebs" naklebad obieqturad, umal agdebiTac
ki ekideba: Znelia gauZlo cTunebas, rom mis Teologiur
"burJuas poziciaze" ar alaparakde. arada, ukve
aTwleulebis win Seiqmna korneliusis mSvenieri
naSromi (ix.: Cornelius, Geschichte des Münsterschen Aufruhrs).
riClma, misi Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze, aqac yvelgan
"kaTolicimSi" gadavardna warmosaxa da spiritualTa da
franciskanelTa ordenebis pirdapiri zegavlena iazra.
amgvari gavlenis calkeuli SemTxvevebis dadgena
SesaZlebelic rom iyos, es SemakavSirebeli Zafebi
mainc metismetad susti iqneboda. pirvel yovlisa ki,

286
istoriuli saqmis viTareba mainc isaa, rom oficialuri
kaTolikuri eklesia eriskacTa saero askezas, yvelgan,
sadac ki is religiur sakrebuloTa Seqmnas axerxebda,
ukiduresi undoblobiT ekideboda da mis ordenTa
Camoyalibebis gzaze dayenebas _ anu saero
cxovrebidan gamoyvanas _ cdilobda, anda
gulmodgined eswrafvoda misi, rogorc
meorexarisxovani askezis srulyofili ordenebisaTvis
daqvemdebarebas da maTi kontrolis qveS moqcevas.
sadac es ver xerxdeboda, igi alRoTi iseve grZnobda
imis safrTxes, rom subieqtivistur asketur zneobriobas
avtoritetis uaryofamde da eresamde mihyavda saqme,
rogorc amas _ imave safuZvlze _ iazrebda
elisabediseuli eklesia "prophesyings"
(winaswarmetyvelur), naxevradpietistur bibliur
TemebTan dakavSirebiT im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca
isini "konformizmTan" mimarTebaSi sruliad koreqtulni
iyvnen anda rogorc es stuartebma aRweres TavianT
wignSi "Book of sports", romlis Sesaxebac mogvianebiT
visaubrebT. mravalricxovan eretikul mimdinareobaTa
istoria, aseve magaliTad, humiliatTa da beginTa,
agreTve wminda franciskis bedi amis dadasturebas
warmoadgens. mokalmase berTa, metadre
franciskanelTa, qadagebam didwilad Seuwyo xeli
reformirebul-baptisturi protestantizmis saero asketuri
zneobriobisTvis niadagis Semzadebas. oRond
dasavleTis bermonaznobis askezasa da protestantizmis
asketuri cxovrebis wess Soris naTesaobis
mravalricxovani niSnebis _ romlebic Cveni Txrobis
manZilze araerTgzis iqneba moxseniebuli, rogorc
uaRresad yuradsaRebi, _ saboloo safuZveli imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom nebismier, bibliuri qristianobis
niadagze mdgom askezas bunebrivia, aucileblad unda
hqondes garkveuli mniSvnelovani saerTo niSan-
Tvisebebi, _ da agreTve imaSi, rom sazogadod
ragindara aRmsareblobis nebismier askezas xorcis
"mokvdinebis" garkveuli nacadi xerxebi esaWiroeba. _

287
winamdebare narkvevTan dakavSirebiT isic gvinda
SevniSnoT, rom misi simcire im garemoebas unda
mieweros, rom am naSromSi specialurad ganxiluli
problemisaTvis anu mowodebis "burJuaziuli" ideis
religiuri safuZvlebis ganviTarebisaTvis anabaptistur
eTikas mxolod metad SezRuduli mniSvneloba aqvs.
misTvis amas araferi gansakuTrebiT axali ar
Seumatebia. am mimdinareobis gacilebiT ufro
mniSvnelovan socialur mxares aq jerjerobiT ar vexebiT.
problemis dasmis mimarTulebis gamo adreuli
anabaptisturi moZraobis istoriuli Sinaarsidan mxolod is
hpovebs asaxvas, ramac SemdgomSi zegavlena iqonia
Cveni yuradRebis centrSi mdgomi seqtebis:
baptistebis, kvekerebisa da (naklebad) menonitebis,
Taviseburebaze.
172)ix. zeviT, SeniSv. 93
173)am terminologiis warmoSobasa da formacvlasTan
dakavSirebiT ix.: A. Ritschl. Gesammelte Aufsätze, S. 69 f.
174)cxadia anabaptistebi mudam uarhyofdnen "seqtis"
saxelwodebas. isini warmoadgenen eklesias efeselTa
mimarT werilis (5, 27) gagebiT. magram isini Cveni
terminologiiT arian "seqta" ara mxolod imitom, rom
maT aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT saxelmwifosTan.
qristianobis adreul epoqaSi eklesiasa da saxelmwifos
Soris urTierToba, cxadia, jer kidev kvekerebTan (berkli)
maT ideals warmoadgenda, vinaidan maTTvis, iseve,
rogorc zogierTi pietistisTvis (tersteegeni), mxolod jvris
qveS moqceuli eklesiis siwminde ar iwvevda eWvs.
magram urwmuno saxelmwifos Zalauflebis qveS an
Tundac jvris qveS, kalvinistebic iZulebulni iyvnen, faute
de mieux (ukeTesis ar qonis gamo) _ iseve, rogorc
msgavs SemTxvevaSi TviT kaTolikuri eklesiac ki _
mxari daeWiraT saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
gamijvnisaTvis. da arc imitom arian isini "seqta", rom
eklesiis wevrad gaxdoma de facto mrevlsa da
gawevrianebis msurvels Soris wevrad Caricxvis
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze xdeboda; vinaidan amas

288
formalurad adreuli saeklesio mowyobis Sesabamisad,
magaliTad, niderlandul reformirebul TemebSic (rogorc
Tavdapirveli politikuri mdgomareobis Sedegs) hqonda
adgili (amis Sesaxeb ix.: Hoffmann, Kerchenverfassungsrecht
der niederl. Reformierten, Leipzig 1902). _ aramed isini seqtas
warmoadgendnen imitom, rom religiuri erToba saerTod
mxolod voluntaristulad, rogorc seqta, da ara
institucionalurad, rogorc eklesia, SeiZleboda yofiliyo
organizebuli, Tu mas ar undoda, rom Tavis wiaRSi
mieRo auRorZinebelni da amdenad gadaexvia
adreqristianuli misabaZi nimuSisTvis. anabaptistur
TemebSi "eklesiis" cnebaSi iyo Cadebuli is, rac
reformirebulebTan faqtobriv viTarebad gvevlineba. is,
rom sruliad garkveuli religiuri motivebi maTac "believers`
church" Camoyalibebisken ubiZgebda, ukve aRniSnuli
iqna. "eklesiisa" da "seqtis" Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT
ix. momdevno statiaSi. "seqtis" aq gamoyenebul
cnebas TiTqmis CemTan erTdroulad da vfiqrob,
Cemgan damoukideblad iyenebs katenbuSic ix.:
(Kattenbusch. In: R. E. f. Pr. Th. u. K. statia "seqta"). trolCi
Tavis "qristianuli eklesiebis socialur moZRvrebaSi"
misaRebad miiCnevs am cnebas da ufro dawvrilebiT
saubrobs masze. ix. agreTve qveviT Sesavali "msoflio
religiebis sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb statiebisTvisac.
175)Tu raoden mniSvnelovani iyo es simbolo istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT eklesiebis erTobis SenarCunebisTvis, _
radgan man maTTvis araorazrovani da utyuari
maxasiaTebeli niSani Seqmna, _ sruliad naTlad
warmoaCina korneliusma.
176)amasTan garkveuli miaxloeba menonitTa
rwmenismieri gamarTlebis moZRvrebaSi aq Cveni
yuradRebis miRma SeiZleba darCes.
177)albaT am ideas efuZneba religiuri interesi imgvari
sakiTxebis garkvevisas, rogoricaa qristes inkarnacia da
qalwuli mariamisadmi misi damokidebuleba, rac
xSirad, rogorc erTaderTi wminda dogmaturi elementi,
ase uCveulodaa gamokveTili jer kidev baptistebis

289
(mag. korneliusTan, misi naSromis "aRsarebani" meore
wignis danarTSi) uZveles dokumentebSi (amis Sesaxeb
ix.: K. Müller, K. G. II, 1, S. 330). gansxvavebas reformatTa
da luTeranTa qristologiaSi (e.w. communicatio idiomatum
_RvTaebrivi da adamianuri Tvisebebis
urTierTmimarTebis moZRvrebaSi) analogiuri interesebi
edo safuZvlad.
178)igi, kerZod, eklesiisgan gankveTilebTan
samoqalaqo urTierTobebze mtkice uaris TqmaSic ki iyo
Tavdapirvelad gamoxatuli, _ es iyo punqti, romelSic
TviT kalvinistebic ki seriozul daTmobebze wavidnen,
idgnen ra im Tvalsazrisze, rom samoqalaqo
urTierTobebs sasuliero cenzura principulad ar unda
Sexeboda.
179)cnobilia, Tu rogor gamoixata es principi kvekerTa,
erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo garegnul qmedebebSi (uaris
Tqma qudis moxdaze, daCoqebaze, mowiwebiT
misalmebaze da agreTve mravlobiTSi zrdilobian
mimarTvaze). magram es Zireuli idea TavisTavad yoveli
askezisTvis met-naklebad niSandoblivia, romelic amis
gamo Tavisi pirveladi arsiT mudam "mtrulia
avtoritetebis mimarT". kalvinizmma igi gamoxata
debulebaSi, rom eklesiaSi mxolod qristes unda
ebatona. rac Seexeba pietizms, gavixsenoT Speneris
Tavdauzogavi garja, bibliis safuZvelze gaemarTlebina
titulaturis arseboba. _ kaTolikurma askezam,
ramdenadac gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo saeklesio
xelisufleba, am tendencias morCilebis aRTqma
daupirispira, radgan Tavad morCileba asketurad
moiazra. protestantul askezaSi am principis
"gadatrialeba" iqca puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebis
dRevandeli demokratiis Taviseburebisa da "laTinuri
suliskveTebiT" gamsWvaluli erebisagan maTi
gansxvavebis istoriul safuZvlad. isaa agreTve
amerikelTa im "upativcemulobis" istoriuli safuZveli, rac
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor aRiqmeba igi, zogs
amazrzenad, zogs ki mimzidvelad eCveneba.

290
180)cxadia, es baptistebisTvis imTaviTve am saxiT
arsebiTad mxolod axal da ara Zvel aRTqmaze
vrceldeboda. gansakuTrebiT mTis qadagebam hpova
yvela denominaciaSi, rogorc socialisturma programam,
gamorCeuli dafaseba.
181)jer kidev Svenkfeldi miiCnevda saeklesio
saidumloebaTa wesebis aRsrulebas adiaforonad
(umniSvnelo, zedmet saqmed _ mTargmn.), maSin,
rodesac "General Baptists" da mennonitebi naTlobas da
ziarebas, mennonitebi amasTan erTad fexis ganbanvis
wessac mtkiced icavdnen. metad aSkara iyo ziarebis
gamoklebiT, yvela saklesio saidumlos ugulvebelyofa,
SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi saeWvod miCnevac ki, rogorc
amas predestinacianelebis SemTxvevaSi hqonda
adgili. ix. momdevno statia.
182)amasTan dakavSirebiT, baptisturi denominaciebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki kvekerebi (Barclay, Apology for the true
Christian Divinity, 4. Aufl. London 1701 _ CemTvis
xelmisawvdomi ed. bernStainis gulisxmierebis
wyalobiT), kalvinis im gamonaTqvams (ix.: Inst. Christ.
Theol. III, 2) imowmeben, sadac marTlac sruliad udao
miaxlovebas vpoulobT baptistur moZRvrebasTan.
aseve ufro adrindeli "RvTis sityvis" gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobis garCeva, rogorc imisa, rac uflis mier
patriarqTa, winaswarmetyvelTa da mociqulTaTvis iqna
gamocxadebuli da "wminda werilis" sityvas Soris,
rogorc imisa, rac maT mier iqna Cawerili, istoriuli
kavSiris ararsebobis miuxedavad, Sinaganad mainc
exmianeboda baptistTa mosazrebas gamocxadebis
arsis Sesaxeb. zeSTagonebis meqanikuri moZRvreba
da amis monaTesave kalvinistebiseuli mkacri
bibliokratia iseve warmoadgenda XVI saukunis
manZilze dawyebuli ganviTarebis procesis nayofs,
rogorc baptistur safuZvelze aRmocenebuli kvekerTa
"Sinagani Suqis" moZRvreba gaxda sruliad sapirispiro
mimarTulebiT warmarTuli ganviTarebis rezultati.

291
mkveTri gamijvna aq, nawilobriv, ganuwyveteli
kamaTis Sedegi iyo.
183)es mkveTrad iqna xazgasmuli socinianelTa
garkveuli tendenciebis sawinaaRmdegod.
"bunebrivma" gonebam RvTis Sesaxeb sruliad araferi
icis (Barclay a.a.O. p. 102). amiT kvlav Seicvala is adgili,
romelic Cveulebriv protestantizmSi "lex naturae"-sTvisaa
gankuTvnili. principulad ukve SeuZlebeli xdeboda
"general rules" (sazogado wesebis) da moraluri kodeqsis
arseboba, vinaidan "mowodeba", romelic yvelas aqvs
da nebismierisTvis individualuria, RvTis mier sindisis
meSveobiT iyo gacxadebuli. ara "sikeTe" _ "bunebrivi"
gonebis ganmazogadebeli gagebiT _, aramed RvTis
neba unda aRvasruloT, rogorc es axali kavSiriT Cvens
gulebSia Cawerili da sindisSia gamoxatuli (Barclay p. 73
f., 76). es _ RvTaebrivisa da qmnilebis
urTierTdapirispirebidan gamomdinare _ zneobriobis
iracionaloba poulobs Tavis gamoxatulebas kvekerTa
eTikis fuZemdeblur debulebebSi: "is, rasac adamiani
Tavisi rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod akeTebs, es rwmena
mcdaric rom iyos, arasodes sasurveli ar iqneba
uflisTvis ... es qmedebebi sxva adamianebis mimarT
Tundac rom loialuri iyos" (what a man does contrary to his
faith, though his faith may be wrong, is no ways acceptable to God ...
though the thing might have been lawful to another ) (Barclay p.
487). misi praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba, bunebrivia,
SeuZlebeli iyo. mudmivmoqmedi, yvela qristianis mier
aRiarebuli moralis kanonebi ("moral and perpetual statutes
acknowledged by all Christians"), magaliTad, berklis
Tanaxmad, tolerantobis zRvarsac ki warmoadgenen.
praqtikulad Tanamedroveni kvekerTa eTikas, garkveuli
gamonaklisebiT, reformirebuli pietistebis eTikis
monaTesaved aRiqvamdnen. "yvelaferi kargi eklesiaSi
kvekerobadaa miCneuli", araerTgzis aRniSnavs
Speneri. amdenad, mas lamis SeSurdes kvekerebis
maT Sesaxeb amgvari sazogado Sexedulebis gamo.
(Cas. Theol. III, 6, 1, Dist. 2 N. 64 ). _ ukve Tundac sabrZolo

292
ficze uaris Tqma bibliis erTi citatis gamo naTlad
miuTiTebs imaze, Tu raoden umniSvnelod waiwia win
wminda werilis sityvisagan WeSmaritma
gaTavisuflebam. zogierTi kvekeris mier mTeli qristianuli
eTikis gansaxierebad miCneuli frazis: "moeqeciT
sxvebs mxolod ise, rogorc gsurT, rom Tqvenc iseve
mogeqcnen", socialeTikuri mniSvneloba Cven aq ar
gvainteresebs.
184)am SesaZleblobis aRiarebis aucileblobas berkli
imiT asabuTebs, rom mis gareSe "ar iqneboda adgili,
sadac wmindanebi Tavisufalni iqnebodnen eWvisa da
sasowarkveTisagan, rac udidesi absurdia" (there should
never be a place known by the Saints wherein they might be free of
doubting and despair, which ... is most absurd). rogorc vxedavT,
certitudo salutis amasTanaa dakavSirebuli. (ix. Barclay
a.a.O. p. 20).
185)maSasadame, cxovrebis kalvinistur da kvekerul
yaidaze racionalizebis gansxvavebuloba tonalobaSia
SemorCenili. oRond, rodesac baqsteri amas imgvarad
ayalibebs, TiTqos kvekerebTan "suli" samSvinvelze ise
moqmedebdes, rogorc gvamze, maSin, rodesac
(niSandoblivad formulirebuli) reformirebulTa debulebis
Tanaxmad, suli da samSvinveli urTierTdakavSirebuli
principebia, (Christ. Dir. II S. 76), es miuTiTebs imaze, rom
im epoqisTvis xsenebuli dapirispireba am saxiT ukve
ZalaSi aRar iyo.
186)ix. didi rudunebiT Sesrulebuli krameris statiebi
"menno" da "mennonitebi" (R. E. f. Pr. Th. u. K.
gansakuTrebiT ki gv. 604). ramdenadac kargia es
dasaxelebuli statiebi, imdenad naklebi siRmiTa da,
nawilobriv, pirdapir uzustobiT gamoirCeva iqve
gamoqveynebuli statia "baptistebi". misi avtori,
magaliTad, ar icnobs baptizmis istoriisaTvis aucilebel
publikaciebs: "Publications of the Hansered Knollys Society".
187)amrigad, berkli (iqve, gv. 404) miiCnevs, rom
Wama, sma da qonebis dagroveba bunebriv (natural) da
ara sulier aqtebs (spiritual acts) warmoadgens, romlebic

293
RvTis mier gansakuTrebuli moxmobis gareSec SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes. _ es msjeloba pasuxia im (niSandobliv)
Sedavebaze, rom Tuki ar SeiZleba "sulis gansakuTrebuli
mdgomareobis" (motion of the spirit) gareSe locva, rogorc
amas kvekerebi gvaswavlian, maSin RvTis amgvari
gansakuTrebuli biZgis gareSe xvnac ar unda iyos
nebadarTuli. _ is, rom kvekerTa sinodis Tanamedrove
dadgenilebebSic ki vawydebiT rCevas, sakmarisi
qonebis dagrovebis Semdeg saqmiani cxovrebisagan
Camocilebis Sesaxeb, raTa amqveyniuri
oromtrialisagan gandgomiT mopovebul simSvideSi
mTlianad RvTis saufloSi dabinaveba gaxdes
SesaZlebeli, es uTuod niSandoblivia, TumcaRa msgavs
ideebs drodadro vxvdebiT sxva denominaciebSic,
vTqvaT, kalvinizmSi. aqac Tavis gamoxatulebas
poulobs is garemoeba, rom burJuaziuli profesiuli eTikis
aRiareba mis matarebelTa mier Tavdapirvelad
gandegilebrivi askezis saerod gardaqmnas
warmoadgenda.
188)aq kidev erTxel dabejiTebiT unda mivuTiToT e.
bernStainis SesaniSnav naSromze. anabaptisturi
moZraobis kauckiseul ukiduresad sqematur
gamokvlevasa da saerTod mis "eretikuli komunizmis"
Teorias (imave naSromis pirvel tomSi) sxva
garemoebasTan dakavSirebiT odesme SevexebiT.
189)vebleni (Cikago) interesis aRmZvrel Tavis wignSi:
"Theory of business enterprise", gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom es lozungi mxolod "adrekapitalistur" epoqaSi
SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo. oRond ekonomikuri sferos
imgvari "zekacni", romlebic dRevandel "industriis
kapitanTa" msgavsad keTilsa da borots miRma idgnen,
yovelTvis arsebobdnen, da amis qveS moqceul
kapitalistur wesze moqmedTa farTo fenaSi es debuleba
dRemde ZalaSia.
190)magaliTad, T. adamsi (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 138)
amtkicebs, rom: "samoqalaqo saqmeebSi sasurvelia
umravlesobas vemsgavsoT, religiurSi ki saukeTesoebs"

294
(In civil actions it is good to be as the many, in religious, to be as the
best). _ es cxadia, ufro Rrmaazrovnad JRers, vidre
sinamdvileSia nagulisxmebi. es niSnavs imas, rom
puritanuli wesiereba formalisturi legalobaa, iseve,
rogorc puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebis mier sakuTar
erovnul Rirsebad miCneuli "alal-marTloba" da
"uprightness" (pirdapiroba) Tavisi specifikuri arsiT, raRac
sxvas, formalisturad da refleqturad gadasxvaferebuls
warmoadgenen germanul "patiosnebasTan" SedarebiT.
amis Sesaxeb mSvenieri SeniSvnebi gaakeTa erTma
pedagogma gamocemaSi: Preuß. Jahrb. Bd. 112 (1903) S.
226. puritanuli eTikis formalizmi, Tavis mxriv, kanonze
mijaWvulobis sruliad adekvatur Sedegs warmoadgens.
191)zogi ram amis Sesaxeb ix. momdevno naSromSi.
192)amaSia (asketur)-protestantuli, da ara kaTolikuri
umciresobebis mZafri ekonomikuri zegavlenis mizezi.
193)is, rom dogmaturi fundamentirebis
gansxvavebuloba "Rirsad TviTgamovlenis" arsebiTad
mniSvnelovani interesis CamatebasTan SeTavsebadi
iyo, amis saboloo, aq jerjerobiT ganuxilavi mizezi,
saerTod qristianobis religiur-istoriul TaviseburebaSia
saZiebeli.
194)"rameTu RmerTma Segvyara erTian xalxad" ("Since
God hath gathered us to be a people") _ ambobs berkli (iqve,
gv. 357) da me Tavad movismine kvekeris qadageba
Haverford College-Si, romelic mTel aqcents "saints"=separati
(wmindanTa anu amqveyniurobas garidebulTa) cnebis
interpretaciaze akeTebda.
195)ix. doudenis mSvenieri daxasiaTeba (iqve). _
baqsteris Teologiis Sesaxeb mas Semdeg, rac is
"ormagi dekretis" mkacri rwmenidan TandaTanobiT
gadaixara, saorientaciod avad Tu kargad
warmodgenas gviqmnis "Works of the Puritan Divines"_Si
gamoqveynebuli misi sxvadasxva nawerebisTvis
darTuli jenkiniseuli winasityvaoba. _ misma mcdelobam
erTmaneTisTvis moergo "universal redemtion" (sayovelTao
xsna) da "personal election" (piradi rCeuloba), veravin

295
daakmayofila. CvenTvis arsebiTia is, rom igi maSinac
"personal election"-s anu predestinaciis moZRvrebis
eTikuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze gadamwyvet punqts
uWerda mxars. meore mxriv, mniSvnelovania mis mier
gamarTlebis garegnuli gagebis Sesusteba, rogorc
baptistebTan erTgvari daaxloeba.
196)T. adamsis, jon hous, metiu henris, j. jenueis, st.
Cernokis, baqsteris, benianis traqtatebi da qadagebani
xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod ganurCevladaa Tavmoyrili
"Works of the Puritan Divines"(London 1845-48) aT tomSi.
beilis, sejvikis, hoornbekis naSromTa gamocemebi
ukve pirveladve citirebisasaa miTiTebuli.
197)iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleboda foetis an saero
askezis evropuli kontinentis sxva mimdevarTa
moxmobac. brentanos mosazreba, rom ganviTarebis es
procesi "mxolod anglosaqsonuri" xasiaTis iyo, sruliad
mcdaria. arCevani efuZneba survils: sityva
gveTqmevinebina ara mxolod, magram
SeZlebisdagvarad ZiriTadad mainc XVII saukunis meore
naxevris asketuri moZraobisTvis, uSualod vidre is
utilitarizmSi gadaizrdeboda. asketuri protestantizmis
cxovrebis stilis biografiuli literaturis meSveobiT
gaTvalsaCinoebis _ upriani iqneboda, saxeldobr,
kvekeruli, rogorc CvenSi SedarebiT ucnobi literaturis
moxmoba _, momxiblav amocanaze am narkvevis
farglebSi samwuxarod uari unda Tqmuliyo.
198)vinaidan aseve SeiZleboda gisbert foetis an
hugenotTa sinodis masalebis anda holandiuri baptisturi
literaturis moSveliebac. zombartma da brentanom
metismetad uiRblo formiT baqsteridan amoglijes
swored Cems mierve mkveTrad xazgasmuli "ebionituri"
elementebi, raTa misi moZRvrebis udaod (kapitalisturi
TvalsazrisiT) "CamorCeniloba" daepirispirebinaT
CemTvis. arada saWioa: 1. mTeli am literaturis marTlac
safuZvliani codna, imisaTvis, rom igi marTebulad iqnes
gamoyenebuli, 2.ar unda gamogveparos, rom swored
imis dasabuTebas vlamob, Tu rogor warmoSva am

296
asketuri religiurobis suliskveTebam, "antinomisturi"
moZRvrebis miuxedavad, ekonomikuri racionalizmi,
zustad iseve, rogorc es samonastro meurneobebSi
xdeboda, vinaidan is umTavress, asketizmiT
ganpirobebul racionalur impulsebs ajildovebda. mxolod
da mxolod amazea aq swored saubari da Cveni
gamokvlevis arsebiTi ideac xom zustad esaa.
199)asevea kalvinTanac, romelic burJuaziuli simdidris
moyvaruli namdvilad ar iyo (ix. misi mkveTri
Tavdasxmebi veneciasa da antverpenze _ Comm. in Jes.
Opp. III 140 a, 308 a).
200)ix.: Saint`s everlasting rest, cap. X, XII; Sdr.: Bailey. Praxis
pietatis an Henry M. The worth of the soul (Writings of Pur. div., p.
319): (Those that are eager in pursuit of worldly wealth despise their
soul, not only because the soul is neglected and the body prefered
before it, but because it is employed in these pursuits: Psalm 127, 2)
"isini, vinc xarbad iswrafian amqveyniuri
simdidrisaken, ugulvebelyofen TavianT suls da ara
marto imitom, rom isini suls arad agdeben, xolo sxeuls
ki upiratesobas aniWeben, aramed imitomac, rom
TavianT suls am miswrafebaSi deben". (imave gverdze
vpoulobT SeniSvnebs yovelgvari saxis drois gaflangvis
codvianobis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki recreations
(garTobis) mizniT, rac mogvianebiT iqneba citirebuli.)
asevea anglo-holandiuri puritanizmis mTel religiur
literaturaSic. ix. mag., hoornbekis (a.a.O. 1. X c. 18 u. 18)
filipikebi avaritia (siZunwis) winaaRmdeg. (am avtorTan
sxvaTa Soris, agreTve sentimentalur-pietisturi
zegavlenebic igrZnoba: ix. RvTisTvis saamuri tranquillitas
animi (sulieri simSvidisTvis) xotbis Sesxma amqveyniuri
"sollicitudo" (vnebaTaRelvis) sapirispirod. "mdidari kaci
iolad ver cxondeba", acxadebs, bibliis erT-erT pasaJze
dayrdnobiT, beilic (iqve, gv. 182). meTodisturi
katexizmoebic Segvagoneben, ar "vagrovoT saunje
amqveyniur cxovrebaSi". pietizmis SemTxvevaSi es
TavisTavad cxadia. arc kvekerebTan iyo saqme
sxvagvarad. Sdr.: Barclay a.a.O. p.517: "... amitomac

297
erideT cTunebas, gasamdidreblad gamoiyenoT Tqveni
mowodeba" (... and therefore beware of such temptation as to use
their callings and engine to be richer).
201)vinaidan ara mxolod simdidre, aramed qonebis
dagrovebisken dauokebeli ltolvac (an is, rac amad
miiCneoda) analogiurad mkacrad iyo dagmobili.
niderlandebSi, dasmul SekiTxvaze 1574 wlis
samxreTholandiuri sinodis mier pasuxad gacxadebuli
iqna: "lombardielebi", ar unda yofiliyvnen ziarebaze
daSvebulni, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi saqmianoba
kanoniT nebadarTuli iyo; deventeris 1598 wlis
provinciulma sinodma (stat. 24) es "lombardebis"
moxeleebzec gaavrcela, 1606 wlis gorixemis sinodma
daakanona mkacri da damamcirebeli pirobebi
"mevaxSeTa" colebis ziarebaze dasaSvebad da jer
kidev 1644 da 1657 wlebSi ganixileboda, SeiZleboda
Tu ara lombardielebis ziarebaze daSveba (es
saxeldobr, brentanos sapasuxod unda iTqvas, romelic
argumentaciisas Tavis kaTolike winaprebs iSveliebs _
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTel evropul-aziatur samyaroSi
saukuneebis manZilze ucxo warmomavlobis vaWrebi
da bankirebi arsebobdnen) da jer kidev gizbert foeti
(Disp. theol. IV Anst. 1667 de usuris S. 665) iTxovda
"trapezitTa" (lombardelebis, piemontelebis)
ziarebisagan mokveTas. arc hugenotTa sinodebSi iyo
saqme sxvagvarad. am saxis kapitalisturi fenebi
sruliadac ar warmoadgendnen im azrovnebisa da
cxovrebis wesis tipiur matareblebs, razec aq aris
saubari. antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebTan
mimarTebaSic, isini arafers axals ar warmoadgendnen.
202)dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli "Saint`s everlasting rest" meaTe
TavSi: visac, uflis mier qonebis saxiT boZebul
"savaneSi" usasrulod mosveneba surs, mas RmerTi
amqveyniur cxovrebaSic sjis. moxveWil qonebaze
gamaZRari mosveneba TiTqmis yovelTvis daqcevis
sawindaria. _ Tuki yvelafers movipovebdiT, risi
mopovebac amqveynad SeiZleboda, nuTu es iqneboda

298
yvelaferi, risi mopovebis imedic gvqonda? uSfoTveloba
amqveyniur cxovrebaSi miuRwevelia, radgan is swored
uflis nebiT ar unda arsebobdes.
203)ix.: "Christ. Dir. I S. 375/6: It is for action that God
maintaineth us and our activities: work is the moral as well as the
natural end of power ... It is action that God is most served and
honoured by ... The public welfare or the good of many is to be
valued above our own" (RmerTi gvexmareba da
gvinarCunebs energias, raTa Cveni saqmianoba
ganvaxorcieloT, Sroma _ Zalauflebis zneobrivi da
bunebrivi mizania ... yvelaze metad swored Cveni
saqmeebiT vaamebT da mivagebT pativs RmerTs....
sazogado keTildReoba an umravlesobis sikeTe Cvens
sakuTarze maRla unda davayenoT). aq iCens Tavs
RvTis nebidan ufro gviandeli Teologiis wminda
utilitaristul Tvalsazrisze gadasvlis Semobrunebis
wertili. utilitarizmis religiur wyaroebTan dakavSirebiT
ix. qveviT winamdebare teqstSi da aseve SeniSv. 146.
204)dumilis mcnebad dadeba _ "yoveli usargeblo
sityvisTvis" sasjelis bibliuri muqaridan gamomdinare _
metadre klunielTa moZraobis Semdeg, TviTkontrolis
gamomuSavebis nacad asketur saSualebad iqca.
baqsteric dawvrilebiT msjelobs usargeblo laparakis
codvianobis Sesaxeb. amis qaraqterologiur
mniSvnelobaze ukve sanfordmac gaamaxvila
yuradReba (iqve, gv. 90). TanamedroveTa mier egzom
mZafrad aRqmuli puritanTa "melancholy" da "moroseness"
(pirquSoba) swored "status naturalis" (bunebrivi
mdgomareobis) uSualobis darRvevis Sedegi iyo da
amave mizans emsaxureboda uazro laparakis
gakicxvac. _ rodesac vaSington irvingi ("Bracebridge Hall"
cap. XXX) mizezs nawilobriv kapitalizmis "calculating
spirit" (angariSian suliskveTebaSi), nawilobriv ki
politikuri Tavisuflebis zegavlenaSi eZebs, rasac sakuTar
pasuxismgeblobamde mivyavarT, amaze sapasuxod
unda iTqvas, rom romanul erebTan imave Sedegs ver
vxedavT, xolo inglisis SemTxvevaSi ki saqmis viTareba

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amgvari iyo: 1. puritanizmi mis aRmsareblebs sZenda
unars, SeeqmnaT Tavisufali institutebi da amavdroulad
sakuTari qveyana saero saxelmwifod eqciaT da 2. igi
im "angariSianobas" (rogorc zombarti xsenebul "spirit"-
s uwodebs), marTlac kapitalizmis arsebiT Semadgenel
nawils rom warmoadgens, meurneobis marTvis
saSualebidan mTeli cxovrebis warmmarTvel principad
aqcevda.
205)A.a. O. I S. 111
206)A. a. O. I S. 383 f.
207)Zvirfasi drois Sesaxeb amgvaradve msjeloba ix.:
Barclay a.a.O. p. 14.
208)Baxter a. a. O. S.79: "Keep up a high esteem of time and be
every day more careful that you lose none of your time, then you are
that you lose none of your gold and silver. And if vain recreation,
dressings, feastings, idle talk, unprofitable company, or sleep, be any
of them temptations to rob you of any your time, accordingly
heighten your watchfulness." (daafase dro da yoveldRiurad
imaze ufro izrune, rom ar dakargo dro, vidre imaze,
rom ar dagekargos oqro-vercxli. da Tuki Sen fuWi
garToba, morTuloba, qeifi, carieli layboba, usargeblo
nacnoboba an Zili gacTunebs da dros gaflangvinebs,
maSin sakuTari Tavis mimarT meti sifxizle gmarTebs).
"Those that are prodigal of their time despise their own souls"
(Worth of the soul, W. of Pur. Div. p. 315) (vinc dros flangavs _
is sulis xsnas ugulvebelyofs) _ fiqrobs metiu henri.
protestantuli askeza aqac Zveli nacadi gziT midis. Cven
miveCvieT, rom Tanamedrove profesionalis specifikur
maxasiaTebel niSnad miviCnioT is, rom mas "dro ara
aqvs" da kapitalisturi ganviTarebis dones imiTi
vsazRvravT, rogorc ukve goeTem Tqva Tavis
"mogzaurobis wlebSi", rom saaTebi yovel TxuTmet
wuTSi erTxel Camohkraven (aseve Tvlis zombartic
Tavis "kapitalizmSi"). _ oRond ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom pirveli adamiani, romelic (Sua saukuneebSi)
danawevrebul droSi cxovrobda, beri iyo da rom eklesiis

300
zarebi pirvel rigSi drois danawevrebis miseul
moTxovnilebas emsaxureboda.
209)Sdr. baqsteris msjeloba mowodebis Sesaxeb
(Baxter a. a. O. I p. 108 f.) kerZod Semdegi adgili: "Question:
But may I not cast off the world that I may only think of my
salvation? -- Answer: You may cast off all such excess of worldly
cares or business as unnecessarily hinder you in spiritual things. But
you may not cast off all bodily employment and mental labour in
which you may serve the common good. Every one as a member of
Church or Commonwealth must employ their parts to the utmost for
the good of the Church and the Commonwealth. To neglect this and
say: I will pray and meditate, is as if your servant should refuse your
greatest work and tye himself to some lesser easier part. And God
hath commandeth you some way or other to labour for your daily
bread and not live as drones of the sweat of others only." (kiTxva:
gana me ufleba ara maqvs ganverido qveynierebas da
mxolod sulis xsnaze vifiqro? pasuxi: Sen SegiZlia
amqveyniur sazrunavsa da saqmianobaSi ganerido
yovelives, rac, rogorc usargeblo, gabrkolebs sulier
sferoSi. oRond Sen mTlianad uari ar unda Tqva fizikur
Sromasa da sulier saqmianobaze, romelTa
meSveobiTac Sen SegiZlia xeli Seuwyo sazogado
sikeTes. yvelam, vinc eklesias an saxelmwifos
miekuTvneba, Tavisi Zalisxmeva eklesiis an
saxelmwifos sasikeTod unda warmarTos. amis
ugulvebelyofa da gamocxadeba: me viloceb da
meditacias mivecemi, imis tolfasi iqneboda, Tuki Seni
msaxuri uars getyoda SenTvis yvelaze aucilebel
saqmeze da Seasrulebda sxvas, gacilebiT naklebad
mniSvnelovans. RvTis mier nabrZanebi gaqvs, rom
iSromo ama Tu im wesiT, raTa moipovo puri Seni
arsobisa da muqTaxorasaviT ar icxovro sxvaTa oflis
xarjze.) aqvea moxmobili adamisadmi uflis brZaneba:
"ofliTa SeniTa" ... da mociqul pavles miTiTeba: "vinc ar
muSaobs, man arc unda Wamos". kvekerebis Sesaxeb
imTaviTve cnobilia, rom maT yvelaze SeZlebulTa
wreebSic ki vaJebs xelobis Seswavlas aiZulebdnen

301
(eTikuri da ara utilitaristuli mosazrebebiT, rogorc amas
alberti gvirCevs).
210)aqaa is punqtebi, sadac xdeba pietizmis gadaxra,
misi emocionaluri xasiaTis gamo. SpenerisTvis (ix.:
Theologische Bedenken III p. 445), miuxedavad imisa, rom
igi savsebiT luTeriseuli gagebiT amtkicebs, rom
profesiuli saqmianoba RvTis samsaxurs warmoadgens,
mainc calsaxad naTelia (da esec luTeriseulia), rom
profesiuli saqmianobis foriaqi RmerTs gvaSorebs, _ es
puritanizmis sapirispiro metad niSandoblivi antiTezaa.
211)A. a. O. p. 242: "It is they that are lazy in their callings that can
find no time for holy duties." (swored isini, vinc zarmacoben
TavianT profesiul mowodebaSi, ver pouloben dros
wmidaTawminda movaleobebisaTvis). aqedan
momdinareobs mosazreba, rom upiratesad qalaqebia,
rogorc qonebis racionalur dagrovebaze orientirebuli
biurgerobis adgilsamyofeli, aseve asketuri siqvelis
adgilsamyofelic. Tavisi avtobiografiis erT nawyvetSi
baqsteri, misi kiderminstereli feiqrebis Sesaxeb, ase
ambobs: "And their constant converse and traffik with London
doth much to promote civility and piety among tradesmen " (W. of
the Pur. Div. p. XXXVIII) . (xolo londonTan maTma
mudmivma urTierTobam da mimosvlam didad Seuwyo
xeli mewarmeebs Soris Tavazianobisa da
RvTismosaobis zrdas). dedaqalaqis siaxlove rom
saTnoebisTvis sasikeTod moiazreba, es faqti dRevandel
_ yovel SemTxvevaSi germanel _ sasuliero pirebs friad
ganacvifrebda. magram pietizmic amJRavnebs msgavs
TvalTaxedvas. Speneri ase wers Tavis erT-erT
axalgazrda Tanamosaqmes: "sul cota is mainc
gamoCndeba, rom qalaqebis mravalricxovan
mosaxleobaSi, romlis umravlesoba marTalia, mTlad
wawymedilia, aqa iq jer kidev mainc SeiZleba, TiTo-
orola keTilSobili sulis povna, sikeTis aRqma rom
ZaluZs; vinaidan Semzaravia, rom soflad mTel mrevlSi
erTi WeSmaritad saTno adamianic ki Znelad
moiZebneba". (Theologische Bedenken I, 66 p. 303) _ glexi

302
naklebadaa midrekili cxovrebis asketur-racionalurad
warmarTvisadmi. misi zneobrivi gandideba metad
Tanamedrove tendenciaa. am da msgavs mosazrebaTa
mniSvlelobas askezis klasobrivi ganpirobebulobis
sakiTxisaTvis aq ar SevexebiT.
212)aviRoT, Tundac Semdegi nawyvetebi (a. a. O. p. 336
f.): "Be wholly taken up in diligent business of your lawful callings
when you are not exercised in the more immediate service of God."
-- "Labour hard in your callings" -- "See that you have a calling
which will find you emplyment for all the time which Gods
immediate service spareth." ("mTeli Tqveni dro dauTmeT
Tqveni kanonieri mowodebis farglebSi saqmianobas,
im saaTebis gamoklebiT, roca uSualod uflisadmi
msaxurebiT xarT dakavebuli" _ "iSromeT
Tavdauzogavad, Tqveni mowodebis kvaldakval" _
"ecadeT, gqondeT iseTi mowodeba, romelic mTlianad
Seavsebs Tqvens dros, imis gamoklebiT, rasac Tqven
uflisadmi samsaxurs uTmobT").
213)Sromisa da misi "Rirsebis" wminda eTikuri
Sefaseba rom ar warmoadgenda qristianobisaTvis
pirvandel damaxasiaTebel an sulac specifikur ideas,
am faqts cota xnis win harnakma kidev erTxel
dabejiTebiT gausva xazi (Mitt. des Ev.-Soz. Kongr. 14. Folge,
1905, Nr. 3/4, S. 48).
214)Tu ras efuZneba es mniSvnelovani
winaaRmdegoba, romelic uTuod benediqtelTa wesdebis
droidan arsebobs, amis garkveva mxolod bevrad ufro
vrcel gamokvlevas SeuZlia.
215)asevea pietizmSic (Spener a. a. O. III p. 429, 430).
niSandobliv pietistur Semobrunebas warmoadgens is,
rom mowodebisadmi erTguleba, rac Cven, codviT
dacemis gamo mogvesaja, sakuTari nebis Cakvlas
emsaxureba. profesiuli saqmianoba, rogorc
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis gamomxatveli samsaxuri, aris
RvTis wyalobisadmi madlierebis movaleoba (luTeriseuli
idea!) da amdenad uflisaTvis ar aris mosawoni, roca
mas uxalisod da ZalisZalad asruleben (a. a. O. III p. 272).

303
amdenad, morwmune qristinma "Tavis SromiT
saqmianobaSi iseTive muyaiToba unda gamoiCinos,
rogorc rigiTma eriskacma" (III p. 278). es aSkarad ar
Seesabameba puritanuli azrovnebis wess.
216)baqsteris Tanaxmad, amis mizania: "A sober
procreation of children" (Svilosnoba). amis analogiuria
Speneris msjelobac, oRond garkveuli daTmobebiT
luTeriseuli uxeSi mosazrebis mimarT, romlis Tanaxmad,
meorad mizans warmoadgens _ sxvafriv dauZleveli _
uzneobis Tavidan acileba. sqesobrivi ltolva, rogorc
ganayofierebis aqtis Tanmdevi movlena, qorwinebaSic
codvaa da mag., Speneris azriT, mxolod codviT
dacemis Sedegia, rac aseT bunebriv da RvTisTvis
sasurvel movlenas raRac uciloblad codvian
SegrZnebebTan dakavSirebul da amdenad pudendum
(samarcxvino) fenomenad aqcevs. zogierTi pietisturi
mimdinareobac qristianuli qorwinebis umaRles formad
ganixilavs iseTs, sadac daculia ubiwoba, Semdeg
modis imgvari, sadac sqesobrivi kavSiri martooden
Svilosnobas emsaxureba da ase Semdeg, vidre
ojaxebis im formebamde, romlebic wminda erotikuli an
wminda garegnuli mizezebis safuZvelze iqmneba da
eTikuri TvalsazrisiT konkubinatad (qorwinebis gareSe
Tanacxovreba _ mTargmn.) iTvleba. amasTan, am
ukanaskneli safexuris qorwinebaTagan upiratesoba
eniWeba wminda garegnul motivebze damyarebul
colqmrobas, (rogorc mainc racionalur mosazrebebze
dafuZnebuls), erotikul safuZvelze damyarebul
colqmrobasTan SedarebiT. herrnhutelTa Teoria da
praqtika aq yuradRebis miRma unda darCes.
racionalisturma filosofiam (qr. volfi) asketuri Teoria
imgvari versiiT aRiqva, rom is, rac miznis misaRwev
saSualebadaa dawesebuli anu sqesobrivi ltolva da misi
dakmayofileba, TviTmiznad ar unda iqnes qceuli. _
wminda higienur Tvalsazrisze orientirebul utilitarizmze
gadasvla ukve franklinTan moxda, romelic daaxloebiT
Tanamedrove eqimebis eTikur Tvalsazrisze dgas, roca

304
"umankoebas" gaiazrebs, rogorc janmrTelobisaTvis
sasurvel sqesobrivi urTierTobebis SezRudvas da imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ranairad? man, rogorc cnobilia, Teoriuli
mosazrebebic gamoTqva. rawams es sakiTxebi saerTod
wminda racionaluri gansjis sagani gaxda, dauyovnebliv
yvelgan dasabami mieca ganviTarebis am procesebs.
seqsualobis puritanuli da higienuri yaidis racionalisti
sul sxvadasxva gzebiT midian da mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi "esmiT maT myisve erTmaneTis":
"higienuri prostituciis" erTi Tavgamodebuli damcveli
Tavis moxsenebaSi _ laparaki iyo saroskipoebsa da
maT mareglamentirebel institutebze _ (higienuri
TvalsazrisiT sasargeblod miCneul) "qorwinebis gare
sqesobrivi urTierTobis" zneobriv misaRebobas
asabuTebda, faustisa da gretxenis, misi
cnoberebisaTvis poeturad Suqis momfeni saxeebis,
moSveliebiT. gretxenis meZavad aRqma da moZalebuli
adamianuri vnebaaSlilobis janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebel
sqesobriv kavSirTan gaigiveba, _ es orive momenti
savsebiT Seesatyviseba puritanul Tvalsazriss, iseve,
rogorc mag., zogjer marTlac saukeTeso eqimebis mier
gaziarebuli WeSmaritad profesionaluri mosazreba, rom
iseTi ufaqizes pirovnul da kulturul problemebSi
fesvgadgmuli sakiTxi, rogoricaa sqesobrivi
TavSekaveba, "mxolod da mxolod" eqimis (rogorc
specialistis) kompetenciis sferos ganekuTvneba:
puritanebTan "specialisti" moralisturi, aq ki higienuri
Teoretikosia; amasTan, "kompetenturobis" principi,
odnav obivatelurad rom gveCveneba, am sakiTxis
gadaWrisas igivea _ oRond, cxadia, Sebrunebuli niSniT.
arada, puritanuli msoflxedvis mZlavr idealizms, mTeli
misi metismetad civi TavdaWerilobiT, rasobrivi
siwmindis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT da wminda
"higienuri" kuTxiT, dadebiTi Sedegebis warmoCenac
SeuZlia, maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove seqsualur
higienas "crurwmenebisgan gaTavisuflebisaken"
garduvali moTxovnis gamo safrTxe emuqreba, yvela

305
daSvebul zRvars gadascdes. _ Tu mainc rogor moxda
puritanuli warsulis mqone xalxebTan sqesobriv
urTierTobaTa amgvari racionaluri gaazrebisas, saboloo
jamSi, colqmruli urTierTobebis imgvari sifaqiziT
eTikurad da sulierad gamsWvalva da rogor aRmocenda
am urTierTobebidan raindobis WeSmariti ylortebi _ im
patriarqaluri atmosferos sapirispirod, romelic CvenSi
TviT sulieri aristokratiis wreebSic ki jer kidev sakmaod
sagrZnobladaa SemorCenili _, amis ganxilvas aq,
bunebrivia, ar SevudgebiT. (qalTa "emansipaciis"
sakiTxSi baptisturma gavlenam garkveuli roli iTamaSa;
qalTa sindisis Tavisuflebis dacva da "sazogado
mRvdelmsaxurebis" ideis maTzec aseve gavrceleba
iqca patriarqalizmSi pirvel garRveevad.)
217)es mudmivad gvxvdeba baqsterTan. bibliuri
dasabuTeba, rogorc wesi, CvenTvis cnobilia an
franklinis mier moxmobili solomonis igavebidan (22,
29) an Sromis qeba-didebiT solomonis igavebSi (31,
16). (Cf. a.a.O. I S. 382, S. 377 usw.)
218)TviT cincendorfic ki ambobs: "Sromoben ara
mxolod imisTvis, rom icxovron, aramed SromisaTvis
cocxloben, da Tuki aRara aqvT saSromi an itanjebian
an miiZineben" (Plitt I S. 428)
219)mormonTa rwmenis erT-erTi simboloc mTavrdeba
(citatebis Tanaxmad) sityvebiT: "oRond mconara da
zarmaci ver iqneba qristiani da arc cxoneba uweria.
misi xvedria, iqnes gangmiruli da futkrebis skidan
gamogdebuli". amasTan, upiratesad mainc is
STambeWdavi, monastersa da manufaqturas Soris
SuagulSi moqceuli, disciplina iyo, romelic ayenebda
calkeul adamians arCevanis winaSe: Sroma Tu
ganadgureba, da romelmac religiur enTuziazmTan
SerwymiT da mxolod misi wyalobiT SesaZlebeli gaxada
am seqtis gasaocari ekonomikuri miRwevebi.
220)amitomacaa is, Tavis simptomebianad, esoden
guldasmiT gaanalizebuli ( a.a.O. I S. 380). _ "Sloth"
(sizarmace) da "idleness" (usaqmuroba) imis gamocaa

306
ase gamorCeulad mZime codvebi, rom isini
ganuwyvetlobiT xasiaTdebian. baqsteri maT pirdapir
"madlmosilebis damangrevladac" ki miiCnevs (a.a.O. I S.
279/80). swored isini warmoadgenen meToduri
cxovrebis wesis antiTezas.
221)ix. zeviT, naw. I, SeniSv. 57.
222)ix.: Baxter a. a. O. I p. 108 ff. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi
sacemia Semdegi adgilebi: "Question: But will not wealth
excuse us? -- Answer: It may excuse you from some sordid sort of
work, by making you more serviceable to another, but you are no
more excused from service of work ... then the poorest man ..."
(kiTxva: gana simdidre ar warmoadgens CvenTvis
gamarTlebas? _ pasuxi: is Tqven nebas gaZlevT, uari
TqvaT damamcirebel samuSaoze, Tuki Tqven ufro meti
sargeblobis motana SegiZliaT sxva saqmianobiT,
oRond saerTod, Sromisagan Tqven imaze metad ar
TavisufldebiT, vidre uRatakesi adamiani ...) ix. aseve a.
a. O. I p. 376: "Though they have no outward want to urge them,
they have as great a necessity to obey God ... God had strictly
commandeth it to all" (Tumca, maT (mdidrebs) gasaWiri
amas ar aiZulebs isini, iseve rogorc sxvebi unda
daemorCilon RvTis nebas ... RmerTma ki yvelas Sroma
ubrZana) ix. zeviT SeniSv. 48.
223)asevea SpenerTanac (a.a.O. III, S. 338, 425), romelic
am mizeziT gansakuTrebiT pensiaze naadrevad
gasvlisaken swrafvas zneobrivad saeWvod miiCnevs
da SeniSvnaze, vaxSis akrefis aramarTlzomierebis
Sesaxeb, radgan vaxSis procentebiT cxovreba
TiTqosda sizarmaces uwyobdes xels, pasuxad
amtkicebs, rom visac Tavisi kapitalis procentebiT
cxovreba SeuZlia, RvTis brZanebis Tanaxmad, mainc
valdebulia iSromos.
224)pietizmis CaTvliT. yovelTvis, roca saqme profesiis
Secvlas exeba, Speneri argumentad mudam imas
iSveliebs, rom mas Semdeg, rac erTi romelime xeloba
iqna arCeuli, masSi darCena da masTan Segueba

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RvTiuri gangebisadmi morCilebis movaleobas
warmoadgens.
225)Tu rogori amaRlebuli, mTeli cxovrebis wesis
gamsWvalavi paTetikiT akavSirebs sulis xsnis induri
moZRvreba profesiuli saqmianobis tradicionalizms
xelaxali dabadebis SesaZleblobebTan, ganxilulia
statiebSi "msoflio religiaTa sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb.
swored amis meSveobiT SeiZleba moZRvrebis mxolod
eTikur cnebebsa da religiis mier garkveuli saxis
fsiqologiuri impulsebis Seqmnas Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebis Secnoba. RvTismosav hinduss xelaxla
dabadebis saxarbielo Sansi mxolod sakuTari kastis
movaleobaTa mkacrad tradicionalisturad aRsrulebiT
eZleoda, rac religiurad tradicionalizmis umyaresad
damkvidrebas gulisxmobs. induri eTika am punqtSi
puritanuli eTikis marTlac yvelaze Tanamimdevrul
antiTezas warmoadgens, iseve rogorc sxva TvalsazrisiT
(wodebrivi tradicionalizmi) igi iudaizmis yvelaze
Tanamimdevruli antiTezaa.
226)Baxter a. a. O. I p. 377.
227)oRond es ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos istoriulad is
maTgan gamoiyvanebodes. masSi ufro wminda
kalvinisturi warmodgena aisaxa imis Sesaxeb, rom
"amqveyniurobis" kosmosi RvTis didebas, mis
TviTgandidebas unda emsaxurebodes. utulitaruli
versia, rom ekonomikuri kosmosis mizania, yvelas
cxovrebiseul moTxovnilebebs (good of the many, common
good etc.) emsaxuros, im mosazrebis Sedegs
warmoadgenda, romlis Tanaxmad, nebismieri
sxvagvari interpretacia qmnilebis (aristokratul)
gaRmerTebas gamoiwvevda da uflis didebas ki ara,
aramed qmnilebiseul "kulturul miznebs"
emsaxureboda. RvTis neba ki, rogorc is (ix. SeniSv. 35)
ekonomikuri kosmosis mizanSewonilad mowyobaSi
gamovlinda, ramdenadac saaqao miznebi saerTod
gasaTvaliswinebelia, SeiZleba mxolod "sayovelTao"
keTildReoba upiro "sargeblianoba" iyos. maSasadame,

308
rogorc adre iTqva, utilitarizmi Sedegia "moyvasisadmi
siyvarulis" upiro formisa da amqveyniurobis yovelgvari
gandidebis uaryofisa "in majorem Dei gloriam" (RvTis
didebis aRmatebis) puritanuli ideis gankerZoebulobis
safuZvelze. Tu raoden SeuzRudavi intensivobiT iyo
gabatonebuli mTel asketur protestantizmSi mosazreba
imis Taobaze, rom xelTqmnilis yovelgvari gandideba
RvTis didebis damakninebeli da amdenad dasagmobia,
aSkarad gamovlinda im eWvebsa da ZalisxmevaSi, rac
arcTu mTlad "demokratiulad" ganwyobilma Spenerma,
mravalricxovani Tavdasxmebisagan titulebis, rogorc
 gamoyenebis SenarCunebas moaxmara.
sabolood, igi Tavs imiT imSvidebs, rom TviT bibliaSi
pretori festusi mociqulis mier wodebulia rogorc
. _ sakiTxis politikuri mxare aq kavSirSi ar
aris.
228)"The inconstant man is a stranger in his own house"
(adamiani, myari saqmianobis gareSe, ucxoa sakuTar
saxlSi) ambobs T. adamsic (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 77).
229)amis Sesaxeb kerZod ix. jorj foqsis
gamonaTqvamebi (The Friends`s Library; Ed. W&Th. Evans
Philadelphia 1837 ff.)
230)sabolood, cxadia, ar SeiZleba religiuri eTikis am
Taviseburebis WeSmariti ekonomikuri urTierTobebis
arekvlad miCneva. profesiuli specializacia Sua
saukuneebis italiaSi, bunebrivia, ufro Sors iyo wasuli,
vidre imave periodis inglisSi.
231)vinaidan, rogorc es xSiradaa aRniSnuli puritanul
literaturaSi, RvTis mier arsad araa nabrZanebi, rom
adamians moyvasi sakuTar Tavze metad uyvardes,
aramed mxolod rogorc sakuTari Tavi. amrigad,
adamians sakuTari Tavis siyvarulis movaleobac aqvs.
vinc vTqvaT, icis, rom is Tavis qonebas ufro
mizanSewonilad anu RvTisTvis meti pativis misagebad
iyenebs, vidre es mis moyvass xelewifeba,
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis gamo ar aris valdebuli, mas
sakuTari qonebidan rame uwilados.

309
232)am Tvalsazriss Speneric uaxlovdeba. oRond
maSin, roca saubaria vaWris profesiidan (zneobrivi
gagebiT metad saxifaTo) gadasvlaze Teologiis sferoSi,
is ukiduresad frTxil da umal uaryofiT damokidebulebas
amJRavnebs (III gv. 435, 443, I gv. 524). sxvaTa Soris
SevniSnavT, rom swored am SekiTxvaze (profesiis
gamocvlis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb) araerTgzis
gameorebuli pasuxebi Speneris mier udaod SerCeviT
gakeTebul SefasebebSi TvalnaTliv aCvenebs, Tu raoden
didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi korinTelTa mimarT pirveli werilis (1. kor. 7)
sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartebas.
233)yovel SemTxvevaSi, kontinentaluri evropis
wamyvan pietistTa nawerebSi mainc msgavss verafers
vipoviT. Speneris damokidebuleba "mogebis" mimarT
meryeobs (a.a.O. III, S. 426, 427, 429, 434)
luTeranobasa ("kvebis"_Tvalsazrisi) da merkantilistur
argumentacias Soris "vaWrobis ayvavebis"
momgebianobis da a.S. Sesaxeb (a.a.O. III, S. 330, 332,
Sdr. S. 418: Tambaqos moSenebas fuli moaqvs
qveyanaSi da, amdenad, sasargebloa, maSasadame,
araa codviani!). magram xelidan ar uSvebs
SemTxvevas miuTiTos imaze, rom, rogorc kvekerebisa
da mennonitebis magaliTi cxadhyofs, SeiZleba
mogebac naxo da mainc RvTismosavi darCe, da rom
gansakuTrebiT didi mogeba, razec mogvianebiT kidev
gveqneba laparaki, SeiZleba RvTismosavi
keTilsindisierebis uSualo nayofs warmoadgendes (a.a.O.
III, S. 435).
234)baqsterTan es Sexedulebebi im ekonomikuri
garemos anarekls rodi warmoadgens, sadac is
cxovrobda. piriqiT, mis avtobiografiaSi sagangebod
xazgasmulia, rom misi Sinagani misioneruli
saqmianobis warmatebisTvis gadamwyveti Seiqna is
garemoeba, rom vaWrebi, romlebic kiderminsterSi
saxlobdnen, mdidrebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed mxolod
"food and raiment" (sarCosa da samoselis) sazRaurs

310
Soulobdnen da rom ostati xelosnebi TavianT muSebze
ukeT ar cxovrobdnen da "from hand to mouth" (mxolod
yoveldRiur moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebdnen). "It is the
poor that receive the glad tidings of the Gospel" (oTxTavis
samaxaroblo uwyeba RatakisTvisaa gankuTvnili).
mogebisaken ltolvis Sesaxeb T. adamsi SeniSnavs: "He
(the knoming man) knows ... that money may make a man richer, not
better, and thereupon chooseth rather to sleep with a good conscience
than a full pure ...therefore desires no more wealth than an honest
man may bear away" (mas (mcodne kacs) esmis ... rom fuli
adamians ufro mdidars da ara ukeTess xdis, amitomac
sqel jibes mSvid Zilsa da sufTa sindiss amjobinebs ...
igi imaze mets ar eltvis, risi mopovebac patiosani
gziTaa SesaZlebeli) _ oRond amdenis mopoveba ki
namdvilad unda ( Th. Adams, Works of Pur. Div. LI.). es ki
niSnavs, rom nebismieri formalurad patiosani sazRauri
kanoniericaa.
235)ix.: Baxter a. a. O. I ch. X tit 1 Dis. 9 (§ 24) Vol. I p. 378, II
sveti. solomonis igavni 23, 4: "iSrome ara imisTvis,
rom gamdidrde" unda niSnavdes: "riches for our fleshly
ends must not ultimately be intended" (simdidres ar unda
veltvodeT, rogorc Cveni xorcieli survilebis
dasakmayofilebel saSualebas). odiozuria qonebis
feodalur-seniorialuri formiT gamoyeneba (ix. SeniSvna
a.a.O. III, p. 380 debauched part of the gentry _ wres gadasuli
Tavad-aznaurobis nawilis Sesaxeb), da ara Tavad
qoneba. _ miltonma pirvel "Defensio pro populo Anglicano"-
Si Camoayaliba cnobili Teoria, rom mxolod "saSualo
wodebas" SeuZlia iyos saTnoebis matarebeli _
amasTan, "saSualo wodebad" moazrebulia
"aristokratiasTan" dapirispirebuli "burJuaziis klasi",
razec is dasabuTeba miuTiTebs, rom rogorc "fufuneba",
ise "gaWirveba" xels uSlis saTnoebaSi gamowafvas.
236)esaa gadamwyveti. _ amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev
erTxel zogadi SeniSvna: CvenTvis sagulisxmoa ara is,
rac Teologiurma eTikurma Teoriam cnebebis saxiT
Camoayaliba, aramed is, rac morwmuneTa praqtikul

311
cxovrebaSi aRiarebul morals warmoadgenda anu is, Tu
rogor zemoqmedebda profesiuli eTikis religiurad
orientireba yoveldRiurobis praqtikaze. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, kaTolicizmis kazuistur literaturaSi mainc,
kerZod ki iezuiturSi, SeiZleba imgvari ganmartebebis
amokiTxva _ (mag., vaxSis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb,
rasac aq ar SevexebiT), romlebic mravali protestantuli
kazuisturi naweris msgavsi JReradobisaa; xolo rac
Seexeba "daSvebulobis" an "SesaZleblis" (probabel )
zRvaris dadgenas, protestantebi maTze ufro Sorsac ki
midian (mogvianebiT puritanebs sakmaod xSirad
iezuitur eTikas, warudgendnen dayvedrebiT, rogorc
Tavisi arsiT mTlianad misi eTikis monaTesaves). iseve,
rogorc kalvinistebi imowmeben moralis kaTolike
Teologebs da ara marto Toma akvinels, bernar
klervoels an bonaventuras, aramed
Tanamedroveebsac; iseve mudam iTvaliswinebdnen
kaTolike kazuistebic eretikul eTikas, razec aq ar
SevCerdebiT. Tuki sulac ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi
asketuri cxovrebis gamo eriskacisTvis dawesebuli
religiuri jildos esoden gadamwyvet faqtors, maSin
ukve TeoriaSi arsebuli uzarmazari gansxvaveba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kaTolicizmSi amgvari
Tavisufali azrebi eklesiis avtoritetis mier
arasanqcionirebuli specifikurad aramyari eTikuri
Teoriebis nayofs warmoadgendnen, romelTagan Tavi
Sors eWira eklesiis yvelaze seriozul da mkacr
momxreebs, maSin, rodesac protestantuli mowodebis
idea, piriqiT, asketuri cxovrebis yvelaze seriozul
mimdevrebs ayenebda kapitalisturi samewarmeo
cxovrebis samsaxurSi. is, rac kaTolicizmSi garkveuli
pirobiT iyo nebadarTuli, aq, protestantizmSi raRac
sruliad dadebiTs, zneobrivad saukeTesos
warmoadgenda. orive moZRvrebis eTikas Soris
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovani arsebiTi
gansxvavebebi axali droisTvisac sabolood ganisazRvra

312
iansenistebTan kamaTisa da bula "Unegenitus"
gamocemis Semdeg.
237)"You may labour in that manner as tendeth most your success
and lawful gain. You are bound to improve all your talents ..." (Sen
SegiZlia im saxis saqmianobas mohkido xeli, romelic
yvelaze did warmatebasa da kanonier mogebas
mogitans. Sen valdebuli xar ganaviTaro yvela Seni
unari...) Semdeg mosdevs zeviT teqstSi Targmnili
adgili. _ RvTis saufloSi simdidris dagrovebisaken
swrafvasa da amqveyniur profesiaSi warmatebisaken
swrafvas Soris uSualo paralels vxvdebiT, magaliTad,
jenveisTan ix.: Janeway, Heaven upon earth. In: Works of the Pur.
Div. p. 275.
238)ukve hercog qristof viurtembergelis (luTeranul)
aRmsareblobaSi, romelic trientis saeklesio krebas
gadaeca, siRatakis aRTqmaze naTqvamia: vinc, Tavisi
mdgomareobiT aris Raribi, dae aitanos, magram Tuki is
aRTqmas dadebs, rom Raribad darCes, es igive
iqneboda, aRTqma daedo, rom marad avad yofiliyo an
cudi reputacia hqonoda.
239)asea baqsterTan da mag., hercog qristofis
aRmsareblobaSi. Sdr. Semdegi adgilebi rogoricaa: " ...
The vagrant rogues whose lives are nothing but an exorbitant cours:
the main begging" etc. (Th. Adams, W. of pur. div. p. 259)
moxetiale mawanwalebi, visi cxovrebac sxva araferia,
garda umZimesi wyevlisa: maTi umravlesoba
maTxovrobs. a.S.) ukve kalvini krZalavda umkacresad
maTxovrobas, xolo holandiuri sinodebi TavgamodebiT
ibrZvian maTxovrobis nebis damrTveli werilebisa da
atestatebis winaaRmdeg. maSin, rodesac stuartTa
epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT lodis reJimma Carlz I-is
mefobisas sistemis saxiT SeimuSava RaribTa
institucionaluri daxmarebisa da umuSevarTa
dasaqmebis principi, puritanTa lozungi iyo: "Giving alms
is no charity" _ "mowyalebis gaReba araa gulmowyaleba"
(mogvianebiT defos cnobili wignis saTauri), xolo XVII
saukunis miwurulisTvis daiwyo umuSevarTaTvis

313
"workhouses" (SromiTi saxlebis) SiSis- momgvreli
sistemis Camoyalibeba (Sdr.: Leonard. Earl history of English
poor relief. Cambridge, 1900; Levy H. Die Grundlagen des
ökonomischen Liberalismus in der Geschichte der englischen
Volkswirtschaft. Jena, 1912, S. 69 ff.)
240)didi britaneTisa da irlandiis baptistTa kavSiris
prezidentma j. uaitma 1903 wels Tavis londonis
asambleisadmi sazeimo mimarTvaSi dabejiTebiT
ganacxada (Baptist Handbook 1904 S. 104): "The best men on
the roll of our Puritan churches were men of affairs, who believed,
that religion should permeate the whole of life." (Cveni
puritanuli eklesiebis saukeTeso xalxi saqmis xalxi iyo,
vinc Tvlida, rom religiam cxovrebiseuli saqmianobis
yvela sferoSi unda SeaRwios).
241)swored aqaa arsebiTi dapirispireba nebismieri
feodaluri Tvalsazrisis mimarT, romlis Tanaxmad,
politikuri an socialuri parvenius warmateba da
gaaznaureba mxolod mis naSiers SeiZleba waadges
sasikeTod. (es niSandoblivi formiTaa gamoxatuli
espanur sityvaSi Hidalgo = hijo d`algo -- filius de aliquo:
amasTan "aliquid" wanaparTagan memkvidreobiT
miRebul qonebas niSnavs). ramdenadac dReisaTvis
amerikuli "erovnuli xasiaTis" swrafi saxecvlisa da
evropeizaciis Sedegad es gansxvavebebi sul ufro
uferuldeba, iq dRemde jer kidev mainc SemorCenilia
swored sapirispiro specifikurad burJuaziuli TvalTaxedva,
romelic saqmianobis Sedegad mopovebul
warmatebasa da qonebas sulieri miRwevebis
simptomad ganadidebs, mxolod (memkvidreobiT
miRebul) simdidres ki arafrad agdebs, maSin, rodesac
evropaSi (rogorc jeims braisma erTxel ukve aRniSna)
fuliT realurad TiTqmis nebismieri socialuri Rirsebis
yidva SeiZleba, _ Tuki mTlad Tavad mflobeli ar idga
savaWro daxlTan da Tuki man sakuTari qonebis yvela
aucilebeli metamorfoza moaxdina (fideikomisis
dafuZneba da a.S.). _ sisxliT aristokratiis winaaRmdeg
ix.: mag., (Th. Adams, Works of Pur. Div. p. 216).

314
242)ase amboben, mag., ukve familistebis seqtis
damaarsebelze, hendrik niklasze, romelic vaWari iyo.
(Barclay, Inner life of the religiouse communities of the
Commonwealth p. 34)
243)es, mag., hoornbekisTvis calsaxad naTelia, radgan
saxarebaSi maT. 5: 5 da 1 tim. 4: 8 wmindanebs
sruliad amqveyniuri dapirebebi eZleva (a.a.O. Vol. I p.
193). yvelaferi RvTiuri gangebis nayofia, oRond
gangeba gansakuTrebiT mainc Tavis rCeulebze zrunavs
(a.a.O. p. 192 ):" Super alios autem summa cura et modis
singulatissimisversatur Dei providentia circa fideles". amas
mosdevs ganmarteba, Tu ra niSniTaa SesaZlebeli imis
amocnoba, rom iRbliani SemTxveva "communis
providentia" (sazogadod gangebis) ki ara, aramed im
gamorCeuli RvTiuri mzrunvelobis Sedegs
warmoadgens. profesiul saqmianobaSi warmatebas
beilic (a.a.O. p. 191) RvTiuri gangebiT xsnis.
keTildReoba (prosperity) rom "xSirad" gasamrjeloa
RvTisnieri cxovrebisaTvis, es kvekerTa nawerebSic
savsebiT myaradaa Camoyalibebuli (ix. mag., jer kidev
1848 wliT daTariRebuli am tipis gamonaTqvami
gamocemaSi: Selection from the Christian Advice issued by the
general meeting of the S. of Fr. in London VI th Ed. London 1851,
S. 209). kvekerTa eTikasTan kavSirs Cven kidev
davubrundebiT.
244)bibliur patriarqebze amgvari orientaciis magaliTad,
rac amasTanave mTeli puritanuli
msoflmxedvelobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, SeiZleba
iakobisa da esavis kamaTis Tomas adamsiseuli analizi
iyos miCneuli. (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 235): "His (Esaus) folly
may be argued from the base estimation of the birthright" _ (misi
(esaviseuli)sisulele iqedanac Cans, Tu raoden dabal
Sefasebas aZlevda igi sakuTar pirmSoobas) /es adgili
aseve mniSvnelovania "birthright"-pirmSoobis ideis
ganviTarebisTvisac, razec mogvianebiT visaubrebT/,
"that he would so lightely pass from it and on so easy condition as a
pottage" (imdenad dabals, rom iolad Tqva masze uari

315
iseTi wvrilmanis gamo, rogoricaa ospis SeWamandi).
oRond gacurebad Seracxul garigebaze uaris Tqma,
misi mxridan ukve unamusoba iyo. is tipiuri "cunning
hunter, a man of the fields" (marjve monadire, bunebis
Svilia): Tavad iracionalurad mcxovrebi ukulturobaa,
maSin, rodesac iakobi "a plain man, dwelling in tents"
(karavSi mcxovreb, wesier adamians), "man of grace"
(madlmosil kacs) ganasaxierebs. iudaizmTan Sinagani
naTesaobis grZnoba, rogorc es jer kidev ruzveltiseul
cnobil nawerSi gamoixata, kiolerma (iqve) sakmaod
mkveTrad gamovlenili formiT holandiel glexebTanac
aRmoaCina. _ meore mxriv ki, puritanizms savsebiT
gacnobierebuli hqonda ebrauli eTikis mTeli praqtikuli
dogmatikis aSkara dapirispirebuloba sakuTar
moZRvrebasTan, razec naTlad metyvelebs ebraelobis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli prinis naSromi (kromvelis
rjulSemwynareblur gegmebTan dakavSirebiT). ix.
qveviT SeniSv. 252.
245)ix.: Zur bäuerlichen Glaubens- und Sittenlehre . Von einem
thüringischen Landpfarrer. 2. Aufl. Gotha 1890. S. 16. glexebi,
romlebic aqaa aRwerili, luTeranuli eklesiurobis
niSandobliv produqts warmoadgenen. me erTTavad
miwevda mimewera areebze "luTeranulia" yvela im
SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac am Rirseuli
avtoris mier sazogadod "glexuri" religiurobis arseboba
ivaraudeboda.
246)Sdr. mag., citati riClTan (Ritschl, Pietismus II S. 158).
Speneric Tavis eWvebs profesiis SecvlasTan da
mogebisadmi swrafvasTan dakavSirebiT aseve ieso
ziraqis Zis gamonaTqvamebiT asabuTebs (Theol. Bd. III
S.426).
247)cxadia, beili mainc gvirCevs amis wakiTxvas da
aqa-iq mainc Cndeba citatebi apokrifebidan, oRond,
bunebrivia, iSviaTad. me msgavsi (egeb SemTxveviT)
araferi maxsendeba ieso ziraqis Zis pasaJidan.
248)im SemTxvevebSi, roca aSkarad gankicxulT
garegnuli warmateba xvdebaT wilad, kalvinisti (mag.,

316
hoornbeki) Tavs "gaqvavebulobis Teoriis" Tanaxmad
imis rwmeniT inugeSebs, rom ufalma maT es
warmateba imisaTvis arguna, raTa gaesastikebina isini
da am gziT miT ufro naRdad daeRupa.
249)am konteqstSi xsenebul punqts ufro dawvrilebiT ar
SevexebiT. aq "patiosnebis" mxolod formalisturi
xasiaTia saintereso. "lex naturae"-sTvis ZvelaRTqmiseuli
eTikis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. trolCis "Soziallehre".
250)wminda werilis eTikuri normebi baqsteris
Tanaxmad (Christian Directory III p. 173 f.) savaldebuloa
imdenad, ramdenadac isini 1. mxolod "transcript of the law
of nature" (bunebrivi samarTlis damtkicebas)
warmoadgenen anda 2. "express character of universality and
perpetuity" (sayovelTaobisa da maradiulobis aSkarad
gamokveTil xasiaTs) atareben.
251)ix. mag., Dowden (benianis miTiTebiT) a.a.O. p. 39.
252)amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. "msoflio
religiebis sameurneo eTikis" statiebSi. is uzarmazari
zegavlena, romelic gansakuTrebiT meore mcnebam
("ara Seiqmna kerpi" da a.S) moaxdina iudaizmis
qaraqterologiur ganviTarebaze, mis racionalur, vnebiTi
kulturisadmi gaucxoebul xasiaTze, aq gaanalizebuli ver
iqneba. rogorc metad niSandoblivi momenti albaT
mainc unda movixsenio is, rom amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi "Educational Alliance"-is anu organizaciis, romelic
gasaocari warmatebiTa da brwyinvale saSualebebiT
axerxebs ebrael imigrantTa amerikanizirebas, erT-
erTma xelmZRvanelma CemTan saubrisas adamianis
kulturuli Camoyalibebis upirveles miznad, romlis
miRwevas yvela saxis mxatvruli Tu socialuri
aRmzrdelobiTi formebiT eswrafvian, swored "meore
mcnebisgan gaTavisufleba" daasaxela. _ israelianTa
mier RvTis yovelgvari gaadamianurebis (ix. zemoT)
gmobas puritanizmSi (marTalia, cota sxvagvarad,
magram mainc imave mimarTulebiT moqmedi)
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis akrZalva Seesabamena. _ rac
Seexeba Talmudiseul iudaizms, mas uTuod puritanuli

317
zneobriobis principuli mizandasaxulobebic
enaTesaveba; roca vTqvaT, TalmudSi (ix.: Wünsche,
Babyl. Talmud II, S. 34) daJinebiT meordeba, rom ukeTesia
da uflis mier ufro guluxvadac dajildovdeba, movaleobis
gamo gakeTebuli sikeTe, vidre keTili saqme, risi Cadena
kanoniT araa savaldebulo, _ sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, movaleobis usiyvarulo aRsruleba zneobrivad
grZnobismier filantropiaze maRla dgas, es puritanuli
eTikisTvisac arsebiTad iseve misaRebi iqneboda, rogorc
kantisTvis, romelic warmoSobiT Sotlandieli iyo, vis
aRzrdazec pietizmma iqonia Zlieri zegavlena da
romelic, saboloo jamSi, am princips uaxlovdeba (iseve,
rogorc misi formulirebebis garkveuli nawili uSualod
asketuri protestantizmis ideebs exmianeba, rac aq ver
iqneba ganxiluli). oRond amasTanave Talmuduri eTika
aRmosavlur tradicionalizmSia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli: r.
Tanxum ben xanilaim Tqva: "adamianma arasodes ar
unda Seicvalos adaTi" (Gemara zu Mischna VII, 1 Fol. 86 b,
Nr. 93 vunSesTan saubaria medReur muSaTa sarCoze),
mxolod ucxoebze ar vrceldeba es kavSiri. _ TumcaRa,
"kanonierebis", rogorc rCeulobis Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis, puritanulma gagebam dadebiTi
qmedebebisTvis aSkarad gacilebiT ufro Zlieri motivebi
Seqmna, vidre iudaizmis mier am "kanonierebis"
ubralod brZanebis aRsrulebad gaazrebam. idea, rom
warmatebaSi RvTis kurTxevaa gacxadebuli, cxadia, arc
iudaizmisTvis araa ucxo. oRond is Zireulad
gansxvavebuli religiur-eTikuri mniSvneloba, romelic am
ideam iudaizmis eTikis ormagobis (Sinagani da
garegani) gamo SeiZina, swored am gadamwyvet
punqtSi gamoricxavda orive moZRvrebas Soris
yovelgvari naTesaobis SesaZleblobas. "ucxos" mimarT
nebadarTuli iyo is, rac "moZmis" mimarT akrZaluli iyo.
ukve Tundac marto amitom ver gaxdeboda warmateba
am ara "nabrZaneb", aramed "nebadarTul" sferoSi
religiuri TviTdamkvidrebis maxasiaTebeli niSani da
cxovrebis meTodurad warmarTvis impulsi im gagebiT,

318
rogoric is puritanisTvis iyo. mTeli am, zombartis mier
mis wignSi "ebraelebi da sameurneo cxovreba"
yovelmxriv arasworad gagebuli problemis Sesaxeb ix.
zemoT citirebuli statiebi. am problemis calkeul
mxareebs aq ar SevexebiT. rac ar unda ucnaurad
JRerdes, iudauri eTika mainc Zlier tradicionalisturi
rCeboda. aq arc im uzarmazar Zvrebs SevexebiT,
romelic amqveyniurobisadmi Sinaganma
damokidebulebam ganicada "madlisa" da "xsnis"
ideaTa qristianuli gagebis meSveobiT, Tavis TavSi
uCveulo formiT mudam axali ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobis Canasaxis matarebeli romaa.
ZvelaRTqmiseuli "kanonierebis" Sesaxeb ix. mag.:
Ritschl, Rechtfertigung und Versöhnung, II, S. 265.
ingliseli puritanebisTvis maTi epoqis ebraelebi
omze, saxelmwifo dakveTebze, saxelmwifo
monopoliebze, damfuZneblur spekulaciebze da Tavad-
aznaurTa samSeneblo da safinanso proeqtebze
orientirebuli kapitalizmis warmomadgenelni iyvnen,
rac Tavad maTTvis amazrzeni iyo. marTlac, am
dapirispirebulobas mTlianobaSi (Cveulebisamebr aseT
SemTxvevaSi gardauvali SezRudvebiT), mainc aseTi
formulireba SeiZleba movuZebnoT: ebrauli kapitalizmi
pariaTa spekulaciur kapitalizms warmoadgenda,
puritanTa kapitalizmi ki SromiTi saqmianobis burJuaziul
organizacias.
253)wminda werilis WeSmariteba baqsterisTvis,
saboloo jamSi, "wonderful difference of the godly and ungodly"
(RvTisnierisa da uRvTos gasaocar sxvaobaSi),
sxvebisagan "renewed men" (ganaxlebuli adamianis)
absolutur gansxvavebulobaSi da sakuTar rCeulTa sulis
xsnisTvis uflis sruliad TvalnaTliv gamovlenil sagangebo
zrunvaSi mdgomareobs (rac bunebrivia, "gamocdaSic"
SeiZleba gamoixatos). Christian Directory I p. 165, Sp. 2 marg.
254)amis dasaxasiaTeblad imis gaxsenebac kmara, Tu
rogori bundovania farisevelisa da mebaJis arakis
mimarT (ix. misi qadageba: The Pharisee and the Publican, a.

319
a. O. p. 100 f), Tavad beniaminis midgoma, visTanac
drodadro uTuod mainc sagrZnobia luTeris "qristianis
Tavisuflebis" Sinagan ganwyobasTan siaxlove (ix. mag.,
Of the Law and a Christian, Works of the Pur. Div. p. 254).
ratomaa fariseveli gakicxuli? _ imitom, rom
sinamdvileSi is ar icavs RvTis mcnebebs, radgan
aSkarad seqtantia, romlis yuradReba mxolod garegnul
wvrilmanebsa da ritualebzea gadarTuli (gv.107); pirvel
yovlisa ki, igi Tavad miiwers damsaxurebas da
mkrexelurad mainc uxdis madlobas RmerTs, "rogorc
amas kvekerebi sCadian" sakuTari saTnoebisTvis, ris
Rirebulebazec (gv. 126) is ase codvianad agebs mTel
imedebs da, amdenad, impliciturad RvTis madlismier
rCeulobas eWvqveS ayenebs (gv. 139). amrigad, misi
locva xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebaa da amaSia swored misi
codvianoba. _ amis sapirispirod mebaJe, rogorc misi
aRiarebis gulwrfeloba mowmobs, Sinaganad
aRorZinebulia, vinaidan luTeriseuli codvis gancdis
niSandoblivad puritanul yaidaze Sesustebis Tanaxmad,
"sakuTar codvianobaSi WeSmaritad gulwrfelad
darwmunebulobisTvis aucilebelia Sendobis
SesaZleblobaSi darwmunebuloba" (to a right and sincere
conviction of sin there must be a conviction of the probability of
mercy /p. 209/).
255)daibeWda, mag., gardineris "Constitutional
Documents"-Si. SeiZleba erTgvari paralelis gavleba
(avtoritetebis mgmobeli) askezis winaaRmdeg am
brZolasa da ludoviko XIV mier por-roialisa da
iansenistebis devnas Soris.
256)kalvinis Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxSi arsebiTad ufro
lmobieri iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ramdenadac
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo cxovrebiT tkbobis ufro daxvewili,
aristokratuli formebi. zRvars mxolod biblia
warmoadgens; vinc mas eyrdnoba da sufTa sindiss
inarCunebs, ar aris iZulebuli, SiSmoreulma eWvis
TvaliT Sexedos sakuTar TavSi cxovrebiT datkbobis
wadilis nebismier gafaCunebas. miTiTebebs amis

320
Taobaze X TavSi "Inst. christ. rel." (magaliTad, "nec fugere ea
quoque possum que videntur oblectationi magis quam necessitati
inservire" _ "Cven Tavidan srulad verc imas aviridebT,
rac gamowveulia ara imdenad aucileblobiT,
ramdenadac tkbobis surviliT") SeeZloT TavisTavad
metad Serbilebuli praqtikisaTvis xel-fexis gaxsna. aq
"certitudo salutis" dakargvis gamo epigonTa mzardi SiSis
garda garkveul rols TamaSobda is garemoebac,
(romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), rom "ecclesia
militans"-is sferoSi wvrili burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen kalvinizmis eTikuri ganviTarebis matarebelni.
257)T. adamsi (Th. Adams. - Works of the Pur. Div. p.3), mag.,
Tavis erT-erT qadagebas "the three divine sisters" _ "sami
zeciuri dis" Sesaxeb ("romelTagan siyvarulia
umTavresi") iwyebs miTiTebiT imaze, rom parismac
afrodites arguna vaSli!
258)romanebi da misTanebi rogorc "wastetimes" (drois
gamflangveli) ar unda iqnes wakiTxuli (Baxter, Christian
Directory I p. 51, Sp.2). _ cnobilia Wknoba, romelic
elisabediseuli epoqis Semdgom inglisSi ara marto
dramam, aramed lirikam da xalxurma simReramac
ganicada. mxatvrobaSi puritanizmma albaT bevri
veraferi ipova aRmosafxvreli. TvalSisacemia oRond
sakmaod kargi musikaluri monacemebis donidan
(musikis istoriaSi inglisis roli arcTu umniSvnelo iyo)
aSkara TavqvedaSveba im absoluturi araraobis
mdgomareobamde, rasac Cven am TvalsazrisiT
anglosaqsonur erebTan mogvianebiT da dResac
vawydebiT. zangebis eklesiebsa da im profesional
momReralTa gamosvlebis garda, romelTac axla
eklesiebi rogorc "attractions" _ "satyuaras" iwveven
(Trinity Church bostonSi 1904 wels 8000 dolars ixdida
wliurad) amerikaSic metwilad mxolod germanuli
yurTasmenisTvis sruliad autaneli "mrevlis galobad"
wodebuli Wyivilis mosmena SeiZleba. (nawilobriv
analogiur movlenebs aqvs adgili holandiaSic).

321
259)zustad asevea holandiaSi, rogorc sinodTa
gadawyvetilebebi cxadyofen. (ix. dadgenilebebi maisis
xis Sesaxeb raitsmasis krebulSi VI, 78. 139).
260)savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom "Zveli aRTqmis
aRorZinebam" da pietisturma orientirebulobam
mSvenierebisadmi mtrul qristianul ganwyobebze, rac
saboloo jamSi meoreisaiasa da 22-e fsalmunis
ideebidan iRebs dasabams, xelovnebaSi xeli Seuwyo
imas, rom simaxinjis xelovnebis obieqtad gadaqceva
gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli da rom amaSi garkveuli wvlili
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis puritanul uaryofasac
miuZRvis. magram ufro dawvrilebiT es yovelive jer ar
gamokvleula. romis eklesiaSi sruliad sxva
(demagogiurma) motivebma gamoiwvia garegnulad
monaTesave, Tumc xelovnebis sferosaTvis absoluturad
sxvagvari Sedegebis mqone movlenebi. vinc
rembrandtis "saulisa da daviTis" (maurichuisSi) pirispir
aRmoCndeba, uSualod SeigrZnobs puritanuli
msoflaRqmis zemoqmedebas. karl noimaniseul
"rembrandtSi" holandiuri kulturis zegavlenis daxvewil
analizs uTuod ZaluZs im farglebis gamovlena, rac
dReisaTvis CvenTvis cnobili SeiZleba iyos imis
Sesaxeb, Tu sadamde SeiZleba mieweros asketur
puritanizms dadebiTi, xelovnebisaTvis nayofieri
zegavlena.
261)holandiis yofiT praqtikaSi kalvinisturi eTikis
SedarebiT naklebad SeRwevisa da aq asketuri
suliskveTebis SesustebisaTvis ukve XVII saukunis
damdegisaTvis (1608 wels holandias TavSefarebuli
ingliseli kongregacionalistebisTvis miuRebeli iyo
holandielTa mxriv SabaTis simSvidis arasakmarisad
dacva), sabolood ki Statthalter fridrix hainrixis dros, da
sazogadod holandiuri puritanizmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli eqspansiis nakleb unarianobisaTvis
sruliad sxvadasxvagvari mizezebi Seiqna
gadamwyveti, romelTa CamoTvla aq SeuZlebelia. isini
nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo qveynis politikuri wyobiTac

322
(calkeuli qalaqebisa da mxareebis kavSiris saxiT) da
bevrad naklebi TavdacvisunarianobiT
(ganmaTavisuflebeli omi sul male ZiriTadad
amsterdamis fuliTa da daqiravebuli jaris meSveobiT
iqna warmoebuli: babilonis godolis enaTa aRrevis
sailustraciod ingliseli mqadageblebi holandiuri jaris
magaliTze miuTiTebdnen). amis gamo religiuri omis
mTeli simZime didwilad sxvebis mxrebze gadavida,
rasac politikuri Zalauflebis xelidan gaSveba mohyva.
amis sapirispirod, kromvelis jari, Tumc nawilobriv
Seviwrovebuli, Tavs moqalaqeTa jarad aRiqvamda. (am
SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom
swored am jarma Seitana Tavis programaSi
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris gauqmebis punqti, _
vinaidan brZola mxolod sindisis mier kargad Secnobili
RvTis sadidebeli saqmisTvis da ara TavadTa axirebebis
gamoa dasaSvebi. inglisuri jaris, tradiciuli germanuli
gagebiT, "uzneo" mowyobas Tavdapirvelad, istoriulad
metad "zneobrivi" motivebi hqonda da im jariskacTa
moTxovnas warmoadgenda, visac arasodes ganucdia
damarcxeba da romlebic mxolod restavraciis Semdeg
iqnen samefo gvirgvinis interesebis samsaxurSi
Cayenebuli). holandieli schutterijen, didi omis periodSi
kalvinizmis burjebi, dordrextis sinodis Semdeg ukve
TiTqmis naxevari Taobis mogvianebiT halsis naxatebze
aSkarad naklebad "asketur" saqciels avlenen.
gamudmebiT vawydebiT sinodTa protestebs maTi
cxovrebis wesis winaaRmdeg. holandiuri cneba
-"deftigkeit"- biurgerul-racionaluri "patiosnebisa" da
patriciuli wodebrivi TviTSegnebis nazavs
warmoadgens. holandiur eklesiebSi saeklesio adgilebis
klasobriv-safexurebrivi danawileba dRemde miuTiTebs
am eklesiurobis aristokratul xasiaTze. saqalaqo
meurneobis SenarCuneba aferxebda industrias.
aRmavlobas is martooden ltolvilTa wyalobiT da,
amdenad, mxolod drogamoSvebiT ganicdida. oRond
kalvinizmisa da pietizmis saero askeza holandiaSic

323
imave mimarTulebiT axdenda zemoqmedebas, rogorc
sxvagan (agreTve aqve mosaxseniebeli
"momWirneobis asketuri iZulebis" gagebiTac, rogorc
amas groen van prinstereris qvemoT moyvanili citati _
SeniSv. 280 _ cxadyofs. kalvinistur holandiaSi
mxatvruli literaturis TiTqmis sruli ararseboba,
bunebrivia, SemTxveviTobas ar warmoadgens.
holandiis Sesaxeb ix. mag.: Busken-Huet, Het land van
Rembrandt , gamocemulia germanuladac). holandiuri
religiurobis rogorc "momWirneobis asketuri iZulebis"
mniSvneloba jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi, mag., albertus
halleris CanawerebSic, garkveviT ikveTeba.
xelovnebisa da misi motivebis Sesaxeb holandielTa
msjelobis niSandobliv TaviseburebebTan dakavSirebiT
Sdr. 1891 wels "Oud Holland"-Si gamoqveynebuli (1629-
31 wlebSi dawerili) konst. huigensiseuli (Const.Huyghens)
avtobiografiuli Canawerebi. (groen van prinstereris
ukve citirebuli naSromi: Groen van Prinsterer, La Hollande et
l`influence de Calvin, 1864, Cvens problematikasTan
dakavSirebiT sagulisxmos arafers gvTavazobs.) _
amerikaSi niiv-nederlandes kolonia (Nieuw-Nederland )
socialurad "patronTa", kapitalis gamsesxebel vaWarTa,
naxevrad feodalur sabatonos warmoadgenda _ da axali
inglisisagan gansxvavebiT, gaZnelebuli iyo
"wvrilfexobis" iq gadasaxlebaze dayolieba.
262)saWiroa imis gaxseneba, Tu rogor daxura qalaqis
puritanulma mmarTvelobam Teatri stratford-on-eivonSi
jer kidev Seqspiris sicocxleSive da misi sicocxlis bolo
periodSi iq yofnisas. (puritanebisadmi Seqspiris zizRi
da upativcemuloba nebismier xelsayrel momentSi
mJRavndeba). jer kidev 1777 wels qalaq birminghemis
xelisuflebam ar dauSva Teatris, rogorc "sizarmacis"
xelSemwyobis da amdenad vaWrobisTvis xelSemSlelis,
gaxsna (ix.: Ashley. Birmingham. Industry and Commerce, 1913,
p. 7, 8)
263)aqac gadamwyvetia is, rom puritanebisTvis
mxolod alternatiuli an-an arsebobda: RvTiuri neba an

324
qmnilebiseuli pativmoyvareoba. amitomac maTTvis
veranairi "adiaphora" (indiferentuloba SefasebaSi) ver
iarsebebda. sxvagvari damokidebuleba hqonda, rogorc
ukve vTqviT, kalvins amasTan dakavSirebiT: sul erTia,
Tu ras Wams, ras icvams adamiani da a.S., Tuki amas
wadilis Zalauflebis mier sulis damoneba ar mohyveba.
"amqveyniurobisgan" Tavisufleba _ iseve, rogorc
iezuitebTan _ indiferentulobiT unda iqnes gamoxatuli,
oRond kalvinTan es im sikeTeebis ganurCevel, usurvilo
moxmarebas gulisxmobs, rasac miwieri cxovreba
gviboZebs (ix.: Institutio Christianae Relig. pirvelgamocemis
p.409 ff.) _ Tvalsazrisi, romelic saboloo jamSi aSkarad
luTeris Sexedulebebs ufro uaxlovdeboda, vidre
epigonTa pedantizmi.
264)amisadmi kvekerTa damokidebuleba cnobilia.
magram ukve XVII saukunis damdegs amsterdamSi
imigrantTa mrevlSi mTeli aTwleulis manZilze usaSinlesi
qariSxali mZvinvarebda erT-erTi mRvdlis colis moduri
qudebisa da morTulobis gamo. (amis brwyinvale
aRwera mocemulia wignSi: Dexter. Congregationalism of the
last 300 years). _ ukve sanfordi miuTiTebda imaze, rom
mamakacTa dRevandeli "Tmis varcxniloba"
gadaRebulia mravalgzis masxrad agdebuli "roundheads"
(mrgvalTavianebisagan) da puritanTa aseve sasacilod
agdebuli mamakacis Cacmuloba masSi Cadebuli
principiT arsebiTad dRevandeli mamakacuri
Cacmulobis msgavsia.
265)amis Sesaxeb ix. veblenis ukve citirebuli wigni:
(Veblen. The theory of business enterprise).
266)am Tvalsazriss ganuwyvetliv SevexebiT. misi
meSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli imgvari
gamonaTqvamebis axsna, rogoricaa: "Every penny, which
is paid upon yourselves and children and friends must be done as by
Gods own appointment and to serve and please him. Watch narrowly,
or else that thievish carnal self will leave God nothing" (Baxter a. a.
O. I S. 108 qveviT marjvniv) _ "yoveli peni, romelsac Sen
sakuTar Tavs, Svilebsa da megobrebs axarjav,

325
gacemuli unda iyos ise, viTom es RvTiuri gankargulebiT
xdeba, raTa Senma mzakvrulma xorcma ar warstacos
ufals yvelaferi, rac mas Sengan ergeba". aq
gadamwyvetia: is, rac pirad miznebs xmardeba, RvTis
sadidebel samsaxurs akldeba.
267)savsebiT marTebulia, roca ixseneben (ix. vTqvaT
doudeni), rom kromvelma ganadgurebisagan ixsna
rafaelis naxatebi da mantenis "cezaris triumfi", maSin,
rodesac Carlz II maT gayidvas cdilobda. inglisuri
erovnuli litertaturis mimarT restavraciis epoqis
sazogadoeba, rogorc cnobilia, aseve sakmaod gulgrilad
an sulac uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili. samefo karze
versalis gavlena batonobda. Tu ra gavlena iqonia
puritanizmis saukeTeso warmomadgenelTa da mis
skolagamovlil adamianTa sulier Camoyalibebaze
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis gaucnobierebel siameTagan
gandgomam, amis dawvrilebiT gaanalizeba
warmoadgens amocanas, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
am narkvevis farglebSi mainc ver iqneba gadaWrili.
vaSington irvingi (Bracebridge Hall a.a.O.) am gavlenas,
miRebuli inglisuri terminologiiT, amgvar formulirebas
uZebnis: "is (politikuri Tavisufleba, ambobs igi, _
puritanizmi vityviT Cven) gulisxmobs fantaziis nakleb
TamaSs da met warmosaxvis Zalas" (it evinces less play of
the fancy, but more power of imagination). sakmarisia
gavixsenoT, Tu ra adgili ukaviaT Sotlandielebs inglisis
mecnierebaSi, literaturaSi, teqnikur gamogonebebsa
da agreTve saqmian cxovrebaSi, rom gaviazroT da
SevigrZnoT, rom es, cota ar iyos, sworxazovnad
Camoyalibebuli SeniSvna simarTles Seesabameba. _
teqnikisa da empiriul mecnierebebze ganviTarebisaTvis
maT gavlenaze Cven aq ar visaubrebT. es
urTierTkavSiri yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic iCens yvelgan
Tavs. kvekerisTvis vTqvaT, nebadarTul "recreations"
warmoadgens (berklis Tanaxmad): megobrebTan
stumroba, istoriuli nawarmoebebis kiTxva,
maTematikuri da fizikuri eqsperimentebi, mebaReoba,

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saqmiani problemebisa da sxva amqveyniuri
movlenebis ganxilva. _ mizezi adre iqna gaanalizebuli.
268)es SesaniSnavadaa gaanalizebuli karl noimanis
"rembrandtSi", romelic saerTod zemoxsenebul
SeniSvnebTan unda iqnes Sedarebuli.
269)ix. magaliTad, baqsteris zeviT citirebuli nawyveti _
I gv. 108 qveviT.
270)Sdr. mag., polkovnik haCisonis daxasiaTeba (mag.,
sandorfTan xSirad citirebuli, iqve gv.57) misi qvrivis
mier daweril biografiaSi. mTeli misi rainduli Rirsebebisa
da sicocxliT savse bunebis aRweris Semdeg
naTqvamia: "He was wonderfully neat, cleanly and genteel in his
habit, and had a very good fancy in it; but he left off very early the
wearing of anything that was costly"... (is araCveulebrivad
sufTa, mowesrigebuli da eleganturi iyo da SesaniSnavi
gemovneba hqonda. magram axalgazrdobaSive uari
Tqva fufunebaze). zustad aseTivea, baqsteris mier
meri hameris saflavTan warmoTqmul sityvaSi daxatuli
sicocxlis moyvaruli da ganaTlebuli puritani qalis ideali,
romelic or rameSi iCens xelmomWirneobas: 1.dro da
2.xarjebi, gamiznuli "pomp" (fufunebis sagnebisa) da
garTobisTvis (Works of the Pur. Div. p. 533).
271)sxva mravali magaliTis gverdiT me gansakuTrebiT
maxsendeba Tavis saqmianobaSi uCveulod
warmatebuli da misi asakisTvis metad SeZlebuli
fabrikanti, romelsac kuWis monelebis qronikul
daavadebasTan dakavSirebiT eqimebis mier
yoveldRiurad xamanwkebis Wama daeniSna, razec
misi dayolieba usaSvelod gaZnelda. saqvelmoqmedo
miznebiT gaRebuli metad soliduri Semowirulebani,
rasac is jer kidev sicocxleSive akeTebda da, meore
mxriv, misi "xelgaSliloba" cxadyofda, rom am
SemTxvevaSi saqme mxolod im "asketuri" aRzrdis
gamoZaxils exeboda, rac sakuTari qonebiT tkbobas
zneobrivad saeWvod miiCnevs da ara "siZunwis"
monaTesave rames.

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272)saamqros, kantoris, saerTod, "saqmis" da kerZo
sacxovreblis, firmisa da saxelis, saqmeSi Cadebuli
kapitalisa da kerZo sakuTrebis urTierTgamijvna,
"saqmis" (Tavdapirvelad Tundac sazogadoebrivi
qonebis) "corpus mysticum"-ad gadaqcevis tendencia _ es
yvelaferi erTi mimarTulebiT warmarTuli procesis
mxareebia. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. Cemi
naSromi "Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter".
273)jer kidev zombartma Tavis "kapitalizmSi" (I
gamocema) savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTa am
niSandobliv fenomenze. gasaTvaliswinebelia mxolod is,
rom qonebis dagroveba ori sruliad gansxvavebuli
fsiqologiuri wyarodan iRebs dasabams. erTi saTaves
uxsovar warsulSi iRebs da Semdeg gamoxatulebas
saqvelmoqmedo SemowirulebebSi, sagvareulo
qonebaSi, fideikomisebSi, zustad imgvarive an egeb
bevrad ufro wminda da gamokveTili formiT poulobs,
rogorc pirovnebis analogiur miswrafebaSi, odesme
sikvdils uzarmazari sakuTari materialuri simdidriT
wona-Sematebuli daxvedroda da, rac mTavaria,
"saqmis" gagrZeleba uzrunveleyo, Tundac umetesi
Tanamemkvidre Svilebis piradi interesebis Selaxvis
xarjze. yvela am SemTxvevaSi sakuTar qmnilebaSi
sikvdilis Semdegac ki idealuri cxovrebis gagrZelebis
da, amiT "splendor familiae" (ojaxis sidiadis)
SenarCunebis survilis gverdiT, saqme im
pativmoyvareobas exeba, risi obieqtic, Semomwiravis,
ase vTqvaT, ganvrcobili pirovneba xdeba. amrigad,
nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubaria Tavisi arsiT
egocentrul miznebze. sul sxvagvaria saqmis viTareba
im "burJuaziul" motivTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac Cven
vikvlevT; aq askeziseuli Segoneba: "TviTaRkveTa
gmarTebs Sen, TviTaRkveTa", dadebiTi kapitalisturi
msoflaRqmis yaidaze gadasxvaferebuli: "SeZena
gmarTebs Sen, SeZena", mTeli Tavisi sada da
aumRvreveli iracionalobiT erTgvar kategoriul
imperativad mogvevlineba. mxolod RvTis dideba da

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sakuTari movaleoba da ara adamianis
pativmoyvareoba warmoadgens aq puritanisTvis
motivs, dRes ki es mxolod sakuTari "mowodebis"
winaSe movaleobaa. visac exaliseba, romelime
mosazrebis ukanasknel zRvramde misuli SedegebiT
ilustrireba, gaixsenos Tundac zogierTi amerikeli
miliarderis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom mopovebuli
miliardebis SvilebisaTvis datoveba ar Rirs, raTa am
gziT maT ar CamoerTvaT zneobrivi sikeTe, rom
Tavadve imuSaon da SeiZinon: cxadia, dReisaTvis es
ukve mxolod da mxolod "Teoriuli" sapnis buStia.E
274)esaa, razec ganuwyvetliv unda iqnes
gamaxvilebuli yuradReba, is ukanaskneli gadamwyveti
religiuri motivi (xorcis mokvdinebis wminda asketuri
Tvalsazrisis gverdiT), rac gasakuTrebiT naTlad
kvekerebTan gamoikveTeba.
275)amas baqsteri (Saints` everl. rest 12) mTlianad
iezutebisaTvis Cveuli motivebiT uaryofs: xorcs unda
miegos is, rac mas ekuTvnis, Torem winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, adamiani mis monad iqceva.
276)rogorc jer kidev vaingartenma Tavisi "inglisis
revoluciis" umTavres debulebebSi Camoayaliba, es
ideali calsaxad arsebobda, kerZod, kvekeruli
moZraobis ukve pirvelsave periodSi. amis
gansakuTrebiT naTel gaTvalsaCinoebas berklis
dauRalavi polemikac warmoadgens (a.a.O. S. 519 ff., 533).
unda veridoT: 1. qmnilebiseul pativmoyvareobas anu
yovelgvar yoyloCinobas, zizil-pipilebs da imgvari
sagnebis gamoyenebas, romelTac araviTari praqtikuli
daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia an mxolod maTi iSviaTobis
gamo anu pativmoyvareobis safuZvelzea dafasebuli _
2. qonebis upasuxismgeblo gamoyenebas, rac
aucilebel sasicocxlo moTxovnilebebTan da momavlze
zrunvasTan SedarebiT, naklebad aucilebeli
moTxovnilebebisaTvis Seufereblad did danaxarjebSi
mdgomareobs: amrigad, kvekeri, ase vTqvaT, moarul
"moxmarebis sasazRvro kanonad" iqceoda. cxadia,

329
savsebiT nebadarTulia "moderate use of the creature"
(zomierad sargebloba), gamorCeuli yuradReba ki,
vTqvaT, masalis da a.S xarisxsa da gamZleobas
imdenad unda daeTmos, ramdenadac amas ar
mivyavarT "vanity" (pativmoyvareobamde). yovelive
amis Sesaxeb Sdr.: "Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser", 1846 Nr.
216 ff. (gansakuTrebiT: Komfort und Solidität der Stoffe bei den
Quäkern, Sdr.: Schneckenburger, Vorlesungen S. 96 f.).
277)adre ukve iTqva, rom religiuri moZraobebis
klasobrivi ganpirobebulobis sakiTxs aq ar SevexebiT
(masTan dakavSirebiT ix. statiebi "msoflio religiaTa
sameurneo eTikis" Sesaxeb). oRond imaSi
dasarwmuneblad, rom, mag., baqsteri, romelsac Cven
aq upiratesad veyrdnobiT, cxovrebas sruliadac ar
ucqerda misi epoqis "burJuaziis" saTvaleebiT,
sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom masTanac xelobaTa
RvTivsasurvelobis ierarqiaSi swavlulTa profesiebis
Semdeg pirveli "husbandman" (miwaTmoqmedi)
moixsenieba, da mxolod mis Semdeg modis "mariners,
clothers, booksellers, tailors" (zRvaosnebis, memaudeebis,
wigniTmovaWreTa, TerZebis da a.S.) ucnaurad
aWrelebuli CamonaTvali. da aseve (sakmaod
niSandoblivad) moxseniebul "mariners" (zRvaosnebSi)
albaT mebadurebic isevea nagulisxmevi, rogorc
mezRvaurebi. am mimarTebiT sxvagvari viTarebaa
Talmudur gamonaTqvamebSi. Sdr. mag., vunSesTan
moyvanili (Wünsche. Babyl. Talmud. II, I, S. 20, 21 ) rabi
eliazaris gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic, cxadia,
upasuxod ar darCenila da romelTa dedaazri erTia:
savaWro saqme sjobs miwaTmoqmedebas. (kapitalis
mizanSewonilad dabandebis Sesaxeb ufro TvalsaCino
rekomendaciebi ix.: (a.a.O II, I, S. 68) 1/3 adgil-mamuli,
1/3 saqoneli, 1/3 naRdi fuli).
maTTvis, visi kauzalobis moyvare sindisi
ekonomikuri (anu "materialisturi", rogorc amas
samwuxarod jerac amboben) analizis gareSe
simSvides ver hpovebs, SevniSnavT, rom me religiuri

330
ideebis Camoyalibebis bedze ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
zegavlena metad mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia da
mogvianebiT imis ganxilvas vapireb, Tu rogori formiT
warimarTa orive maTganis urTierTSeguebisa da
urTierTobebis procesebi. oRond saqme isaa, rom am
religiuri ideebis Sinaarsis ubralod xelaRebiT
"ekonomikaze" dayvana SeuZlebelia; isini Tavis mxriv
warmoadgenen _ da amas versad ver gaveqceviT _
"erovnuli xasiaTis" umZlavres plastikur elementebs da
Tavis TavSive atareben sakuTar kanonierebasa da
mamoZravebel Zalas. xolo luTeranobasa da kalvinizms
Soris arsebuli umniSvnelovanesi gansxvavebebi,
umeteswilad, politikiTaa ganpirobebuli, ramdenadac
saerTod arareligiur momentebs amaSi Carevis
saSualeba mieca.
278)amas gulisxmobs ed. bernStaini, rodesac Tavis,
zemoT ukve moxseniebul statiaSi (681-e da 625-e gv-
ze) ambobs: "askeza burJuaziuli siqvelea". pirvelad mis
SeniSvnebSi gakeTda am umniSvnelovanes
urTierTmimarTebebze saerTod miTiTeba. oRond es
urTierTmimarTebebi gacilebiT ufro metis momcvelia,
vidre is varaudobs. vinaidan gadamwyveti iyo ara
ubralod kapitalis dagroveba, aramed mTeli
profesionaluri saqmianobis racionalizeba. _ amerikul
koloniebSi dapirispireba samxreTis mdgomareobasa da
puritanul CrdiloeTs Soris, sadac "asketuri
momWirneobis iZulebis" Sedegad dasabandeblad
gamiznuli kapitali mudam arsebobda, ukve doilis mier
iqna sakmaod naTlad warmoCenili.
279)Doyle, The English in America. Vol. II ch. -- axal-inglisSi
koloniis daarsebidan erTi Taobis Semdeg rkinis
mompovebel-gadamamuSavebeli sazogadoebebis
(1643), bazrisaTvis maudis warmoebis (1659)
arseboba (da sxvaTa Soris xelosnobis ayvavebac),
wminda ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, anaqronizmebia da
umwvaves winaaRmdegobaSi modis, rogorc samxreTis
mdgomareobasTan, ise ara kalvinistur, aramed sindisis

331
sruli Tavisuflebis momxre rod ailendTan, sadac,
SesaniSnavi navsadguris arsebobis miuxedavad, jer
kidev gubernatorisa da qalaqis sabWos 1686 wlis
angariSSi naTqvamia, rom: "siZneleebi, rasac vaWroba
ganicdis, aixsneba imiT, rom Cven gvaklia vaWrebi da
sakmarisi qonebis mflobeli xalxi" (The great obstruction
concerning trade is the want of merchants and men of considerable
Estates amongst us) (Arnold, Hist. of the State of R. I. p. 490). is,
rom puritanTa mier moxmarebis sferos SezRudva
garkveul rols TamaSobda iZulebis wesiT dazogili
kapitalis gamudmebiT dabandebaSi, marTlac, eWvs ar
unda iwvevdes. amas miemata Cvens mier jer isev
ganuxilavi saeklesio disciplinis roli.
280)xsenebuli wreebis swrafi kleba niderlandebSi
naCvenebia busken-huetis naSromSi (Busken-Huet, a.a.O.
Bd. II, K. III und IV). miuxedavad amisa, grun van
prinstereri (Handb. d. Gesch. v. h. V. 3. Aufl., § 303 Anm., S. 254
) vestfaliis zavis Semdgom periodze ambobs:
"holandielebi yidian bevrs, magram moixmaren cotas"
_ (De Nederlanders verkoopen veel en verbruiken wenig).
281)rac Seexeba ingliss, rankes mier "inglisis istoriaSi"
(IV, gv.187) citirebuli erT-erTi aristokrati roialistis
peticia Carlz II-is londonSi Sesvlis Semdeg
Suamdgomlobda burJuaziis kapitalis meSveobiT adgil-
mamulebis Sesyidvis akrZalvis Taobaze, romelic am
gziT iZulebuli Seiqneboda mxolod vaWrobiT yofiliyo
dasaqmebuli. _ holandiel "regentTa" wodeba qalaqebis
burJuaziul patriciats, rogorc "wodeba" swored Zveli
saraindo adgil-mamulebis Sesyidvis meSveobiT
gamoeyo. (amis Sesaxeb ix. fruinTan /Fruin, Tien jaren uit
den tachtigjarigen oorlog / citirebuli 1652 wlis saCivari imis
Sesaxeb, rom regentebi vaWrebi ki aRar arian, aramed
rantieebad iqcnen). cxadia, es wreebi Sinaganad
arasodes yofilan WeSmaritad kalvinisturad
ganwyobilni. da XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi
holandiuri burJuaziis farTo wreebSi fexmokidebuli
gaaznaurebisa da titulebisadmi ybadaRebuli ltolvac

332
sakmarisia imis naTelsayofad, rom am periodTan
dakavSirebiT mainc, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT
inglisis pirobebis Sepirispirebas holandiis pirobebTan.
memkvidreobiT miRebuli fuladi qonebis
yovlismomcvelma Zlevamosilebam aq asketuri suli
gatexa.
282)burJuaziis kapitalis meSveobiT inglisuri sagvareulo
adgil-mamulebis intensiurad Sesyidvis periods mohyva
inglisis soflis meurneobis ayvavebis diadi epoqa.
283)anglikani lendlordebi lamis XIX saukunemde arcTu
iSviaTad ambobdnen uars meijareebad
nonkonformistebis ayvanaze. (am droisaTvis orive
saeklesio partia TiTqmis Tanabarricxovania, uwin
nonkonformistebi mudam umciresobas
warmoadgendnen).
284)h. levi (sul axlaxan "Archiv f. Sozialwiss." /46 S. 605 f./
-Si gamoqveynebul statiaSi) sruliad marTebulad
miuTiTebs imaze, rom Tavisi, mravali maxasiaTebeli
niSniT gamovlenili "xasiaTis Tvisebebis" mixedviT,
ingliseli eri sxva erebTan SedarebiT umal naklebad iyo
midrekili asketuri eTosisa da burJuaJiuli siqvelis
gasaTaviseblad: uxeSi da gauTleli xalisianoba iyo (da
aris) am eris znis ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani.
puritanuli askezis Zlevamosileba misi batonobis
epoqaSi mis mimdevarTa Soris xasiaTis swored am
xsenebuli Tvisebis gasaocar ganelebaSi
gamomJRavnda.
285)amas gamudmebiT vawydebiT doilis naSromSi.
puritanTa poziciis gansazRvrisas religiuri motivebi iyo
yovelTvis gadamwyveti (bunebrivia, oRond ara
erTaderTi gadamwyveti). masaCusetsis kolonias
(uintropis mmarTvelobis periodSi) TviT zeda palatas
Tavisi modgmiT aristokratiiTurT jentlmenTa
masaCusetSi gadasaxleba dasaSvebad miaCnda,
oRond im pirobiT, TukiKjentlmenebi eklesiis wevrebi
gaxdebodnen. religiuri disciplinis gamo cdilobdnen
Caketili dasaxleba SeenarCunebinaT. (niu-hempSirisa

333
da menis kolonizacia anglikan didvaWarTa mier
xorcieldeboda, romlebic mecxoveleobis uzarmazar
meurneobebs aSenebdnen. oRond aq socialuri kavSiri
metad umniSvnelo iyo). axal ingliselTa dauokebel
"momxveWelobis Jinze" ukve 1632 wels Ciodnen (ix.
mag.: Weedens Economic and social history of New England I p.
125).
286)amas ukve pettic aRniSnavs da yvela imdroindeli
wyaro, gamonaklisis gareSe, puritan seqtantebze:
baptistebze, kvekerebze, menonitebze, saubrobs
rogorc nawilobriv usaxsro, nawilobriv ki
wvrilkapitalistur fenaze da upirispirebs maT, rogorc
didvaWarTa aristokratias, ise finansur avantiuristebs.
magram swored am wvrilkapitalisturi fenidan da ara
msxvil finansistTa: monopolistebis, saxelmwifo
momwodeblebis, saxelmwifo kreditorebis,
kolonizatorebisa da "promoters" _ wridan warmosdga is,
rac dasavleTis kapitalizmisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:
samrewvelo Sromis burJuaziul-kerZomesakuTreobrivi
organizacia. (ix.: Unwin, Industrial Organization in the 16th and
17th centuries, London 1914 S. 196 ff.) es dapirispireba
TanamedroveTaTvisac rom kargad cnobili iyo, amis
Sesaxeb ix. parkeris "Discourse concerning Puritans" (1641),
sadac aseve aqcentirebulia proJeqtiorTa da
didgvarovan kariskacTa mimarT puritanTa
dapirispirebuloba.
287)imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxa es XVIII saukuneSi
pensilvaniis politikaSi, kerZod ki, damoukideblobisTvis
omSi ix: Sharpless, A Quaker experiment in Goverment
Philadelphia 1902.
288)igive ix.: Southey, Leben Wesleys Kap. 29. es miTiTeba _
am nawyvets ar vicnobdi _ me prof. eSlis werilidan
miviRe (1913). e. trolCma (romelsac es werili am
mizniT gavacani) xsenebuli citati ukve moiSvelia.
289)am monakveTis wakiTxvas vurCevdi yvelas, vinc
dRes Tavs xsenebul sakiTxebSi sakuTriv moZraobis im
winamZRolebze da Tanamedroveebze ufro

334
gaTviTcnobierebulad da Wkvianad miiCnevs, romelTac,
rogorc vxedavT, sul zustad icodnen, Tu ras sCadiodnen
da ra safrTxes qmnidnen. marTlac dauSvebelia,
zogierTi Cemi kritikosis msgavsad, sruliad ueWveli da
am dromde kidevac sruliad eWvmiutaneli, Cems mier
ki mxolod maTi Sinagani mamoZravebeli Zalebis gamo
gamokvleuli faqtebis, ise haiharad eWvqveS dayeneba,
rogorc amas samwuxarod hqonda adgili. XVII
saukuneSi am urTierTobebSi arc erT adamians eWvi ar
Seutania (Sdr. agreTve: Manley, Usurry of 6% examined 1669
S. 137). ukve citirebul Tanamedrove avtorTa garda,
xsenebul urTierTkavSirebs, rogorc raRac TavisTavad
cxads, aRiqvamdnen iseTi poetebi, rogorc h. haine da
kitsi, mecnierebi, rogorc makolei, keningemi, rojersi an
mweralebi, rogorc metiu arnoldi. uaxlesi literaturidan
ix. eSlis naSromi: Ashley, Bimingham Industry and Commerce
(1913), vinc Tavis droze aseve Tavisi sruli Tanxmoba
ganmicxada werilobiT. Sdr. imave problemasTan
dakavSirebiT axlaxan 284-e SeniSvnaSi moxseniebuli
h.levis statia.
290)igive urTierTkavSirebi klasikuri periodis
puritanebisTvisac rom TavisTavad cxadi iyo, albaT
verafriT ise naTlad ver dasabuTdeba, rogorc
benianiseuli "Mr. Money-Love" _ "batoni fulis moyvarulis"
argumentaciiT: "religiuri SeiZleba kaci imisTvisac
gaxdes, raTa gamdidrdes, vTqvaT, muStrebi rom
gaimravlos", vinaidan: sul erTia, ratom gaxda adamiani
religiuri (S.114 Tauchnitz Ed. ).
291)defo Tavgamodebuli nonkonformisti iyo.
292)Speneric (Theol. Bedenken a.a.O. S. 426 f., 429 f., 432 ff.)
marTalia, vaWris profesias cTunebebiTa da maxeebiT
aRsavsed miiCnevs, magram misTvis dasmul
SekiTxvaze mainc ase pasuxobs: "msiamovnebs, roca
vxedav, rom Zvirfasi megobari, sakuTriv vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebiT, sindisis qenjnas ki ar ganicdis, aramed
mas cxovrebis imgvar wesad aRiqvams, rogoric is
sinamdvileSia da risi meSveobiTac adamianTa

335
modgmisTvis didi sargeblobis motana anu RvTis nebiT
siyvarulis aRsruleba SeiZleba." es mosazreba
sxvadasxva adgilebze merkantilisturi argumentebiT
kidev ufro saguldagulodaa motivirebuli. Tuki Speneri
gamdidrebis wyurvils, drodadro sruliad luTeriseulad, _
1 tim 6: 8 da 9, agreTve ieso ziraqis Zis moxmobiT, ix.
zeviT! _ umTavres maxed da uTuod Tavidan asarideblad
miiCnevs da "sarCos sakmarobis Tvalsazriss" iziarebs
(Theol. Bedenken III S. 435), meore mxriv, am pozicias
ayvavebul keTildReobaSi da, amavdroulad, mainc
RvTisnierad mcxovreb seqtantebze miTiTebiT kvlav
asustebs (ix. gv. 175). simdidre, rogorc gamrje Sromis
nayofi, misTvisac eWvs gareSea. Tumc luTeris ideebis
CarTvis Sedegad misi pozicia nakleb Tanamimdevrulia,
vidre baqsteris.
293)baqsteri gvafrTxilebs Tavi SevikavoT (a.a.O. II S. 16)
"heavy, flegmatik, sluggish, fleshly, slothfulpersons" _ "mouqneli,
flegmaturi, dondlo, avxorci, zanti adamianebis",
msaxurebad ("servants") daqiravebisagan da gvirCevs
upiratesoba mivaniWoT "godly" (RvTismosav)
msaxurebs, ara marto imis gamo, rom "ungodly"
(uRmerTo) msaxurebi mxolod "eye-servants"
"meTvalyureobis qveS muSaoben", aramed pirvel rigSi
imitom, rom "a truly godly servant will do all your service in
obedience to God, as if God himself had bid him do it" _
"WeSmaritad RvTismosavi msaxuri Tavis
valdebulebebs ise aRasrulebs, rogorc RvTisadmi
morCilebis movaleobas, ise, TiTqos Tavad RmerTi
iTxovdes misgan samuSaos Sesrulebas". sxvebi ki
iqeTken ixrebian, rom "to make no great matter of conscience
of it" _ "es sindisis saqmed ar aqcion". da piriqiT,
miiCneven, rom mSromelisaTvis religiis garegnuli
aRiareba ki ara, "conscience to do their duty" _ "sakuTari
movaleobis patiosnad Sesrulebaa" wmindanobis
niSani. rogorc vxedavT, aq RvTisa da damsaqmeblis
interesebi saTuodaa erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli: Speneric
(Theol. Bedenken III S. 272), romelic Cveulebriv daJinebiT

336
Segvagonebs, rom RmerTze fiqrisTvis movicaloT,
imTaviTve uSvebs rogorc TavisTavad cxads, rom
mSromeli ukiduresad mcire Tavisufal dros (kviraobiTac
ki) unda dasjerdes. _ sruliad marTebulad uwodebdnen
ingliseli avtorebi protestant imigrantebs "kvalificirebuli
Sromis pionerebs". ix. agreTve levisTan amis
dasabuTeba: H. Levy, Die Grundl. des ökon. Liberalismus S. 53.
294)mxolod erTeulebis wilxvedr, adamianuri masStabiT
"usamarTlo" predestinaciasa da aseve usamarTlo,
magram aseve RvTisTvis sasurvel materialur sikeTeTa
ganawilebas Soris aSkara analogiis Sesaxeb ix. mag.,
hoornbekTan (a.a.O. Vol. I S. 153). amasTan, siRaribe
Zalze xSirad, vTqvaT, baqsterTan (a.a.O. I S. 380)
ganixileba, rogorc codviani sizarmacis simptomi.
295)RmerTi, fiqrobs T. adamsi (Works of the Pur. Div. p.
158), amden adamians savaraudod imitom tovebs
siRatakeSi, vinaidan icis, rom es adamianebi ver
gauZleben im cTunebebs, simdidres rom mosdevs Tan.
radgan simdidre Zalze xSirad adamianis bunebidan
gamodevnis religias.
296)ix. zeviT SeniSv. 239 da iqve citirebuli h.levis
naSromi. zustad imaves aRniSnavs yvela danarCeni
mkvlevric (aseve manlic hugenotebTan dakavSirebiT).
297)msgavs movlenebs inglisSic vawydebiT. aqve
igulisxmeba, mag., is pietizmic, romelic lous (ix.: Laws,
"Serious call"; 1728) Tanaxmad, siRaribes, ubiwobasa da _
Tavdapirvalad _ amqveyniurobisagan gandgomasac
qadagebda.
298)baqsteris moRvaweoba misi Casvlis
momentisaTvis absoluturad gaveranebul
kiderminsteris TemSi miRweuli warmatebis doniT
TiTqmis umagaliToa sulis xsnis praqtikis istoriaSi da,
amavdroulad, imis tipiuri magaliTia, Tu rogor moaxerxa
askezam masebisaTvis Sromis unar-Cvevebis
Canergva, marqsistulad rom vTqvaT, maTi "zedmeti
Rirebulebis" warmoebisaTvis aRzrda da am gziT,
saerTod SesaZlebeli gaxada kapitalistur SromiT

337
urTierTobebSi maTi gamoyeneba (ojaxuri industria,
safeiqro warmoeba). aseTia sruliad zogadad kauzaluri
kavSiri. _ baqsteris poziciidan gamomdinare, misi
mfarvelobis qveS myofTa kapitalistur saqmianobaSi
CarTviT, igi maT sakuTari religiur-eTikuri interesebis
samsaxurSi ayenebda. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis
poziciidan gamomdinare, es ukanasknelni kapitalisturi
"suliskveTebis" ganviTarebis samsaxurSi Cayenebulni
aRmoCdnen.
299)da kidev erTi: cxadia, SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT
imaSi, aris Tu ara gasaTvaliswinebeli, rogorc
fsiqologiurad qmediTi faqtori, Suasaukuneebis ostatis,
"mis mierve Seqmnili" nakeTobiT gamowveuli
"sixaruli", razec amdens msjeloben. raRac amdagvars
albaT mainc uTod hqonda adgili. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
askezam Sromas SemoaZarcva, dReisaTvis
kapitalizmma ki samudamod mouspo saaqao xibli da is
mTlianad saiqioze mimarTa. profesiuli saqmianoba
rogorc aseTi, RvTisTvis sasurvelia. dRevandeli Sromis
pirovnulobisgan dacliloba: misi, calkeuli adamianis
poziciidan aRqmuli, usixarulo uazroba, im epoqaSi jer
kidev religiiTaa gansxivosnebuli. Tavisi Camoyalibebis
periodSi kapitalizms esaWiroeboda mSromelebi,
romlebic sindisis xaTriT ekonomikur eqspluatacias
daeqvemdebarebodnen. dReisaTvis kapitalizmi myarad
dgas fexze da unari Seswevs yovelgvari saiqio jildoebis
gareSe maTi SromisaTvis mzaoba uzrunvelyos.
300)am winaaRmdegobebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
ix. h. levis adre citirebul wignSi. inglisisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sazogadoebrivi azris mZlavrad
antimonopolisturi ganwyoba, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, XVII
saukuneSi iqidan iRebs dasabams, rom samefo
gvirgvinis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ZalauflebisaTvis
politikuri brZola _ grZelma parlamentma monopolistebi
parlamentidan gaaZeva _ dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda
puritanzmis zneobriv motivebTan da finansur magnatTa
winaaRmdeg burJuaziis wvrili da saSualo kapitalis

338
interesebTan. 1652 wlis 2 agvistos Declaration of the Army
da aseve 1653 wlis 28 ianvris levelerTa peticia
aqcizebis, sabaJo gadasaxadebis, iribi gadasaxadebis
gauqmebasTan da estates (qonebaze) single tax (erTiani
gadasaxadis) SemoRebasTan erTad, pirvel rigSi, free
trade (Tavisufal vaWrobas) anu vaWrobaSi yovelgvari,
rogorc qveynis SigniT, iseve mis gareT, monopolisturi
SezRudvebis, rogorc adamianis uflebebis darRvevis,
gauqmebas iTxoven. raRac amis msgavss ukve "did
remonstranciaSic" vpoulobT.
301)amasTan dakavSirebiT Sdr. H. Levy, Oekon. Liberal. S.
51 f.
302)Cvens mier jerjerobiT religiuri Zirebis TvalsazrisiT
ganuxilavi gamonaTqvami, rogorc, mag.: "honesty is the
best policy" _ "patiosneba saikeTeso politikaa"
(frankliniseuli msjeloba kreditis Sesaxeb) rom
puritanuli warmoSobisaa, sxva konteqstSi unda iqnes
ganmartebuli. (amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. momdevno
statia). amis Sesaxeb aq mxolod j. a. rauntris (J.A.
Rowntree, Quakerism, past and present p. 95/6) SeniSvnas
gadmovcemT, romelzec ed. bernStainma mimiTiTa: "Is
it merely acoincidence, or is it a consequence, that the lofty
profession of spirituality made by the Friends has gone hand in hand
with shrewdness and tact in the transaction of mundane affairs? Real
piety favours the success of a trader by insuring his integrity, and
fostering habits of prudence and forethought: _ importent items in
obtaining that standing and credit in the commercial world, which
are requisite for the steady accumulation of wealth." _ "es ubralo
damTxvevaa Tu kanonzomiereba, rom kvekerTa maRali
suliereba saero saqmeebSi maT daxvewilobasa da
taqtTanaa Sexamebuli? marTlac, WeSmariti
RvTismosaoba xels uwyobs vaWrobaSi warmatebas,
vinaidan patiosnebis garantad gvevlineba, adamianSi
zrdis sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas, esoden
mniSvnelovans sazogadoebaSi wonisa da kreditisaTvis,
rac simdidris aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens".
(ix. momdevno statia). "hugenotiviT patiosani" _ es

339
XVII saukuneSi iseve andazad iyo qceuli, rogorc
holandielTa wesiereba, visiTac ase aRfrTovanebuli iyo
ser v. templi _ xolo erTi saukunis Semdeg ki kontinentis
erebTan SedarebiT, romelTac msgavsi eTikuri aRzrda ar
gamouvliaT, saarako ingliselTa patiosneba gaxda.
303)es kargadaa gaanalizebuli bielSovskisTan:
Bielschowsky, Goethe, Bd. II Kap. 18 _ samecniero
"kosmosis" ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT msgavsi azri
aqvs, mag., vindelbandsac misi wignis Windelband,
Blütezeit der deutschen Philosophie (II Bd. der "Gesch. d. neueren
Philosophie ") dasaruls gamoTqmuli.
304)Saints` everlasting rest. cap. XII.
305)"gana moxucs Tavisi 75 000 dolariT weliwadSi
saqmisTvis Tavis danebeba ar SeuZlia? _ ara! maRaziis
fasadi 400 futiT unda gafarTovdes. ratom? _ misi azriT,
amiT is yvelas daCrdilavs (That beats everything). _
saRamoobiT, roca coli da qaliSvilebi erTobliv kiTxvas
awyobdnen, mas erTi suli aqvs loginSi Cawves,
kviraobiT ki yovel xuT wuTSi erTxel saaTze iyureba,
imis molodinSi, dRe rodis gava: _ mainc ra ubadruki
yofaa!" _ ase daaskvnis (germaniidan imigrirebuli)
ohaios erT-erTi qalaqis wamyvani dry-good-man
(galantereuli saqonliT movaWris) siZe Tavisi simamris
Sesaxeb, _ esaa msjeloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
"moxucs", srul gaugebrobad da germanuli uniaTobis
gamovlinebad moeCveneboda.
306)ukve am (ucvlelad datovebul) SeniSvnas
brentanosaTvis unda daenaxvebina, rom me misi
(humanizmis) damoukidebeli mniSvneloba arasodes
eWvqveS ar damiyenebia. humanizmi rom wminda
"racionalizms" ar warmoadgenda, es axlaxan kidev
erTxel dabejiTebiT aRniSna borinskim (ix.: Borinski; In:
Abhandl. der Münchener Ak. der Wiss. 1919).
307)fon belovis akademiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva
Seexeba ara am problemas, aramed sazogadod
reformacias, gansakuTrebiT ki, luTers: (ix.: v. Below; Die
Ursachen der Reformation, Freiburg, 1916). aq ganxilul

340
TemasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki, im kontroversebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic Cems gamokvlevas mohyva,
miTiTebuli unda iqnes hermelinkis naSromze (ix.:
Hermelink; Reformation und Gegenreformation), romelic sxvaTa
Soris upiratesad sxva problemebs exeba.
308)vinaidan winamorbed narkvevSi is
urTierTkavSirebi iqna Segnebulad gaTvaliswinebuli,
romelebic udaod adasturebs religiuri cnobierebis
Sinaarsis zegavlenas kulturuli cxovrebis "materialur"
mxareze. sruliad ioli iqneboda, mis farglebs gareT im
formaluri "konstruqciebis" agebamde mivsuliyaviT,
romlebic Tanamedrove kulturisaTvis yovelive
"niSandoblivis" logikur deducirebas protestantuli
racionalizmidan moaxdendnen. magram msgavsi
saqmianoba diletantTa im kategorias mivandoT,
romlebsac "socialuri fsiqikis" "erTianoba" da amis erT
formulaze dayvanis SesaZlebloba swamT. _ mxolod
erTi ram gvinda kidev aRvniSnoT, rom, bunebrivia,
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis is periodi, romelic win
uswrebs ganviTarebis Cvens mier ganxilul stadias,
yvelgan rogorc xelSemSleli, ise xelSemwyobi qristianuli
zegavlenebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. Tu ra saxis iyo isini,
amaze Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT. sakiTxavia, gaxdeba
Tu ara saerTod SesaZlebeli zeviT moxazul
problemaTagan romelimes am Jurnalis farglebSive
ganxilva, misi redaqciis gansazRvrul
mizanmimarTulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. sqeltaniani
wignebis weris perspeqtiva ki, rac Cemgan sakuTari
naazrevis umeteswilad sxvis (Teologiur Tu istoriul)
naSromebze dafuZnebas moiTxovda, didad ar
mizidavs. (am frazebs aq ucvlelad vtoveb) _
reformaciamdel "adrekapitalistur" epoqaSi cxovrebis
idealsa da realobas Soris arsebuli daZabulobis
Sesaxeb ix.: Strieder, Studien zur Geschichte der kapitalist.
Organisationsformen 1914, Buch II. (es wignic aseve
upirispirdeba zemomoyvanil zombartis mier
gamoyenebul keleriseul naSroms.)

341
309)vfiqrob, rom es sityvebi da uSualod winamorbedi
miniSnebebi da SeniSvnebi sruliad sakmarisi unda
iyos, raTa gamoricxuli iqnas yvela gaugebroba imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu ras visaxavdi miznad am gamokvleviT
da raimes damatebis aucileblobas veRar vxedav.
Tavdapirvelad gamiznuli, zemoT dasaxuli programis
uSualod gagrZelebis nacvlad me nawilobriv uneblied,
metadre e. trolCis "qristianuli eklesiebis socialuri
moZRvrebis" (romelic Cems mier gansaxilvel zogierT
moments naTels imgvarad hfens, rac CemTvis, rogorc
ara-TeologisTvis miuwvdomeli iqneboda)
gamoqveynebis gamo, nawilobriv ki im mizniT, rom
Cemi ganazrebani izolaciisagan mexsna da isini
kulturis ganviTarebis erTian konteqstSi momeqcia,
Tavis droze miviRe gadawyvetileba, pirvel rigSi,
religiisa da sazogadoebis msoflio-istoriuli
urTierTkavSirebis SedarebiTi gamokvlevis Sedegebi
aRmewera. swored esaa aq warmodgenili. amas win
daerTvis mxolod mokle umniSvnelo statia zeviT
gamoyenebuli "seqtebis" cnebis ganmartebisa da,
amavdroulad, Tanamedrove epoqis kapitalisturi
suliskveTebisaTvis eklesiis puritanuli koncefciis
mniSvnelobis warmoCenis mizniT.

342
1
2

3
4

msoflio religiaTa sameurneo eTika

religiis SedarebiT-sociologiuri
gamokvlevis mcdeloba 1)
 Sesavali

"msoflio religiebad" aq yovelgvari

RirebulebiTi Sefasebis gareSe is xuTi religiuri Tu
religiiT ganpirobebuli cxovrebis reglamentirebis
sistema moiazreba, romelTac SesZles Tavis
garSemo gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobis
aRmsareblebi SemoekribaT. igulisxmeba:
konfucianuri, induisturi, budisturi, qristianuli da
islamuri eTika. maT meeqvse, gansaxilvel religiad
daemateba iudaizmi, erTi mxriv, imitom, rom igi
bolo ori dasaxelebuli msoflio religiisaTvis
umniSvnelovanes istoriul winapirobebs Seicavs,
meore mxriv ki, dasavleTis Tanamedrove
meurneobrivi eTikis ganviTarebisTvis misi,
nawilobriv realuri, nawilobriv moCvenebiTi
mniSvnelobis gamo, rac ukanasknel dros
araerTgzis gamxdara kvlevis sagani. sxva religiebi
mxolod imdenad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli,
ramdenadac es istoriuli kavSirurTierTobis
TvalsazrisiTaa aucilebeli. qristianobasTan
dakavSirebiT moSveliebuli iqneba adre
gamoqveynebuli, am krebuls wamZRvarebuli
statiebi, romelTa codna imTaviTve nagulisxmevi
unda iyos.
Tu ra mosazreba religiis "sameurneo
eTikad", amas, imedia, msjelobis procesSi, Tavad
gamokvlevac naTelhyofs. is, rac gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iqnes, aris ara Teologiur kompendiumTa
eTikuri Teoria, rac (garkveul SemTxvevebSi
sakmaod mniSvnelovani) SemecnebiTi
saSualebaa, aramed is, rac religiebis fsiqologiur
da pragmatul urTierTmimarTebebze dafuZnebul
qmedebis praqtikul impulss warmoadgens. rac ar
unda zedapiruli iyos winamdebare gamokvleva, igi
mainc naTels xdis imas, Tu raoden rTuli
warmonaqmnia nebismieri konkretuli sameurneo
eTika da raoden mravalferovani mizezebiTaa is
ganpirobebuli. mogvianebiT aq isic gamoCndeba,
rom garegnulad metad msgavsi ekonomikuri
organizaciis formebi sruliad gansxvavebul
sameurneo eTikasTanaa Tavsebadi da sakuTari
Taviseburebisda mixedviT sruliad sxvadasxvagvar
istoriul Sedegebs iwvevs. sameurneo eTika iseve
ar warmoadgens sameurneo organizaciis formaTa
ubralo "funqcias", ramdenadac aseve naklebad
ayalibebs maT, piriqiT, calsaxad sakuTari Tavidan.
arc erTi sameurneo eTika ar yofila odesme
mxolod religiiT determinirebuli. mas, TavisTavad
cxadia, aqvs didwilad meurneobriv-geografiuli da
istoriuli mocemulobebiT gansazRvruli udidesi
wminda avtonomiuroba samyarosadmi adamianis
yvela sxva religiuri Tu sxva (am mniSvnelobiT:)
"Sinagani" momentebiT ganpirobebul
mimarTebebTan SedarebiT. oRond sameurneo
eTikis erT-erT _ aRvniSnavT: mxolod erT-erT _
determinants cxovrebis warmarTvis wesis religiuri
gansazRvrulobac warmoadgens. es religiuri
gansazRvruloba ki, Tavis mxriv, bunebrivia,
mocemuli geografiuli, politikuri, socialuri Tu
nacionaluri sazRvrebis farglebSi ekonomikuri da
politikuri momentebis Rrma zegavlenas ganicdis.
gemis unapiro curvas daemgvaneboda, Tuki am
urTirTmimarTebebis yvela calkeuli wvrilmanis
warmoCenas movindomebdiT. winamdebare
gamokvlevaSi saqme SeiZleba mxolod imis
mcdelobas exebodes, rom gamovavlinoT im
socialur fenaTa cxovrebis wesisTvis mimarTulebis
mimcemi is elementebi, romlebmac ama Tu im
religiis praqtikul eTikaze yvelaze Zlieri
ganmsazRvreli zegavlena iqonies da mas
damaxasiaTebeli anu sxvebisgan
ganmasxvavebeli da amavdroulad sameurneo
eTikisTvis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebebi
SesZines. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom aq mxolod
erTaderT fenaze iyos saubari. istoriis msvlelobis
manZilze, SesaZloa, am gagebiT
umniSvnelovanesi fenebi Seicvalos. da erTi
calkeuli fenis amgvari zegavlena ugamonakliso
arasodes ar aris. magram calkeuli mocemuli
religiebisTvis mainc SeiZleba umetesad im
fenebze miTiTeba, romelTa cxovrebis wesi
upiratesad gadamwyveti iyo. ramodenime
msgavs magaliTs winaswarve Tuki davasaxelebT,
konfucianoba mwignobrulad ganaTlebuli saero
racionalisturi beneficiatTa wodebis eTikad
mogvevlineba. vinc ganaTlebulTa am fenas ar
miekuTvneboda, saTvalavSi Casagdebi ar iyo. am
fenis religiurma (an Tu gnebavT, arareligiurma)
wodebrivma eTikam Cinuri cxovrebis wesi
udideswilad gansazRvra. _ adreuli hinduizmis burji
ki mwignobrulad ganaTlebulTa memkvidreobiTi
kasta iyo, romelebic yovelgvari
Tanamdebobebisagan ganmdgarni, calkeuli
pirovnebebisa Tu sazogadoebisaTvis iRwvodnen,
rogorc erTgvari ritualuri sulis mxsnelni da rogorc
wodebrivi dayofis myari saorientacio Suaguli
socialur wesrigs gansazRvravdnen. martooden
vedebSi ganswavluli brahmanebi
warmoadgendnen, rogorc tradiciis matarebelni,
srulfasovan religiur wodebas. mxolod mogvianebiT
aRmoCnda maT gverdiT, metoqeobis gasawevad,
asketTa arabrahmanuli wodeba, da kidev ufro
mogvianebiT, indur Sua saukuneebSi, hinduizmSi
sarbielze gamoCnda dabal fenaTa mxsnelis
madidebeli mgznebare sakramentuli religiuroba
plebeuri mistagogebiTurT. _ budizmis propagandas
usamSobloo, mkacrad kontemplaciurad
ganwyobili da amqveyniurobis uarmyofeli
mowyalebis mTxovneli berebi eweodnen. sruli
mniSvnelobiT mxolod isini iyvnen Temis wevrebi,
danarCenebi ki yvelani religiurad arasrulfasovan
eriskacebad: religiurobis obieqtebad da ara
subieqtebad rCebodnen. _ Tavis adreul periodSi
islami msoflios dampyrobel meomarTa,
rwmenisaTvis disciplinirebul mebrZolTa rainduli
ordenis religia iyo, oRond, jvarosnuli omebis
periodis qristian mimbaZvelTa seqsualuri askezis
gareSe. islamur Sua saukuneebSi ki mWvretelobiT-
mistikurma sufizmma da aqedan warmoSobilma
wvrilburJuaziulma saZmos arsma, qristian
tertiarielTa yaidaze, oRond bevrad ufro
universalurad ganviTarebulma, moipova TiTqmis
Tanabari mniSvneloba orgiastikis teqnikis plebeur
mflobelTa winamZRolobiT. _ devnilobis periodidan
moyolebuli, iudaizmi burJuaziul "pariaTa" religia
iyo _ Tavis droze gavecnobiT am mravlismetyveli
gamoTqmis mniSvnelobas _ da Sua saukuneebSi
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mwignobrul-ritualurad
gawaful inteleqtualTa fenis winamZRolobis qveS
aRmoCnda, romelic moproletaro, racionalistur
mzard wvrilburJuaziul inteligencias
warmoadgenda. _ dabolos, qristianobam Tavisi
gza, rogorc ostatis moxetiale SegirdTa
moZRvrebam daiwyo. is iyo da rCeboda sruliad
specifikuri qalaquri da, rac mTavaria, burJuaziuli
religia, misi garegnuli Tu Sinagani aRzevebis yvela
periodSi, rogorc antikurobaSi ise Sua saukuneebsa
Tu puritanizmSi. dasavleTis qalaqi, Tavisi
ganumeoreblobiT yvela danarCen qalaqebTan
SedarebiT da burJuaziis im gagebiT, rogorc es
ukanaskneli mTel msoflioSi mxolod iq warmoiSva,
antikur TemTa pnevmaturi (suliwmindiT STaberili)
RvTismosaobisaTvis zustad iseve warmoadgenda
qristianobis mTavar asparezs, rogorc gviani Sua
saukuneebis mowyalebis mTxovnel berTa
ordenebisTvis Tu reformaciis epoqis seqtebisTvis,
pietizmiTa da meTodizmiT damTavrebuli.
amrigad, winamdebare naSromis Tezad
aramcdaaramc ar gvevlineba is, rom TiTqos
religiurobis Taviseburebas im fenis socialuri
mdgomareobis ubralo funqcia warmoadgendes,
romelic mis arsebiT matareblad SeiZleba
mogvCveneboda anda, vTqvaT, mxolod mis
"ideologias" an misi materialuri Tu ideuri
interesebis "anarekls" SeiZleba ganasaxierebdes.
piriqiT, am gamokvlevis Tvalsazrisisöimaze ufro
Zireulad mcdar gagebas albaT sxva veraferi
Seuwyobda ise xels, rogorc msgavsi interpretacia.
rac ar unda siRrmiseuli yofiliyo calkeul
SemTxvevebSi religiur eTikaze ekonomikiT an
politikiT ganpirobebuli zegavlenebi, uwinaresad igi
mainc religiuri wyaroebidan iZenda sakuTar saxes.
pirvel rigSi: maT mier nauwyebisa da aRTqmulis
Sinaarsidan. da agreTve rogorc wesi, maTi religiuri
moTxovnilebebidan, maSinac ki Tu isini, arcTu
iSviaTad, ukve momdevno TaobaSive iyo
Zirfesvianad gadasxvaferebuli, radgan Temis
moTxovnilebebs iyo morgebuli. intersTa sxva
sferoebis xSirad sakmaod STambeWdavi da zogjer
gadamwyveti zegavlenac ki mxolod meoradi
xasiaTisa SeiZleboda yofiliyo. Cven
davrwmundebiT, rom, marTalia, TiToeuli religiisTvis
socialurad gadamwyveti fenebis qcevas hqonda
arsebiTi mniSvneloba, magram meore mxriv,
religiis odiTgan Camoyalibebuli saxeoba aseve
sakmaod farTod avrcelebda Tavis gavlenas sruliad
heterogenuli fenebis cxovrebis weszec.
religiuri eTikisa da sxvadasxvagvar interesTa
urTierTmimarTebebis interpretirebas iseTnairad
cdilobdnen, rom pirveli mxolod meoris "funqciad"
gveCveneboda. da ara marto egreT wodebuli
istoriuli materializmis gagebiT, _ rasac aq ar
ganvixilavT, _ aramed wminda fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiTac.
religiuri eTikis sruliad zogadi, garkveulwilad,
abstraqtuli xasiaTis klasobrivi mijaWvuloba
SeiZleba gamoyvanil iqnas "resantimentis"
(boRma) im Teoriidan, romelic fridrix nicSes
brwyinvale eses Semdeg gaxda cnobili da
SemdgomSi fsiqologTa mierac didi gamWriaxobiT
iqna damuSavebuli. Tuki Sebralebisa da Zmobis
eTikuri gansxivosneba im xalxis eTikur "monaTa
amboxs" warmoadgenda, vinc Tavisi bunebrivi
monacemebiT Tu bedisweriT wilxvdomili cxovrebis
SansebiT, daCagruli aRmoCnda, da Tuki aqedan
gamomdinare, "movaleobis" eTika movaleobis
gareSe mcxovrebi didgvarovanTa wodebis
arsebobis wesis mimarT, Sromisa da fulis
SovnisaTvis ganwirul umecarTa "daTrgunul",
vinaidan uilajo, SurisZiebis grZnobis nayofad
gvevlineba _ maSin es, religiuri eTikis tipologiis
umniSvnelovanesi problemebis gadaWris uTuod
umartives gzad warmogvidgeba. oRond,
ramdenadac iRbliani da nayofieri iyo TavisTavad
resantimentis fsiqologiuri arsis warmoCena,
imdenad didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs misi socialur-
eTikuri mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas.E
mogvianebiT xSirad iqneba saubari im
motivTa Sesaxeb, romlebmac cxovrebis wesis
eTikuri "racionalizebis", rogorc aseTis,
sxvadasxvagvari formebi gansazRvres. amas
resantimentTan sruliadac araferi aqvs saerTo.
xolo rac Seexeba religiur eTikaSi tanjvis
Sefasebas, es eWvs gareSea, im tipiur saxecvlas
daeqvemdebara, rac, sworad gagebisas, nicSes
mier pirvelad wamoWrili Teoriis marTebulebas
adasturebs. tanjvisadmi pirvandeli
damokidebuleba plastikurad Tavis gamoxatulebas
erToblivi religiuri zeimebis dros imaTdami
mopyrobaSi poulobs, vinc avadmyofobiT an sxva
seriozuli ubedurebebiT iyvnen SeWirvebulni.
xangrZlivad tanjuli, mgloviare, avadmyofi an
saerTodac ubeduri, misi tanjvis formis
Sesabamisad an demonis mier iyo Sepyrobili an
mis mier ganawyenebuli, romelime RmerTis risxva
hqonda Tavs datexili. aseTi adamianis sakuTar
rigebSi atana sakulto erTobliobisTvis arasasurveli
Sedegebis momtani SeiZleboda yofiliyo. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, am adamians ufleba ar hqonda
sakulto serobaSi da msxverplSewirvaSi mieRo
monawileoba. vinaidan misi cqera RmerTebisTvis
saamuri ar iqneboda da SeeZlo maTi risxvis
gamowveva. samsxverplo serobebi mxiarulTa
TavSeyris adgili iyo _ TviT ierusalimSic ki alyis
periodSi.
tanjvisadmi, rogorc RvTisTvis saZulvelobisa
da faruli danaSaulis simptomis mimarT amgvari
damokidebulebiT religia fsiqologiurad savsebiT
uwevda angariSs sazogado moTxovnilebas.
bednieri adamiani iSviaTad sjerdeba sakuTari
bednierebis faqts. mas amis garda
moTxovnilebaca aqvs, bednierebis ufleba
hqondes. mas surs darwmunebuli iyos, rom amas
"imsaxurebs"; rom pirvel yovlisa, sxvebTan
SedarebiT imsaxurebs. da surs irwmunos, rom
naklebad bedniers imave bednierebis uqonlobiT is
miezRveba, rasac imsaxurebs. bednierebas surs
"legitimuri" iyos. Tuki "bednierebis" zogad cnebaSi
pativis, Zalauflebis, qonebisa da siameTa
yovelgvar sikeTeebs moviazrebT, maSin es iqneba
uzogadesi formula legitimirebis im
samsaxurisTvis, rac religias mmarTvelTa,
mflobelTa, gamarjvebulTa, janmrTelTa, mokled:
bednierTaTvis unda gaewia: anu esaa bednierebis
Teodicea. is adamianTa ukiduresad urcxv
("farisevlur") moTxovnilebebs emyareba da
amdenad iolad gasagebia, Tumc mis Sedegebs
xSirad saTanado yuradReba rodi eqceva.
amis sapirispirod, bevrad ufro CaxlarTulia is
gzebi, romelTac am Tvalsazrisis Semotrialebis anu
tanjvis religiuri gansxivosnebisken mivyavarT.
uwinaresad Tavs iCenda imis gamocdileba, rom
eqstatur, vizionerul, isteriul, mokled, yvela im
arayoveldRiur mdgomareobaTa qarizma, rac
"siwminded" iyo Sefasebuli da romelTa
gamowveva amitomac warmoadgenda magiuri
askezis obieqts, gaRvivebuli da xelSewyobili iyo
TviTgvemisa da agreTve normaluri kvebisa Tu Zilis
aseve, sqesobrivi kavSiris TviTaRkveTis
mravalricxovani formebiT. xorcis amgvari
mokvdinebis prestiJuloba im warmosaxvis Sedegi
iyo, rom garkveuli saxis tanjva da TviTgvemiT
provocirebuli normidan gadaxrili mdgomareoba
zeadamianuri, magiuri Zalis mopovebis gzas
warmoadgenda. Zvel tabuTa moTxovnebi da
sakulto siwmindis interesebidan gamomdinare
TviTakrZalvebi anu demonebis rwmenis Sedegebi,
imave mimarTulebiT iyo warmarTuli. oRond amas
Semdeg, rogorc damoukidebeli da axali,
emateboda "sulis xsnis" kultTa Camoyalibeba, rac
individualuri tanjvis mimarT principulad axlebur
pozicias niSnavda. pirvandeli sazogadoebrivi kulti,
uwinares yovlisa, politikur kavSirTa kulti TamaS
gare stovebda yvela individualur interess.
amrigad, tomis RmerTi, adgilobrivi RmerTi, qalaqis
RmerTi, saxelmwifos RmerTi zrunavda erTobliobis
interesebze: wvimasa da mzis kaSkaSze,
nadavlze, mtris damarcxebaze. amgvarad, mas
mimarTavda erToblioba, rogorc aseTi, erToblivi
kultebis dros. im ubedurebaTa, metadre
avadmyofobaTa, asarideblad da Tavidan
mosacileblad, calkeul adamians rom exeboda,
calkeuli pirovneba erTobliobis kults ki ar
mimarTavda, aramed jadoqars, uZveles
individualur "sulis mxsnels". calkeuli grZneulis da
im sulTa Tu RvTaebaTa prestiJi, romelTa saxeliTac
isini TavianT saswauls moimoqmedebdnen,
maTken xalxis denas iwvevda adgilobrivi Tu
tomobrivi warmomavlobisTvis angariSgauwevlad,
xolo amas ki, xelsayreli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi,
eTnikuri kavSirebisagan damoukidebeli "Temebis"
Seqmna mosdevda. zogi _ ara yvela _ "misteria"
am kalapotiT miemarTeboda. calkeulis, rogorc
calkeuli adamianis avadmyofobisgan, siRatakisgan
da yvela saxis gaWirvebisa Tu xifaTisagan daxsna
warmoadgenda maT aRTqmas. grZneuli,
amgvarad, mistagogad gardaiqmneboda:
yalibdeboda maT msgavsTa memkvidreobiTi
dinastiebi anda gawafuli personalis organizaciebi
garkveuli wesebis mixedviT miCenili meTauriT,
amavdroulad, es meTauri an zeadamianuri arsebis
inkarnaciad anda mxolod, rogorc sakuTari RmerTis
nebis gamxmovanebeli da aRmasrulebeli,
winaswarmetyvelad SeiZleboda yofiliyo miCneuli.
amrigad, warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi
individualuri "tanjvis", rogorc aseTisaTvis da
misgan Tavis "xsnisaTvis". gacxadeba da aRTqma,
bunebrivia, xalxis im masebze iyo mimarTuli, visac
xsna esaWiroeboda. isini da maTi interesebi
aRmoCndebodnen "sulis xsnis" profesiuli
saqmianobis yuradRebis centrSi, rac sabolood
swored am gziT warmoiSva. imis dadgena, Tu ra
danaSauliT iyo tanjva gamowveuli: "codvebis"
aRsareba anu ritualur mcnebaTa darRveva da
damoZRvra, Tu ragvari saqcieliT SeiZleboda amis
daZleva, iqca amieridan grZneulisa da
RvTismsaxuris tipiur moRvaweobad. maTi
materialuri da ideuri interesebi SeiZleboda am
gziT marTlac sul ufro metad yofiliyo Cayenebuli
specifikuri plebeuri motivebis samsaxurSi. am
mimarTulebiT Semdgomi nabiji iyo is, rom aqedan
gaWirvebis tipiuri da mudmivi zewolis qveS
"mxsnelis"-religiuroba yalibdeboda. mis mier
winaswar nagulixmevi iyo mxsnelis miTosi anu
(yovel SemTxvevaSi: SedarebiT) racionaluri
msoflaRqma, romlis umTavres obieqtad kvlav
tanjva gvevlineboda. amis amosavali wertilebi
Zalze xSirad primitiuli bunebis miTologiaSi iyo
saZebari. sulebi, romlebic vegetaciis gamoCenasa
da gaqrobaze anda weliwadis droebisTvis
mniSvnelovan ciur mnaTobTa moZraobaze
mbrZaneblobdnen, iqcnen tanjuli, momakvdavi,
mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RmerTis miTebis
matareblebad, romelic adamianebs gaWirvebis
Jams saaqao bednierebis dabrunebis an saiqio
bednierebaSi darwmunebulobis garantias
uqmnida. anda sagmiro Tqmulebis xalxur
personaJad qceuli _ rogorc vTqvaT, kriSna
indoeTSi _ misi bavSvobis, sasiyvarulo da sabrZolo
miTebiT aRWurvili, mxsnelis mgznebare kultis
sagani gaxda. politikurad imgvarad Seviwrovebul
xalxTan, rogoric israelianebi iyvnen, mxsnelis
(maSiax) saxeli Tavdapirvelad sagmiro
TqmulebebSi moxseniebul politikuri SeWirvebidan
damxsnelebs (gideons, ifTaxs) ukavSirdeboda da
aqedan iyo ganpirobebuli "mesianuri" aRTqmebic.
am xalxTan da amgvari TanamimdevrulobiT
mxolod aq, sruliad gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, xalxis
erTobliobis da ara calkeuli adamianis tanjva gaxda
xsnis religiuri imedis sagani. wesisamebr, mxsnels
erTdroulad individualuri da universaluri xasiaTi
hqonda: mzad iyo calkeulisTvis da yoveli
calkeulisTvis, vinc ki mimarTavda, xsna
uzrunveleyo. _ mxsnelis saxe SeiZleboda sruliad
sxvadasxvagvari gamosaxulebisa yofiliyo.
zaratustruli religiis gviandel formaSi, mTeli Tavisi
mravalricxovani abstraqciebiT, xsnis ekonomiaSi
wminda wylis konstruirebulma figuram ikisra
Semwisa da mxsnelis roli. anda piriqiT,
saswaulebisa da vizioneruli xelaxla gamoCenis
wyalobiT SeiZleboda legitimirebuli istoriuli
pirovneba amaRlebuliyo mxsnelis rangSi. sruliad
sxvadasxvagvari SesaZleblobebis realizebisaTvis
gadamwyveti wminda istoriuli momentebi
xdeboda.
oRond, xsnis imedebidan TiTqmis yovelTvis
warmoiSoboda tanjvis Teodicea.
xsnis religiaTa aRTqmebi, marTalia,
Tavdapirvelad ara eTikur, aramed ritualur
winapirobebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rogorc vTqvaT,
elevsinur misteriebs gandobilTa saaqao da saiqio
upiratesobebi ritualur siwmindesa da elevsinuri
mesis mosmenas ukavSirdeboda. magram im sul
ufro mzardma rolma, romelsac is gansakuTrebuli
RmerTebi, visi mfarvelobis qveSac marTlwesrigi
imyofeboda, kanonisaTvis sul ufro meti
mniSvnelobis miniWebis wyalobiT TamaSobdnen,
maT odiTganve dawesebuli wesrigis dacvis
movaleoba anu usamarTlobis dasja da marTlis
dajildoeba daakisra. da iq, sadac
winaswarmetyveleba religiur ganviTarebaze
ganmsazRvrel zegavlenas axdenda, saganTa
bunebis Tanaxmad, "codva" ukve ara mxolod
magiur darRvevad, aramed pirvel rigSi,
winaswarmetyvelTa da maT mcnebaTa mimarT
urwmunobad da yvela saxis ubedurebis mizezad
mogvevlineba. oRond, Tavad winaswarmetyveli
yovelTvis rodi iyo Cagrul klasTa pirmSo an
warmomadgeneli. Cven davinaxavT, rom umal
sapirispiro movlena iyo lamis wesad qceuli. da arc
am winaswarmetyvelis moZRvrebis Sinaarsi
momdinareobda upiratesad xsenebul klasTa
warmodgenebis sferodan. oRond, rogorc wesi,
bednierni, mdidarni, Zalauflebis mpyrobelni ki ar
saWiroebdnen mxsnelsa da winaswarmetyvels,
aramed Cagrulni an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
gaWirvebaSi myofni. aqedan gamomdinare,
winaswarmetyvelurad gacxadebuli mxsnelis-
religiurobas umeteswilad Tavisi xangrZlivi sarbieli
naklebad uzrunvelyofil socialur fenebSi hqonda,
romelTac is an srulad uwevda magiis magivrobas
anda mas, garkveulwilad, racionalurad avsebda.
iq ki, sadac winaswarmetyvelis an, sulac, Tavad
mxsnelis aRTqmani socialurad nakleb
uzrunvelyofilTa moTxovnebs arasakmarisad
pasuxobda, iq, oficialuri moZRvrebis zedapiris
qveS, aSkara sistematurobiT yalibdeboda
masebiseuli meoradi xsnis religiuroba. mxsnelis
miTosSi Canasaxis saxiT warmodgenil racionalur
msoflaRqmas ki, wesisamebr, ubedurebis
racionaluri Teodiceis Seqmna evaleboda. oRond,
amasTanave igi tanjvas, rogorc aseTs, misTvis
imTaviTve ucxo dadebiTi Rirsebis niSan-TvisebebiT
avsebda.
nebayoflobiTi TviTgvemiT gamowveulma
tanjvam ukve eTikuri, damsjeli da damjildovebeli
RvTaebebis warmoSobasTan erTad Tavisi sazrisi
Seicvala. Tuki Selocvis formulaTa sulebis
gamomwvevi magiuri Zala Tavdapirvelad
TviTgvemis, rogorc qarizmatuli mdgomareobis
wyaros, meSveobiT matulobda, es locviT
TviTgvemasa da sakulto TviTaRkveTis miTiTebebSi
mas Semdegac SemorCa, rac sulTa magiuri
Selocvis formula RvTis mimarT sakuTari xmis
Sesmenis vedrebad gadaiqca. amas emateboda
monaniebiTi TviTgvema, rogorc saSualeba imisa,
rom sinanulis gziT RmerTebis wyroma damcxraliyo
da mosalodneli sasjeli TviTdasjiT aridebuliyo. is
mravalricxovani TviTakrZalvebi, rac Tavdapirvelad
(gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilad CineTSi) gardacvlilis
Surisa da risxvis Tavidan asacileblad micvalebulis
gamo glovas axlda, sruliad iolad gavrcelda
sazogadod Sesabamisi RmerTebisadmi
damokidebulebazec, rac TviTgvemasa da iZulebiTi
TviTaRkveTis faqts RvTisTvis ufro sasurvelad
warmoaCenda, vidre amqveyniuri sikeTeebiT
udardel tkbobas, rac maT mflobels
winaswarmetyvelisa da RvTismsaxuris
gavlenisaTvis miuwvdomels xdida.
am calkeuli momentebis Zlevamosilebam
SeuzRudavi moWarbeba garkveulwilad
msoflaRqmis mzardi racionalizebiT gamowveuli
adamianTa Soris bednierebis sikeTeTa ganawilebis
eTikuri "sazrisis" mzardi moTxovnilebis wyalobiTac
ganicada. amasTan Teodicea gadaawyda religiur-
eTikuri TvalTaxedvis zedmet racionalizebas da
wamoWril sirTuleebze primitiuli magiuri
warmodgenebis gandevnas. nametnavad
gaxSirebuli iyo individualurad "daumsaxurebeli"
tanjva. da ara marto "monaTa moralis" Tanaxmad,
aramed gabatonebulTa fenis masStabebis
sazomebiTac, Zalze xSirad saukeTesoebs ki ara,
aramed "ukeTurebs" umarTlebda yvelaze metad.
wina cxovrebaSi calkeuli adamianis winaswar
Cadenili individualuri codva (sulTa gadanacvleba),
an winaparTa danaSauli, rac mesame da meoTxe
Taobas moekiTxeba, anda _ rac yvelaze principulia
_ yovelgvari qmnilebis, rogorc aseTis, gaxrwnileba
warmoadgenda tanjvisa da usamarTlobis axsnas,
amqveyniurobis farglebSi calkeuli adamianisaTvis
(sulTa gadanacvleba) an naSierTaTvis (mesianuri
sauflo) anda saiqioSi (samoTxe) ukeTesi
samomavlo cxovrebis imedi aRTqmebs
warmoadgenda mcnebaTa sazRaurad.
metafizikurma warmodgenam RvTisa da samyaros
Sesaxeb, ramac Teodiceis aRmoufxvreli
moTxovnileba warmoSva, moaxerxa sul
ramodenime _ mTlianobaSi, rogorc davinaxavT,
marto sami _ ideuri sistemis Seqmna, romlebic
racionalurad damakmayofilebel pasuxebs
iZleodnen kiTxvaze bediswerasa da
damsaxurebas Soris arsebuli Seusabamobis
mizezebis Sesaxeb: induri moZRvreba karmas
Sesaxeb, zoroastruli dualizmi da Deus absconditus-is
predestinacionalisturi dekreti. es racionalurad
yvelaze dasrulebuli axsnebi ki gamonaklisis saxiT
absoluturad wminda formiT avlenda Tavs.
tanjvisa da sikvdilis Teodiceis racionalurma
moTxovnilebam araCveulebrivad Zlieri
zemoqmedeba iqonia. man Tavisi beWedi daasva
iseTi religiebis mniSvnelovan niSan-Tvisebebs,
rogoricaa induizmi, zoroastrizmi, iudaizmi,
garkveulwilad, agreTve pavle mociquliseuli da ufro
gviandeli qristianoba. jer kidev 1906 wels arsebuli
(sakmaod mniSvnelovani) raodenobis
proletarTagan, maTi urwmunobis mizezis Sesaxeb
dasmul kiTxvaze, mxolod umciresobam gasca
pasuxi Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa Teoriebis SedegTa moSveliebiT,
umravlesobam ki samyaros saaqao mowyobis
"usamarTlobaze" miuTiTa, _ cxadia, ZiriTadad imis
gamoc, rom maT saero revoluciuri gziT
Tanasworobis aRdgenisa swamdaT.
tanjvis Teodiceas SeiZleboda resantimentis
elferi hqonoda. magram saaqao xvedris
aradamakmayofileblobis kompensaciis
moTxovnileba aramcTu ara yovelTvis, aramed
wesis Sesabamisadac ki ar iZenda resantimentis
Seferilobas, rogorc arsebiT maxasiaTebel niSans.
rwmena, rom ukeTuri swored imitomac grZnobs
Tavs ase kargad saaqao cxovrebaSi, radgan mas
jojoxeTi, RvTismosavs ki maradiuli netareba
uweria, da amis gamo am ukanasknelis mier
uneblied Cadenili codvac saaqaoSi unda iqnes
monaniebuli, udaod SurisZiebis moTxovnilebasTan
avlenda gansakuTrebul siaxloves. magram iolia
imaSi darwmuneba, rom TviT es drodadro
gamJRavnebuli Tvalsazrisi sulac ar iyo yovelTvis
resantimentiT ganpirobebuli, da rom, rac
mTavaria, yovelTvis rodi warmoadgenda
socialurad daCagrul fenaTa nayofs. sinamdviles ki
is Seesatyviseba, rom marTlac, resantiments,
rogorc socialurad naklebad uzrunvelyofil fenaTa
religiurad gansazRvruli racionalizmis elements
sxva elementebTan erTad, yvelgan SeeZlo
mniSvneloba moepovebina da xSirad moupovebia
kidec. magram esec zogierTi religiis aRTqmaTa
bunebis Sesabamisad da Tanac ukiduresad
gansxvavebuli, xSirad mxolod swrafwarmavali
intensivobiT xdeboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sruliad
aramarTebuli iqneboda, "askezis", sazogadod, am
wyaroebidan gamoyvanas rom SevcdiliyaviT. yvela
WeSmarit xsnis religiaSi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis
mimarT, wesisamebr, arsebul undoblobas Tavisi
bunebrivi mizezi uwinaresad mxsnelTa,
winaswarmetyvelTa da RvTismsaxurTa im
gamocdilebaSi eZebneba, rom amqveynad
privilegirebul da "maZRar" fenebs xsnis _
nebismieri xasiaTis _ moTxovnileba mTlianobaSi
naklebad hqondaT, da, amdenad, naklebad
"RvTismosavni" iyvnen Sesabamisi religiis
gagebiT. da racionaluri religiuri eTikis
Camoyalibebas swored socialurad naklebad
dafasebul fenaTa niadagis siRrmeSi hqonda
Tavdapirvelad dadebiTi fesvebi. mtkiced
dasabuTebuli socialuri pativisa da Zalauflebis
mflobeli fenebi TavianT wodebriv legendas
maTTvis imanenturi gansakuTrebuli Tvisobriobis,
upiratesad ki, sisxlis safuZvelze qmnian: maTi
(WeSmariti Tu moCvenebiTi) arseboba aris is, rac
sazrdos awvdis maTi Rirsebis grZnobas. socialurad
daCagruli an wodebrivad uaryofiTad (an Tundac
aradadebiTad) Sefasebuli fenebi ki amis
sanacvlod, TavianTi Rirsebis grZnobas yvelaze
iolad maTTvis mindobili gansakuTrebuli "misiis"
rwmeniT kvebaven: maTi valdebuloba an maTi
(funqcionaluri) moRvaweoba uzrunvelyofs an
ayalibebs maT sakuTar Rirebulebas, rac am gziT
Tavad maTsave saiqioSi, RvTis mier maTTvis
dakisrebul "movaleobaSi" gadainacvlebs. ukve
TavisTavad am garemoebaSi iyo socialurad
naklebad privilegirebulTa Soris eTikur
winaswarmetyvelebaTa idealuri Zalauflebis wyaro
imTaviTve saZiebeli, ise, rom amisaTvis araviTari
resantimentis, rogorc berketis saWiroeba ar
arsebobda. TavisTavad materialuri da idealuri
sazRauris mimarT racionaluri interesi sruliad
sakmarisi iyo. is, rom winaswarmetyvelTa da
RvTismsaxurTa propagandam, nebsiT Tu uneblied,
masebis resantimentic Tavis samsaxurSi Caiyena,
saeWvo ar aris, magram universalur movlenas
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens. pirvel
yovlisa, es arsebiTad uaryofiTi Zala, ramdenadac
cnobilia, arsad ar gamxdara Tavisi arsiT
metafizikuri koncefciebis wyaro, romlebic
nebismier xsnis religias maT Taviseburebas
aniWebs. da rac mTavaria, religiur aRTqmaTa
saxeoba, zogadad rom vTqvaT, sulac ar
warmoadgens klasTa interesis aucilebel an
Tundac upirates rupors, eqneba mas garegnuli Tu
Sinagani xasiaTi. masebi TavisTavad, rogorc
vnaxavT, yvelgan pirvelyofili magiis tyveobaSi
rCebodnen, Tuki winaswarmetyvelebas isini
garkveul aRTqmaTa meSveobiT eTikuri xasiaTis
religiur moZraobaSi ar Caubams. sxvafriv ki did
religiur sistemaTa Tavisebureba gacilebiT ufro
individualuri sazogadoebrivi faqtorebiT iqna
gansazRvruli, vidre mxolod mmarTveli da marTuli
fenebis dapirispirebiT.
mravalgzis gameorebaTa Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, am urTierTmimarTebebTan dakavSirebiT,
ramodenime SeniSvna gvinda wavumZRvaroT.
urTierTgansxvavebuli xsnis sikeTeebi, romelebic
religiebis mier iyo aRTqmuli da SeTavazebuli,
empiriuli mkvlevarisTvis araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
unda iqnes mxolod an Tundac upiratesad, "saiqio"
dapirebebad gagebuli. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
imaze, rom yvela religia, Tundac msoflio religia
sulac ar icnobda saerTod saiqios, rogorc garkveul
aRTqmaTa sasufevels. qristianobisa da
ramodenime sxva specifikurad asketuri
aRmsareblobebis nawilobriv gamoklebiT, yvela
danarCeni TviTmyofadi Tu kultivirebuli,
winaswarmetyveluri Tu arawinaswarmetyveluri
religiebis xsnis sikeTeebi imTaviTve sruliad
Seulamazeblad saaqao mimarTulebisa iyo:
janmrTeloba, xangrZlivi sicocxle, simdidre
warmoadgenda Cinuri, vedisturi, zoroastruli,
Zvelebrauli, islamuri iseve rogorc finikiuri,
egvipturi, babilonuri da Zvelgermanuli religiis
aRTqmebs, iseve, rogorc RvTismosav
eriskacTaTvis gamiznuli induizmisa da budizmis
aRTqmani. mxolod religiuri virtuozi: asketi, beri,
sufia, derviSi eltvoda im utlanqes saaqao
sikeTeebTan SedarebiT, "araamqveyniuri" xsnis
sikeTes. oRond es araamqveyniuri xsnis sikeTec
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyo mxolod saiqiosTvis
gamiznuli. da maSinac ki ar iyo, roca Tavs amgvar
movlenad moiazrebda. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
umal swored awindeli, saaqao habitusi iyo is,
rasac xsnis mZebnelTaTvis upirvelesi mniSvneloba
hqonda. puritanuli certitudo salutis: "Rirsad
TviTgamovlenis" SegnebaSi ukargvadi
madlmosileba iyo fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT
erTaderTi xelCasaWidi am asketuri religiurobis
xsnis sikeTeTagan. nirvanaSi sakuTar gadasvlaSi
darwmunebuli budisti beris akosmiuri siyvarulis
grZnoba, bhakti (RvTisadmi mgznebare siyvarulis
ali) an induisti RvTismosavis apaTiuri eqstazi,
orgiastuli eqstazi xlistis radeniesa da derviSis
cekvisas, RvTis mier ataniloba da RvTis floba,
mariamisa da macxovris trfoba, iezuitTa ieso-gulis-
kulti, kvietisturi krZalva, pietistTa nazi grZnobebi
iezulainisa da mis "WrilobaTa wvenis" mimarT,
seqsualuri da naxevradseqsualuri orgiebi kriSnas
trfobisas, vallabhaxaris daxvewili sakulto serobebi,
gnostikosTa onanisturi sakulto qmedebebi, unio
mystica (RmerTTan Serwymis) sxvadasxva formebi
da kosmiur-erTSi mWvretelobiTi CaZiruloba: _
nebismieri am mdgomareobisken udaod
Tavdapirvelad imis gamo iswrafvodnen, rasac
Tavad es ukanasknelni uSualod sTavazobdnen
grZnobiTi faseulobis TvalsazrisiT morwmunes. isini
am kuTxiT savsebiT uaxlovdebodnen dionisur Tu
somas kultSi miRweul alkoholur religiur zarxoSs,
totemistur xorcis orgiebs, kanibalistur purobebs,
uZveles religiurad nakurTx haSiSis, opiumisa da
nikotinis moxmarebas da, saerTodac, yvela saxis
magiur zarxoSs. fsiqiuri arayoveldRiurobis da amiT
gamowveuli Sesabamisi mdgomareobis sakuTrivi
Rirebulebis gamo iTvlebodnen isini specifikurad
nakurTx da RvTiur fenomenebad. da Tumc am
specifikur-religiur qmedebebSi xsnis sikeTeTa
uSualo aTvisebis gverdiT, pirvelad mxolod
racionalizebulma religiebma Cades metafizikuri
mniSvneloba da am gziT orgia "sakramentis"
rangSi aiyvanes, magram ukve Tavad yvelaze
primitiuli orgiac ki sruliadac ar iyo yovelgvar
azrobriv interpretacias moklebuli. oRond is
wminda magiur-animistur xasiaTs atarebda da ar
Seicavda (anda mxolod umniSvnelo Canasaxis
saxiT) nebismieri religiuri racionalizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebel, universalur, kosmiur xsnis
pragmatikaSi individis Tanaziarobas. da mas
Semdegac ki Tuki msgavsi ram ganxorcieldeboda,
RvTismosavisTvis xsnis sikeTes imTaviTve
uwinaresad fsiqologiurad awmyoze mimarTuli
xasiaTi hqonda. es gulisxmobs imas, rom igi,
pirvel yovlisa, im mdgomareobaSi, wmindad im
grZnobis habitusSi, rogorc aseTSi,
mdgomareobda, romlis uSualod gamomwvevi
specifikurad religiuri (an magiuri) aqti an meToduri
askeza anda mWvretelobiTi CaRrmavebuloba iyo.
es mdgomareoba rogorc Tavisi sazrisiT,
iseve garegnuli formiT, rogorc yoveldRiurobis
miRmuri habitusi SeiZleboda mxolod droebiTi
xasiaTisa yofiliyo. asea imTaviTve yvelgan saganTa
bunebis Tanaxmad. ar arsebobs "religiur" da
"saero" mdgomareobaTa aranairi sxvagvari
urTierTgammijnavi faqtori, Tu ara pirvelis
yoveldRiurobis miRmuri xasiaTi. oRond, religiuri
saSualebebiT miRweuli mdgomareoba aseve
SeiZleboda Tavisi SedegebiT waruval, erTianad
adamianisa da misi bedisweris momcvel sanukvar
"wmindanobis mdgomareobad" qceuliyo. gadasvla
sruliad aramkveTri iyo. xsnis sublimirebuli religiuri
moZRvrebis: "aRorZinebisa" da "xsnis" am orive
umaRles koncefciaTagan aRorZineba iyo uZvelesi
magiuri sikeTe. is niSnavda axali sulis mopovebas
orgiastuli aqtis an gegmazomieri askezis
meSveobiT. mas eqstazis gziT droebiT
moipovebdnen, magram SesaZlebeli iyo agreTve
misken, rogorc mudmivi habitusisken swrafva da
magiuri askezis saSualebaTa wyalobiT misi
miRweva. axali suli unda hqonoda Wabuks,
romelic mebrZolTa gaerTianebaSi gmirad unda
Sesuliyo an rogorc sakulto gaerTianebis wevrs mis
magiur cekvebsa da orgiebSi unda mieRo
monawileoba anda sakulto purobebSi RmerTebTan
unda hqonoda Tanaziaroba. aqedan gamomdinare,
uZvelesia gmirTa da grZneulTa askeza, WabukTa
xeldasxma da aRorZinebis sakramentaluri zne-
Cveulebani piradi Tu sazogado cxovrebis
umniSvnelovanes monakveTebSi. oRond,
gamoyenebul saSualebaTa garda, gansxvavebuli
iyo, pirvel rigSi, am qmedebaTa miznebi anu
pasuxi kiTxvaze: "rad" unda dabadebuliyo
adamiani xelaxla.
sxvadasxva religiurad (Tu magiurad)
Sefasebuli mdgomareobebi, romlebic religias
sakuTar fsiqologiur gamosaxulebas aniWeben,
SeiZleba sruliad sxvadasxvagvari TvalsazrisiT
iqnen sistematizebuli. aq msgavs mcdelobas ar
eqneba adgili. am SemTxvevaSi saqme mxolod
imas exeba, rom zemoTqmulze dayrdnobiT sruliad
zogadad iqnes miniSnebuli imaze, rom romelime
religiaSi umaRles sikeTed aRiarebuli (saaqao)
netarebisa Tu aRorZinebis mdgomareobis
miRwevis wesi, cxadia, aucileblad gansxvavebuli
unda yofiliyo im fenis xasiaTis Sesabamisad,
romelic Sesatyvisi religiis umTavres matarebels
warmoadgenda. mebrZol raindTa klasebi, glexebi,
mewarmeebi, mwignobrobaSi gawafuli
inteleqtualebi, bunebrivia, sxvadasxva
tendenciebs avlendnen, romlebic, marTalia, calke
aRebuli _ rogorc gamoCndeba _ metad Sors
iyvnen imisagan, rom calsaxad ganesazRvraT
religiis fsiqologiuri xasiaTi, magram masze mainc
ukiduresad xangrZlivad axdendnen zegavlenas.
kerZod ki, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
zemoxsenebuli ori fenis dapirispireba or
momdevno fenasTan. vinaidan am ori ukanaskneli
fenidan inteleqtualebi mudam, mewarmeebi
(vaWrebi, xelosnebi) ki SeZlebisdagvarad iyvnen
racionalizmis, pirvel SemTxvevaSi ufro Teoriuli,
meoreSi ki ufro praqtikuli matareblebi, romelsac
sruliad sxvadasxvagvari elferi SeiZleboda mieRo,
oRond religiur qcevaze mainc ucvlelad seriozul
zegavlenas axdenda. pirvel rigSi, am TvalsazrisiT,
inteleqtualTa fenis Taviseburebas hqonda udidesi
mniSvneloba. ramdenadac dRevandel dRes religiis
ganviTarebisaTvis absoluturad sul erTia,
gauCndebaT Tu ara Cvens Tanamedrove
inteleqtualebs imis moTxovnileba, rom sxva yvela
juris mZafr SegrZnebaTa gverdiT "religiuri"
mdgomareobac, rogorc "gancda" igemon,
garkveulwilad imisaTvis, raTa sakuTari Sinagani
mowyobiloba daxvewili stiliT garantirebulad
utyuarad Zveli avejeuliT morTon: _ amgvari
wyarodan jer arsad ar aRmocenebula religiuri
siaxle, _ imdenad uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo
warsulSi religiisaTvis inteleqtualTa fenis
Tavisebureba. maTi saqme upiratesad religiuri
sikeTis flobis "xsnis" rwmenad sublimirebaSi
mdgomareobda. sakuTriv xsnis ideis koncefcia
uZvelesia, Tuki mas gaWirvebisagan,
SimSilisagan, simWlevisagan, avadmyofobisagan
_ dabolos, tanjvisa da sikvdilisagan _ Tavis
daxsnad moviazrebT. magram specifikuri
mniSvneloba xsnam mainc mxolod mas Semdeg
SeiZina, rac is sistematurad racionalizebuli
"samyaros xatisa" da mis mimarT garkveuli
damokidebulebis gamoxatulebad iqca. vinaidan is,
rac mas sakuTari sazrisisa da fsiqologiuri
Tvisebebis Tanaxmad, surda da ZaluZda rom
yofiliyo, damokidebuli iyo swored im samyaros
xatze da misdami mimarTebaze. adamianTa
qcevas uSualod marTaven interesebi (materialuri
Tu idealuri) da ara ideebi. magram "samyaros
xatebma", romlebic ideebis mieraa Seqmnili,
Zalze xSirad rogorc meisreebma kalapotis is
mimarTuleba gansazRvres, romelSic qmedebis
interesTa dinamika miemarTeboda. samyaros xatis
Sesabamisad iyo warmarTuli is, Tu "risgan" da
"risTvis" surda da _ ar dagvaviwydes _ ZaluZda
adamians, rom "daxsnili" yofiliyo: politikuri Tu
socialuri monobisgan _ saaqao mesianuri
momavlis sauflosTvis; Tu ritualurad uwminduris
mier gabinZurebisagan anda saerTodac sxeulSi
gamomwyvdeulobis uwmindurobisagan _ sulier-
xorcieli mSvenierebis siwmindisaTvis an wminda
sulieri yofierebisaTvis; anda kidev adamianur
vnebaTa da wadilTa maradiuli usasrulo
TamaSisagan _ RvTiuris wminda Wvretis wynari
simSvidisaTvis. an sulac astrologiurad gaazrebuli
mnaTobTa ganlagebiT gamowveuli
determinirebulobis monobisagan _ Tavisuflebisa
da dafaruli RvTaebis arsTan Tanaziarobis
RirsebisaTvis; anda tanjvaSi, gaWirvebasa da
sikvdilSi gamovlenili sasrulobis garegnuli
sazRvrebisa da mosalodneli jojoxeTis sasjelisagan
_ maradiuli netarebisTvis samomavlo, miwier an
samoTxebriv yofierebisaTvis; an xelaxla
dabadebaTa wrebrunvisagan maT mier warsulSi
Cadenili qmedebebisTvis umowyalo samagieros
mizRvebiT _ maradiuli simSvidisaTvis; an fiqrisa
da xdomilebis uazrobisagan _ usizmro ZilisTvis.
SesaZleblobebi kidev ufro meti iyo. maT ukan
mudam imaleboda raRacis mimarT garkveuli
damokidebuleba, rac realur samyaroSi
specifikurad "uazrobad" iyo aRqmuli da,
Sesabamisad moTxovnac, rom samyaro Tavis
mTlianobaSi rogorRac azriani "kosmosi" yofiliyo
anda SeiZleboda an saWiro iyo, rom gamxdariyo.
es moTxovna ki, WeSmariti religiuri racionalizmis
Zireuli nayofi, swored inteleqtualTa fenebis mier
iqna atacebuli. amavdroulad am metafizikuri
moTxovnilebis formirebis gzebi da Sedegebi da
aseve misi gavlenis siZliere sruliad
sxvadasxvagvari iyo. miuxedavad amisa, mainc
SesaZlebelia zogi ram zogadad iTqvas amis
Taobaze.
samyaros xatisa da cxovrebis wesis
erTdroulad Teoriuli da praqtikuli, inteleqtualuri da
mizanSewonili racionalizebis Tanamedrove formas
is zogadi Sedegi mohyva, rom religia, rac ufro win
miiwevda racionalizebis es gansakuTrebuli
saxeoba, Tavis mxriv, miT ufro iracionalobaSi
vardeboda, Tuki sakiTxs samyaros xatis
inteleqtualuri formirebis Tvalsazrisidan
mivudgebiT. amas mravali mizezi hqonda. erTi
mxriv, Tanamimdevruli racionalizmis gaTvla ase
ubralod da umtkivneulod ver gamarTlda. rogorc
musikaSi piTagoraseulma "kommam" unaSTo
bgeriT fizikurad orientirebul racionalizebas gauwia
winaaRmdegoba da rogorc amis safuZvelze yvela
erisa da epoqis calkeuli didi musikaluri sistemebi
imis mixedviT gansxvavdebodnen, am
TavdauRweveli iracionalobis dafarvas da gverdis
avlas cdilobdnen, Tu piriqiT, bgeraTa xmovanebis
simdidris samsaxurSi mis Cayenebas
axerxebdnen, rogorc Canda, Teoriuli samyaros
xatis da, miT ufro, cxovrebis praqtikuli
racionalizebis saqmec zustad ase unda yofiliyo.
aqac racionaluri meToduri cxovrebis wesis calkeuli
mniSvnelovani saxeobebi iracionaluri formebis
mier miRebuli iqna, rogorc ubralod mocemulobebi
da daxasiaTebuli iqna is winapirobebi, rac maT
Tavis TavSi SeiTavses. Tu ras warmoadgenda isini,
swored es iqna didwilad wminda istoriuli da
socialuri kuTxiT im TaviseburebiT gansazRvruli, rac
aq im fenaTa interesebis garegnuli TvalsazrisiT
socialurad, xolo Sinagani TvalsazrisiT fsiqologiurad
ganpirobebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs,
romlebic Sesabamisi cxovrebiseuli meTodikis
matarebelni iyvnen am ukanasknelis
CamoyalibebisTvis gadamwyvet periodSi.
iracionaluri CanarTebi sinamdvilis
racionalizebaSi Semdeg im alagad iqcnen, sadac
sul ufro metad iZulebuli xdeboda Tavi Seefarebina
inteleqtualizmis zerealuri Rirebulebebis flobis
Znelad mosaTok moTxovnilebas, rac ufro metad
ganZarcvuli eCveneboda mas amgvar
RirebulebaTagan samyaro. samyaros primitiuli
suraTis erTianoba, romelSic yvelaferi konkretuli,
magias warmoadgenda, TandaTan avlenda
gaxleCis tendencias, erTi mxriv, racionalur
Semecnebad da bunebis racionalur dapatronebad,
xolo meore mxriv ki, "mistikur" gancdebad,
romelTa sityviT gamouTqmeli Sinaarsebi
uRmerTod darCenili samyaros meqanizmis gverdiT
erTaderT jer kidev SesaZlebel saiqiod,
sinamdvileSi ki RvTis siyvaruliT, individualurad
mopovebuli xsnis xelSeuvlebel, samyaros miRmur
samflobelod iyo SemorCenili. calkeuli adamiani iq,
sadac es Tanamimdevruloba bolomde daculia, am
xsnas, mxolod rogorc calkeuli individi unda
eZebdes. sul ufro progresirebad ineteleqtualur
racionalizmTan raRac formiT morigebuli es
movlena, rogorRac yvelgan iq iCenda Tavs, sadac
ki adamianebi upirovno wesebiT marTul kosmosad
aRqmuli samyaros xatis racionalizebas
axdendnen. yvelaze Zlierad ki, es bunebrivia,
imgvar religiebsa da religiur eTikaSi xdeboda,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilad daxvewili,
samyarosa da misi "sazrisis" wminda azrovnebiTi
SecnobisTvis Tavgamodebul inteleqtualTa fenis
mier iyo marTuli, rogorc vTqvaT, aziuri, pirvel rigSi
ki, induisturi msoflio religiebi. yvela
maTganisaTvis mWvretelobis mier
SemoTavazebuli Rrma netar simSvideSi
CaZiruloba da kosmosTan gamTlianebis uZraoba
ganasaxierebs umaRles da damagvirgvinebel,
adamianisTvis misawvdom religiur sikeTes.
religiuri mdgomareobis yvela danarCeni forma ki,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, amis SedarebiT vargis
surogats warmoadgens. rogorc kidev ara erTxel
davinaxavT, am yovelives religiis mimarTebisaTvis
cxovrebisadmi, ekonomikis CaTvliT, Sorsmimavali
Sedegebi hqonda. isini gamomdinareobda am
mWvretelobiTi gagebiT "mistikuri" gancdebis
zogadi xasiaTidan da maTken swrafvis fsiqologiuri
winapirobebidan.
sul sxvagvarad iyo saqme, sadac religiis
CamoyalibebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis
mqone fenebi, cxovrebaSi CarTulni, praqtikulad
moqmedebdnen da gmir meomar raindTa an
politikur moxeleTa anda ekonomikur mrewvelTa
klasebs warmoadgendnen; anda bolos, iq, sadac
religia organizebuli hierokratiis (RvTismsaxurTa
Zalaufleba _ mTargmn.) mier iyo marTuli.
kultiTa da miTosiT da kidev ufro metad sulis
xsnis sakiTxebiT _ igulisxmeba, aRsareba da
codvilTa damoZRvra, _ profesionaluri
dasaqmebulobidan aRmocenebuli hierokratiis
racionalizmi yvelgan xsnis sikeTeTa gacemis srul
monopolizebas cdilobda da, amrigad, am
ukanasknelTa mxolod mis mier boZebuli ritualuri
formiT calkeulisTvis miuRwevel, "sakramentul
madlad" an "institucionalur madlad" qcevas da,
Sesabamisad, temperirebas eswrafvoda. calkeuli
individis an Tavisufali erTobis mxriv xsnis
kontemplaciis, orgiastuli Tu asketuri saSualebebiT
Zieba, hierokratiisTvis, misi Zalauflebrivi
interesebidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia,
ukiduresad saeWvo iyo da ritualurad
reglamentirebuli da, rac mTavaria, hierokratulad
kontrolorebuli unda yofiliyo. _ meore mxriv,
nebismieri politikuri biurokratia undoblobiT
ekideboda yovelgvari saxis xsnis individualur
Ziebas an Tavisufal erTobaTa Camoyalibebas,
rogorc saxelmwifo instituciis mxriv domesticirebis
safrTxisagan emansipaciis wyaros, aseve
undoblobiT ekideboda mRvdelmsaxurTa
metoqeobrivi madlis institucias da, rac mTavaria,
saboloo jamSi, aTvalwunebiT uyurebda, sazogad,
am utilitaristuli saero miznebis miRmuri
arapraqtikuli sikeTeebisken swrafvas. religiuri
movaleobebi nebismieri biurokratiisTvis, sabolood,
ubralod saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa da wodebaTa
administraciuli Tu socialuri saxis movaleobebs
warmoadgenda: rituali reglaments
Seesabameboda da, amdenad, yovelgvari
religiuroba ritualur xasiaTs iZenda, roca amas
biurokratia gansazRvravda. _ mebrZol raindTa
fenac Tavisi interesebiT savsebiT saaqaosken
moqceuli da yovelgvari "mistikisgan" Tavisufali
iyo. oRond mas wesisamebr aklda, rogorc
mTlianobaSi heroizms, sinamdvilis racionalurad
daZlevis rogorc moTxovnileba, ise unari: "bed-
iRblis" iracionaloba, garkveul SemTxvevebSi ki
gaurkvevlad deterministulad gaazrebuli
"bedisweris" (homerosiseuli "moiras") idea idga
mgznebare, Zlier gmirebad aRqmuli RmerTebisa
Tu demonebis ukan da zeviT, visganac adamianur
gmirebs Semweoba da mtroba, dideba da nadavli
an sikvdili ergeboda wilad. _ glexebisTvis,
specifikurad bunebaze mijaWvuli da stiqiis
Zalebze damokidebuli (rogorc mTeli maTi
ekonomikuri arseboba), magia anu bunebaSi da
bunebaze gavlenis mqone sulebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli yovlisSemZle jadoqroba, an RvTiuri
keTilganwyobis ubralo mopoveba, iseTi maxlobeli
iyo, rom religiurobis amgvar pirvelyofil formaSi
gaxevebulobidan maTi gamogleja mxolod sxva
fenebidan an jadoqariviT Zlieri, saswaulis
ZlevamosilebiT legitimirebuli
winaswarmetyvelisgan momdinare, cxovrebiseuli
orientaciis srul gadatrialebas ZaluZda. toqsikuri
narkotikuli saSualebebiT an cekvebiT gamowveuli,
raindobis wodebrivi cnobierebis mxriv uRirsad
Seracxuli da miuRebeli, orgiastuli Tu eqstaturi
"Sepyrobilobis" mdgomareoba ikavebda maT
wreSi inteleqtualTa "mistikis" adgils. dabolos,
dasavleTevropuli gagebiT "burJuaziuli" fenebi da,
rac maT sxvagan Seesatyviseboda: xelosnebi,
vaWrebi, saojaxo industriis mewarmeebi da maTi
Tanamedrove dasavleTSi binadari Camomavalni,
warmoadgendnen _ da esaa CvenTvis umTavresi _
maTi religiuri poziciis SesaZleblobebis
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, yvelaze
mravalmniSvnelovan fenas. kaTolikuri eklesiis
sakramentul institucionalur madls Sua
saukuneebis qalaqebSi, romis papTa dasayrdenSi,
mistagogur sakramentul madls antikur qalaqebsa
da indoeTSi, winaaziuri aRmosavleTis sufiaTa Tu
derviSTa orgiastul da mWvretelobiT religiurobas,
daoistur magias, budistur kontemplacias da
mistagogis sulieri winamZRolobis qveS madlis
ritualurad gardmovlinebas aziaSi, macxovrisadmi
siyvarulisa da mxsnelisadmi rwmenis yvela
formas, moyolebuli kriSnas kultidan, vidre qristes
kultamde mTel msoflioSi, racionaluri kanonis
ritualizms da yovelgvari magiisgan
gamoTavisuflebul ebraelTa sinagogis qadagebas,
antikurobis pnevmatur (suliwmindiT STaberil _
mTargmn.) da Suasaukuneobriv asketur seqtebs,
predestinaciis madls da puritanTa Tu meTodistTa
eTikur aRorZinebas da xsnis individualuri Ziebis
yvela saxeobas Tavisi fesvebi gansakuTrebiT
Zalumad, ufro Zlierad, vidre sadme sxvagan,
erTTavad am fenebSi hqonda gadgmuli. cxadia,
sxva fenaTa religiurobac uTuod metad Sors iyo
imisgan, rom calsaxad im xasiaTis Taviseburebaze
yofiliyo dayvanili, romelic maTTvis gansakuTrebiT
monaTesaved iyo winaswarve gamocxadebuli.
magram erTi SexedvisTanave Cans, rom
"burJuazia", am TvalsazrisiT, mTlianobaSi mainc
gacilebiT ufro mravalmxrivad gansasazRvri iyo. da
mainc sulTa naTesauri SerCeviToba religiurobis
garkveul tipebTan swored am fenasTan
mimarTebaSi iCens Tavs. maTTvis saerTos
warmoadgenda da bunebaze ekonomikuri
mijaWvulobisagan ufro metad gaTavisuflebuli
cxovrebis wesis TaviseburebiT ganpirobebuli iyo
maTi cxovrebis wesis praqtikuli racionalizebis
tendencia. mTeli maTi arseboba efuZneboda
bunebisa da adamianTa teqnikur Tu ekonomikur
aRricxvasa da marTvas, Tundac yvelaze primitiuli
saSualebebiT. odiTganve gadmocemiT SeZenili
cxovrebis teqnikis saxeoba SeiZleboda am fenaSic
tradicionalizmad gaqvavebuliyo, rogorc es yvelgan
gamudmebiT xdeboda. magram yovelTvis
arsebobda, marTalia, gansxvavebuli xarisxiT
swored mis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebloba, rom
teqnikur da ekonomikur tendenciaze dayrdnobiT,
moxerxebuliyo cxovrebis eTikur racionaluri
reglamentireba. mas yvelgan rodi xelewifeboda
Tavisi gaetana (umetesad) magiuri stereotipis
mixedviT damkvidrebul tradiciasTan WidilSi.
oRond, sadac mas winaswarmetyvelebis wyalobiT
religiuri dasayrdeni Seeqmna, es dasayrdeni,
winaswarmetyvelebis ori, momavalSi kidev xSirad
ganxiluli, ZiriTadi tipidan TiToeuls SeiZleba
ganekuTvnebodes: erTi mxriv, "sanimuSo"
winaswarmetyvelebas anu winaswarmetyvelebas,
romelic netarebisken maval cxovrebas,
wesisamebr mWvretelobiTi da apaTiur-eqstaturi
cxovrebis magaliTs uCvenebs, _ an "Setyobinebis"
winaswarmetyvelebas, romelic RmerTis saxeliT,
cxadia, eTikuri an xSirad aqtiurad asketuri xasiaTis
moTxovnebs amcnobs qveynierebas. es
ukanaskneli, amqveyniurobis farglebSive aqtiuri
qmedebisken mowodebuli cxovrebis wesi
gasagebia, rom miT ufro specifikurad xelsayrel
niadags poulobda swored iq, sadac burJuaziuli
fenebi socialurad met wonas iZendnen da sadac
ufro metad Tavisufldebodnen isini tabuisturi
mijaWvulobisa da klanebad Tu kastebad
gaxleCilobisagan. aqtiuri askeza da ara RvTis floba
an RvTis trfobiT aRvsili mWvretelobiTi
mindobiloba, rogorc es daxvewil inteleqtualTa
fenebis gavlenis qveS moqceul religiebs umaRles
sikeTed esaxeboda, aramed RvTis "iaraRad" yofnis
SegrZnebiT nakarnaxevi RvTisTvis sasurveli
qmedeba SeiZleboda aq gamorCeuli religiuri
habitusi gamxdariyo iseve, rogorc mas dasavleTSi
ganuxrelad eniWeboda upiratesoba, aseve kargad
nacnob kontemplatiur mistikasa da orgiastul Tu
apaTiur eqstazTan SedarebiT. es ise ki ar unda
gavigoT, TiTqos igi am fenebiT Semoifargleboda.
amgvari calmxrivi socialuri gansazRvruloba arc aq
aranairad ar arsebobda. aseve Tavadaznaurobasa
da glexobaze mimarTul zoroastrul da meomrebze
mimarTul islamur winaswarmetyvelebasac zustad
iseTive aqtiuri xasiaTi hqonda, rogorc israelur da
adreqristianul winaswarmetyvelebasa da
qadagebas, budisturi, daoisturi, neopiTagoreuli,
gnostikuri, sufisturi propagandis sapirispirod.
magram "Setyobinebis"-winaswarmetyvelebis
garkveuli specifikuri daskvnebi, rogorc
davinaxavT, mainc swored "burJuaziul" niadagze
gakeTda.
"Setyobinebis"-winaswarmetyvelebas,
romlis farglebSi RvTismosavni Tavs RvTiuris
WurWlad ki ara, aramed RvTis iaraRad
aRiqvamen, Rrma sulieri naTesaoba hqonda
sruliad gansazRvrul RvTis koncefciasTan:
zeqveyniuri, pirovnuli, mrisxane, Semndobi,
mosiyvarule, momTxovni, damsjeli, Semoqmedi
ufali upirispirdeboda _ ara gamonaklisis gareSe,
magram, rogorc wesi _ sanimuSo
winaswarmetyvelebis upirovno, rogorc
mocemuloba, mxolod mWvretelobiT misawvdom
umaRles arsebas. pirveli koncefcia msWvalavda
iranul da winaaziur da misgan nawarmoeb
dasavlur religiurobas, meore ki indursa da Cinurs.
es gansxvavebebi sulac ar iyo primitiuli.
piriqiT, naTeli xdeba, rom maT mxolod sulebsa da
heroikul RmerTebze yvelgan Zalze urTierTmsgavsi
primitiul-animisturi warmodgenebis metad Sors
wasuli sublimirebis Semdeg iCines Tavi. cxadia,
xsnis sikeTed Sefasebul da sanukvar religiur
mdgomareobebTan swored axlaxans moxseniebuli
mimarTebis aqtiuri qmedebis fonze. isini RvTis
sxvadasxva koncefciis farglebSi iyvnen
interpretirebuli imisda mixedviT, kontemplatiuri
mistikuri gancda Tu apaTiuri eqstazi anda RvTis
orgiastuli floba Tu vizioneruli xilvebi da
"mowodebebi" cxaddeboda umaRlesi Sefasebis
Rirs xsnis mdgomareobad. dReisaTvis sakmaod
gavrcelebuli da, bunebrivia, didwilad marTebuli
Tvalsazrisidan Tu amovalT, rom martooden
grZnobaTa Sinaarsia pirveladi, xolo ideebi ki
mxolod maT meorad gaformebas warmoadgenen,
maSin SeiZleboda iqeTken gadavxriliyaviT, rom
"fsiqologiurTan" SedarebiT "racionaluri"
mimarTebebis primatis kauzaluri kavSiris
Tanaxmad, pirvelni erTaderT gadamwvet, meoreni
ki mxolod maT ganmartebad migveCnia. oRond,
faqtebidan gamomdinare, es metad Sors
wagviyvanda. mZime Sedegebis mqone
zeqveyniuri da imanenturi RvTis koncefciis
Camoyalibeba mTeli rigi istoriuli motivebiTac iqna
ganpirobebuli, xolo man, Tavis mxriv, xsnis
gancdaTa saxeobis formirebaze metad xangrZlivi
zemoqmedeba iqonia. gansakuTrebiT ki, rogorc
kvlav araerTgzis vnaxavT, es zeqveyniur RmerTs
exeba. roca Tavad maister ekharti dabejiTebiT
"marTas" ayenebda "mariamze" maRla, saboloo
jamSi, es imitom xdeboda, rom misTvis, rogorc
mistikosisTvis damaxasiaTebeli RvTis panTeisturi
gancda ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda Seqmnisa da
RvTis dasavluri rwmenis yvela arsebiTi
Semadgeneli nawilis sruli ukugdebis gareSe.
religiis racionalur elementebs, mis "moZRvrebas",
_ vTqvaT, indur moZRvrebas karmis Sesaxeb,
kalvinistur predestinaciis rwmenas, luTeranul
rwmenismier TviTgamarTlebas, kaTolokur
sakramentTa moZRvrebas _ sakuTari kanoniereba
aqvs da RmerTze warmodgenaTa da "samyaros
xatis" garkveuli saxeobidan momdinare racionalur
religiur xsnis pragmatikas calkeul SemTxvevebSi
Sors mimavali Sedegebi hqonda cxovrebis wesis
praqtikulad agebisaTvis.
Tuki, rogorc es winamdebare SeniSvnebSi
imTaviTve nagulisxmevi iqna, sanukvar xsnis
sikeTeTa saxeobaze didi zegavlena mmarTveli
fenebis garegnul interesTa da maTi adeqvaturi
cxovrebis wesis saxeobam da Sesabamisad Tavad
socialurma dafenianebam moaxdina, maSin aseve
mTeli cxovrebis wesis mimarTuleba, sadac ki is
gegmazomierad iqna racionalizebuli, piriqiT,
sruliad siRrmiseulad iyo im xsenebuli
Rirebulebebis mier gansazRvruli, romlebzec
racionalizeba iyo orientirebuli. es, cxadia, ara
yovelTvis da, miT umetes, ara uklebliv, magram
mainc, sadamdec eTikuri racionalizeba iCenda
Tavs da sadamdec misi gavlena swvdeboda,
rogorc wesi, aseve da xSirad sruliad arsebiTad,
religiiT ganpirobebuli Sefasebebi da poziciebi iyo.
garegani da Sinagani interesebis am
urTierTmimarTebaTa saxeobisTvis ki erTi ram iyo
metad mniSvnelovani. erTi romelime religiis mier
"umaRlesad" Seracxuli aqamde CamoTvlili xsnis
sikeTeebi ar iyo absoluturad universaluri.
nirvanaSi gadasvla, RvTiur sawyisTan
mWvretelobiTi Serwyma, orgiastuli Tu asketuri
gziT mopovebuli RvTivSepyrobiloba sulac ar iyo
nebismieri adamianisTvis misawvdomi. da Tundac
Sesustebuli formiTac ki, romelSic religiuri zarxoSis
an zmanebis mdgomareobaSi gadasvla
universaluri saxalxo kultis sagnad SeiZleboda
gamxdariyo, isini ar warmoadgendnen yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis elementebs. yoveli religiis istoriis
dasawyisSive dgas adamianTa araTanaswori
religiuri kvalificirebis CvenTvis mniSvnelovani
gamocdilebis faqti, rogorc es yvelaze Seurbileblad
racionalisturi formiT kalvinistTa predestinaciis
moZRvrebis "madlismierma partikularizmma"
dogmad aqcia. umaRlesi Sefasebis mflobeli
religiuri xsnis sikeTeebi _ SamanTa, jadoqarTa,
asketTa da pnevmatikosTa eqstaturi Tu vizioneruli
unari, nebismieri adamianisaTvis misawvdomi ar
iyo, amis floba "qarizmas" warmoadgenda, romlis
gaRviZeba, marTalia, pirovnebaSi SeiZleboda,
magram ara yvelaSi. aqedan warmoiSva
qarizmatuli kvalifikaciis gansxvavebaTa
erTgvarad wodebrivad dayofis yvela intensiuri
religiurobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia.
"heroikuli" an "virtuozTa" religiuroba 2)
upirispirdeboda "masebis" religiurobas, _ oRond
aq, bunebrivia, "masaSi" aramcdaaramc ar
igulisxmebodnen saero wodebriv ierarqiaSi
socialurad dabla mdgomni, aramed religiuri
TvalsazrisiT "aramusikalurni". jadoqarTa da
wminda mocekvaveTa erTobebi, indoel sramanaTa
religiuri wodeba, TemSi dabejiTebiT gansakuTrebul
"wodebad" aRiarebuli adreqristianuli "asketebi",
pavle mociquliseuli da miT umetes gnostikuri
"pnevmatikosebi", pietisturi "ecclesiola", yvela
namdvili "seqta", es ki sociologiurad niSnavs
kavSirebs, romlebic mxolod religiuri TvalsazrisiT
kvalificiur xalxs iRebdnen TavianT rigebSi,
dabolos, mTeli msoflios berTa yvela saZmo iyo am
gagebiT virtuozTa religiurobis wodebrivi
matarebeli. yoveli virtuozTa religiuroba Tavis
avtonomiur ganvrcobaSi principulad idevneba
"eklesiis" nebismieri hierokratiuli administraciuli
xelisuflebis mier anu institucionalurad moxeleebiT
organizebuli madlis mboZebeli erTobliobebis mier.
vinaidan, rogorc institucionaluri madlis matarebeli
igi iswrafvis moaxdinos am masobrivi religiurobis
organizeba da sakuTari, Tanamdebobrivad
monopolizebuli da gacemuli xsnis sikeTeebi
religiur virtuozTa religiur-wodebrivi TviT-
kvalifikaciis adgilze Caanacvlos. is Tavisi bunebiT
anu Tanamdebobis mflobelTa interesebis
Tanaxmad, xsnis sikeTeTa sazogado
xelmisawvdomobis gagebiT: "demokratiuli" unda
iyos, ese igi madlis universalizmisa da mis
institucionalur Zalauflebas damorCilebuli,
nebismieri adamianis eTikuri Sesaferisobis
momxre unda iyos. es procesi sociologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, wodebrivi aristokratiis politikuri
avtonomiuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg biurokratiis
mier politikur sferoSi warmarTuli brZolis srul
paralels qmnis. yoveli srulfasovnad ganviTarebuli
politikuri biurokratia iseve aucilebeli da zustad
imave gagebiTaa "demokratiuli", nivelirebisa da
mis mier Zalauflebis mociled aRqmuli wodebrivi
privilegiebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolis
mniSvnelobiT, rogorc hierokratia. sul sxvadasxva
saxis kompromisebi warmoiSva am, ara yovelTvis
oficialuri, magram latenturad mudam arsebuli
brZolis Sedegad (ulemaTa brZola derviSTa
religiurobis winaaRmdeg, adreqristian episkoposTa
brZola pnevmatikosTa da heroikul seqtantTa Tu
asketuri qarizmatuli eklesiis gasaRebis flobis
pretenziis winaaRmdeg, luTeran mqadagebelTa da
anglikanuri samRvdeloebis eklesiis brZola saerTod
askezis winaaRmdeg, rusuli saxelmwifo eklesiis
brZola seqtebis winaaRmdeg, brZola kultis
konfucianuri oficialuri aRsrulebisaTvis budisturi,
daoisturi da yvela sxva saxis seqtanturi xsnis
Ziebis sapirispirod). swored is, Tu rogor
gamoiyureboda yoveldRiuri religiurobis
SesaZleblobaTaTvis gakeTebuli xsenebuli
daTmobebi, raze wasvlac virtuozobis moTxovnebs
iZulebiT imisaTvis mouwia, raTa ideurad da
materialurad masobrivi momxmarebeli
moepovebina da miezida, _ saganTa bunebis
Tanaxmad, es gaxda, pirvel rigSi, arsebiTad
gadamwyveti yoveldRiur cxovrebaze religiuri
zemoqmedebis wesisTvis. Tuki is masebs magiur
tradiciaSi Catovebda, _ rasac TiTqmis yvela
aRmosavlur religiaSi hqonda adgili, _ maSin misi
zegavlena usasrulod naklebi iqneboda, vidre
maSin, Tuki is, Tundac misi ideuri moTxovnebidan
ase sagrZnobi daqviTvebis SemTxvevaSic ki
mainc yoveldRiurobis eTikur racionalizebas
Seudgeboda da amas sazogadod masebisTvisac
anda, sulac, swored maTTvis ganaxorcielebda.
amrigad, virtuozTa da masaTa religiurobis amgvari
urTierTmimarTebidan, rac sabolood xsenebuli
brZolis Sedegs warmoadgenda, swored amitomac
SeiZina sakuTriv virtuozTa religiurobis konkretulma
Taviseburebam gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
"masebis" cxovrebis wesis CamoyalibebisTvisac
da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi religiis
sameurneo eTikisTvisac. radganac, is ara marto
"sanimuSo" praqtikul religias warmoadgenda,
aramed cxovrebis imgvari wesis Sesabamisad,
rasac virtuozebs uwesebda, sruliad gansxvavebuls
xdida saerTod racionaluri yoveldRiurobis eTikis
Seqmnis SesaZleblobebs.
 virtuozTa-religiurobis damokidebulebis
gansxvavebuloba meurneobis sarbielis,
yoveldRiuri cxovrebisadmi, mTlianad
ganpirobebuli iyo xsnis sanukvar sikeTeTa
TaviseburebiT.
iq, sadac virtuozTa-religiurobis xsnis
sikeTeebi da saSualebebi kontemplatiur an
orgiastul-eqstatur xasiaTs atarebda, aranairi
SemakavSirebeli xidi ar arsebobda massa da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikul qmedebas Soris
amqveyniurobis farglebSi. amis gamo meurneoba
iseve, rogorc nebismieri qmedeba am qveynad,
ara marto religiuri TvalsazrisiT arasrulfasovni
xdeboda, aramed SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac
arapirdapiri gziT misTvis, umaRles sikeTed
Sefasebuli habitusidan, raimenairi fsiqologiuri
motivebis mopoveba. mWvretelobiTi da eqstaturi
religiuroba Tavisi Sinagani arsiT meurneobis
mimarT umal mtruli iyo.
mistikuri, orgiastuli, eqstaturi gancda xom
specifikurad yoveldRiurobis miRmuri,
yoveldRiurobisa da racionaluri mizanmimarTuli
qmedebisagan amcdenia da swored amitomacaa,
rogorc "wminda" dafasebuli. aqedan
gamomdinare, uZiro ufskruli mijnavda
erTmaneTisgan amgvarad orientirebul religiebSi
"eriskacTa" cxovrebis wess virtuozTa-erTobebis
wesisagan. religiuri erTobebis farglebSi religiur
virtuozTa batonoba SemdgomSi sruliad iolad
daadga magiuri anTropolatriis gzas: virtuozi,
rogorc wmindani, pirdapir iyo gaRmerTebuli anda
mis kurTxevasa da magiur Zalas eriskacebi
yidulobdnen, rogorc amqveyniuri Tu religiuri xsnis
xelSemwyob saSualebas. rogorc glexi
memamulisTvis, ise eriskacic budisturi Tu jainisturi
bhikSusTvis sabolood mxolod xarkis wyaro iyo,
romelic mas saSualebas aZlevda, xsnisTvis
mudam mavnebeli, sakuTari saero Sromis gareSe,
mTlianad xsnisTvis mieZRvna Tavi. Tumc, amis
miuxedavad, Tavad eriskacis cxovrebis wessac
SeiZleboda garkveuli eTikuri reglamentireba
ganecada. vinaidan virtuozi erTgvari sulis
mzrunveli iyo: eriskacis sulieri mama da directeur de
l`âme (sulis warmmarTveli) anu xSirad uzarmazari
gavlenis mqone pirovneba. oRond igi masze,
religiurad "aramusikalurze" an sulac ar
zemoqmedebda an mxolod ceremoniul, ritualur da
sazogadoebriv calkeul wvrilmanebSi misi
(virtuozis) religiuri cxovrebis wesis gagebiT.
vinaidan amqveyniuri cxovrebis farglebSi
saqmianoba religiuri TvalsazrisiT, principSi,
umniSvnelo iyo; is religiuri miznisken swrafvis
sruliad sapirispiro mimarTulebas warmoadgenda.
wminda "mistikosis" qarizma, WeSmariti
grZneuliseulisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod da
mxolod Tavad mas emsaxureboda da ara sxvebs.
_ sul sxvagvarad iyo saqme iq, sadac religiurad
kvalificirebulTa virtuozoba asketur,
amqveyniurobis farglebSi cxovrebis RvTis nebis
Tanaxmad formirebis mosurne seqtad
erTiandeboda. imisaTvis, rom es sinamdvileSi
ganxorcielebuliyo, ori ram iyo saWiro. pirvel rigSi,
xsnis umaRlesi sikeTe kontemplatiuri xasiaTis ar
unda iyos anu is amqveyniurobis sapirispiro
maradiul zeqveyniur yofierebasTan kavSirSi an
orgiastuli Tu apaTiur-eqstaturi gziT Secnobil unio
mystica (RmerTTan SerwymaSi) ar unda
mdgomareobdes. vinaidan es ukanaskneli mudam
realuri samyarosgan ganze dgas da misgan
gvaSorebs. xolo Semdeg ki religiurobas,
SeZlebisdagvarad, unda Camoecilebina xsnis
saSualebebisTvis wminda magiuri Tu sakramentuli
xasiaTi. vinaidan, amqveyniur saqmianobas
religiuri TvalsazrisiT, isinic metad saTuod
mniSvnelovnad miiCneven da xsnisTvis
gadamwyvet moments yoveldRiurobis racionalur
movlenebs ar ukavSireben. orive piroba srulad
iqna Sesrulebuli: samyarosaTvis jados axsna da
xsnisken mavali gzis kontemplatiuri "samyarodan
gaqcevis" magivrad aqtiur asketur "samyaros
damuSavebaSi" gadatana, _ (Tuki mxedvelobaSi ar
miviRebT, mTel msoflioSi arsebul, mcire
racionalistur seqtebs,) _ moxda dasavleTis
asketuri protestantizmis did eklesiur da seqtantur
formirebebSi. amasTan, Tavisi roli Seasrula
dasavluri religiurobis sruliad gansazRvrulma,
wminda istoriuli TvalsazrisiT ganpirobebulma
bedisweram. nawilobriv, misi socialuri garemos
zegavlenam, pirvel yovlisa ki, misi
ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis
mqone fenaTa gavlenam. nawilobriv da aranakleb
Zlierad imoqmeda misma pirvandelma xasiaTma:
zeqveyniurma RmerTma da istoriulad pirvelad
israelianTa winaswarmetyvelebisa da Toras
moZRvrebis meSveobiT gansazRvrulma xsnis
saSualebebma da xsnis gzebma. es yovelive,
nawilobriv, winamdebare statiebSia ganxiluli,
nawilobriv ki, mogvianebiT iqneba ufro
dawvrilebiT ganxiluli. iq, sadac religiuri virtuozi
samyaroSi RvTis "iaraRad" Cayenebuli da,
amasTan, yovelgvar magiuri xsnis saSualebebs iyo
mowyvetili, imis moTxovniT, rom sakuTari
qmedebis eTikuri Rirsebebis meSveobiT da
mxolod maTi wyalobiT, uflis winaSe _ da es igivea,
rac sakuTari Tavis winaSe _ xsnisTvis
mowodebulobis "Rirsad Tavi gamoevlina", maSin
Tundac "amqveyniuri samyaro", rogorc aseTi,
religiuri TvalsazrisiT xelTqmnilad da codvis
WurWlad Seracxuli da dagmobili yofiliyo,
fsiqologiurad es samyaro miT ufro metad iyo
aRiarebuli, rogorc saero "profesiaSi" gamovlenili
RvTisTvis sasurveli saqmianobis sarbieli. radganac
es saero asketuroba amqveyniurobis
ugulvebelmyofeli iyo, kerZod, im gagebiT, rom igi
arad agdebda da RvTis sauflos metoqeebad
kilavda wminda saero Zalauflebisa da wminda
saero sagmiro siamayis Rirsebisa da
momxiblaobis, mimzidveli bangisa da zmanebis
sikeTeebs. magram amis gamo is
mWvretelobasaviT qveynierebas ki ar gaurboda,
aramed surda, RvTis brZanebis Tanaxmad,
samyaros eTikuri racionalizeba moexdina da
amitomac specifikurad ufro mZafrad gamokveTili
formiT darCa samyarosken moqceuli, vidre
vTqvaT, gautexeli adamianurobis mxridan
"samyaros miamituri hoyofa" antikurobasa da
eriskacTa kaTolicizmSi. swored yoveldRiurobaSi
mtkicdeboda religiurad kvalificirebulis
madlmosileba da rCeuloba. cxadia, ara im
yoveldRiurobaSi, rogoric is iyo, aramed RvTis
samsaxurSi gaweul meTodurad racionalizebul
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi. racionalurad profesiuli
mowodebis rangSi ayvanili yoveldRiuri
saqmianoba iqceoda xsnis Rirsad yofnis
TviTgamovlenad. religiur virtuozTa seqtebi
dasavleTSi cxovrebis wesis meToduri
racionalizebisTvis sameurneo saqmianobis CaTvliT
qmnidnen fermentebs da ara saventilo sarqvelebs
saero saqmianobis uazrobisagan nanatri Tavis
daRwevisaTvis, aziis mWvretelobiT Tu orgiastul an
apaTiur eqstatikosTa msgavsad.
am or ukidures sapirispiro poluss Soris
moZraobda sruliad sxvadasxvagvari gadasvlebi da
kombinaciebi. vinaidan religiebi iseve, rogorc
adamianebi SeTxzuli wignebi rodi iyo. isini istoriul
da ara logikurad an, sulac, mxolod fsiqologiurad
winaaRmdegobriobis gareSe konstruirebul
qmnilebebs warmoadgendnen. isini Tavis TavSi
xSirad iseT motivTa mwkrivebs itandnen,
romelTagan TiToeli, zedmiwevniT dakvirvebisas,
meores gzaze unda gadaRobeboda, xSir
SemTxvevebSi ki pirdapir unda dapirispireboda
kidec. "Tanamimdevruloba" aq umal gamonaklisi
iyo da ara wesi. sakuTriv xsnis gzebi da xsnis
sikeTeebi ki, rogorc wesi, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT
erTmniSvnelovani ar iyo. adreqristianuli beric da
kvekeric TavianT RvTis ZiebaSi Zalze Zlier
mWvretelobiT elements Seicavdnen: _ magram
maTi religiurobis erToblioba, pirvel yovlisa,
zeqveyniuri Semoqmedi RmerTi da madlmosilebis
udaobaSi darwmunebulobis mopovebis wesi maT
ganuxrelad qmedebisaken ubiZgebda. meore
mxriv ki, budisti beric moqmedebda: _ oRond es
qmedeba scildeboda yovelgvar Tanamimdevrul
saero racionalizebas, xsnis swrafvis xelaxali
dabadebebis "borblidan" Tavis daRwevaze saboloo
orientirebulobis gamo. dasavleTis Sua
saukuneebis seqtantebi da sxva saZmoebi,
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis religiurad gammsWvalavni,
TavianT anarekls islamis kidev ufro universalurad
ganviTarebul saZmoebSi xedavdnen; orive mxriv
analogiuri iyo tipiuri fena: wvrilburJuazia da
gansakuTrebiT xelosnebi, _ magram orive mxaris
religiurobis suliskveTeba metad
urTierTgansxvavebuli iyo. garegnuli dakvirvebisas,
mravalricxovani induisturi religiuri erTobebi iseve
"seqtebad" gamoiyurebodnen, rogorc dasavluri, _
magram xsnis sikeTe da xsnis boZeba iyo
radikalurad urTierTsapirispiro mimarTulebiT
warmodgenili. _ aq ar Rirs magaliTebis Semdgomi
daxvaveba, radgan Cven gvsurs did religiaTagan
umniSvnelovanesni individualurad ganvixiloT.
nebismieri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia maTi ubralod
garkveul tipobriv jaWvSi gamwkriveba, sadac erTi
tipi, meoresTan mimarTebaSi, axal "safexurs"
warmoadgens. saqme isaa, rom isini uklebliv
ukiduresad rTuli saxis istoriuli individebia da yvela
erTad aRebuli im SesaZlebel kombinaciaTa mxolod
umcires nawils amowuraven, romelTa warmoqmna
savaraudod SesaZlebeli iqneboda sruliad
mravalricxovani calkeuli gasaTvaliswinebeli
faqtorebis gaerTianebiT.
amrigad, winamdebare gamokvlevaSi
saqme arasgziT ar exeba religiaTa sistematur
"tipologias". meore mxriv, cxadia, arc wminda
istoriuli saxis naSroms. "tipologiuria"
winamdebare gamokvleva im gagebiT, rom is
akvirdeba ekonomikuri azrovnebis did
winaaRmdegobaTa Semcveli konteqstisTvis
tipiurad mniSvnelovans religiur eTikaTa istoriuli
realobebis fonze, xolo naklebmniSvnelovans
ugulvebelyofs. is arsad ar debs imaze Tavs, TiTqos
ganxilul religiaTa dasrulebul suraTs
warmoaCendes. man mkafiod unda gamokveTos is
niSnebi, romlebic calkeul religiebs sxvebis
sapirispirod axasiaTebs da, amavdroulad, Cveni
konteqstisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. gamokvlevas,
romelic ar iTvaliswinebs im gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis aqcentebs, aq daxatuli suraTis
sapirispirod, xSirad ufro Serbilebuli, magram
TiTqmis yovelTvis sxva aqcentebi unda
daematebina da garkveul SemTxvevebSi kidev
ufro dabejiTebiT unda gamoexata, vidre es aq iyo
SesaZlebeli, saxeldobr, is, rom yvela xarisxobrivi
winaaRmdegoba sinamdvileSi sabolood,
garkveulwilad, calkeul faqtorTa urTierTSerevis
raodenobriv gansxvavebebad SeiZleba iqnes
gaazrebuli. CvenTvis ki sruliad unayofo iqneboda
am TavisTavad cxadi momentis ganuwyvetliv
xazgasma.
religiaTa is niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic
sameurneo eTikisTvisac mniSvnelovania, CvenTvis
arsebiTad erTi gansazRvruli kuTxiT unda iyos
saintereso: ekonomikuri racionalizmisadmi maTi
damokidebulebis wesiT da, kerZod _ vinaidan jer
arc esaa erTmniSvnelovani _ im tipis ekonomikuri
racionalizmisadmi, romelic dasavleTs, rogorc iq
damkvidrebuli burJuaziuli cxovrebis racionalizebis
nawilobrivi gamovlineba, XVI-XVII saukuneebidan
moyolebuli marTavda. vinaidan aq winaswar
erTxel kidev unda gavixsenoT, rom "racionalizms"
sruliad sxvadasxvagvari mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes. es asea: imisda mixedviT, aq erTi mxriv,
racionalizebis is wesi igulisxmeba, rogorc
moazrovne sistematikosi udgeba samyaros xats,
rac zusti cnebebis meSveobiT realobis mzard
Teoriul dapatronebas niSnavs, _ Tu racionalizeba,
rogorc adeqvatur saSualebaTa sul ufro zusti
gaangariSebis gziT gansazRvrulad mocemuli
praqtikuli miznis meToduri miRwevis gagebiT.
orive maTgani sruliad gansxvavebul movlenas
warmoadgens, maTi saboloo ganuSorebeli
urTierTdakavSirebulobis miuxedavad. realobis TviT
azrovnebiTi Secnobis farglebSic ki urTierTs
emijneba analogiuri tipebi: cdilobdnen, magaliTad,
amiT aexsnaT kontinentaluri fizikisgan inglisuri
fizikis gansxvavebuloba. cxovrebis wesis im
racionalizebas ki, rasac Cven SevexeT, usaSvelod
gansxvavebuli formebi SeuZlia SeiZinos.
konfucianizmi, yovelgvari metafizikis da religiuri
gamyarebulobis TiTqmis nebismieri niSanwylis
absoluturi arqoniT, imdenad Sors midis, rom imis
ukidures zRvarze dgas, rasac saerTod jer kidev
"religiuri" eTika SeiZleba ewodos, is iseTi
racionalisturi da, amavdroulad, iseTi fxizelia,
yovelgvari arautilitaristuli masStabis ararsebobisa
da ugulvebelyofis gagebiT, rogorc arc erTi sxva
eTikuri sistema, Tu magaliTad, j. benTemiseuls ar
CavTliT. magram konfucianizmi am
ukanasknelisagan da yvela dasavluri tipis
praqtikuli racionalizmisgan usazRvrod
gansxvavebulia, miuxedavad uamravi realuri da
moCvenebiTi analogiebisa. "racionaluri" iyo
aRiarebuli "kanonis" rwmenis gagebiT, renesansuli
xelovnebis uzenaesi ideali, racionalisturia
platoniseuli mistikis elementebis miuxedavad,
misi cxovrebisadmi midgomac tradicionalisturi
kavSirebis uaryofisa da naturalis ratio-s Zalauflebis
rwmenis gagebiT. "racionaluri" iyo sruliad sxva,
"gegmazomierebis" gagebiT, yvelaze
Tanamimdevruli formiT TviTdaTrgunvis an magiuri
askezis anda kontemplaciis meTodic, magaliTad,
iogaSi an locvis manqanebiT gvianbudistur
manipulaciebSi. "racionaluri" iyo nawilobriv imave
formaluri meTodikis mniSvnelobiT, nawilobriv ki
normatulad "aRiarebulisa" da empiriulad
mocemulis urTierTgarCevis gagebiT, saerTod
praqtikuli eTikis yvela saxeoba, romlebic
sistematurad da erTmniSvnelovnad xsnis
miznebze iyo orientirebuli. racionalizaciis procesis,
es bolos dasaxelebuli, saxeoba gvainteresebs
Cven SemdgomSi. misi kazuistikis winaswar
warmoCena rom gvecada, amas azri ar eqneboda,
vinaidan Cveni gamokvlevis mizans swored amis
garkveva warmoadgens.
oRond, winamdebare gamokvlevam msgavsi
ram rom SesZlos, man imis Tavisufleba unda
moipovos, raTa "araistoriuli" gaxdes im gagebiT,
rom calkeul religiaTa eTika sistemurad arsebiTad
ufro mTliani saxiT iyos warmoCenili, vidre is
ganviTarebis dinebaSi am saxiT odesme marTlac
arsebobda. aq gverdze unda gadavdoT
ganviTarebis CanasaxTa da ganStoebaTa
winaaRmdegobebis is siuxve, rac calkeuli
religiebis farglebSi arsebobda da, Sesabamisad,
CvenTvis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebebi xSirad
ufro did logikur CaketilobaSi da araevoluciurobaSi
unda iqnes warmoCenili, vidre es sinamdvileSi iyo.
es gamartiveba istoriul "mcdarobas" im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvevda, Tuki is TviTneburi
ganurCevlobiT iqneboda Cadenili. amas ki, yovel
SemTxvevaSi gamiznulad mainc, ara aqvs adgili.
ama Tu im religiis erTian suraTSi umal, rogorc
wesi, sxva religiebisgan misi ganmasxvavebeli is
niSan-Tvisebebi iyo sagangebod gamoyofili,
romlebic cxovrebis praqtikuli mowyobisaTvis iyo
gadamwyveti 3).
dabolos, vidre saqmeze gadavidodeT, kidev
ramodenime winaswari SeniSvna unda gakeTdes
gamokvlevaSi xSirad gamovlenili terminologiuri
Taviseburebebis ganmartebis mizniT 4).
religiuri gansazogadoebriobani da erTobani
srulyofili ganviTarebisas mmarTvelobiT
gaerTianebaTa tips ganekuTvnebian: isini
"hierokratiul" anu imgvar gaerTianebebs
warmoadgenen, sadac mmarTvelobiTi Zalaufleba
xsnis sikeTeTa boZebis an aRkveTis monopoliazea
damyarebuli. nebismieri mmarTveli Zalaufleba,
saero Tu religiuri, politikuri Tu arapolitikuri,
garkveuli wminda tipis an saxesxvaobad an
mimsgavsebad unda iqnes miCneuli, romelTa
Seqmnas win uZRvis kiTxva: legitimurobis romel
safuZvels irCevs TavisTvis xelisufleba. Cveni
dRevandeli gaerTianebebi, pirvel rigSi, politikuri,
"legaluri" Zalauflebis tips ganekuTvnebian. es ki
niSnavs imas, rom brZanebis gacemis
legitimuroba brZanebis gacemis uflebis
mflobelisaTvis efuZneba racionalurad dadgenil,
SeTanxmebul da savaldebulo wesebs da am
wesebis damyarebis legitimuroba ki, Tavis mxriv,
racionalurad dadgenil an interpretirebul
"konstitucias". brZaneba gaicema ara pirovnuli
avtoritetis saxeliT, aramed upirovno normis
saxeliT da Tavad brZanebis gacemac, Tavis mxriv,
normisadmi morCilebas warmoadgens da ara
TviTnebobas an wyalobas anda privilegias.
"moxele" brZanebis gacemaze uflebamosilia,
oRond igi amas sakuTari uflebiT ki ar axorcielebs,
aramed yovelTvis lenis saxiT iRebs upirovno
"instituciisagan", rac Semdeg unda miitanos
dadgenili wesebiT normatiulad marTul
gansazRvrul Tu ganusazRvrel, magram wesrigis
niSnebiT aRbeWdil adamianTa specifikur
Tanacxovrebamde. "kompetencia" anu brZanebis
SesaZlebel obieqtTa sagnobrivad Semofargluli
sfero SemosazRvravs misi legitimuri Zalauflebis
sferos. "moqalaqis" an gaerTianebis "wevris"
pirispir dgas "zemdgomTa" ierarqia, romelsac man
"instanciaTa rigSi" saCivriT SeuZlia mimarTos.
asevea dRevandel hierokratiul gaerTianebaSi:
eklesiaSic. mRvdels an moZRvars sakuTari
SemosazRvruli "kompetencia" aqvs, romelic
wesebiTaa dadgenili. es eklesiis uzenaes
meTaursac exeba: dRevandeli "ucdomeloba"
kompetenciis cnebas warmoadgens da Sinagani
sazrisiT gansxvavdeba imisgan, rac mas win
uZRvoda (vTqvaT, jer kidev papis inokenti III-is
epoqaSi). gammijnavi xazi "Tanamdebobriv
sferosa" (ucdomelobis SemTxvevaSi: gansazRvras
"ex cathedra") da "piradul sferos" Soris isevea
gatarebuli, rogorc politikur (Tu sxva juris)
moxeleebTan. marTvis saSualebaTagan (naturis Tu
fulis formiT) moxelis samarTlebrivi "Camocileba"
politikur Tu hierokratiul gaerTianebaTa sferoSi
isevea ganxorcielebuli, rogorc kapitalistur
meurneobaSi muSis "Camocileba" wyaroebis
saSualebaTagan: igi maT srul analogias
warmoadgens.
es yovelive ki uxsovar warsulSive, ukve
arsebuli wanamZRvrebis miuxedavad, Tavisi sruli
ganviTarebis etapze specifikurad Tanamedrove
movlenas warmoadgens. warsuli legitimuri
Zalauflebis sxva safuZvlebs icnobda, romelTac
rudimentebis saxiT dResac yovel fexis nabijze
vawydebiT. SevecdebiT, Tundac terminologiurad
mainc mokled ganvmartoT isini.
1. momdevno gamokvlevaSi (absoluturad
sul erTia: namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi) "qarizmas"
cnebaSi nagulisxmevia adamianis yoveldRiurobis
miRmuri xarisxobrivi Tviseba. "qarizmatul
avtoritetad" ki moiazreba (ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
ufro garegnuli Tu ufro metad Sinagani) Zalaufleba
adamianebze, romelsac es marTuli adamianebi am
gansazRvruli pirovnebis amgvari xarisxobrivi
Tvisebis mimarT rwmenis safuZvelze
emorCilebian. grZneuli jadoqari,
winaswarmetyveli, nadirobis da nadavlis
mopovebis laSqrobaTa winamZRoli, samxedro
meTauri, egreT wodebuli "cezarianuli"
mbrZanebeli, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, partiis
pirovnuli beladi, warmoadgenen TavianT
mowafeTa, TavianT mimdevarTa, maT mier
Seqmnili razmis, partiis da ase Semdeg, mimarT
mmarTvelis amgvar tipebs. maTi mmarTvelobis
legitimuroba efuZneba araCveulebrivad, normalur
adamianur Tvisebebs gamcdar da, amdenad
(Tavdapirvelad zebunebrivad), Sefasebul
SesaZleblobaTa mimarT rwmenasa da
Tavmindobilobas. anu is damyarebulia: magiur an
gamocxadebis Tu gmiris rwmenaze, romlis
wyarosac saswaulis, gamarjvebis Tu sxva
warmatebaTa gziT: vTqvaT, marTulTa keTildReobis
meSveobiT, qarizmatul RirsebaTa "damtkiceba"
warmoadgens da romelic mopovebul avtoritetTan
erTad qreba an gaqroba emuqreba, rogorc ki
damtkiceba ferxdeba da qarizmatulad
kvalificirebuli Tavs sakuTari magiuri Zalisa Tu
sakuTari RmerTis mier mitovebulad amJRavnebs.
Zalaufleba tradiciuli Tu racionaluri zogadi
normebis Tanaxmad ki ar xorcieldeba, aramed,
principSi, konkretuli gamocxadebebisa da
zeSTagonebis wyalobiT da am azriT "iracionaluria".
is "revoluciuria" yovelgvari arsebulisgan
damoukideblobis mniSvnelobiT: "ase weria _ me ki
geubnebiT ... !"
2. Semdeg: "tradicionalizmi" niSnavs
yoveldRiuri Cvevis, rogorc qcevisaTvis Seuvali
normis, mimarT sulier ganwyobasa da rwmenas
da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebriv
urTierTobas, romelic am safuZvels anu (realurad
an moCvenebiTad anda savaraudod) mudam
arsebulis winaSe mowiwebas eyrdnoba,
"tradicionalisturi avtoriteti" unda ewodos.
tradicionalistur avtoritetze damyarebuli sakuTari
legitimurobis, tradiciaze dafuZnebuli
Zalauflebis umTavres formas patriarqalizmi
warmoadgens. esaa: ojaxis mamis, qmris, ojaxis
uxucesis, gvaris ufrosis batonoba ojaxis an gvaris
wevrebze, batonisa da patronisa ymebze,
damorCilebulebze, gaazatebulebze, mebatonisa
Sinamosamsaxureebze, Sina moxeleebze,
Tavadisa saxlisa da karis moxeleebze,
ministerialebze, muStrebze, vasalebze,
patrimonialuri didgvarovanisa da mTavrisa
("mamulis mamisa") "qveSevrdomebze".
patriarqaluri (da misi saxesvaobis _ patrimonialuri)
ZalauflebisTvis niSandoblivia is, rom igi Seuryevel,
radgan absoluturad wmindad aRiarebul normaTa
(romelTa darRvevas magiuri an religiuri ubedureba
mosdevs), sistemis gverdiT batonis Tavisuflad
moqmedi TviTnebobisa da wyalobis samflobelos
icnobs, romelic principSi, mxolod "pirovnuli" da
ara "saqmiani" urTierTobebis mixedviT axdens
Sefasebas da am gagebiT "iracionaluria".
3. qarizmatuli Zalaufleba, romelic
yoveldRiurobis miRmuris siwmindisa da
Rirebulebis rwmenas efuZneba, da
tradicionalisturi (patriarqauli) Zalaufleba, romelic
yoveldRiurobis siwmindis rwmenas eyrdnoba,
adreul warsulSi erTmaneTSi iyofdnen yovelgvari
Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis umniSvnelovanes
saxeobebs. "axali" samarTali tradiciis ZaliT
aRiarebulis wreSi mxolod qarizmis matarebelTa _
winaswarmetyvelTa samisno wignebis an
qarizmatuli samxedro meTaurebis wyalobiT
SeiZleboda yofiliyo Camatebuli. xilviTi
gamocxadeba da maxvili _ es orive arayoveldRiuri
Zala iyo amavdroulad ori tipiuri siaxlis
Semoqmedi. magram rawams sakuTar saqmes
aRasrulebdnen, oriveni myisve yoveldRiurobis
tipiur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebodnen.
winaswarmetyvelis an samxedro meTauris sikvdilis
Semdeg saqmis gamgrZeleblis sakiTxi dgeboda.
da, sul erTia, Tu ra gziT iqneboda is gadawyvetili:
rCeobis (Tavdapirvelad "SerCeva" ki ara, aramed
qarizmis mixedviT gamorCeva) Tu qarizmis
sakramentuli gansagnobrivebis (xeldasxmis gziT
memkvidred dasaxeleba: hierokratiuli an
mociqulebrivi "samarTalmemkvidreoba") Tu gvaris
qarizmatuli kvalifikaciis rwmenis (memkvidreobiTi
qarizma: memkvidreobiTi mefoba da
memkvidreobiTi hierokratia) meSveobiT, amis
wyalobiT yovelTvis raRaca formiT dasabams
iRebda wesebis Zalaufleba. ukve ara pirovnuli,
aramed SeZenili an memkvidreobiT miRebuli
Rirsebebis anda rCeobis aqtis legitimaciis ZaliT
marTavs Tavadi an hierokrati. gayoveldRiurebis
anu tradicionalizebis procesi daiwyo da, rac albaT
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, Zalauflebis xangrZliv
organizebasTan erTad, yoveldRiuri xdeboda
adamianTa Stabic, romelsac qarizmatuli
mmarTveli efuZneboda: misi mowafeebi,
mociqulebi, amala gadaiqceoda RvTismsaxurebad,
vasalebad, pirvel rigSi ki, moxeleebad.
Tavdapirvelad specifikurad arameurneobrivad:
saCuqrebis, mowyalebis, sabrZolo nadavlis xarjze,
komunistur yaidaze mcxovrebi qarizmatuli erToba
gardaiqmna miwaTsargeblobis, mosakrebelis,
naturaluri anazRaurebis, jamagiris anu
Semosavliani Tanamdebobebis wyalobiT
uzrunvelyofili batonis damxmare pirTa fenad,
romelic Tavis legitimur Zalauflebas _ misi
miTvisebis sruliad sxvadasxva stadiebze _
investituris, sesxebis, dasaqmebis meSveobiT
imtkicebda. yvela wesis Tanaxmad, es
mmarTvelTa Zalauflebis patrimonalizacias
niSnavda, rogorc is wminda patriarqalizmidan
mbrZaneblis mkacri mmarTvelobis rRvevis
Sedegad SeiZleboda ganviTarebuliyo.
Tanamdeboba naboZeb beneficiats lenis boZebis
ZaliT, wesisamebr, masze sakuTari ufleba hqonda.
igi marTvis saSualebebis iseTive mflobelia, rogorc
xelosani flobs warmoebis saSualebebs. man
mosakreblebis Tu sxva gamosaRebTa meSveobiT
marTvis xarjebi unda dafaros, anda is
qveSevrdomTa saqmianobidan miRebulis mxolod
nawils abarebs batons, danarCeni ki mas rCeba.
ukidures SemTxvevaSi mas memkvidreobiT
SeuZlia gadasces an gaasxvisos sakuTari
Tanamdeboba ise, rogorc sxva qoneba. Cven
vilaparakebT wodebriv patrimonializmze, roca
ganviTarebam, romelic saTaves qarizmatuli Tu
patriarqaluri sawyisi mdgomareobidan iRebs,
mmarTveli Zalauflebis miTvisebis gziT am stadias
miaRwia.
magram ganviTareba am stadiaze iSviaTad
Tu SeCerebula. yvelgan vawydebiT (politikuri Tu
hierokratiuli) mmarTvelis brZolas wodebrivad
miTvisebuli mmarTvelobis uflebis mflobelebTan an
uzurpatorebTan. is cdilobs maT, isini ki mis
eqspropriirebas. imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad
axerxebs igi Tavis mflobelobaSi moaqcios mxolod
masze damokidebul, mis interesebTan
dakavSirebul moxeleTa sakuTari Stabi da _
amasTan mimarTebaSi _ sakuTar xelSi mtkiced
moqceuli marTvis saSualebebi (politikur da _
dasavleTSi inokenti III-dan moyolebuli, vidre ioane
XXII-mde _ hierokratul mmarTvelTa sakuTari
finansebi, jarisa da moxeleebis sasursaTo
momaragebisTvis gamiznuli saero mmarTvelis
sakuTari sawyobebi da arsenalebi), miT ufro mis
sasargeblod wydeba am brZolis bedi da miT ufro
araxelsayrelad TandaTanobiT eqspropriirebul
wodebriv privilegiaTa mflobelTaTvis. istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, metad gansxvavebuli iyo moxeleTa
im fenis xasiaTi, romlis daxmarebasac eyrdnoboda
mmarTveli wodebrivi mmarTvelobis Zalauflebis
eqspropriaciis mizniT warmoebul brZolaSi:
klerikalebi (tipiuri movlena aziasa da adre Sua
saukuneebis dasavleTSi), monebi da klientebi
(tipiuri movlena winaaziur aRmosavleTSi),
gaazatebulebi (garkveuli SezRudvebiT tipiuri
romauli principatisTvis), humanisti mwignobarni
(tipiuri CineTSi), dabolos: iuristebi (tipiuri movlena
Tanamedrove epoqis dasavleTSi, rogorc eklesiaSi
ise politikur kavSirebSi). TavadTa Zalauflebis
gamarjveba da partikularul mmarTvelTa uflebebis
eqspropriacia yvelgan moaswavebda sul cota
SesaZleblobas, xSirad ki marTvis racionalizebis
realur dasawyiss. oRond, rogorc davinaxavT,
sruliad gansxvavebuli xarisxiTa da mniSvnelobiT.
pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTisgan unda gaimijnos, erTi
mxriv, marTvisa da marTlmsajulebis materialuri
racionalizeba patrimonialuri mTavris mier, romelic
Tavis qveSevrdomebs utilitaristulad da
socialeTikurad ise wyalobs, rogorc didi ojaxis
mama Tavisi ojaxis wevrebs da, meore mxriv,
formaluri racionalizeba, gamobrZmedil iuristTa
mier gatarebuli "saxelmwifos yvela
moqalaqisTvis" sayovelTaod savaldebulo
samarTlebrivi normebis meSveobiT. rac unda
bundovani yofiliyo gansxvaveba (vTqvaT,
babilonSi, bizantiaSi, hohenStaufenTa siciliaSi,
stiuartTa inglisSi, burbonTa safrangeTSi), is mainc
arsebobda. da Tanamdrove dasavluri
"saxelmwifos" iseve, rogorc dasavluri "eklesiis"
dabadeba arsebiTad iuristTa naxelavi iyo. Tu
saidan iRebdnen isini am saqmisaTvis Zalasa da
ideebs da agreTve teqnikur saSualebebs, amis
ganxilvas aq jer ar SevudgebiT.
formalisturi iuridiuli racionalizmis
gamarjvebasTan erTad, dasavleTSi odiTganve
arsebul mmarTvelobis tipebis gverdiT adgili
daikava mmarTvelobis legalurma tipma, romlis
ara erTaderT, magram yvelaze wminda
saxesxvaobas biurokratiuli mmarTveloba
warmoadgenda da warmoadgens. Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo da komunalur moxeleTa, Tanamedrove
kaTolike moZRvarTa da kapelanTa, Tanamedrove
bankebisa da msxvili kapitalisturi warmoebebis
moxeleTa da mosamsaxureTa urTierTobebi
warmoadgens, rogorc ukve aRniSnul iqna,
amgvari mmarTvelobis struqturis
umniSvnelovanes tips. Cveni terminologiisaTvis
umTavres maxasiaTebelad adre naTqvami unda
iqnas miCneuli: morCileba ara qarizmatuli niSniT
madlmosili pirovnebebis: winaswarmetyvelTa da
gmirTa mimarT rwmenisa da Tavmindobilobis
ZaliT, aseve ara wminda tradiciisa da mowiwebis
ZaliT tradiciuli wesrigiT gansazRvrul pirovnul
mmarTvelTa da, vTqvaT, privilegiiTa da boZebiT
sakuTar uflebebSi legitimirebuli Tanamdebobebisa
da Tanamdebobrivi beneficiebis mflobelTa mimarT,
aramed sazogadod gansazRvruli saqmiani
"Tanamdebobrivi movaleobisadmi" upirovno
mijaWvulobaa, iseve, rogorc Sesatyvisi
mmarTvelobis uflebamosileba anu
"kompetenciaa" racionalurad dadgenili normebiT
(kanonebiT, gankargulebebiT, reglamentebiT) ise
myarad da imdagvarad gansazRvruli, rom
mmarTvelobis legitimuroba zogadi,
mizanSewonilad gamogonili, formalurad
koreqtulad dadgenili da gacxadebuli wesebis
legalobad iqceva.
zemoT moxazul tipTa gansxvavebebi maTi
socialuri struqturisa da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
calkeul wvrilmanebzec ki vrceldeba.
mxolod sistematur gamokvlevaSi
SeiZleboda gamovleniliyo, Tu raoden
mizanSewonilia gansxvavebaTa Ziebis am
naSromSi arCeuli wesi da terminologia. aq
xazgasmiT mxolod is unda aRiniSnos, rom
winamdebare gamokvleva araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar debs Tavs imaze, rom erTaderT SesaZlebels
warmoadgens da, rom TiTqos yvela empiriuli
mmarTvelobis forma "wmindad" erT-erT am tips
unda Seesabamebodes. umal swored sapirispiro
formiT warmoaCens maTi umravlesoba aTasgvari
kombinaciisa da gardamavali mdgomareobis
dasaSveb SesaZleblobas bevr maTgans Soris.
Cven kvlav da kvlav iZulebuli viqnebiT, magaliTad,
iseTi sityvaTwarmonaqmnebis meSveobiT, rogorc
vTqvaT, "patrimonialbiurokratiaa", gamovxatoT
azri, rom xsenebuli movlena misi maxasiaTebeli
niSan-Tvisebebis erTi nawiliT racionalur, meore
nawiliT ki tradicionalur, am SemTxvevaSi,
wodebriv mmarTvelobis formas ganekuTvneba.
amas ki emateba uaRresad mniSvnelovani
formebi, romlebic feodaluri mmarTvelobis
struqturis msgavsad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
universalurad gavrcelebuli iyo, magram arsebiTi
niSnebiT umtkivneulod ki ver moTavsdeboda
zemoT ganxilul sam formaTagan erT romelimeSi,
aramed mxolod sxva cnebebTan kombinaciis
wyalobiT (am SemTxvevaSi: "wodebisa" da
"wodebrivi pativis" cnebasTan) iqneboda
gasagebi. an romlebic wminda demokratiis
funqcionerTa cnebis msgavsad (erT mxares,
monacvleobiTi-sapatio Tanamdeboba da meore
mxares ki plebiscituri mmarTveloba) anda rogorc
sapatio pirTa mmarTvelobis garkveuli saxeobebi
(tradicionalisturi mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli
forma), SeiZleba gagebuli yofiliyo nawilobriv sxva,
oRond ara "mmarTvelobis" principebze
dayrdnobiT, nawilobriv ki qarizmas cnebis uCveulo
saxesxvaobebze dayrdnobiT, Tumc ki, Tavis mxriv,
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, swored politikuri
racionalizmis gamomwvev umniSvnelovanes
fermentebs ganekuTvnebodnen. amrigad, aq
SemoTavazebul terminologias istoriis usasrulo
mravalferovnebaze sqematuri Zaladobis moxdena
ki ar surs, aramed mas mxolod surs, gansazRvruli
miznebisaTvis gamosadegi saorientacio cnebiTi
sayrdenebi Seqmnas.
igive exeba ukanasknel terminologiur
gansxvavebulobas. wodebriv mdgomareobad
Cven moviazrebT uwinaresad adamianTa
gansazRvruli jgufebis gansxvavebuli cxovrebis
wesis formebis (umetesad: maTi aRzrdis)
meSveobiT maTTvis ganpirobebul, dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi socialuri pativis Sansebs. meore rigSi ki,
- aq Zalauflebis formaTa winamdebare
terminologia iqneba moSveliebuli - es cxovrebis
wesi Zalze xSirad da niSandoblivad ukavSirdeba
Sesabamisi fenis samarTlebrivad dacul
monopolias mmarTvelobis uflebaze anda
Semosavlis an mogebis Sansebis garkveul
saxeobebze. amrigad, "wodeba" yvela am
maxasiaTebeli niSnis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi
(rasac cxadia, yovelTvis ara aqvs adgili)
warmoadgens cxovrebis wesis, sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli specifikuri pativis cnebebisa da
samarTlebrivad monopolizebuli ekonomikuri
Sansebis safuZvelze, adamianTa, marTalia, ara
yovelTvis gaerTianebis saxiT organizebul, magram
mainc mudam rogorRac gansazogadoebrivebul
jgufs. Commercium ("sazogadoebrivi" urTierTobis
gagebiT) da adamianTa jgufebis erTmaneTs Soris
connubium warmoadgens wodebrivi Tanafardi
Sefasebis tipiur maxasiaTebels; amis ararseboba
wodebriv gansxvavebulobaze metyvelebs. amis
sapirispirod, "klasebis mdgomareobad",
uwinaresad, tipiurad ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
relevanturi mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli sasurveli
saqmianobis ganxorcielebisTvis garkveuli Cvevisa
da kvalifikaciis floba, aseve uzrunvelyofisa da
mogebis Sansebi unda iqnes, erTi mxriv,
gaazrebuli, meore mxriv ki, aqedan momdinare,
sazogadod tipiuri sasicocxlo pirobebi (magaliTad,
kapitalis mflobelis sawarmos disciplinisadmi
daqvemdebarebis aucilebloba) unda iqnes
dasaxelebuli. "wodebrivi mdgomareoba" SeiZleba
"klasobrivi mdgomareobis" mizezic iyos da
Sedegic, magram arc erTi maTgani savaldebulo ar
aris. klasobrivi mdgomareoba, Tavis mxriv,
uwinaresad SeiZleba bazris mier iyos
ganpirobebuli (Sromisa da saqonlis bazriT
ganpirobebuli) _ da aris kidec dRevandel dRes
specifikurad tipiur SemTxvevebSi. magram es
absoluturad aucilebel pirobas sulac ar
warmoadgens. memamuleTa da wvrili glexobis
klasi bazarSi naklebad CarTulobis gamo TiTqmis
sul ar aris misiT ganpirobebuli, sxvadasxva
kategoriis "pensionerebi" (miwis, pirovnebaTa,
saxelmwifos, fasian qaRaldTa pensiis mflobelebi)
ki amiT sul sxvadasxva azriTa da xarisxiT arian
ganpirobebulni. maSasadame, erTmaneTisgan
gamijnuli unda iqnen "qonebis mflobelTa klasebi"
da (uwinaresad bazriT ganpirobebuli) "qonebis
mompovebeli klasebi". dRevandeli sazogadoeba
upiratesad klasobrivadaa dayofili, da kerZod,
didwilad qonebis mompovebelTa klasebad. oRond,
"ganaTlebulTa" fenebis specifikurad wodebriv
prestiJSi (rac garegnulad yvelaze TvalnaTliv
diplomis mflobelTa ekonomikuri monopoliisa da
upiratesi sazogadoebrivi Sansebis saxiTaa
gansagnobrivebuli) is uaRresad sagrZnob
wodebrivi dayofis elements Seicavs. warsulSi
wodebrivi dayofis mniSvneloba, pirvel rigSi,
sazogadoebaTa ekonomikuri struqturisaTvisac
gacilebiT ufro arsebiTi iyo. vinaidan igi masze, erTi
mxriv, usazRvrod Zlierad zemoqmedebs
moxmarebis SezRudvebisa da reglamentaciebis
meSveobiT da aseve wodebrivi _ ekonomikuri
racionalobis TvalsazrisiT, iracionaluri _ monopoliis
meSveobiT, meore mxriv ki, Sesabamisi
mmarTveli fenebis magaliTis mimcemi wodebrivi
adaT-wesebis gavlenianobis meSveobiT. am adaT-
wesebs, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleboda ritualuri
stereotipizaciis xasiaTi SeeZina da udideswilad
swored amas hqonda adgili aziuri wodebrivi
dayofis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac axla pirvel rigSi
ganvixilavT.

1)calkeuli nawilebis saxiT gamoica: (im: Jaffeschen Archiv für

Sozialwissenschaft. Bd. 41 -46 /1915-1919/); pirveli nawilebi ucvlelad
darCa im saxiT, rogorc isini ori wliT adre iqna dawerili da
megobrebisaTvis wakiTxuli. samxedro samsaxurSi
gawvevam SeuZlebeli gaxada, samecniero "aparatis"
darTva, rogorc es Tavdapirvelad iyo Cafiqrebuli. amis
sanacvlod yovel monakveTs win erTvis mokle miTiTebebi
literaturasTan dakavSirebiT. aman gamoiwvia calkeuli
sferoebis araTanabrad detaluri ganxilva. miuxedavad imisa,
rom maSin es statiebi mainc daibeWda, amis mizezi gaxldaT
is, rom im omis damTavrebis Semdeg, romelic TiToeuli
adamianisTvis sicocxlis mTel epoqas udrida, SeuZlebeli
aRmoCnda adreuli periodis msjelobis wesis mimarT ukan
mibruneba. sxvaTa Soris, es statiebi imisTvisac iyo
gamiznuli, raTa erTdroulad yofiliyo gamoqveynebuli
"socialuri ekonomikis narkvevSi" CarTul "ekonomikisa da
sazogadoebis" Sesaxeb gamokvlevis paralelurad da
moexdina religiis sociologiis monakveTis interpretacia
(TumcaRa mraval punqtSi misi mxridanac yofiliyo
interpretirebuli). Tavisi maSindeli doniT isini STabeWdilebas
tovebdnen, rom unari SeswevdaT am amocanas
gamklavebodnen. is, rac am nawerebis Rirebulebas iZulebiTi
naCqarevi xasiaTisa da kvlevis araerTgvarovani
safuZvlianobis gamo daaklda, amas momavalSi uTuod
sxvaTa naSromebi ukeT Seavsebs, vinem es CemTvis
iqneboda SesaZlebeli. vinaidan iseTi gamokvlevebi, romelTa
avtori iZulebulia naTargmn wyaroebs daeyrdnos, Tundac
gamzadebuli formiTac ki Tavs "dasrulebulobaze" verafriT ver
dadebs. magram, egeb, Tundac axlandeli formiTac ki maT
zogierT aspeqtSi raime sargebloba moitanon religiisa da
aqa-iq ekonomikis sociologiisTvis, rogorc problemis
wamoWrisaTvis gamiznulma dazustebam. axlandeli sruli
gamocemisaTvis Sevecade, zogierTi wvrilmani daudevrobis
gverdiT gamoklvlevis seriozuli xarvezebic, metadre CineTTan
dakavSirebiT, imdenad gamomesworebina, ramdenadac es
araspecialists misTvis misawvdomi masalis wyalobiT
xelewifeba da cota ufro srulyofili gavxade wyaroebis
moSvelieba.
2)am konteqstSi "virtuozulobis" cnebas unda Camoscildes
dReisaTvis masze miwebebuli yovelgvari Rirebulebrivi
Sefasebis elferi. me amgvari azrobrivi datvirTvis Tavidan
asacileblad vamjobinebdi "heroikuli" religiurobis cnebas, ase
nakleb adeqvaturi rom ar iyos igi mTeli rigi, CvenTvis
aqtualuri, movlenebisTvis.
3)SevniSnavT, rom dakvirvebis Tanmimdevroba mxolod
SemTxveviT atarebs aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken
mimarTul geografiul xasiaTs. sinamdvileSi, rogorc es ufro
guldasmiT dakvirvebisas gamoCndeba, am TvalsazrisiT,
gadamwyveti iyo ara amgvari garegnuli sivrciTi
gadanawileba, aramed gamokvlevis mizanSewonilobis
Sinagani mizezebi.
4)ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. socialuri ekonomikis
narkvevebis monakveTSi, "meurneoba da sazogadoeba",
(Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr)
 Sualeduri dakvirveba:
amqveyniurobis religiuri uaryofis safexurebi
da mimarTulebebi

amqveyniurobis uaryofis motivTa racionaluri

konstruqciis sazrisi. _ askezisa da mistikis
tipologia. _ amqveyniurobis uaryofis
mimarTulebebi: ekonomikuri, politikuri, esTetikuri,
erotikuli, inteleqtualuri sferoebi. _ amqveyniurobis
uaryofis safexurebi. _ Teodiceis sami racionaluri
forma.

induri religiurobis sfero, romelSic axla

gvinda SevabijoT, CineTis sruliad sapirispirod,
warmoadgens amqveyniurobis Teoriulad Tu
praqtikulad mZafrad uarmyofeli religiuri eTikis
imgvar formaTa samSoblos, rogoric ki
qveynierebaze odesme warmoSobila. aq Sesaferisi
"teqnikac" aseve umaRles donezea ganviTarebuli.
bermonazvnoba da askezis tipiuri manipulaciebi
da mWvreteloba aq ara marto yvelaze adre
warmoiSva, aramed uaRresad Tanamimdevruladac
Camoyalibda da amgvari racionalizebac msoflioSi
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT egeb iqedan iRebs saTaves.
vidre am religiurobas mivubrundebodeT, uTuod
mizanSewonili iqneboda, sqematuri da Teoriuli
konstruqciis meSveobiT, CvenTvis TvalsaCino
gagvexada, Tu romeli motivebidan da ra
mimarTulebiT warmoiSva da warimarTa saerTod
religiuri eTikebi: anu ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo maTi
savaraudo "sazrisi".
bunebrivia, konstruirebuli sqemis mizania,
rom igi idealur-tipiur saorientacio saSualebas da
ara sakuTar filosofiur moZRvrebas
ganasaxierebdes. mis mier "cxovrebiseuli
wesrigis" konfliqtebis logikurad konstruirebuli
tipebi mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom es Sinagani
konfliqtebi garkveul SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli
da "adeqvaturi", da ara imas, rom TiTqos ar
arsebobdes aranairi Tvalsazrisi, romlis poziciidan
isini "moxsnilad" SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rogorc iolad
davinaxavT, RirebulebaTa calkeuli sferoebi imgvar
racionalur dasrulebulobaSia warmodgenili, rogorc
es realobaSi iSviaTad iCens Tavs, oRond mainc
SeiZleba iCinos Tavi da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani saxiT kidec gamovlenila.
konstruqcia SesaZlebels xdis imas, rom iq, sadac
romelime istoriuli movlena Tavisi calkeuli niSnebiT
an mTliani xasiaTiT am garemoebaTagan erT-erTs
uaxlovdeba, dadgindes Teoriulad konstruirebul
tipTan misi siaxlovis an siSoris garkvevis gziT am
movlenis, ase vTqvaT, tipologiuri adgili. amdenad
es konstruqcia mxolod teqnikuri damxmare
saSualebaa Tvalmisawvdomobisa da terminologiis
gaadvilebisaTvis. magram, garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, amis gverdiT damatebiT kidev
sxva ramec SeiZleba arsebobdes. inteleqtualur-
Teoriuli an praqtikul-eTikuri poziciis racionalur
sawyiss, logikuri Tu teleologiuri
"Tanamimdevrulobis" gagebiT, aqvs (da odiTganve
hqonda) adamianebze Zalaufleba, rac unda
SezRuduli da labiluri yofiliyo yvelgan es Zala
istoriuli cxovrebis sxva ZalebTan SedarebiT. oRond
swored gamiznulad racionaluri, inteleqtualTa mier
Seqmnili, samyaros religiuri axsnebi da eTikebi
eqvemdebarebodnen yvelaze iolad
Tanamimdevrolobis imperativs. rac unda Znelad
emorCilebodnen isini, calkeul SemTxvevebSic ki,
"udavoobis" moTxovnas da rac unda gaxSirebuli
yofiliyo maT mier sakuTar eTikur postulatebSi ara
racionalurobidan gamomdinare Tvalsazrisebis
CarTva, maTTan rogorRac da xSirad Zalze
aSkaradac SeimCneva ratio-s gavlena, kerZod ki,
praqtikul postulatTa teleologiuri gamoyvana. am
martivi mizezis gamo, SesaZlebelia,
mizanSewonilad konstruirebuli racionaluri tipebis
meSveobiT anu, mtkiced Camoyalibebuli
wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinare, praqtikuli
qcevis Sinaganad "uTanamimdevrulesi" formebis
meSveobiT, sxvafriv Tvalmiuwvdeneli
nairsaxeobebis warmoCenis gaadvilebis imedi
viqonioT. da sabolood da uwinaresad, am saxis
religiis sociologiuri mcdeloba amavdroulad
racionalizmis tipologiasa da sociologiaSi sakuTar
wvlils unda warmoadgendes. amdenad, igi im
uracionaluresi formebidan amodis, romelic ki
realobam SeiZleba SeiZinos da imis garkvevas
cdilobs, Tu ramdenad gamotanili iqna realobaSi
garkveuli Teoriulad dasaSvebi racionaluri
daskvnebi. an vTqvaT, ratom ar iqna.
Sesaval da mTel rig momdevno
mosazrebebSi imTaviTve SevexeT zeqveyniuri
Semoqmedi RmerTis koncefciis udides
mniSvnelobas religiuri eTikisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT
ki, aqtiurad asketurisaTvis, xsnis Ziebis Sinaganad
monaTesave mimarTulebis farglebSi RvTiuri Zalis
depersonifikaciiTa da imanenturobiT gamorCeuli,
mWvretelobiT mistikuri eTikis sapirispirod.
oRond, imis aRiarebas, rom amgvari urTierTkavSiri
1) Seuval aucileblobas ar warmoadgens da rom
wmindad zeqveyniur RmerTs, rogorc aseTs, ar
ganusazRvravs dasavleTis askezis mimarTuleba,
im mosazrebamde mivyavarT, rom qristianuli
sameba Tavisi RvTiur-adamianuri macxovriTa da
wmindanebiT, arsebiTad, umal imaze ufro
naklebad zeqveyniuri RmerTis koncefcias
warmoadgenda, vidre es iudaizmis, metadre ki,
gviandeli iudaizmis RmerTi an islamis alahi iyo.
da marTalia, iudaizmma mistika ki
warmoSva, magram TiTqmis aranairi dasavluri
tipis askeza ar Seuqmnia, xolo adreul islamSi
askeza pirdapir dagmobilic ki iyo, maSin, rodesac
derviSTa religiurobis Tavisebureba sruliad sxva
(mistikur-eqstaturi) wyaroebidan momdinareobda
da ara zeqveyniuri Semoqmedi RmerTisadmi
damokidebulebidan da Tavisi Sinagani arsiT aseve
daSorebuli iyo dasavluri askezisagan. rac unda
mniSvnelovani yofiliyo zeqveyniuri RmerTis
koncefcia, Setyobinebis winaswarmetyvelebasTan
da qmedebis askezasTan misi naTesaobis
miuxedavad, rogorc Cans, igi mainc marto ki ar
moqmedebda, aramed mxolod sxva
winapirobebTan kavSirSi, pirvel rigSi ki, religiur
aRTqmaTa saxeobasTan da amiT gansazRvrul
xsnis gzebTan kavSirSi. amis dawvrilebiT ganxilva
kidev araerTgzis mogviwevs. aq Tavdapirvelad
terminologiis garkvevis mizniT cnebebi "askeza"
da "mistika", romlebic, rogorc polaruli cnebebi
ukve mravalgzis iqna gamoyenebuli, kidev ufro
unda dakonkretdes.
amqveyniurobis uaryofis sferoSi
dapirispirebebad jer kidev Sesaval SeniSvnebSi
iqna warmoCenili: erTi mxriv, aqtiuri askeza,
RvTisTvis sasurveli qmedeba, rogorc uflis iaraRi,
meore mxriv ki, mistikiseuli xsnis mWvretelobiTi
floba, romelic "qonas", da ara qmedebas niSnavs
da romlis SemTxvevaSic calkeuli adamiani RvTiuri
sawyisis iaraRs ki ara, "sawyauls" warmoadgens
da, amdenad, amqveyniurobaSi qmedeba sruliad
iracionaluri da amqveyniurobis miRmuri xsnis
mdgomareobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnad unda
gamoCndes. es dapirispireba radikaluria, roca erTi
mxriv, qmedebis askeza amqveyniurobis farglebSi
mis racionalur momwyobad, qmnilebiseuli
wawymedilobis moTokvis mizniT, saero
"profesiaSi" saqmianobiT avlens Tavs (saero
askeza) da roca, Tavis mxriv, mistika sruli
TanamimdevrulobiT axorcielebs
amqveyniurobisagan gaqcevas (amqveyniurobas
garidebuli mWvreteloba). dapirispireba
Serbilebulia, roca erTi mxriv, qmedebis askeza
qmnilebiseuli wawymedilobis sakuTar arsSi
daTrgunviTa da daZleviT Semoifargleba da amis
Sedegad dadgenil, RvTisTvis sasurvel xsnis
qmedebebze koncentrirebuloba amqveyniur
weswyobilebaSi qmedebisgan Tavis aridebad
SeiZleba gardaiqmnes (amqveyniurobas
garidebuli askeza), riTac is garegnuli qceviT
Sesabamisad amqveyniurobas garidebul
mWvretelobas uaxlovdeba. anda, rodesac meore
mxriv, mWvretelobiTi mistikosi Tanamimdevrulad
ki ar axorcielebs amqveyniurobisagan gandgomas,
aramed saero asketiviT amqveyniur
weswyobilebaSi rCeba (saero mistika). orive
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia dapirispireba
praqtikaSi marTlac gaqres da Tavi iCinos xsnis
Ziebis orive saxeobis kombinaciam. magram
gansxvavebuloba garegnulad msgavsi garsis qveS
SeiZleba SenarCundes. WeSmariti mistikosisTvis ki
Seucvleli rCeba principi, rom qmnileba unda
dumdes imisaTvis, raTa RmerTma laparaki SeZlos.
igi "aris" amqveyniurobaSi da garegnulad
"ergeba" mis weswyobilebas, oRond imisaTvis,
raTa masTan dapirisprebiT sakuTar madlmosilebaSi
imis meSveobiT darwmundes, rom gauZlebs
cTunebas, rom amqveyniuri yofa seriozulad
miiCnios. rogorc laoZesTan vnaxeT, specifikurad
qeddadrekili morCileba, qmedebis minimumamde
dayvana, amqveyniurobaSi erTgvar religiur
inkognitod qceva, mis tipiur pozicias
warmoadgens: igi Tavs amqveyniurobis
winaaRmdeg, masSi sakuTari qmedebis
winaaRmdeg imkvidrebs. maSin, rodesac saero
askeza Tavs, piriqiT, qmedebiT imkvidrebs. saero
asketisTvis mistikosis qceva inertul TviTtkbobas,
mistikosisaTvis ki (saero cxovrebis miznebisaTvis
moqmedi) asketis qceva sakuTar marTebulobaSi
pativmoyvare darwmunebulobasTan dakavSirebul,
amqveyniurobis RvTisTvis miuRebel yofaSi
Cabmulobas warmoadgens. im "bednieri
siClungiT", rasac tipiur puritans miaweren, saero
askeza axorcielebs Tavisi uzenaesi sazrisiT misTvis
dafarul dadebiT RvTiur rCeva-darigebebs, rogorc
es RvTis mier gankargul qmnilebis racionalur
wesrigSia mocemuli, maSin, rodesac
mistikosisTvis mxolod im uzenaesi, sruliad
iracionaluri sazrisis dauflebaa mistikur gancdaSi
xsnisTvis erTaderTi mniSvnelobis mqone. orive
qcevis wesis amqveyniurobisgan garidebulobis
formebi erTmaneTisgan analogiuri
dapirispirebebiT gansxvavdebian, ris ganxilvasac
Cven calkeul gamokvlevebs mivandobT.
Cven axla dawvrilebiT SevexebiT samyarosa
da religias Soris arsebul urTierTobaTa daZabulobas
da am SemTxvevaSic SesavalSi gakeTebul
SeniSvnebs daveyrdnobiT, raTa isini cota
sxvagvarad warmovaCinoT.
ukve iTqva, rom qcevis wesis is saxeobebi,
romlebic cxovrebis meTodurad warmarTvad
gardaqmnilni, rogorc askezis, ise mistikis
Canasaxs qmnian, Tavdapirvelad magiuri
wanamZRvrebidan warmoiSva. maT an
qarizmatuli Tvisebebis Camosayalibeblad an
boroti jados asarideblad mimarTavdnen. pirveli
momenti, cxadia, ganviTarebis istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo. radganac ukve aq, misi
warmoSobis zRurblze, askezam Tavisi orsaxovneba
gamoavlina anu, erTi mxriv, amqveyniurobisgan
gandgoma, meore mxriv ki, amqveyniurobaze
gabatoneba magiuri Zalis mopovebis gziT. misani
ganviTarebis istoriuli TvalsazrisiT
winaswarmetyvelis winamorbedi iyo anu, rogorc
sanimuSo, ise Semtyobinebeli
winaswarmetyvelisa da mxsnelis winamorbedi.
winaswarmetyveli da mxsneli, rogorc wesi,
sakuTar legitimacias magiuri qarizmis flobis
wyalobiT axdendnen. oRond, es maTTvis mxolod
imis saSualebas warmoadgenda, raTa sakuTari
pirovnebisaTvis sanimuSo mniSvneloba an macnis
anda kidev mxsnelis Rirsebebis aRiareba da
pativiscema moepovebina. vinaidan
winaswarmetyvelis an mxsnelis gankargulebis
Sinaarss cxovrebis wesis xsnis skeTisken
swrafvaze orientireba warmoadgenda. anu am
gagebiT, cxovrebis wesis an calkeul aspeqtebSi
anda mTlianobaSi, Tundac, SedarebiT racionaluri
sistematizeba igulisxmeboda. meore momenti
WeSmariti "xsnis" religiebisTvis anu yvela
imaTganisTvis iyo niSandoblivi, romlebic TavianT
mimdevrebs tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebas
aRuTqvamdnen da, Tanac, miT ufro dabejiTebiT,
rac ufro sublimirebulad, siRrmiseulad, principulad
iyo aRqmuli tanjvis arsi. radganac saqme sakuTar
mimdevarTa imgvar mudmiv mdgomareobaSi
Cayenebas exeboda, rac maT tanjvis mimarT
Sinaganad uvnebels xdida. orgiis an askezis anda
mWvretelobis gziT gamZafrebulad da
yoveldRiurobis miRmurad anu droebiTad miRweuli
wmindanobis mdgomareobis nacvlad mopovebuli
unda yofiliyo gadarCenilTa wmindanobis da,
amitomac, xsnaSi darwmunebulobis mudmivi
habitusi: es iyo, zogadad rom vTqvaT, xsnis religiis
racionaluri mizani. Tuki religiuri erToba
winaswarmetyvelebis an mxsnelis propagandis
Sedegad warmoiSveboda, maSin cxovrebis
reglamentireba qarizmatul, amisaTvis gawaful,
winaswarmetyvelis an mxsnelis saqmis
gamgrZelebelTa, aRzrdilTa, mowafeTa xelSi
aRmoCndeboda. SemdgomSi sruliad gansazRvrul,
wesisamebr ganmeorebad pirobebSi, romlebic aq
jer ar gvainteresebs, is RvTismsaxurebrivi,
memkvidreobiTi an Tanamdebobrivi hierokratiis
xelSi gadadioda, _ maSin, rodesac Tavad
winaswarmetyveli an mxsneli, rogorc wesi,
memkvidreobiTi hierokratiis Zalebs: misnebsa da
RvTismsaxurT aRudgeboda win, romelTa
tradiciismier nakurTx Rirsebas is Tavis pirovnul
momxiblaobas upirispirebda, raTa maTi Zalaufleba
daemxo an isini Tavis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina.
winaswarmetyveluri da mxsnelTa religiebi,
rogorc zemoTqmulidan imTaviTve igulisxmeba,
samyarosa da misi wesrigis mimarT umetes da
ganviTarebis istoriuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad
mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSi (miRebuli
terminologiis Tanaxmad) ara gamZafrebul,
aramed uwyveti daZabulobis mdgomareobaSi
imyofebodnen da, Tanac, es miT ufro sagrZnobi
iyo, rac ufro namdvil xsnis religiebs
warmoadgendnen isini. es xsnis sazrisisa da
winaswarmetyveluri xsnis moZRvrebis arsidan miT
ufro gamokveTilad gamomdinareobda, rac ufro
principulad xdeboda misi racionalur da,
amavdroulad, xsnis Sinagan religiur sikeTeebze,
rogorc xsnis saSualebebze orientirebul eTikad
Camoyalibeba. anu Cveulebrivi eniT rom vTqvaT,
rac ufro metad ixveweboda misi ritualizmidan
"mrwamsis religiurobaze" gadasvla. da Tanac, miT
ufro Zlierdeboda misi mxridan daZabuloba, rac
ufro win miiwevda, meore mxriv, (yvelaze farTe
gagebiT) "saero" sikeTeebis garegnuli da Sinagani
flobis racionalizeba da sublimireba. radgan
Sinagan Tu garegan, religiur Tu saero sikeTeTa
flobis sxvadasxva sferoebisadmi adamianis
damokidebulebis racionalizeba da Segnebuli
sublimireba iqeTken ubiZgebda, rom calkeul
sferoTa Sinagani avtonomiuroba Tanamimdevrulad
gacnobierebuliyo da am gziT erTmaneTis mimarT
imgvar daZabulobaSi aRmoCeniliyo, rac dafaruli
rCeboda garegani samyarosadmi damokidebulebis
pirvelyofili udardelobisaTvis. esaa sruliad zogadi,
religiis istoriisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani (saero
da arasaero) sikeTeTa flobis racionalur da
Segnebulad mizanswraful, codniT sublimirebul
fenomenad Camoyalibebis Sedegi. SevecadoT,
movaxdinoT am sikeTeTa mTeli mwkrivis
magaliTze sxvadasxva religiur eTikebSi
gamudmebiT ganmeorebul tipiur movlenaTa
gaTvalsaCinoeba.
rodesac xsnis winaswarmetyvelebam
erTobebi wminda religiur safuZvelze Seqmna,
pirveli Zala, romelTanac mas konfliqti mouvida da
romelic misi mxridan gaufasurebas ufrTxoda, iyo
bunebrivad dadgenili gvar-tomobrivi erToba. visac
ar ZaluZs sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis, ded-mamis,
mteri gaxdes, igi iesos mowafe ver gaxdeba:
"mSvidobis momtanad ki ar movedi, aramed
maxvilisa" (maT. 10, 34) am (da SevniSnavT:
mxolod am) konteqstSi. cxadia, religiaTa udidesi
umravlesoba saero kavSirurTierTobaTa mimarT
mowiwebis reglamentirebasac axdenda. magram
is, rom mxsneli, winaswarmetyveli, RvTismsaxuri,
moZRvari, rwmenismieri Zma morwmunisaTvis
sabolood ufro axlobeli unda yofiliyo, vidre sisxliT
naTesaoba da colqmruli erToba, miT ufro
TavisTavad cxadi xdeboda, rac ufro
Sorsgamiznulad da siRrmiseulad iyo gaazrebuli
xsnis mizani. am urTierTobaTa Tundac SedarebiTi
gaufasurebiT da gvartomobrivi uzenaesobisa da
magiuri mijaWvulobis ganadgurebiT
winaswarmetyvelebam iq, sadac is Temis
soteriologiur religiurobad gadaiqca, axali socialuri
erToba Seqmna. mis farglebSi man religiuri
Zmobis eTika Camoayaliba. Tavdapirvelad
socialur-eTikuri qcevis pirvelyofili principebis
mibaZviT, rac "mezoblur kavSirs": soflis, gvaris,
amqris, zRvaosanTa, monadireTa, laSqris wevrTa
amxanagur erTobas warmoadgenda. amgvari
erTobebi ki ori saxis elementarul princips icnobda:
1. saSinao da sagareo moralis dualizms, 2.
saSinao moralTan dakavSirebiT ki ubralo
ormxrivobas: "rogorc Sen me, ise mec Sen". am
principTa ekonomikur Sedegs ki Sinagani moraliT
Semofargluli Zmuri daxmarebis movaleobis
principi: moxmarebisTvis raimes usasyidlod
Txoveba, uprocento sesxi, xelmokleTa mimarT
SeZlebulisa da didgvarovanis
stumarTmoyvareobisa da xelis gamarTvis
valdebuloba, Txovnis safuZvelze mezoblis an
batonis kar-midamoSi uangaro, mxolod sarCoTi
anazRaurebuli Sroma warmoadgens. yovelive
keTdeboda, cxadia, ara racionalurad awonil-
dawonili, aramed grZnobebSi Separuli principis
Tanaxmad: rac dRes Sen gaklia, xval SeiZleba me
damakldes. amis Sesabamisad, (raimes gacvlisa
da Txovebisas) SevaWreba da samudamo
damoneba (magaliTad, rogorc valis Sedegi)
vrceldeboda mxolod aramoZmeTa mimarT
aRiarebul sagareo moralze. Temis religiurobam es
uZvelesi ekonomikuri mezobluri eTika
erTmorwmune moZmisadmi damokidebulebaze
gadaitana. qvriv-obolTaTvis, dasneulebul da
gaRatakebul erTmorwmune moZmisaTvis
didgvarovanTa da mdidarTa mxridan gaWirvebaSi
Semweobis aRmoCenis movaleoba, mdidarTa mier
mowyalebis gaReba, razec wmindani
momReralebi da misnebi iseve, rogorc asketebi
ekonomikurad damokidebulni iyvnen, mTeli
msoflios eTikurad racionalizebuli religiebis ZiriTad
mcnebebad iqca. xsnis winaswarmetyvelebaTa
SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT, yvela
aRmsareblisaTvis saerTo, realuri an mudam
mosalodneli, garegani an Sinagani tanjva iyo maTi
erTobis urTierTobaTa ganmsazRvreli principi. rac
ufro racionaluri da mrwamsismierad eTikurad
sublimirebuli iyo xsnis ideis gaazreba, miT ufro
Zlierdeboda garegnulad da Sinaganad aqedan
gamomdinare, mezobluri kavSiris ormxrivobis
eTikidan aRmocenebuli mcnebebi. garegnulad es
siyvarulis Zmur komunizmamde midioda,
Sinaganad ki gulmowyalebis, tanjulisadmi
siyvarulis, moyvasisadme siyvarulis,
adamianisadmi siyvarulis da, sabolood, mtrisadmi
siyvarulis mrwamsamdec ki. sarwmunoebrivi
kavSirebis zRudeebi da, bolos, siZulvilis faqti
samyaros, rogorc daumsaxurebeli tanjvis adgil-
samyofelis, koncefciis safuZvelze, tanjvis mizezad
qceuli, yovelgvari empiriulis analogiuri
arasrulyofilebisa da biwierebis erTgvar Sedegad
gamoiyureboda. amasTan, wminda fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, sazogadod, imave mimarTulebiT
moqmedebda, pirvel rigSi, yvela saxis
sublimirebuli religiuri eqstazis Taviseburi eiforia.
mowiwebuli gulaCvilebulobidan RmerTTan erTobis
uSualo gancdamde isini erTianad uobieqto
siyvarulis kosmiurobaSi gadasvlisaken ixrebodnen.
akosmiuri sikeTis yvela gmiris Rrma, mSvidi
netareba amitomac mudam SeduRabebuli iyo
rogorc sakuTari, ise nebismieri adamianuri arsebis
bunebrivi arasrulyofilebis umowyalo codnasTan.
amasTan erTad, am Sinagani ganwyobis
fsiqologiur elfers iseve, rogorc mis racionalur
eTikur axsnas, cxadia, mTlianobaSi friad
gansxvavebuli xasiaTi SeiZleboda hqonoda.
oRond, misi eTikuri moTxovnebi yovelTvis
rogorRac universalisturi Zmobis mimarTulebiT
ixreboda, socialuri kavSirebis yvela zRvars miRma,
xSirad sakuTari konfesiuri kavSiris CaTvliTac ki. rac
ufro Tanamimdevrulad iyo gatarebuli es religiuri
Zmoba, miT ufro mZafr winaaRmdegobaSi
modioda is samyaros wesrigTan da
RirebulebebTan. da Tanac, mTavari isaa, rom, rac
ufro racionalizebuli da sublimirebuli iyvnen, Tavis
mxriv, es ukanasknelni sakuTari avtonomiurobis
Sesabamisad, miT ufro Seurigeblad ikidebda fexs
es gaxleCiloba.
yvelaze TvalnaTliv es ekonomikur sferoSi
gamovlinda. sulebsa da RmerTebze calkeuli
interesebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli yvela saxis
pirvelyofili magiuri Tu mistagogiuri zemoqmedeba,
xangrZlivi cxovrebis garda, janmrTelobasa da
pativs eltvoda. memkvidreobas da, garkveulwilad,
saiqio xvedris gaumjobesebas, simdidres, rogorc
imTaviTve nagulisxmev mizans eswrafvoda
elevsinuri misteriebi iseve, rogorc finikiuri da
veduri religia, Cinuri xalxuri religia, Zveli iudaizmi,
Zveli islami da RvTismosavi induisti da budisti
eriskacebisaTvis gamiznuli aRTqmebi. amis
sapirispirod, xsnis sublimirebuli religia da
racionalizebuli meurneoba sul ufro mzard
daZabulobaSi modiodnen erTmaneTis mimarT.
racionaluri meurneoba saqmiani warmoebaa. is
fulad Rirebulebebzea orientirebuli, romlebic
bazarze warmoiSveba adamianTa Soris maTi
interesebis garSemo atexili brZolisas. fuladi
Rirebulebebis Sefasebis gareSe anu xsenebuli
brZolis gareSe, raime angariSi SeuZlebelia. fuli
yvelaze ufro abstraqtuli da "arapirovnuli" ramaa,
rac ki adamianis cxovrebaSi arsebobs. amrigad,
Tanamedrove racionaluri kapitalisturi meurneobis
kosmosi, rac ufro zedmiwevniT mihyveboda igi
sakuTar imanentur avtonomiurobas, miT ufro
miuwvdomeli xdeboda is religiuri Zmobis
eTikisadmi yovelgvari damokidebulebisaTvis. da
Tanac, es tendencia miT ufro Zlierdeboda, rac ufro
racionaluri da amdenad, arapirovnuli xdeboda es
kosmosi. kerZod ki, batonsa da monas Soris
pirovnuli urTierTobis eTikurad daregulireba
umtkivneulod imitom iyo SesaZlebeli, rom es
urTierToba swored pirovnuli gaxldaT. magram
amis gakeTeba SeuZlebeli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
imave gagebiT da imgvarive warmatebiT _
giravnobis mowmobaTa cvalebad mflobelebsa da
hipoTekuri bankebis maTTvis ucnob da aseve
cvalebad mevaleebs Soris, romlebic aranairi
pirovnuli kavSiriT ar iyvnen erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli. sadac ki msgavs mcdelobas mainc
hqonda adgili, amis Sedegs CvenTvis CineTis
magaliTidan cnobili formaluri racionalobis
Seferxeba warmoadgenda. vinaidan formalur da
materialur racionalobas erTmaneTTan konfliqti
hqonda. amdenad, swored xsnis religiebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc vnaxeT, maTTvis
niSandoblivi iyo akosmiurobis gagebiT, Taviseburi
arapirovnuli siyvarulisadmi tendencia, mainc Rrma
daeWvebiT uyurebdnen sxva gagebiT aseve
arapirovnuli, magram swored amis gamo
specifikurad Zmobis fenomenisadmi mtruli
ekonomikuri Zalebis momZlavrebas. qonebis
dagrovebaze orientirebuli cxovrebisadmi maTi
damokidebulebisaTvis mudmivad damaxasiaTebeli
iyo kaTolikuri "Deo placere non potest" da xsnis
racionaluri meTodikis SemTxvevaSi, fulze da
qonebaze gadagebulobis mimarT gafrTxileba
siZulvilamdec ki mZafrdeboda. _ sakuTriv religiur
erTobaTa kavSiri, maTi propagandisa da
TviTdamkvidrebis tendenciis mijaWvuloba
ekonomikur saSualebebze da am ukanasknelTa
kulturuli moTxovnebisa da yoveldRiurobis
interesebisaTvis morgeba, maT imgvar
kompromisebze wasvlas aiZulebda, ris erT-erT
magaliTs vaxSis akrZalvis istoria warmoadgens.
oRond, WeSmariti xsnis eTikisaTvis es
daZabuloba, saboloo jamSi, TiTqmis gadaulaxavi
rCeboda.
virtuozTa religiurma eTikam amgvar daZabul
urTierTobas garegnulad yvelaze radikaluri formiT
ekonomikur sikeTeTa flobis uaryofiT upasuxa. xolo
samyarosagan gandgomilma askezam ki beris
individualuri qonebis akrZalva, mxolod sakuTari
SromiT uzrunvelyofili arseboba da, rac mTavaria,
Sesabamisad, moTxovnilebaTa mxolod
absoluturad aucilebelze dayvana daawesa.
nebismieri racionaluri askezis paradoqsuloba
imaSia, rom mis mier uaryofili simdidre man
Tavadve Seqmna, ramac yvela epoqis
bermonazvnobas sarma erTnairad gamosdo.
taZrebi da monastrebi, Tavis mxriv, yvelgan
Tavadve iqcnen racionaluri meurneobis adgil-
samyofelad. _ samyarosagan gandgomil
mWvretelobas principul momentSi mxolod im
debulebis wamoyeneba SeeZlo, rom uqonel bers,
romlisTvisac Sroma xsnis sikeTis mimarT
mWvretelobiTi koncentraciisagan momcdeni iyo,
mxolod imis miRebis ufleba eZleoda, rasac mas
buneba da adamianebi nebayoflobiT
sTavazobdnen anu kenkris, Zir-Zurebisa da
mowyalebis. oRond maTxovarTa aiazmis
sasxureblis SemoRebiT, isic kompromisze wavida
(vTqvaT, indoeTSi). _ daZabulobisaTvis principulad
da Sinaganad Tavis aridebis mxolod ori
Tanmimdevruli gza arsebobda. pirvel gzas
profesiuli mowodebis puritanuli eTikis
paradoqsuloba warmoadgenda, romelic, rogorc
virtuozTa religiuroba, siyvarulis universalizmze
uars ambobda, amqveyniurobaSi yovelgvar
saqmianobas RvTis, Tavisi uzenaesi sazrisiT sruliad
gaugebar, magram imTaviTve Secnobili dadebiTi
nebisadmi samsaxurad da madlmosilebis
gamocdad racionalurad obieqtivirebuls xdida da,
amdenad, mTel qveynierebasTan erTad
xelTqmnilad da biwierad Seracxuli ekonomikuri
kosmosis RvTisTvis sasurvelad da movaleobis
aRsasrulebel masalad obieqtivirebasac
dasaSvebad miiCnevda. es, saboloo azriT, xsnaze,
rogorc adamianis mier da yoveli calkeuli
adamianisaTvis miRwevad mizanze, principul uars
warmoadgenda usafuZvlo, magram mudam
gamorCeuli madlis sasargeblod. es araZmobis
Tvalsazrisi sinamdvileSi ukve WeSmariti "xsnis
religia" aRar iyo. amgvari religiurobisaTvis mxolod
Zmobis gadalaxviT mistikosiseuli siyvarulis im
akosmiurobis wmindad warmomCen imgvar
"gulkeTilobaze" gadasvlaRa arsebobda, romelic
saerTod aRar kiTxulobda adamians, visac da
visTvisac is Tavs swiravda da vinc mas, saboloo
jamSi, sulac aRar ainteresebda da romelic,
nebismiers, vinc ki SemTxveviT gzad gadaeyreba,
da mxolod imis gamo, rom mas gzad gadaeyara,
erTxel da samudamod perangs aZlevs, roca
mosasxamia moTxovnili. esaa samyarodan
uCveulo gaqceva pirvelive SemxvedrisTvis obieqts
moklebuli Tavmindobilobis saxiT, ara adamianis
xaTriT, aramed mxolod sakuTriv Tavmindobilobis
anu bodleris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, "sulis
wmidaTawminda prostituciis" gamo.
samyaros politikuri wesrigisadmi
daZabulobac xsnis religiis Tanamimdevruli Zmobis
eTikisaTvis aseve unda gamZafrebuliyo. magiuri
da funqcionaluri RmerTebis religiurobisaTvis
msgavsi problema ar arsebobda. omis uZvelesi
RmerTi da marTlwesrigis uzrunvelmyofeli RmerTi
funqcionaluri RmerTebi iyvnen, romlebic
yoveldRiurobis udavo sikeTeebs icavdnen.
adgilobriv, tomobriv da saxelmwifoebriv RmerTs
mxolod Tavis kavSirTa interesebi exeboda. mas
Tavis msgavsTa winaaRmdeg iseve unda ebrZola,
rogorc Tavad erTobas da swored brZolaSi unda
gamoemJRavnebina sakuTari RvTaebrivi Zala.
problema umal universalisturi religiebis mier am
zRudeebis ganadgurebasTan erTad anu samyaros
erTiani RmerTis gamoCenasTan erTad sruli ZaliT
swored iq warmoiSva, sadac igi xsnis religiisaTvis
Zmobis moTxovnis niadagze "siyvarulis" RmerTi
unda gamxdariyo. da Tan aqac, ekonomikuri sferos
msgavsad, miT ufro mkveTrad unda momxdariyo
es, rac ufro racionaluri xdeboda politikuri
weswyobileba. obieqturad, "pirovnebis avtoritetis
gauTvaliswineblad", "sine ira et studio", siZulvilisa da,
amdenad, siyvarulis gareSe, aRasrulebs
saxelmwifo biurokratiuli aparati da masSi CarTuli
racionaluri homo politicus iseve, rogorc homo
oeconomicus Tavis saqmes usamarTlobis dasjis
CaTvliT swored maSin, roca is amas saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis racionaluri wesebis yvelaze idealuri
gagebiT axorcielebs. aqedan gamomdinare, isic
sakuTari materialuri gaeTikurebis gaupirovnebis
ZaliT, rac unda sapirispirod gveCvenebodes
viTareba, mniSvnelovan punqtebSi naklebad
misawvdomia, vidre warsulis patriarqaluri
weswyobileba, romelic yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi
swored "pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT" iyo pirovnul
mowiwebasa da konkretul pirovnul pativiscemaze
dafuZnebuli. vinaidan, marTlmsajulebasa da
administrirebaSi saxelmwifo aparatis Sidapolitikur
funqciaTa erTiani mizanmimarTuloba yovelgvari
"socialuri politikis" miuxedavad, saboloo jamSi,
mainc mudam uciloblad saxelmwifoebrivi
keTilgonivrulobis obieqturi pragmatikiT anu
saSinao Tu sagareo Zalauflebis gadanawilebis
miRwevis (an gardaqmnis) absoluturi TviTmizniT
regulirdeba. es miT umetes exeboda da exeba
sagareo politikas. yoveli politikuri gaerTianebisTvis
sruliad arsebiTia, rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao
iZulebis saSualebaTa SeuniRbavi
Zalmomreobisadmi apelireba. ufro metic, umal
swored is warmoadgens im fenomens, rac mas
Cveni terminologiis Sesatyvis politikur kavSirad
aqcevs: anu "saxelmwifo" imgvar kavSirs
ganasaxierebs, romelic sakuTar xelSi iRebs
legitimuri Zalmomreobis monopolias, _ misi
sxvagvarad definireba verc moxerxdeba. mTaze
qadagebiseul mowodebas : "win nu aRudgebiT
borotebas ZaliT", man daupirispira: "Sen
samarTals gamarjveba Zalis gamoyenebiT unda
moapovebino, _ usamarTlobisaTvis sakuTari
pasuxismgeblobiT". iq, sadac msgavsi midgoma ar
arsebobs, iq arc saxelmwifo arsebobs, es ki
pacifistur "anaqronizms" Seasxamda xorcs.
Zaladoba da Zalis gamoyenebis muqara ki
yovelgvari qmedebis Seuqcevadi pragmis
Tanaxmad, ucilobelad kvlav Zalmomreobas Sobs.
amasTan, saxelmwifoebrivi keTilgoniereba, rogorc
saSinao, ise sagareo saqmeebSi mis
avtonomiurobas eqvemdebareba. xolo Tavad
Zaladobisa da Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris
warmateba, bunebrivia, saboloo jamSi, ZalTa
urTierTmimarTebebze da ara eTikur "samarTalzea"
damokidebuli, Tundac rom mikvleulad CaiTvalos
am ukanasknelisaTvis obieqturi kriteriumebi.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, nebismier religiur
racionalizebas zedmiwevniTi gaazrebisas, udardeli
pirvelyofili heroizmisgan gansxvavebiT, swored
racionaluri saxelmwifosaTvis tipiuri,
ZalmomreobiT brZolaSi erTmaneTTan
dapirispirebul jgufTa da Zalauflebis mflobelTa
sakuTari "marTebulobis" sruliad gulubryvilo
rwmena unda miaCndes eTikis maimunisebr
mibaZvad da politikur ZalmomreobiT brZolaSi
RmerTis CaTreva misi saxelis fuWad
gamoyenebad, ris sapirispirod politikuri
mosazrebebidan yovelgvari eTikuris sruli
gamoTiSva met siwminded da erTaderT patiosan
gzad SeiZleba gamoCndes. yovelgvari politika
religiur racionalizebas miT ufro Zmobis ideisadmi
gaucxoebulad unda miaCndes, rac ufro "obieqturi"
da angariSiani, rac ufro Tavisufalia igi vnebanarevi
grZnobis, mrisxanebisa da siyvarulisgan.
orive sferos urTierTgaucxoeba TiToeuli
maTganis sruli racionalizebisas gansakuTrebiT
mZafrad imaSic vlindeba, rom gadamwyvet
momentSi politika, ekonomikisagan gansxvavebiT,
religiuri eTikis uSualo metoqedac ki SeiZleba
warmoCndes. omi, rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis
realizebuli muqara, swored Tanamedrove politikur
gaerTianebebSi aRviZebs paTossa da erTobliobis
gancdas da aRvivebs Tavganwirvasa da
mebrZolTa upirobo samsxverplo Tanaziarobas da
amas garda, iwvevs rogorc erTgvar masobriv
movlenas, sibralulsa da yvela bunebriv kavSirTa
zRudeebis momspob siyvaruls SeWirvebulTa
mimarT, risi analogia religiebs, sazogadod, mxolod
Zmobis eTikis matarebel heroikul erTobebSi Tu
moeZebneba. da yovelive amis garda, omi Tavad
meomars, misi konkretuli azrobriobis Tanaxmad,
sikvdilis sazrisisa da kurTxevis gancdaSi, im raRac
ganumeorebels umzadebs, rac mxolod misTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. brZolis velze mdgomi laSqris
mier erTobliobis gancda dResac, rogorc Tanmxlebi
saomari razmebis epoqaSi, sikvdilamde ganuyrel
erTobliobad aRiqmeba da udiadesi da
ganumeorebelia. da im gardacvalebisagan,
romelic adamianTa ubadruki xvedria da sxva
araferi, bedisweraa, romelic TiToeuls wamoeweva
ise, rom verasodes iTqmeba, Tu ratom
maincadamainc am calkeul pirovnebas da Tanac
swored axla, romelic dasasruls moaswavebs iq,
sadac kulturis sikeTeTa ganusazRvreli ganvrcobiTa
da sublimirebiT TiTqos dasawyisi unda yofiliyo ufro
gonivruli: _ am sruliad Seuqcevadi
gardacvalebisagan sikvdili brZolis velze imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom aq da amgvari masobrivi
saxiT, mxolod aq, SeuZlia calkeul adamians
irwmunos, rom is "raRacisTvis" kvdeba. is, Tu
ratom da risTvis unda Sexvdes igi sikvdils, misTvis
da mis garda, "profesiuli" saqmianobisas
daRupulisTvis, rogorc wesi, ise udao unda iyos,
rom sikvdilis "sazrisis" problema misi im
uzogadesi mniSvnelobiT, ra gagebiTac xsnis
religiebi iZulebulni arian mas moekidon, Tavisi
warmoSobis veranair winapirobas ver poulobs.
sikvdilis gonivrul da nakurTx xdomilebaTa
mwkrivSi moqcevis msgavsi Rvawli, saboloo jamSi
safuZvlad udevs politikuri ZalmomreobiTi kavSiris
sakuTrivi Rirsebis gamyarebis nebismier
mcdelobas. oRond is wesi, romlis Sesabamisad aq
sikvdili gonivrul movlenad SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli,
radikalurad sapirispiro mimarTulebisaa, vidre
sikvdilis Teodicea Zmobis religiurobaSi. am
ukanasknelisaTvis omiT SekavSirebul adamianTa
jgufis Zmoba brZolis teqnikurad daxvewili
sisastikis anarekls, xolo brZolaSi sikvdilis saero
kurTxeva moZmis mkvlelobis gasxivosnebas unda
warmoadgendes. da swored omismieri Zmobisa
da omismieri sikvdilis yoveldRiurobis miRmuroba,
romelic mas wmidaTawmida qarizmasa da
RmerTTan erTianobis gancdasTan Tanaziari aqvs,
metoqeobas ukidures SesaZlebel zRvramde
amZafrebs. _ problemis Tanamimdevruli gadaWra
aqac mxolod erTi mxriv arsebobs: (da imas
gulisxmobs, rom) puritanuli profesiuli askezis
madlis rCeulobas, romelsac misTvis mTlianobaSi
sruliad gaugebari RmerTis mier dadgenili,
gamocxadebuli mcnebebis swams, misi neba
imgvarad esmis, rom es mcnebebi am xelTqmnili
da amitomac Zaladobis da eTikuri
barbarosobisadmi daqvemdebarebuli
samyarosaTvis misive sakuTari saSualebis anu
Zaladobis mieraa Tavs moxveuli. es ki RvTis
"saqmis" interesebidan gamomdinare, Zmobis
movaleobebisaTvis, sul cota, zRudeebis dadgenas
niSnavs. problemis Tanamimdevruli gadaWris
kidev erTi mcdeloba, meore mxriv, imas
gulisxmobs, rom xsnis mistikuri Ziebis radikaluri
antipolitikuroba, romelic mTeli misi akosmiuri
sikeTiTa da ZmobiT, mowodebiT: "winaaRmdegoba
ar gauwio borotebas" da "meore loyis SeSveris"
nebismieri TviTdajerebuli saero heroikuli eTikis
TvalSi vulgarulad da uRirsad aRqmuli maqsimiT _
nebismieri politikuri qmedebisaTvis Seuqcevad
Zaladobis pragmas gaurbis. problemis gadaWris
yvela sxva gza kompromisebiT an WeSmariti
Zmobis eTikisaTvis upatiosnod an miuRebeli
winapirobebiT damZimebulad gamoiyureba. _
amgvar gadaWraTagan ramodenime, rogorc
tipebi, yvelafris miuxedavad, mainc principul
interess iwvevs.
xsnis nebismieri saxiT organizeba romelime
madlismier institucionalobaSi yvela adamianis
sulisTvis an, Tundac, mxolod misTvis mindobilTa
sulebisTvis, RvTis winaSe Tavs pasuxismgeblad
da, amdenad, uflebamosilad da movaled grZnobs,
win aRudges, Tundac, mouridebeli ZaladobiT
rwmenis gzidan gadacdenis safrTxes da xeli
Seuwyos madlis gadamrCeneli saSualebebis
gavrcelebas. da xsnis aristokratizmic, iq, sadac is
kalvinizmis msgavsad (sxva wesiT islamSi) Tavisi
RmerTis brZanebiTaa damZimebuli: mis
sadideblad codvis samyaros mosaTokavad
"sarwmunoebisTvis (aqtiuri) mebrZolis" fenomens
Sobs. amavdroulad ki axdens "wmindaTawminda"
da "samarTliani" anu RvTis gankargulebis
aRsrulebis mizniT da sarwmunoebis gamo
wamowyebuli omis, romelic raRac azriT mudam
religiur oms warmoadgens, sxva yvela danarCen,
wminda wylis saero da, amdenad, ZirSive
gaufasurebul saomar wamowyebebTan gamijvnas.
amgvar ara wminda da RvTis nebis Seusabamo,
sakuTari sindisis mier mouwonebeli, politikur ZalTa
mier gaCaRebul omebSi monawileobis iZulebas igi
kromvelis wmindanTa Zlevamosili laSqris mier
samxedro samsaxurze gacxadebuli uaris
msgavsad ukuagdebs da, amrigad, savaldebulo
samxedro samsaxurs daqiravebul jariskacobas
amjobinebs. adamianTa mxridan RvTis nebaze
Zalmomreobis SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT
rwmenis safuZvelze igi im sentenciis ZaliT, rom
ufro RmerTs unda daemorCilo, vidre adamianebs,
aqtiur sarwmunoebriv revolucias axorcielebs. _
sruliad sapirispiro iyo, magaliTad, luTeriseuli
institucionaluri religiurobis pozicia.
sarwmunoebrivi omisa da rwmenaze saero
Zalmomreobis mimarT, rac Zaladobis pragmaSi
xsnis TviTneburad CarTvaSi gamJRavnda, aqtiuri
winaaRmdegobis uflebis uaryofiT, luTeranoba am
sferoSi mxolod pasiur winaaRmdegobas cnobda,
amis sanacvlod ki saero xelisuflebis mimarT
upirobo morCilebas im SemTxvevaSic ki iTxovda,
roca es ukanaskneli saero omis gaCaRebis
gankargulebas iZleoda im mizeziT, TiTqos swored
es xelisufleba da ara calkeuli adamiani iyo
pasuxismgeblobis matarebeli da radgan
Sinaganad universalisturi (kaTolikuri) xsnis
instituciis sapirispirod aRiarebuli iyo saero
Zalauflebis wesrigis eTikuri damoukidebloba.
mistikuri religiurobis is elementi, romelic luTeris
pirad qristianobas axasiaTebda, aq mxolod
sanaxevro TanamimdevrulobiT gamovlinda.
vinaidan religiur virtuozTa WeSmaritad mistikuri
an pnevmaturi, religiurad qarizmatuli xsnis Zieba
yvelgan, saganTa bunebis Tanaxmad, apolitikur an
antipolitikur xasiaTs atarebda. man, marTalia,
miwieri wesrigis damoukidebloba nebayoflobiT
aRiara, magram mxolod im mizniT, rom aqedan
misi ukiduresad eSmakeuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb
gamoetana Tanamimdevruli daskvna an, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, am wesrigis mimarT absoluturi
gulgrilobis pozicia daekavebina, ris
gamoxatulebas sentencia: "mieciT keisars
keisrisa" warmoadgens (radgan: gana ra xeli aqvs
yovelive amasTan sulis xsnas?)
sakuTriv religiur organizaciaTa CaTreuloba
Zalauflebis interesebsa da ZalauflebisaTvis
brZolaSi, samyaros mimarT ukiduresad
gamZafrebuli daZabuli urTierTobebis Seuqcevadi
gadasvla kompromisebsa da fardobiTobaSi,
masebis politikurad morjulebis mizniT religiur
organizaciaTa aTviseba da gamoyeneba, arsebul
xelisuflebaTa religiuri kurTxevis wesisamebr,
legitimaciis gamorCeuli moTxovnileba,
ganapirobebda politikuri saqmianobis mimarT
religiaTa Soris im sruliad urTierTgansxvavebul
empiriul Tvalsazrisebs, rasac ki istoria
warmoaCens. TiTqmis TiToeuli maTgani xsnis
religiur RirebulebaTa fardobiTobisa da sakuTari
eTikur-racionaluri avtonomiurobis formas
warmoadgenda. maTi praqtikulad
umniSvnelovanesi tipi ki "organuli" socialuri eTika
iyo, romelic mravalferovani formebiT iyo
gavrcelebuli da romlis profesiuli mowodebis
koncefciebi principulad umTavres dapirispirebas
warmoadgenda saero askezis profesiuli ideis
mimarT.
organuli socialuri eTikac (sadac mas religiuri
safuZveli aqvs) "Zmobis" niadagze idga. oRond,
siyvarulis mistikuri akosmizisgan gansxvavebiT, es
Zmobis kosmiuri, racionaluri moTxovnaa, romelic
misi gamsWvalavia. amosavali wertilia religiuri
qarizmis cdismieri araTanasworoba. anu, xsna rom
mxolod calkeuli adamianisTvis da ara
yvelasaTvisaa misawvdomi, esaa misTvis autaneli.
aqedan gamomdinare, misi socialuri eTika cdilobs
swored qarizmatuli kvalifikaciis es uTanasworoba,
saero wodebriv dayofasTan kavSirSi, profesiuli
TvalsazrisiT danawilebul-mowesrigebuli RvTisTvis
sasurveli saqmianobis kosmosad Sekras, romlis
farglebSic yovel calkeul adamians da TiToeul jgufs
pirovnuli qarizmis da bediT ganpirobebuli socialuri
Tu ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad
gansazRvruli amocanebi ekisreba. rogorc wesi, es
amocanebi erTdroulad social-utilitaristulad da
providencialurad interpretirebulni, Tavisi
kompromisuli xasiaTis miuxedavad, mainc
RvTisTvis sasurveli imgvari mdgomareobis
ganxorcielebis samsaxurSi dganan, romelic
samyaros biwierebis Semyure, codvisa da tanjvis
erTgvarad moTokvas da safrTxeSi Cavardnili,
SeZlebisdagvarad mravali sulis RvTis
sasufevlisaTvis SenarCunebasa da gadarCenas
xdis SesaZlebels. gacilebiT ufro paTetikur
Teodiceas, romelmac induisturi karmis moZRvreba
umal, piriqiT, individis interesebze orientirebuli
xsnis pragmatikis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare,
sazogadoebis organul moZRvrebas miakuTvna, sul
male gavecnobiT. am sruliad uCveulo saxis
SekavSirebulobis gareSe sazogadoebis nebismieri
organuli eTika Zmobis radikaluri, mistikuri, religiuri
eTikis TvalsazrisisTvis uciloblad saero privilegiebiT
gamorCeuli fenebis interesebze morgebulobad
rCeba maSin, rodesac mas, saero askezis
Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ekargeba Sinagani
impulsi individualuri cxovrebis eTikuri
racionalizebisaTvis. vinaidan, amis gamo mas
aklia jildo cxovrebis meTodurad mowyobisaTvis,
rasac calkeuli adamiani sakuTari sulis xsnis
interesidan gamomdinare axorcielebs. sulis xsnis
organul pragmatikas, Tavis mxriv, amis
sapirispirod saero askezas sulis xsnis
aristokratizmi, cxovrebiseuli wesrigis mTeli
obieqtivirebiT, usiyvarulobisa da araZmurobis
usastikes formad unda eCvenos, xolo mistikis sulis
xsnis aristokratizmi ki sublimirebul, sinamdvileSi
sakuTari qarizmiT araZmur tkbobad unda
warmoesaxos, romlisTvisac siyvarulis
aragegmazomieri akosmizmi sakuTari sulis xsnis
Ziebis egoistur saSualebad iqceva. saboloo jamSi,
socialur samyaros orive maTgani absolutur
uazrobad an, sul cota, RvTis miznebTan sruliad
Seusabamod acxadebs. sazogadoebis religiuri
organuli moZRvrebis racionalizmi am azrs ver
egueba da, Tavis mxriv, cdilobs samyaro mTeli
misi codvili biwierebiT mainc xsnis RvTiuri gegmis
kvalis matareblad anu, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
SedarebiT racionalur kosmosad aRiqvas. oRond,
swored es fardobiTobaa virtuozTa religiurobis
absoluturi qarizmatulobisTvis miuRebeli da
xsnisTan SeuTavsebadi.
ise, rogorc ekonomikuri da politikuri
racionaluri qmedeba sakuTar avtonomiurobas
emyareba, iseve ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli
samyaros farglebSi nebismieri sxva saxis
racionaluri qmedeba ZmobasTan SeuTavsebad
samyaros pirobebTan, romlebic am qmedebis
saSualebebs an miznebs unda warmoadgendnen
da amis gamo mas erTgvari daZabuloba eqmneba
Zmobis eTikasTan. arada, mZafr daZabulobas is
sakuTar TavSic atarebs. vinaidan, ukve pirveli
sakiTxis mogvarebis aranairi saSualeba ar Cans
anu gadauwyvetelia, Tu ris safuZvelze unda
ganisazRvros calkeul SemTxvevebSi raime
qmedebis eTikuri Rirebuleba: warmatebis Tu Tavad
am qmedebis rogorRac eTikurad gansazRvradi
sakuTari Rirebulebis safuZvelze. SeiZleba Tu ara
da ramdenad, moqmedis pasuxismgeblobam
Sedegebze, romlebic saSualebebs amarTleben an,
piriqiT, mrwamsis Rirebulebam, romelic qmedebas
aqvs, mas ufleba misces, Sedegebze
pasuxismgebloba aicilos da isini RvTis an RvTis
mier daSvebuli samyaros biwierebas da
ugunurebas miaweros. religiuri eTikis
mrwamsismieri eTikuri sublimireba umal amgvari
alternativisken ixreba: "qristiani marTebulad
iqceva da warmatebas ki RmerTs miandobs".
oRond, am principis marTlac Tanamimdevruli
gatarebisas sakuTari qmedeba samyaros
avtonomiurobasTan mimarTebaSi Sedegis
iracionalobisTvisaa ganwiruli 2). amis gamo sulis
xsnis sublimirebuli Ziebis Tanamimdevrulobam
akosmizmis gamZafreba iqamde SeiZleba
miiyvanos, rom uaryofili iqnas Tavad
mizanracionaluri qmedeba anu saSualebisa da
miznis kategoriebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri
qmedeba, rogorc samyaroze mijaWvuloba da
RvTis mimarT gaucxoeba, ise, rogorc es, rasac
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, sxvadasxva
TanmimdevrobiT moxda mindvris SroSanebis
bibliuri metaforidan dawyebuli, vidre ufro principul
formulirebebamde, magaliTad, budizmSi.
organuli socialuri eTika yvelgan
gamorCeulad konservatuli, revoluciisadmi mtrulad
ganwyobili Zalaa. amis sapirispirod, virtuozTa
WeSmariti religiurobidan ki garkveul
SemTxvevebSi sxva, revoluciuri Sedegebi
SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes. es cxadia, mxolod
mas Semdeg SeiZleba moxdes, Tuki Zaladobis
pragma, romlis Tanaxmad, es Zaladoba Tavis
mxriv Zalmomreobas iwvevs da ukidures
SemTxvevaSi moZalade mmarTvelis mxolod
pirovneba da meTodebi Seicvleba, ar iqneba
yovelgvari xelTqmnilis mudmiv xarisxobriv
Tvisebad miCneuli. virtuozTa religiurobis
Seferilobis mixedviT, misma revoluciurma
variantma principulad orgvari forma SeiZleba
miiRos. aqedan erTi yvelgan iq iRebs saero
askezidan saTaves, sadac es askeza samyaros
xelTqmnil biwier wesrigs absolutur RvTiur
"bunebis samarTals" upirispirebs, romlis
SemdgomSi realizeba misTvis religiur movaleobad
iqceva, racionalur religiebSi yvelgan, raRac azriT
aRiarebuli im debulebis Tanaxmad, rom
RmerTisadmi meti morCileba gvmarTebs, vidre
adamianebisadmi. amis tipebs warmoadgens:
pirvandeli puritanili revoluciebi, romelTac
ekvivalentebi sxvaganac moeZebneba. es pozicia
savsebiT Seesatyviseba sarwmunoebrivi omisadmi
valdebulobas. _ sxvagvaradaa saqme, iq, sadac
mistikosTan fsiqologiurad mudam SesaZlebeli
RvTis flobidan RvTis mier atanilobaze gadasvla
xorcieldeba. es logikurad maSinaa SesaZlebeli,
roca akiafdeba akosmiuri Zmobis xanis uSualod
dadgomis esqatologiuri molodinebi anu roca
ikargeba samyarosa da xsnis iracionalur samyaros
miRmur sauflos Soris daZabulobis
maradiulobisadmi rwmena. amis Semdeg
mistikosi mxsneli an winaswarmetyveli xdeba.
oRond mcnebebs, romelTac is acxadebs,
racionaluri xasiaTi ar gaaCniaT. isini, rogorc am
ukanasknelis qarizmis gamocxadebis nayofi,
konkretuli saxisaa da samyaros radikaluri uaryofa
iolad gadadadis radikalur anomizmSi. samyaros
gankargulebebi ar vrceldeba sakuTar RvTis mier
atanilobaSi darwmunebulze: "".
mTeli xiliastika, vidre baptistTa revoluciamde,
erTgvarad am safuZvels eyrdnoba. "RvTis-flobis"
wyalobiT gadarCenilisTvis misi qmedebis formas
sulis saxsnelad mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. indoel
jivanmuxtisTan raRac msgavss vipoviT.
 roca Zmobis religiuri eTika samyaros
farglebSi mizanracionaluri qmedebis
avtonomiurobasTan daZabulobaSi cxovrobs, es
aranakleb exeba cxovrebis im saero Zalebsac,
romelTa arsi safuZvelSive aracionaluri an
antiracionaluri xasiaTisaa. pirvel rigSi, saubaria,
esTetikur da erotikul sferoebze.
pirvelTan magiuri religiuroba uaRresad
intimur urTierTobaSia. kerpebi, xatebi da sxva
religiuri artefaqtebi, maT nacad formaTa
stereotipireba, rogorc dadgenili "stilis" meSveobiT
naturalizmis gdalaxvis pirveli safexuri, musika,
rogorc eqstazis an egzorcizmis anda Tilismis
magiis saSualeba, misnebi, rogorc wmindani
momRerlebi da mocekvaveebi, magiiT mosinjuli
da amdenad magiurad stereotipirebul bgeraTa
urTierTmimarTebebi, rogorc bgeraTwyobis yvelaze
adreuli wina safexurebi, magiuri da eqstazis
saSualebad aRiarebuli sacekvao biji, rogorc riTmis
erT-erTi wyaro, taZrebi da eklesiebi, rogorc
nagebobaTa Soris yvelaze grandiozuli, maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqturuli amocanis erTxel da
samudamod dadgenili miznebis meSveobiT, xolo
nagebobaTa formebis magiuri mosinjulobis
meSveobiT stilis Semqmneli stereotipirebiT, yvela
saxis saeklesio farCa da nivTebi, rogorc mxatvruli
rewvis obieqtebi religiuri rudunebiT ganpirobebul
taZrebisa da eklesiebis simdidresTan kavSirSi: es
yovelive religiam, erTi mxriv, mxatvrul-
SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis,
meore mxriv ki, tradiciaze mijaWvulobis
meSveobiT stilizebis uSret wyarod aqcia. _ Zmobis
religiuri eTikisTvis iseve, rogorc aprioruli
rigorizmisTvis xelovneba, rogorc magiuri
zemoqmedebis matarebeli ara mxolod uvargisia,
aramed pirdapir saeWvoc kia. erTi mxriv, religiuri
eTikisa da sulis xsnis Ziebis sublimireba, meore
mxriv ki, xelovnebis avtonomiurobis
Camoyalibeba ukve imTaviTve mzardi daZabuli
urTierTobebis Seqmnisken avlens midrekilebas.
nebismieri xsnis sublimirebuli religiuroba sulis
xsnisaTvis mniSvnelovan saganTa da qmedebaTa
mxolod sazriss da ara formas uyurebs. forma
misTvis SemTxveviTobad, xelTqmnilobad,
sazrisisgan amcdenadaa dagmobili. xelovnebis
mxriv laRi damokidebuleba mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba wauxdeneli darCes an
xelaxla aRdges, sanam da ramdenjerac xelovnebis
damfaseblis gacnobierebuli interesi naivurad
formaminiWebulis Sinaarsze da ara wminda
formazea mipyrobili, da sanam Semoqmedis
moRvaweoba Tavs an "unaris qonis"
(Tavdapirvelad: magiur) qarizmad an Tavisufal
TamaSad aRiqvams. amasobaSi, inteleqtualizmis
gavrceleba da cxovrebis racionalizeba cvlian
mdgomareobas. xelovneba fuZndeba, rogorc sul
ufro gacnobierebulad gaazrebul damoukidebel
sakuTar RirebulebaTa kosmosi. is Tavis Tavze iRebs
yoveldRiurobisagan da, rac mTavaria, Teoriuli Tu
praqtikuli racionalizmis sul ufro mzardi
zewolisagan erTgvarad interpretirebuli saero xsnis
funqcias. am pretenziis gamo ki igi uSualo
metoqeobas uwevs xsnis religias. amgvar saero
iracionalur xsnas yoveli racionaluri religiuri eTika,
misi TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare, rogorc
upasuxismgeblo tkbobisa da faruli usiyvarulobis
sasufevels unda uyurebdes. sinamdvileSi, eTikur
gansjaze pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acileba, rac
sxvadasxva inteleqtualisturi xanisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, nawilobriv subieqturi
moTxovnilebis gamo, nawilobriv ki tradiciul-
filisteruli SezRudulobis ieris miRebis SiSiT, iqeTken
ixreba, rom eTikurad moazrebuli Rirebulebrivi
Sefasebebi gemovnebis Sefasebebad gadaakeTos
("ugemovno" nacvlad "dasagmobisa"), romelTa
kategoriuloba diskusias gamoricxavs. eTikuri
normis im "sayovelTaod miRebulobasTan"
mimarTebaSi, romelic imdenad mainc qmnis
erTobliobas, rom calkeuli adamiani, raRac
qmedebas eTikurad uaryofiTad, oRond adamianuri
TanamonawileobiT ekideba da sakuTari
qmnilebiseuli ubadrukobis SecnobiT, mas
emorCileba. racionaluri eTikuri poziciis
aucileblobisagan Tavis amgvari arideba sulis xsnis
religias, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, araZmuri
mrwamsis uRrmes formad warmoesaxos. xelovan
Semoqmeds ki iseve, rogorc, meore mxriv,
esTetikurad agznebul xelovnebis damfasebels
Tavad eTikuri norma sakuTriv SemoqmedebiT da
pirovnul sawyisze Zalmomreobad SeiZleba
moeCvenos. religiuri saqcielis yvelaze iracionaluri
forma, mistikuri gancda ki, Tavisi Zireuli arsiT ara
mxolod formis mimarT gaucxoebuli,
araformirebadi da gamouTqmelia, aramed formis
mimarT mtruladacaa ganwyobili, vinaidan swored
yvelanairi formis mospobiT imedovnebs igi
yovelgvari pirobiTobisa da formirebis miRma myof
kosmiur erTianobaSi SeRwevas. misTvis esTetikuri
da religiuri SeZrwunebis udao fsiqologiuri
urTierTdanaTesavebuloba mxolod orive maTganis
eSmakeul xasiaTs SeiZleba niSnavdes. swored
musikas, xelovnebis dargTagan "uSinaganess",
ZaluZs Tavisi uwmindesi formiT, instrumentuli
musikiT, warmoCndes, rogorc sakuTari
avtonomiurobis wyalobiT ara Sinagan saufloSi
mcxovreb, pirveladi religiuri gancdis moCvenebiT,
upasuxismgeblo surogatul formad: trientis
saeklesio krebis cnobili gancxadebac albaT am
SegrZnebebs efuZneboda. amis Sedegad
xelovneba "xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebad", moqiSpe
Zalad da SecdomaSi Semyvan optikur cTomilebad,
rogorc religiur saganTa xati da asli, mkrexelobad
iqceva.
empiriul sinamdvileSi am fsiqologiur
naTeasaobas, cxadia, erTTavad xelovnebis
ganviTarebisTvis im mniSvnelovani kavSirebis
damyareba mohyva, razec yvela religiis udidesi
umravlesoba raRac formiT wavida da amas miT
ufro sistematuri saxe hqonda, rac ufro didi iyo
maTi survili, yofiliyvnen universalisturi religiebi
anu isini damokidebulni iyvnen masebze
zemoqmedebaze da emocionalur propagandaze.
xelovnebis mimarT yvelaze ukareba, Sinagani
winaaRmdegobis pragmadan gamomdinare, yvela
WeSmariti virtuozTa religiuroba rCeboda, rogorc
mis asketur, ise mis mistikur saxesxvaobaSi da
Tan miT ufro Seuvalad, rac ufro metad usvamda
igi xazs sakuTari RmerTis zeqveyniurobas an sulis
xsnis samyaros miRmurobas.
iseve, rogorc esTetikuri sferos mimarT, xsnis
religiaTa Zmobis religiuri eTika cxovrebis udidesi
iracionaluri Zalis, sqesobrivi siyvarulis, mimarTac
iseve mZafrad daZabul urTierTobaSi imyofeba. da
aqac miT ufro xistad, rac ufro sublimirebulia, erTi
mxriv, sqesobrioba da rac ufro angariSgauwevlad
Tanamimdevrulad Camoyalibebulia, meore mxriv,
Zmobis xsnis eTika. Tavdapirveli urTierToba aqac
metad intimuri iyo. sqesobrivi aqti Zalze xSirad
magiuri orgiastikis 3) Semadgeneli nawili iyo,
wmidaTawmida prostitucia, romelsac ybadaRebul
"pirvelyofil sqesobriv aRrevasTan"
(promiskuitetTan) saerTo araferi hqonda, metwilad
im mdgomareobis gamoZaxils warmoadgens,
romelSic nebismieri eqstazi "wmidaTawmidad" iyo
gamocxadebuli. saero heteroseqsualuri iseve
rogorc homoseqsualuri prostitucia uZvelesi da
xSirad metad daxvewilic iyo (egreT wodebul
pirvelyofil xalxebSi adgili aqvs lesboselTa
gamozrdas). aqedan samarTlebrivad gaformebul
qorwinebaze gadasvla aTasnairi juris Sualeduri
formebis arsebobiT iyo gabundovnebuli.
qorwinebis, rogorc qalis mdgomareobisa da Svilis
memkvidreobiTi uflebis damcavi ekonomikuri
fenomenis da, amasTan erTad, STamomavalTa
msxverplad Sewirvis gamo saiqio xvedrisTvisac
Svilebis SeZenis mizniT mniSvnelovan institutad
gaazreba, winaswarmetyvelobamdeli epoqisaa da
universaluria, da, amdenad, askezasTan jer araferi
aqvs saerTo. sqesobriv cxovrebas rogorc aseTs,
Tavisi sulebi da RmerTebi iseve hyavda, rogorc
nebismier sxva funqcias. garkveuli daZabuloba
mxolod RvTismsaxurTa sakmaod Zvel sakulto
ubiwobaSi iCenda Tavs, romelic udaod imiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, rom erTobis daregulirebuli kultis
mkacrad stereotipirebuli ritualis Tvalsawieridan,
seqsualoba mainc ukve odnav specifikurad
demonuri ZaliT Sepyrobilad miiCneoda. oRond
SemdgomSi sulac ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom
winaswarmetyvelebani da, aseve, RvTismsaxurTa
mier kontrolirebuli cxovrebis wesrigi TiTqmis
gamonaklisis gareSe, sqesobrivi aqtis
reglamentirebas axdendnen qorwinebis
sasargeblod. masSi gamoxatulebas poulobs
cxovrebis yovelgvari racionaluri daregulirebis
dapirispireba magiur orgiastikasTan da iracionaluri
zarxoSis yovelgvar formebTan. daZabulobis
Semdgomi zrda mere ukve ganviTarebis im
momentebiT iqna ganpirobebuli, romlebic orive
mxares arsebobda. seqsualobis SemTxvevaSi
seqsualobis "erotikad" sublimirebiT da amdenad _
glexebis fxizeli naturalizmis sapirispirod _
Segnebulad dacul da, amavdroulad, yovelRiurobis
miRmur sferos exeboda saqme. yoveldRiurobis
miRmuroba gulisxmobs ara mxolod da ara
aucileblad adaT-wesebisadmi gaucxoebis
gagebas. rainduli tradicia daregulirebis sagnad
swored erotikas aqcevs. TumcaRa niSandoblivia,
rom amas sqesobriobis bunebrivi da organuli
safuZvlis Sefarvis gziT akeTebs. yoveldRiurobis
miRmuroba swored sqesobriobis SeuboWavi
naturalizmidan ufro maRali safexurisken
ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobda. is ki Tavisi
mizezebiTa da mniSvnelobiT CarTuli iqna kulturis
racionalizebisa da inteleqtualizebis universalur
konteqstSi.
Cven mokled gavixsenebT am ganviTarebis
stadiebs da amisaTvis dasavlur magaliTebs
moviSveliebT
adamianis mTeli yofierebis Sinaarsis
gamoyofa glexuri yofis organuli wrebrunvidan,
cxovrebis TandaTanobiTi gamdidreba inteleqtualuri
Tu sxva zeindividualurad Sefasebuli kulturis
SinaarsiT aisaxa bunebriv mocemulobaTagan
cxovrebis SinaarsTa daSorebis gziT erotikis
gamorCeuli mdgomareobis ganmtkicebaSi. igi
Segnebulad iqna ayvanili (yvelaze sublimirebuli
gagebiT) tkbobis sferoSi. is mainc da swored
amitomac racionalur meqanizmebTan SedarebiT
cxovrebis yvelaze iracionalur da, amavdroulad,
yvelaze realur wiaRSi SeRwevis karibWed
mogvevlina. Tu ra intensivobiT da ra saxiT
keTdeboda RirebulebiTi aqcenti erotikaze, es
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT ukiduresad aramdgrad xasiaTs
atarebda. gautexeli meomruli suliskveTebisTvis
qalis floba da qalebis gamo brZola TiTqmis
ganZisa da Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT
brZolis tolfasi iyo. winaklasikuri periodis elinizmis
rainduli romantikis epoqaSi arqiloqesTvis erotikuli
imedgacrueba arsebiTi da metad xangrZlivi
Sedegebis mqone Tavs gadamxdari ambavi
SeiZleboda yofiliyo, xolo qalis motaceba ki
SeiZleboda manamde arnaxuli gmirTa omis
sababad miCneuliyo. da jer kidev Zvel
tragikosebTan miTosis gamoZaxilSi sqesobrivi
siyvaruli aRqmuli iyo, rogorc WeSmariti bedisweris
Zala. magram mTlianobaSi qalis: safos erotikuli
gancdis Seudarebeli unari miuwvdomeli
aRmoCnda mamakacTaTvis. klasikuri elinuri epoqa
ki, hoplitTa laSqris periodi rogorc amas
avtobiografiuli cnobebi adasturebs, am sferoSi
SedarebiT ufro fxizlad sjida, umal gacilebiT ufro
fxizlad, vidre CineTis ganaTlebulTa fena. saqme
ise ki ar iyo, rom TiTqos isini sqesobrivi siyvarulis
SemaZrwunebel seriozulobas sul aRar icnobdnen.
magram, maTTvis ara es, aramed umal amis
sapirispiro iyo niSandoblivi: gavixsenoT, Tundac,
aspazias arsebobis miuxedavad, perikles sityva
da, bolos, demosTenes cnobili gamonaTqvami. am
epoqis "demokratiis" gamorCeulad maskulinur
xasiaTs qalebTan Tavs gadamxdar erotikul
gancdaTa "cxovrebis bediswerad" gaazreba _
Cveni eniT rom vTqvaT, _ albaT, TiTqmis skolis
mowafis sentimentalobad moeCveneboda. elinuri
kulturis centrSi swored "amxanagi", biWi, iyo mTeli
sasiyvarulo ceremonialis sanukvari obieqti. amis
Sedegad, platoniseuli erosi, mTeli misi
brwyinvalebis miuxedavad, mainc Zlierad
ganelebuli grZnobaa: bakxanturi vnebebis
mSveniereba am SemTxvevaSi oficialurad
aTvisebuli ar iyo.
erotikul sferoSi principuli xasiaTis
problemisa da tragizmis SesaZlebloba
Tavdapirvelad pasuxismgeblobis im gansazRvruli
ambiciebiT iqna CarTuli, romlebic dasavleTSi
qristianuli warmoSobisaa. wminda erotikuli
SegrZnebis RirebulebiTi aqcenti ki iq, pirvel rigSi,
feodaluri Rirsebis cnebaTa kulturuli pirobebis
wyalobiT iqna ganvrcobili. kerZod ki, imis
meSveobiT, rom raindul- vasaluri simbolika
erotikulad sublimirebul seqsualur urTierTobebSi
iqna Setanili. yvelaze xSirad ki maSin, roca
xdeboda kriptoerotikul religiebTan an uSualod
askezasTan garkveul kombinaciebSi gaerTianeba,
rogorc amas Sua saukuneebSi hqonda adgili.
qristianuli Sua saukuneebis rainduli mijnuroba,
rogorc cnobilia, erotikul vasalur msaxurebas
warmoadgenda ara qalwulis, aramed mxolod da
mxolod sxvaTa colebis mimarT TavSekavebuli
(TeoriaSi!) satrfialo RameebiTa da movaleobaTa
kazuisturi kodeqsiT. amiT dasabami mieca _ da
amaSia mkveTri gansxvaveba elinizmis
maskulinizmisgan _ mamakacis mier sakuTari
Rirsebis "damtkicebas" ara mis msgavsTa winaSe,
aramed "qalbatonis" erotikuli dainteresebulobis
winaSe, romlis cneba (Dame) swored am funqciis
wyalobiT damkvidrda. erotikis specifikuri
SegrZnebiTi xasiaTis Semdgomi gamZafreba
gamoiwvia Sinaganad metad araerTgvarovan,
oRond, mainc arsebiTad maskulinur agonalur da
amdenad antikurobis monaTesave, qristianuli
rainduli askezis ugulvebelmyofeli renesansis
tradiciidan, daaxloebiT jer kidev kortejianosa da
Seqspiris epoqaSi, salonis kulturis sul ufro
aramilitaristul inteleqtualizmze gadasvlam. es
kultura emyareboda RirebulebaTa Semqmneli im
interseqsualuri dialogis ZlevamosilebaSi
darwmunebulobas, romlisTvisac Ria Tu latenturi
erotikuli SegrZneba da kavalris mier qalbatonis
winaSe sakuTari Rirsebis agonaluri damtkiceba
Seucvlel aRmgzneb saSualebad iqca. realuri qaluri
sasiyvarulo problematika "Lettres Portugaises"
Semdeg specifikur sulier sabazro obieqtad, xolo
qaluri samijnuro miwer-mowera "literaturad"
gadaiqca. erotikuli sferos aqcentirebis ukanaskneli
gamZafreba ineleqtualistur kulturaTa niadagze
sabolood moxda iq, sadac is profesionalizmis
Tanamdev asketur elements Seejaxa. racionaluri
yoveldRiurobis mimarT amgvari daZabuli
urTierTobisas yoveldRiurobis miRmurad qceuli,
gansakuTrebiT, qorwinebisgan Tavisufali sqesobrivi
siyvaruli SeiZleboda im erTaderT SemakavSirebel
Zafad yofiliyo aRqmuli, romelic Zveli martivi
organuli glexuri yofis wrebrunvidan axla ukve
mTlianad gamosul adamians jer kidev
akavSirebda cxovrebis bunebriv wyarosTan.
racionaluri sawyisisgan saero wesiT Tavis daxsnis,
masze netari triumfis xsenebuli specifikuri
SegrZnebis am gziT warmomdgari esoden Zalumi
Rirebulebrivi aqcentireba, Tavisi radikalizmiT
Seesatyviseboda yvela saxis qveynierebis miRmur
Tu zeqveyniur xsnis eTikaTa meSveobiT ucilobel
aseve radikalur uaryofas, romlisTvisac sxeulze
sulis triumfi swored aq aRwevda Tavis mwvervals
da romlisTvisac sqesobriv cxovrebas cxovelur
sawyisTan erTaderTi, amouZirkvavi kavSiris xasiaTi
SeiZleboda SeeZina. es daZabuloba ki seqsualuri
sferos maRal Rirebulebriv urTierTobebSi yovelgvari
cxoveluris gasxivosnebis gziT erotikul SegrZnebad
sistemuri gardaqmnis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
mZafrad da Seuqcevlad swored mas Semdeg
gamovlindeboda, rac xsnis religiuroba siyvarulis
religiurobis anu Zmobisa da moyvasisadmi
siyvarulis xasiaTs SeiZenda. swored imitomac, rom
erotikuli urTierToba mocemul pirobebSi siyvarulis
moTxovnaTa aRsrulebis TvalSeuwvdenel
mwvervals, sulisaTvis ki erTi adamianisgan meore
adamianamde uSualod miRwevis gzas
warmoadgens. yovelgvar obieqturTan,
racionalurTan, zogadTan ukiduresad radikalurad
dapirispirebuli usazRvro Tavdadeba aq im
erTaderT sazriss iZens, romelic Tavis
iracionalobaSi erT calkeul arsebas mxolod sxva
arsebisTvis aqvs. es sazrisi da masTan erTad Tavad
urTierTobis Rirebulebrivi arsi erotikis
Tvalsawieridan, erTobis im SesaZleblobaSi
mdgomareobs, romelic erTarsebad qmnadobad,
"Senis" gaqrobad SeigrZnoba da ise
yovlismomcvelia, rom igi "simbolurad" anu
sakramentuladaa interpretirebuli. swored amaSi:
sakuTari, sruliad arakomunikabeluri, am mxriv,
mistikuri "flobis" tolfasi gancdis dausabuTeblobasa
da amouwuravobaSi da ara mxolod misi gancdis
intensivobis, aramed uSualod dauflebuli realobis
wyalobiT grZnobs Tavs moyvaruli adamiani
nebismieri racionaluri mcdelobisTvis marad
miuwvdomel, WeSmaritad cxovelmyofel wiaRSi
gadargulad, racionaluri wesrigis ConCxis civi
xelebisagan iseve, rogorc yoveldRiurobis
siClungisagan daculad. mistikosis (misTvis)
usagno gancdebs igi, vinc "yvelaze cocxalTan"
Tavis TanaziarobaSia darwmunebuli, rogorc
uRimRamo amqveyniurobis miRmur sasufevels
uyurebs. rogorc mowifuli kacis gamocdili siyvaruli
ekideba axalgazrda adamianis Wabukur
mgznebare gatacebas, iseTive damokidebuleba
aqvs inteleqtualizmis amgvari erotikis ukidures
seriozulobas rainduli mijnurobis mimarT, romlis
sapirispirod is kvlav da, Tanac, Segnebulad
aRiarebs sqeobrivi sferos bunebriv sawyiss, rogorc
xorcSesxmul SemoqmedebiT Zalas. yovelive amis
mimarT radikalurad mtruladaa ganwyobili Zmobis
zedmiwevniT religiuri eTika. es miwieri xsnis
SegrZneba, sakuTari Tvalsawieridan
gamomdinare, ara marto umZafres metoqeobas
uwevs zeqveyniuri RmerTisadmi an eTikurad
racionaluri RvTaebrivi wesrigisadmi anda, mxolod
misTvis "WeSmariti", individuaciis mistikuri
ngrevisadmi Tavmindobilobas; aramed swored am
ori sferos fsiqologiuri TavalsazrisiT, garkveulwilad,
naTesauri urTierTobebi aRrmaveben daZabulobas.
umaRlesi erotika heroikuli RvTismosaobis garkveul
sublimirebul formebTan mimarTebaSi fsiqologiuri
Tu fiziologiuri TvalsazrisiT urTierTCanacvlebadobas
avlens. racionaluri aqtiuri askezis sapirispirod,
romelic sqesobriobas ukve Tundac misi
iracionalobis gamo uaryofs da erotikis mier
mosisxle mtrad aRiqmeba, es
urTierTCanacvlebadoba specialurad mistikur
RvTivgamsWvalulobasTan kavSirSi imyofeba,
rasac Sedegad yovel wuTs SeiZleba mohyves
cxoveluri sawyisis momakvdineblad rafinirebuli
SurisZieba anda RvTis mistikuri sauflodan
metismetad adamianuris samyofelSi meyseuli
Camovardna. bunebrivia, swored es fsiqologiuri
siaxlove amZafrebs sazrisis Sinagan mtrobas.
erotikuli urTierToba, Zmobis nebismieri religiuri
eTikis Tvalsawieridan da, rac ufro sublimirebulia
igi miT ufro Zlierad, sisastikeze unda iyos sruliad
specifikurad rafinirebuli saxiT mijaWvuli. igi
misTvis uciloblad warmoadgens brZolas mesame
Zalis winaaRmdeg ara mxolod da ara imdenad
eWvianobisa da erTpirovnuli mflobelobis gamo,
aramed gacilebiT metad siRrmiseul, Tavad
monawileTaTvis sruliad SeumCnevel, naklebad
sastiki meore naxevris sulze Zaladobas,
uadamianuresi Tavganwirvis iluziis SeqmniT, sxva
adamianSi sakuTari TaviT rafinirebul tkbobas. arc
erTi sruli erotikuli erToba Tavs sxvagvarad ar
aRiqvams Tu ara, rogorc saidumloebiT moculi
erTmaneTisTvis ganwesebulobis anu bedisweris
(am sityvis uzenaesi mniSvnelobiT), mier
Seqmnilad da, amdenad (sruliad araeTikuri
mniSvnelobiT), "legitimirebulad". magram xsnis
religiisaTvis es "bediswera" sxva araferia, Tu ara
vnebis agznebis SemTxveviToba. amaze
dafuZnebuli paTologiuri Sepyroboloba,
idiosinkrazia da Tvalzomisa da yovelgvari
obieqturi samarTlianobis darRveva mas moZmis
siyvarulisa da RvTisadmi monuri morCilebis
saboloo uaryofad unda eCvenebodes. bednierad
Seyvarebulis "gulkeTilobad" aRqmuli eiforia misi
keTilmosurne moTxovnilebiT, mTel qveynierebas
mxiaruli saxe miaweros an bednierebis gulubryvilo
gznebiT anTebulma jados ZaliT mianiWos,
gamudmebiT awydeba imTaviTve religiurad
fundamentirebuli radikaluri Zmobis eTikis gulgril
dacinvas (amas adasturebs magaliTad, fsiqologiuri
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze Tanamimdevruli pasaJebi
tolstois adreuli Semoqmedebidan 4). vinaidan, am
eTikisaTvis swored yvelaze sublimirebuli erotika
rCeba imgvar urTierTobad, romelic siRrmiseulad
gancalkevebul da ukiduresi gagebiT subieqtur,
absoluturad arakomunikabelur, yvela am
TvalsazrisiT nebismieri religiurad orientirebuli
Zmobis sawinaaRmdego poluss unda
warmoadgendes. imaze rom sul aRaraferi vTqvaT,
rom am eTikas erotikis vnebiani xasiaTi,
bunebrivia, racionaluri gonierebis RvTisTvis
sasurvel normebTan Tu RvTiuri sawyisis mistikur
"flobasTan" mimarTebaSi imTaviTve
TavdaWerilobisa da orientaciis uRirs dakargvad
eCveneba, _ maSin, rodesac erotikisaTvis
WeSmariti "vneba" TavisTavad mSvenierebis tips,
xolo misi uaryofa ki mkrexelobas warmoadgens.
erotikuli aRtkineba rogorc fsiqologiuri
mizezebis, ise sazrisis mixedviT, religiurobis
orgiastul, yoveldRiurobis miRmur, magram raRac
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT saero formas
exmianeba. kaTolikur eklesiaSi saqorwino kavSiris,
"copula carnalis", rogorc "eklesiis saidumlebis"
aRiareba am SegrZnebis mimarT daTmobas
warmoadgens. erTdroulad araamqveyniur da
arayoveldRiur mistikasTan erotika umZafresi
Sinagani daZabulobisas fsiqologiuri
Canacvlebadobis wyalobiT gaucnobierebeli da
labiluri surogatulobis an SeduRabebulobis
damokidebulebaSi aRmoCndeba, saidanac mere
ukve Zalze iolia orgiastul mdgomareobaSi
gadasvla. saero racionalur askezas (profesiul
askezas) mxolod racionalurad reglamentirebuli
qorwinebis aRiareba SeuZlia RvTiuri wesrigis erT-
erT gamoxatulebad "vnebiani Jinis" mizeziT
uimedod wawymedili qmnilebisTvis, romlis
farglebSi savaldebuloa misi racionaluri miznebis,
da mxolod maTi ganxorcieleba anu Svilebis
gaCena da aRzrda da erTmaneTisTvis madlis
miRwevaSi xelis Sewyoba. erotikis donemde
yovelives daxvewa man unda dagmos, rogorc
xelTqmnilis gaRmerTebis yvelaze uaresi saxeoba.
Tavis mxriv, is swored pirvelyofil bunebriv, glexur
arasublimirebul sqesobriobas aqcevs qmnilebis
racionalur wesrigSi: yvela "vnebiTi"-elementi ki
codviT dacemis narCen movlenebad miiCneva,
romelTa mimarT, luTeris TqmiT, RmerTi "Tvalebs
xuWavs", raTa uaresi iqnes aridebuli. arasaero
racionaluri askeza (bermonazonTa aqtiuri askeza),
saerTod, yovelgvar sqesobriv sawyiss gmobs,
rogorc madlis Semaferxebel eSmakeul Zalas.
albaT yvelaze ukeT kvekerTa eTikam (rogorc
es uiliam penis colisadmi miwerili werilidan Cans)
moaxerxa, qorwinebis sazrisis sakmaod tlanqi
luTeriseuli ganmartebis sapirispirod, misi Sinagani
religiuri Rirebulebebis WeSmaritad adamianuri
interpretaciisTvis mieRwia. wminda saero
Tvalsawieridan mxolod erTmaneTis mimarT eTikuri
pasuxismgeblobis ideasTan anu urTierTobaTa
wminda erotikuli sferos heterogenul kategoriasTan
SekavSirebas ZaluZs emsaxuros imis gancdas,
rom cxovrebis organul procesSi aTasnairi
nuansebiT formacvlil, gacnobierebuli
pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse siyvarulis grZnobaSi
"ukiduresi xandazmulobis pianisimomde"
urTierTgatanisa da erTmaneTis mimarT
valdebulad yofnaSi (goeTes gagebiT) raRac metad
Taviseburi da uzenaesi sawyisi SeiZleba idos.
cxovreba amas wminda saxiT iSviaTad
gvargunebs; visac es ergeba, man bednierebasa
da bedis wyalobaze unda ilaparakos da ara
sakuTar "damsaxurebaze".
yofierebis yvelaze intensiur: esTetikur Tu
erotikul gancdebs SeuboWavad ayolis dagmoba
TavisTavad uaryofiTi poziciaa. oRond dResaviT
naTelia, rom mas imgvari Zalis gamZafreba
SeuZlia, romlis meSveobiT energia racionaluri,
rogorc eTikuri, ise wminda inteleqtualuri
moRvaweobis kalapotSi moeqceva.
magram, cxadia, religiurobis Segnebuli
daZabuloba, sabolood, yvelaze Zlierad da
principulad swored azrovnebiTi Semecnebis
samflobelos mimarT vlindeba. urRvevi erTianoba
arsebobs aq magiasa da samyaros wminda
magiuri xatis sferoSi, rogorc es CineTidan
SevityveT. wminda metafizikuri spekulaciisTvisac
SesaZlebelia yovelmxrivi urTierTaRiareba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amas iolad mivyavarT
skefsisamde. amitomac miiCnevda arcTu iSviaTad
religiuroba wminda empiriul da agreTve
sabunebismetyvelo kvlevas sakuTar interesebTan
ufro SeTavsebadad, vidre filosofias. es, pirvel rigSi,
asketur protestantizms exeba. oRond, sadac ki
racionalurma empiriulma Semecnebam
samyarosaTvis jados axsna da misi kauzalur
meqanizmad gadaqceva Tanamimdevrulad
moaxdina, iqve sabolood Tavs wamoyofs
daZabuloba im eTikuriEpostulatis mimarT, rom
samyaro RvTivmowesrigebul anu eTikurad
gonivrulad orientirebul kosmoss warmoadgens.
vinaidan empiriuli da, saboloo jamSi,
maTematikurad orientirebuli msoflxedva biZgs
aZlevs imgvari gansjis wesis principulad uaryofas,
romelic sazgadod svams kiTxvas amqveyniuri
xdomilebis "sazrisis" Sesaxeb. empiriul
mecnierebaTa racionalizmis yovelgvar zrdasTan
erTad religia sul ufro idevneba racionalobis
samflobelodan iracionalurSi da sabolood
iracionalur an antiracionalur zepirovnul Zalad
iqceva. SegrZnebaSi am winaaRmdegobis
gacnobierebulobis an Tundac Tanamimdevrulobis
xarisxi, cxadia, metad gansxvavebulia.
dauSveblad sulac ar unda CaiTvalos, rasac
amtkiceben, rom aTanasiusma Tavisi, racionaluri
TvalsazrisiT, ubralod absurduli formula egeb
marTlac imitom daamkvidra imdroindel elinel
filosofosTa umravlesobis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi,
raTa iZulebiT gamoewvia inteleqtis aSkarad
gamoxatuli msxverpli da racionaluri diskusiis
myari sazRvari. sul male ki Tavad sameba
racionalurad dasabuTebuli da ganxiluli iqna. da
swored moCvenebiTad Seurigebeli daZabulobis
gamo religia, rogorc winaswarmetyveluri ise
saRvTismsaxuro, sruliad intimur urTierTobaSia
racionalur inteleqtualizmTan. rac ufro naklebad
warmoadgens is magias an, ubralod,
mWvretelobiT mistikas da rac ufro metadaa igi
"moZRvreba", miT ufro metad aqvs mas
racionaluri apologetikis moTxovnileba.
misanTagan, romlebic miTebisa da sagmiro
Tqmulebebis tipiuri mcvelni iyvnen, radgan
axalgazrda meomarTa aRzrdasa da gawafvaSi
gmiruli eqstazisa da gmiruli aRorZinebis
gaRviZebis mizniT monawilebdnen, es funqcia
gadmoibara RvTismsaxurTa fenam, romelsac
mxolod mravalwliani tradiciis dacvis unari
Seswevda, da ikisra kanonsa da xSirad agreTve
wminda mmarTvelobiT-teqnikuri xelovnebis
moZRvrebebSi, pirvel yovlisa ki wera-kiTxvasa da
angariSSi, axalgazrdobis gawafva. rac ufro metad
xdeboda religia wignis religia da moZRvreba, miT
ufro wignierad da miT ufro Zlierad axdenda igi
eriskacebs Soris RvTismsaxurTagan Tavisufali
racionaluri azrovnebis provocirebas. eriskacTa
azrovnebidan ki warmoiSvebodnen rogorc
RvTismsaxurTa moZule winaswarmetyvelebi, ise
RvTismsaxurTa gareSe religiuri sulis xsnis
maZiebeli mistikosebi da seqtantebi d, bolos,
skeptikosebi da sarwmunoebisadmi mtrulad
ganwyobili filosofosebi, romelTa winaaRmdeg axla
ukve kvlav RvTismsaxurebrivi apologetikis
racionalizeba iwyebda reagirebas. antireligiuri
skefsisi, rogorc aseTi, CineTSi, egvipteSi, vedebSi,
devnilobis epoqis Semdgom iudaistur literaturaSi
zustad iseve iyo warmodgenili, rogorc dRes.
TiTqmis aranairi axali argumentebis damateba ar
momxdara. amdenad, axalgazrdobis aRzrdis
saqmis monopolizeba iqca RvTismsaxurebisTvis
Zalauflebis centralur sakiTxad; misi Zalaufleba
SeiZleboda gazrdiliyo politikuri mmarTvelobis
mzard racionalobasTan erTad. ise, rogorc
Tavdapirvelad egviptesa da babilonSi mxolod is
amaragebda saxelmwifos mwerlebiT, aseve
uzrunvelyofda maTiT SuasaukuneebSi Tavadebs
axlad dawyebuli werilobiTi saxiT
mmarTvelobasTan erTad. pedagogikis did
sistemaTagan mxolod konfucianizmma da
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis antikurobam moaxerxa
RvTismsaxurTa am Zalauflebisagan Tavis
daZvrena da amiT RvTismsaxurTa religiac
gamoTiSa. pirvelma es sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi
biurokratiis ZaliT SesZlo, meorem ki, piriqiT,
amgvari biurokratiuli administraciis absoluturi
ararsebobis wyalobiT. sxvafriv, RvTismsaxurTa
fena, rogorc wesi, skolis ZiriTadi burji iyo. ara
mxolod RvTismsaxurTa es pirveladi interesebi
ganapirobebda religiis sul ufro axal da axal
kavSirebs inteleqtualizmTan, aramed agreTve
religiuri eTikis racionaluri xasiaTis mier Sinagani
iZuleba da specifikurad inteleqtualisturi xsnis
moTxovnileba. amdenad, nebismieri religiuroba
Tavisi fsiqologiuri Tu logikuri fundamentiT da Tavisi
praqtikuli SedegebiT sxvadasxvagvar
damokidebulebas amJRavnebda inteleqtualizmis
mimarT, ise rom arasodes ar gamqrala im
ukanaskneli Sinagani daZabulobis zegavlena, rac
samyaros xatis ukanasknel formirebaTa
Seuqcevad SeusabamobaSi mdgomareobs. am
qveynad sruliad ar arsebobs gautexeli, cxovrebis
Zalad aRqmuli religia, romelic raRac momentSi ar
moiTxovda "credo non quod, sed quia absurdum" anu
"inteleqtis msxverpls".
religiasa da inteleqtualur Semecnebas Soris
xsenebuli daZabulobis calkeuli stadiebis
warmoCenis saWiroebas aq naklebad vxedavT da
es arc aris SesaZlebeli. xsnis religia am
SemTxvevaSi TviTkmari inteleqtis
Semotevebisagan Tavs yvelaze principulad,
bunebrivia, im pretenziiT icavs, rom sakuTriv misi
SemecnebiTi aqti sruliad sxva sferoSi xorcieldeba
da Tavisi wesisa da sazrisis mixedviT sruliad
heterogenuli da Seusabamoa imasTan
mimarTebaSi, rasac inteleqti eswrafvis. ara
uzenaesi inteleqtualuri codna yofierisa da
normatiulad aRiarebulis Sesaxeb, aramed
samyaros mimarT sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gacxadeba
misi "sazrisis" uSualo gaazrebis gziT aris is, risi
SemoTavazebac mas surs. oRond am sazriss igi
gonebis saSualebebiT ki ar swvdeba, aramed
qarizmatuli gaciskrovnebis ZaliT, romelic mxolod
imas ergeba wilad, vinc Tavisufldeba gza-kvalis
ambnevi, im moCvenebiTi surogatebis mocemuli
teqnikisagan, romelTac grZnobadi samyaros
Tavgzaamrevi STabeWdileba da sinamdvileSi sulis
xsnisaTvis umniSvnelo da carieli gonebis
abstraqciebi Semecnebis saxiT awvdian, da visac
ZaluZs sakuTar TavSi Seumzados alagi praqtikulad
erTaderT mniSvnelovan samyaros sazrisisa da
sakuTari munyofierebis gaazrebas. filosofiis
nebismier wamowyebaSi, TvalsaCino gaxados is
uzenaesi sazrisi da misi gamaazrebeli (praqtikuli)
TvalTaxedva da, aseve, im mcdelobaSi, rom
mopovebuli iqnas principulad sxva Rirebulebis
garkveuli intuiciuri Semecneba, rac sabolood
mainc samyaros "sazriss" exeba, yovelive amaSi
religia inteleqtis mxriv mxolod da mxolod sakuTari
avtonomiurobisagan Tavis daZvrenis swrafvas
xedavs. pirvel rigSi ki, swored im racionalizmis
sruliad specifikur nayofs xedavs, romlisagan Tavis
daxsna esoden sasurvelia inteleqtualizmisTvis.
oRond, cxadia, misive poziciidan gamomdinare, igi
araTanamimdevrulad sxvis sferoSi SeWriT myisve
danaSauls sCadis, rawams uars ambobs mistikuri
gancdis xelSeuval Seufardeblobaze, romlisTvisac,
wesisamebr, mxolod misi, rogorc movlenis
gamosawvevi da, ara adeqvaturad amsaxveli da
warmosaCeni saSualebebi SeiZleba arsebobdes.
es rom Caidinos, samyaroze zemoqmedebis
nebismierma mcdelobam igi safrTxeSi unda
Caagdos, rogorc ki es mcdeloba propagandis
xasiaTs iZens. asevea, samyaros sazrisis
racionaluri ganmartebis nebismieri mcdelobis
SemTxvevaSic, rac amisda miuxedavad mainc
araerTgzis momxdara.
"samyaro", sabolood, sxvadasxva
Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare religiur
postulatebTan konfliqtSi modis. Sesabamisi
Tvalsazrisi yovelTvis, amavdroulad,
umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebis Sinaarsobrivad
ganmsazRvreli punqticaa xsnisaken swrafvis
nebismieri wesisaTvis.
religiurobis Sinaarsad Segnebulad aRqmuli
xsnis moTxovnileba mudam da yvelgan
warmoiSva, rogorc cxovrebis realobaTa sistematuri
praqtikuli racionalizebis mcdelobis Sedegi, oRond
am urTierTmimarTebis sruliad sxvadasxvagvari
ZaliT gamovlenili sicxadiT. anu, sxvagvarad rom
iTqvas, am etapze nebismieri religiis specifikur
winapirobad qceuli im pretenziis Sedegi, romlis
Tanaxmad, samyaroSi mimdinare procesi,
ramdenadac is adamianTa interesebs exeba,
gonivrul movlenas warmoadgens. es pretenzia,
rogorc vnaxeT, saganTa bunebis Tanaxmad,
Tavdapirvelad wamotivtivda, rogorc usamarTlo
tanjvis sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli problema anu
rogorc samyaros farglebSi individualuri
bednierebis araTanabari gadanawilebisaTvis
sazRauris samarTlianad migebis postulati. am
pretenzias ki tendencia aqvs, rom aqedan
moyolebuli, safexurebrivad samyaros sul ufro
metad devalvaciis mimarTulebiT wasuliyo.
vinaidan, rac ufro intensiurad xdeboda racionaluri
azrovnebis mier sazRauris samarTlianad migebis
problemis wamoWra, miT ufro nakleb SesaZlebeli
Canda misi wminda saero wesiT gadaWra, xolo
arasaero wesiT ki - dasaSvebad da gonivrulad.
samyaros movlenaTa msvlelobas, rogoric is
sinamdvileSia, es postulati, sadamdec ki
xilvadoba swvdeboda, naklebad anaRvlebda.
vinaidan ara marto bednierebisa da tanjvis
gadanawilebis eTikurad aramotivirebuli
uTanasworoba, risTvisac sazRauris migeba
savaraudo iyo, aramed ukve TavisTavad tanjvis
mxolod arsebobis faqtic ki iracionaluri unda
darCeniliyo. radgan am ukanasknelis universaluri
ganvrcoba SesaZlebeli iyo codvis warmomavlobis
sxva, kidev ufro iracionaluri problemiT yofiliyo
Canacvlebuli, romelsac winaswarmetyvelTa da
RvTismsaxurTa moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, tanjva
sasjelad da mosarjulebel saSualebad unda
gamoecxadebina. codvis CadenisaTvis Seqmnili
samyaro eTikuri TvalsazrisiT kidev ufro
arasrulyofilad unda gamoCeniliyo, vidre
tanjvisaTvis ganwiruli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, eTikuri
postulatisaTvis sruliad ueWveli iyo am samyaros
absoluturi arasrulyofileba. da mxolod am
arasrulyofilebiT SeiZleboda gonivrulad
gamarTlebuliyo misi warmavaloba. oRond am
gamarTlebas imis unaric SeiZleboda hqonoda,
rom samyaro kidev ufro gaeufasurebina. vinaidan
ara mxolod upiratesad uvargisi avlenda Tavs
warmavalad. is, rom sikvdili da ganadgureba,
rogorc saukeTeso, ise yvelaze uares adamianebsa
da sagnebs erTnairad gamaTanasworeblad
ewveoda, es swored umaRles saero sikeTeTa
gaufasurebad unda gamoCeniliyo, rawams drois
maradiuli xangrZlivobis, maradiuli RmerTisa da
maradiuli wesrigis warmodgena Caisaxeboda. Tuki
amis sapirispirod xdeboda RirebulebaTa, da
swored yvelaze metad dafasebul RirebulebaTa
"zedroulad" aRiarebulad gasxivosneba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, maTi "kulturaSi" realizebis
mniSvnelobis droiTi xangrZlivobisagan
damoukideblad warmoCena, amis Semdeg
empiriuli samyaros eTikur gaufasurebas, Tavis
mxriv, SeiZleboda kidev ufro mZafri xasiaTi
SeeZina. vinaidan religiur horizontze Cndeboda
azrTa imgvari wyoba, romelsac gacilebiT ufro meti
mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre sazogadod
amqveyniur sikeTeTa arasrulyofilebasa da
warmavalobas, radgan gansjis amgvar wess unari
Seswevda, swored sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
umaRlesi kategoriis rangSi ayvanili "kulturuli
RirebulebebisTvis" braldeba wamoeyenebina.
yvela am kulturul Rirebulebas xom specifikurad
Seuqcevadi danaSauliT damZimebulobis
momakvdinebeli codva axlda. isini Tavs gonis an
gemovnebis qarizmaze mijaWvulad avlendnen da
maTi dacva uciloblad munyofis imgvar formaTa
winaswar daSvebas gulisxmobda, romlebic
ewinaaRmdegebodnen Zmobis moTxovnebs da
mxolod sakuTari Tavis motyuebiT axerxebdnen am
moTxovnebTan Seguebas. ganaTlebisa da
gemovnebis mier aRmarTuli kulturuli sazRvrebi
yvelaze siRrmiseuli da gadaulaxavia yvela saxis
wodebriv gansxvavebulobaTagan. religiuri
danaSauli SeiZleboda warmoCeniliyo ara mxolod
rogorc sasxvaTaSoriso SemTxveviToba, aramed
rogorc nebismieri kulturis, kulturul samyaroSi
nebismieri qmedebis da, saboloo jamSi, saerTodac
cxovrebis nebismieri Camoyalibebuli formis
Tandayolili Semadgeneli nawili. swored yovelive
umaRlesi, risi SemoTavazebac amqveyniurobas
sikeTeebis saxiT SeeZlo, zemoxsenebuli mizezis
gamo uzarmazari codviT damZimebuli Canda.
socialuri erTobliobis garegnuli wesrigi, rac ufro
metad gardaiqmneboda igi saxelmwifo kosmosis
kulturul erTobliobad, yvelgan udaod mxolod
sisastikiT, samarTlianobisaTvis mxolod da mxolod
nominalurad da zedapirulad mzrunveli (yovel
SemTxvevaSi ramdenis saSualebasac misi
sakuTari "ratio" iZleoda) ZaladobiT SeiZleboda
yofiliyo SenarCunebuli, rac Tavis mxriv, uciloblad
sul axal da axal sagareo Tu saSinao ZalmomreobiT
qmedebebs iwvevda da, amasTan erTad, am
qmedebebisTvis aragulwrfel sababebsac Txzavda,
da amrigad, Ria an, rac kidev ufro uaresi unda
yofiliyo, pirmoTned SeniRbul usiyvarulobas
warmoadgenda. gansagnobrivebuli ekonomikuri
kosmosi anu nebismieri saero kulturisaTvis
aucilebeli materialuri dovlaTiT uzrunvelyofis,
racionaluri TvalsazrisiT, swored yvelaze maRali
forma, ganasaxierebda imgvar qmnilebas,
romlisTvisac usiyvaruloba ZirSive Tandayolili
Tviseba iyo. formaSesxmul samyaroSi qmedebis
yvelanairi saxeoba TiTqos erTsa da imave
danaSaulSi iyo gaxveuli. SeniRbuli da
sublimirebuli sisastike, Zmobisadmi mtrulad
ganwyobili idiosinkrazia da marTebuli Tvalzomis
iluzionisturi darRveva uciloblad sdevda Tan
sqesobriv siyvaruls da, rac ufro Zlevamosilad
axdenda igi sakuTari Zalauflebis ganvrcobas, miT
ufro Zlierad da, amavdroulad, monawile
mxareTaTvis miT ufro SeumCnevelad anu miT ufro
farisevlurad SeniRbuli iyo igi. racionaluri
Semecneba, razec Tavad eTikuri religiuroba
axdenda apelirebas, avtonomiurad da, saero
wesisamebr, Tavisi sakuTari normebis dacviT,
agebda WeSmaritebaTa kosmoss, romelsac
racionaluri religiuri eTikis im sistemur
postulatebTan, romlis Tanaxmad, samyaro, rogorc
kosmosi, mis moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes
an raRac garkveul "sazriss" unda warmoaCendes,
aramcTu aRaraferi esaqmeboda, aramed umal
valdebulic ki iyo es pretenzia principulad uareyo.
bunebis kauzalobis kosmosi da eTikuri
kompensirebis kauzalobis postulirebuli kosmosi
Seurigebel dapirispirebulobaSi imyofebodnen
erTmaneTis mimarT. da, miuxedavad imisa, rom
mecnierebas, romelmac es xsenebuli kosmosi
Seqmna, rogorc Cans, misive sakuTar winaswar
daSvebul Tvalsazrisebze mTlad myari
ganmartebebis mocema ar ZaluZda,
"inteleqtualuri patiosnebis" saxeliT mainc
pretenzias acxadebda, rom igi samyaroze
azrovnebiTi dakvirvebis erTaderT SesaZlebel
formas warmoadgenda. rogorc sazogadod yvela
saxis kulturuli Rirebuleba, aseve Seqmna
inteleqtmac adamianis yovelgvari pirovnuli eTikuri
Rirsebebisagan damoukidebeli, kulturis racionaluri
flobis araZmuri aristokratia. kulturis amgvar flobas
da, Sesabamisad, amqveynad "saero"
adamianisTvis uzenaes sawyiss ki misi eTikuri
danaSauliT damZimebulobis gverdiT kidev erTi
iseTi ram dahyva Tan, rasac is kidev ufro
safuZvlianad unda gaeufasurebina: es fenomeni
gaxldaT uazroba, Tuki mas misive masStabebiT
Seafasebdnen. sakuTari Tavis kulturosan
adamianad wminda Sidasamyaroseuli TviTsrulyofis
uazroba rogorc TiTqos im uzenaesi Rirebulebis
uazroba, razec mTeli "kulturis" dayvana iyo
SesaZlebeli, religiuri azrovnebisaTvis, swored
xsenebuli saero Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare,
ukve sikvdilis im aSkara uazrobidan
momdinareobda, romelic swored "kulturis"
pirobebSi svamda sicocxlis uazrobaze saboloo
aqcents. glexs SeeZlo abraamiviT "cxovrebiT
gamaZRari" momkvdariyo. feodal memamulesa
da omis gmirsac aseve. vinaidan oriveni
aRasrulebdnen sakuTari yofierebis im wrebrunvas,
romlis zRvars iqeT isini ar cdilobdnen
gamcdariyvnen. amrigad maT Taviseburad
SeeZloT imgvari miwieri srulqmnilebisTvis
mieRwiaT, rogorc es maTi cxovrebis SinaarsTa
miamituri erTmniSvnelovnebidan
momdinareobda. magram "kulturul SinaarsTa"
aTvisebisa da Seqmnis gagebiT TviTsrulqmnaze
gamacadinebul "ganaTlebul" adamians ki es ar
ZaluZda. mas, marTalia, SeeZlo
"cxovrebamoyirWebuli" yofiliyo, magram ara
"cxovrebiT gamaZRari," mTeli wrebrunvis
dasrulebis gagebiT. vinaidan kulturul sikeTeTa
msgavsad, srulqmnaze misi gamecadinebulobac
principulad aseve usazRvrobaSi gadadioda. da rac
ufro diferencirebuli da mravalmxrivi iyo kulturuli
sikeTeebi da TviTsrulqmnis miznebi, miT ufro
nakleb mniSvnelovani xdeboda is wili, romelsac
calkeuli adamiani pasiurad, rogorc amTvisebeli,
aqtiurad, rogorc TanaSemoqmedi, erTi sasruli
sicocxlis manZilze SeiZleboda dapatroneboda. am
garegan da Sinagan kulturul kosmosSi
Cabmulobas kidev ufro naklebad SeeZlo imis
damajereblobis SemoTavazeba, rom calkeuli
adamiani moaxerxebda mTeli kulturis an, Tundac,
raRac garkveuli azriT masSi "arsebiTis", risTvisac
sxvaTa Soris aranairi saboloo masStabi ar
arsebobda, gaTavisebas da, rom, maSasadame,
"kulturas" da misken swrafvas raime amqveyniuri
sazrisi SeiZleboda misTvis hqonoda. cxadia,
"kultura" calkeuli adamianisTvis mdgomareobda
ara mis mier monaxveW "kulturul sikeTeTa"
raodenobaSi, aramed aqedan formirebul rCeul
nakrebSi. magram imisaTvis, rom es nakrebi
individisTvis azrian dasasrulis miRwevas swored
"SemTxveviT" misi sikvdilis momentisTvis
SeZlebda, amis aranairi Tavdebi ar arsebobda. da
Tuki calkeuli adamiani cxovrebas medidurad sulac
zurgs aqcevs sityvebiT: _ "meyofa, man yvelaferi
momca (anda: wamarTva), rac ki sicocxled
miRirda", _ maSin amgvari qedmaRloba sulis xsnis
religias uflis mier dawesebul sicocxlis gzisa da
bedisweris mkrexelur gabiabruebad unda
moeCvenos, radgan sulis xsnis arc erTi religia ar
afasebs dadebiTad "nebayoflobiT sikvdils",
romelsac mxolod filosofosebi aidealebdnen.
am poziciidan, yovelgvari "kultura"
gamoiyureba, rogorc winaswar organulad
moxazuli bunebrivi cxovrebis wrebrunvidan
adamianis gamosvla da swored amis gamo
imisaTvis ganwirulad, rom TiToeul nabijTan erTad
sul ufro gamanadgurebel uazrobad iqces, xolo
kulturis sikeTeTa mimarT samsaxuri ki rac ufro
metad xdeboda misi wmidaTawmida amocanad,
"profesiul mowodebad" gadaqceva, miT ufro uazro
facifucs emsgavseboda ufasuri da, amavdroulad,
winaaRmdegobrivi da urTierTantagonisturi
miznebis samsaxurSi.
samyaro, rogorc arasrulyofilebis,
usamarTlobis, tanjvis, warmavalobis codvis,
aucdeneli danaSauliT damZimebuli, aucilebel
Semdgom ganvrcobasTan da diferencirebasTan
erTad sul ufro uazrobad qceuli kulturis adgil-
samyofeli, yvela am instanciaSi eTikuri poziciidan
dakvirvebisas misi arsebobis RvTaebrivi "sazrisis"
religiur postulats imTaviTve myife da
gaufasurebuli unda moCveneboda. am
gaufasurebaze, rac racionalur pretenziasa da
sinamdviles Soris, racionalur eTikasa da nawilobriv
racionalur, nawilobriv iracionalur RirebulebaTa
Soris konfliqtis Sedegs warmoadgenda, romelic
samyaroSi gamovlenili nebismieri gansakuTrebuli
sferos specifikuri Taviseburebis yovelgvar
gamokveTasTan erTad sul ufro gamZafrebulad da
gadauWrelad iCenda Tavs, "xsnis" moTxovnileba
imgvarad reagirebda, rom rac ufro sistemuri
xdeboda samyaros "sazrisis" gaazreba, rac ufro
racionalizebuli xdeboda Tavad es samyaro sakuTar
garegnul organizaciaSi, rac ufro sublimirebuli iyo
mis iracionalur SinaarsTa Segnebuli gancda, miT
ufro araqveyniuri, yovelgvari formirebuli
cxovrebisadmi gaucxoebuli xdeboda es
moTxovnileba da swored xsenebuli procesebis
paralelurad gardaiqmneboda igi imad, rac religiuri
sawyisis specifikur Sinaarss warmoadgenda. da
ara mxolod Teoriulma azrovnebam, romelmac
samyaros jado axsna, aramed swored religiuri
eTikis mcdelobam, moexdina am samyaros
praqtikulad eTikuri racionalizeba, moaxerxa misi
am saxis kalapotSi Cayeneba.
dabolos: specifikurad inteleqtualisturi
mistikuri xsnis Zieba am daZabulobebTan
mimarTebaSi Tavadac araZmurobis msoflio
batonobis xelSi Cavarda. erTi mxriv, misi qarizma
nebismierisTvis misawvdomi sulac ar iyo.
amrigad, is Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, umaRlesi
potenciis aristokratizms: sulis xsnis religiur
aristokratizms warmoadgenda. da racionaluri,
profesiul saqmianobad organizebuli kulturis
SuagulSi Tavad akosmisturi ZmobisaTvis,
ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofil fenebs garda, TiTqmis
aRar rCeboda adgili: budas, iesos, wminda
franciskis yaidaze cxovreba, rogorc Cans,
racionaluri kulturis teqnikur da socialur pirobebSi
wminda garegnuli TvalsazrisiT
warumateblobisTvisaa ganwiruli.
samyaros uarmyofeli warsulis sulis xsnis
calkeuli eTikebi samyaros uaryofis sakuTari wesiT
am wminda racionaluri gziT agebul skalaSi sruliad
gansxvavebul adgilebs ikaveben. mravalricxovan
konkretul garemoebaTa gverdiT, romlebzec es iyo
damokidebuli da romelTa gamovlenisaTvis Teoriuli
kazuistika ar aris sakmarisi, garkveul rols
racionaluri elementic anu im Teodiceis struqtura
TamaSobda, romlis meSveobiTac metafizikurma
moTxovnilebam, rom miuxedavad yvelafrisa, am
Seurigebel daZabulobebSi erTi saerTo sazrisi
epova, am Teodiceis arsebobis gacnobierebaze
moaxdina reagireba. im samTagan, romlebic
Sesaval msjelobaSi erTaderT Tanamimdevruli saxis
Teodicead iqna dasaxelebuli, erT-erTs _ dualizms
ZaluZda xsenebuli moTxovnilebisTvis arcTu
umniSvnelo samsaxuris gaweva. uxsovari droidan
da maradisobisTvis arsebuli sinaTlis, simarTlis,
siwmindis da sikeTis Zalisa da wyvdiadis, tyuilis,
uwmindurobisa da borotebis Zalis Tanaarseboba
da dapirispirebuloba, saboloo jamSi, mxolod
sulebis magiuri pluralizmis uSualo sistematizebas
warmoadgenda, mTeli misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
keTili (sasargeblo) da boroti (mavnebeli) sulebis
urTierTgamijvniT, rac RmerTebisa da demonebis
dapirispirebis winmswreb safexurebs
ganasaxierebda. im winaswarmetyvelur
religiurobaSi, romelmac es koncefcia yvelaze
Tanamimdevrulad gaatara anu zoroastrizmSi,
dualizmi uSualod "wmindisa" da "uwminduris" im
magiur dapirispirebas efuZneboda, romelSic adgili
hqonda miCenili yvela saxis saTnoebasa da
mankierebas. dualizmi niSnavs im RmerTis
yovlisSemZleobis uaryofas, romelic
RvTissawinaaRmdego Zalis arsebobiT umal
sakuTar zRvars miadga. masze dRevandelma
misma aRmsareblebma (parsebma) sinamdvileSi
uari Tqves, radgan am zRvaris atana SeuZlebeli
Seiqna. maSin, rodesac mis uTanamimdevrules
esqatologiaSi wmindisa da uwminduris samyaro,
romelTa aRrevidan myife empiriuli samyaro
warmoiSva, ganuxrelad or sruliad daukavSirebel
mwkrivad iyo urTierTgamijnuli, ufro Tanamedrove
saboloo imedi ki siwmindisa da sikeTis RmerTs
iseve moapovebinebs gamarjvebas, rogorc
qristianoba macxovars amarcxebinebs eSmaks.
dualizmis es ufro araTanamimdevruli forma
ganasaxierebs mTel msoflioSi sayovelTaod
gavrcelebul xalxur warmodgenas zecisa da
jojoxeTis Sesaxeb. es warmodgena aRadgens
RmerTis suverenitets im borot Zalaze, romelic misi
qmnilebaa da amiT sjera, rom RvTiuri
yovlisSemZleoba gadaarCina, magram amis
Semdeg iZulebulia, avad Tu kargad, Riad Tu
Sefarulad, im RvTiuri siyvarulidan raRac mainc
msxverplad gaiRos, romelsac, Tuki
yovlismcodneoba dadgenilia, radikalurad boroti
Zalis Seqmna da codvis daSveba, miT umetes,
sakuTari sasruli qmnilebis mimarT da sasruli
codvebisaTvis dawesebuli jojoxeTis sasjelis
maradiulobasTan kavSirSi, udaod ar
Seesatyviseba. aseT SemTxvevaSi
Tanamimdevruli qceva mxolod sikeTeze uaris
Tqmaa. es ki sruli TanamimdevrobiT predestinaciis
rwmenam ganaxorciela. RvTis gadawyvetilebebis
adamianuri masStabebiT gazomvis aRiarebuli
SeuZlebloba, usiyvarulo sicxadiT adamianuri
gagebisTvis samyaros sazrisis wvdomaze uaris
Tqmas niSnavda, riTac am saxis yovelgvar
problematikas bolo moeRo. es moZRvreba
amgvari kategoriulobiT aRtkinebuli virtuozobis
wreebis gareT xangrZlivad moTmenili ar yofila.
sworedac imitom, rom igi, "bedisweris" iracionaluri
Zalisadmi rwmenis sapirispirod, SerisxulTa ara
mxolod daRupvisTvis, aramed borotebisaTvis
providenciur anu, erTgvarad, racionalur
gansazRvrulobas uSvebda, oRond amis mere
"sasjels" anu maT mimarT eTikuri kategoriis
gamoyenebas iTxovda.
predestinaciis rwmenis mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb am krebulis pirvel statiaSi iyo saubari.
zoroastriul dualizms Cven mogvianebiT da, Tanac,
mxolod mokled SevexebiT, vinaidan mis
aRmsarebelTa ricxi mcirea. is aq sulac SeiZleboda
gamotovebuli yofiliyo, saboloo samsjavroze
sparsuli warmodgenebis, demonTa da angelozTa
moZRvrebis gavlenas gviandeli periodis iudaizmze
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT esoden sagulisxmo
mniSvneloba rom ar hqonoda.
Teodiceis mesame, rogorc Tavisi
TanamimdevrulobiT, ise ganumeorebeli
metafizikuri SedegiT, gamorCeuli forma, romelic
gulisxmobda sakuTari ZalebiT virtuozulad
TviTgadarCenis dakavSirebas sulis xsnis
universalur miRwevadobasTan, samyaros
umkacresi uaryofis dakavSirebas organul socialur
eTikasTan, xolo mWvretelobis, rogorc sulis xsnis,
umaRlesi saSualebis gaerTianebas saero profesiul
eTikasTan, inteleqtualTa indur religiurobas
axasiaTebda, romelsac axla SevexebiT.

1)razec e. trolCma sruliad marTebulad araerTgzis

dabejiTebiT miuTiTa.
2)es, rogorc vnaxavT, Teoriulad yvelaze
Tanamimdevrulad bhagavadgitaSia gatarebuli.
3)anda orgiastuli agznebis uneblie Sedegi.
skopcebis (kastratTa) seqtis dafuZneba ruseTSi im
swrafvidan momdinareobda, rom Tavi daeRwiaT
xlistebis cekvis (radenies) amgvari codvilad
Sefasebuli SedegisaTvis.
4)metadre "omsa da mSvidobaSi". sxvaTa Soris,
nicSeseuli cnobili analizi "Zalauflebisadmi nebaSi"
am mosazrebebTan srul TanxmobaSia, albaT
swored naTlad Secnobili Sebrunebuli RirebulebiTi
wanamZrvrebis gamo da maT miuxedavad. xsnis
religiurobis adgili aSvagoSasTan sakmaod
mkafiodaa dadgenili.

maqs veberis biografia

germaneli sociologi, filosofosi da istorikosi maqs veberi

daibada 1864 wlis 21 aprils qalaq erfurtSi. mama,
doqtori maqs veberi, ganaTlebiT iuristi SemdgomSi
parlamentis wevri gaxda, romelsac rogorc politikoss
naklebad ainteresebda religia, xolo deda ki
warmoSobiT hugenoti iyo. man ori Svilis dakargviT
gamowveuli tanjva gamoscada, ramac garkveulwilad
misi Rrma religiuroba gansazRvra. veberis biografebi
varaudoben, rom swored is ganasaxierebda sociologiis
fuZmdeblisTvis religiis, askezisa da Teodiceis ideas.
maqs veberis pirveli didi siyvaruli misi deidaSvili,
profesor herman baumgartenis qaliSvili emi iyo,
romelsac igi daSorda da colad SeirTo mariane Snitgeri,
visganac Svili ar gasCenia. es uwinaresad inteleqtualur
megobrobaze damyarebuli qorwineba iyo.
1889 wels veberma berlinSi daicva sakandidato
disertacia samarTlis istoriis Temaze. 1890 wels
warumatebli darCa veberis mcdeloba daekavebina
adgili qalaq bremenis administrtaciaSi. swored amis
Semdeg miubrunda igi akademiur karieras.
1892 wels man kvlav berlinSi daicva sadoqtoro
disertacia samarTlis istoriis problemebze.
1894 wels veberma daikava nacionaluri ekonomikis
kaTedra fraiburg im braisgauSi, xolo 1897 wels ki
Caibara nacionaluri ekonomikis kaTedra haidelbergSi.
veberis samecniero Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebaze
udidesi zegavlena neokantianelobam iqonia. man
rikertTan da dilTaisTan erTad idealur tipTa koncefcia
Seqmna.
1898 wels mZime nervuli stresis Sedegad veberisTvis
SeuZlebeli Seiqna universitetSi pedagogiuri
moRvaweobis gagrZeleba. 1903 wels man sabolood
datova universiteti da samogzaurod da Sua
saukuneebis eklesia-monastrebis Sesaswavlad italiaSi
gaemgzavra. 1919 wels ki man miunxenis universitetSi
luiji brentanos kaTedra gadaibara.
maqs veberi gardaicvala 1920 wlis 14 ivniss. igi im
gripis epidemiis msxverpli Seiqmna, romelic imJamad
miunxenSi mZvinvarebda.