Group 1: Aguit, Alday, Arellano, Austria


 Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 3: The

Action Potential: Threshold Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results


You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Axons are


You correctly answered: d. long, thin structures that extend from a

neuronal cell body.

2. Which of the following is easier?


You correctly answered: a. extracellular recordings of the action potential

3. An action potential is usually initiated in an axon at or near

You correctly answered: d. all of the above

4. The initiation of an action potential in a sensory neuron in the body

normally
 You correctly answered: a. follows a sufficiently large
depolarizing receptor potential.

Experiment Results

Predict Question:


Predict Question: How will the action potential at R1 (or R2) change as you
continue to increase the stimulus voltage?

Your answer : c. The action potential will not change.

Stop & Think Questions:
 Why is the action potential recorded by the
second recording electrode (R2) delayed relative to the action potential
recorded by the first recording electrode (R1)?


You correctly answered: c. The action potential had to propagate from R1

to R2.

An increase in extracellular K+ would depolarize a neuron. This

depolarization would occur if neurons were damaged. From what you have
just learned about generating an action potential, what effect would this
have on nearby axons? The nearby axonal membranes will
___________.


You correctly answered: b. be depolarized to values near or above

threshold voltages.

Experiment Data:

Stimulus Voltage Peak Value at R1 Peak Value at R2

Action Potential
(mV) (μV) (μV)

10 0 0 No

20 100 100 Yes

30 100 100 Yes

40 100 100 Yes

50 100 100 Yes

Post-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 3 out of 3 questions correctly.

1. The threshold voltage in an axon is usually


You correctly answered: a. less negative than the resting membrane

potential.

2. If a graded receptor potential made the resting membrane potential of

the axon more negative (for example, -70 mV changes to -75 mV), you
would expect


You correctly answered: d. it to be more difficult for this axon to reach the
threshold voltage.

3. Failure to reach the threshold voltage in the axon of a sensory neuron

could be caused by

You correctly answered: d. all of the above.

Review Sheet Results


 1. Define the term threshold as it applies to an action potential.


Your answer:
 The term threshold which is associated with action potential
is referred to as the point of depolarization at which the neuron fires
signals, transmitting information to the next neuron. The information is
transmitted via electric impulses sent through the nerve’s axon.

2. What change in membrane potential (depolarization or

hyperpolarization) triggers an action potential?


Your answer:
 If the neuron is inactive, more positively charged ions are
located outside the axon than the inside. When it is stimulated, the axon
membrane admits more sodium ions, making the neuron more positively
charged. And when the neuron reaches a certain point of depolarization, it
will trigger an action potential.

3. How did the action potential at R1 (or R2) change as you increased the
stimulus voltage above the threshold voltage? How well did the results
compare with your prediction?


Your answer:
 Increasing the stimulus voltage above the threshold did not
change the duration and intensity of the action potentials generated at R1
and R2. This goes in accordance with our prediction.

4. An action potential is an "all-or-nothing" event. Explain what is meant by

this phrase


Your answer:
 The phrase “all-or-nothing” that is associated with action

potential explains the principle that the strength by which a nerve responds
to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus
causes depolarization and it reaches to the threshold point or beyond it,
the nerve will then give a response and will fire electrical impulses.
However, if the threshold point is not reached, the nerve will not give a
response, hence, will not fire any electrical impulses.

5. What part of a neuron was investigated in this activity?


 Your answer:
 The part of the neuron that was investigated in this activity
is the trigger zone or where the axon hillock and the initial segment come
together.

Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 5: The

Action Potential: Measuring Its Absolute and Relative Refractory
Periods Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results
 You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions

correctly.

1. Which of the following occurs after the peak of the action potential?

You correctly answered: d. All of these occur.

2. What is meant by Na+ channel inactivation?


You correctly answered: b. The Na+ channel no longer allows Na+ ions to
pass through it.

3. What happens when voltage-gated K+ channels open?

You correctly answered: d. All of these occur.

4. It is harder to generate a second action potential soon after the first

action potential because

You correctly answered: d. All of these make it harder to generate a

second action potential.

Experiment Results


Predict Question:

Predict Question: If you further decrease the interval between the stimuli,
will the threshold for the second action potential change?


Your answer : c. The threshold for the second action potential will be
higher (requiring a larger depolarization).

Stop & Think Questions:
 Threshold can be defined as the minimum

voltage needed to generate an action potential. Is the threshold for the first
action potential the same as, or different from, the threshold for the second
action potential with a 60 msec interval?
 You correctly answered: a. The
threshold for the first action potential is lower than the threshold for the
second action potential.

Experiment Data:

Interval Between Stimuli

Stimulus Voltage (mV) Second Action Potential?
(msec)

250 20 Yes

125 20 Yes

60 20 No

60 25 No

60 30 Yes

30 30 No

30 35 No

30 40 No

30 45 Yes

15 60 Yes

7.5 60 Yes

3.75 60 No
Post-lab Quiz Results


You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. What is the original threshold for this neuron?


You correctly answered: a. A 20 mV depolarization to -50 mV.

2. As the interval between stimuli decreases, the depolarization needed to

generate the second action potential

You correctly answered: a. increases.

3. Judging from your results, what time period after the first action potential
best describes the relative refractory period (the time when a second
action potential can be generated only if the stimulus intensity is
increased)?


 You correctly answered: c. 7.5 ms-60 msec

4. At what interval between stimuli did the second action potential fail,
regardless of the stimulus intensity?

You correctly answered: d. 3.75 msec

5. What is the absolute refractory period for this neuron?

You correctly answered: d. 3.75 msec

Review Sheet Results


1. Define inactivation as it applies to a voltage-gated sodium channel.


Your answer:
 Inactivation of the voltage gated sodium channel occurs

after the channel has opened, leading to entry of Na+ ions inside the
membrane and subsequently the depolarization of the axon. As more Na+
ions enter, the membrane slowly approaches the equilibrium potential for
Na+. However, just as this occurs, the inactivation gate of the sodium
channels closes, preventing further entry of Na+ ions inside the
membrane.

2. Define the absolute refractory period.


Your answer:
 Absolute Refractory Period is the period during which a

second action potential can not be initiated absolutely, regardless of how
large the stimulus applied is.

3. How did the threshold for the second action potential change as you
further decreased the interval between the stimuli? How well did the results
compare with your prediction?


Your answer:
 From the experiment results, decreasing the stimulus

interval results to an increase in the threshold for the second action
potential. This goes in accordance with our prediction.

4. Why is it harder to generate a second action potential during the relative

refractory period?


Your answer:
 It is harder to generate a second action potential during the

relative refractory period because the voltage gated K+ channels are open
which opposes the depolarization, thus requiring a stronger stimulus than
the previous one.
Exercise 3: Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Activity 7: The
Action Potential: Conduction Velocity Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results
 You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions

correctly.

1. An action potential can be propagated along an axon because there are

__________ channels in the membrane.

You correctly answered: d. voltage-gated

2. The units of conduction velocity are

You correctly answered: d. meters/second.

3. Which of the following will affect axonal conduction velocity?


You correctly answered: c. both the diameter of the axon and the amount
of myelination

4. Which of the following describes an A fiber?


You correctly answered: a. large diameter, heavily myelinated

5. Which of the following describes a C fiber?


You correctly answered: c. small diameter, unmyelinated

Experiment Results

Predict Question:


Predict Question 1: How will the conduction velocity in the B fiber compare
with that in the A Fiber?


Your answer : b. The conduction velocity in the B fiber will be slower

because the B fiber has a smaller diameter and less myelination.

Predict Question 2: How will the conduction velocity in the C fiber compare
with that in the B Fiber?


Your answer : b. The conduction velocity in the C fiber will be slower

because the C fiber has a smaller diameter and less myelination.

Stop & Think Questions:


3. Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1

and the action potential recorded at R2. The distance between these sets
of recording electrodes is 10 centimeters (0.1 m).

Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds)
in the field below, and then click Submit Data to display your results in the
grid.


You answered: 0.002 sec

4. Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the

distance between R1 and R2 (0.1 m) by the time it took for the action
potential to travel from R1 to R2.

Enter the conduction velocity in the field below and then click Submit Data
to display your results in the grid.

You answered: 50 m/sec

7. Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1

and the action potential recorded at R2.

Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds)
in the field below, and then click Submit Data to display your results in the
grid.


You answered: 0.01 sec

8. Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the

distance between R1 and R2 (0.1 m) by the time it took for the action
potential to travel from R1 to R2.

Enter the conduction velocity in the field below and then click Submit Data
to display your results in the grid.

You answered: 10 m/sec

11. Note the difference in time between the action potential recorded at R1
and the action potential recorded at R2.

Convert the time from milliseconds to seconds, enter the time (in seconds)
in the field below, and then click Submit Data to display your results in the
grid.


You answered: 0.1 sec

12. Calculate the conduction velocity in meters/second by dividing the

distance between R1 and R2 (0.1 m) by the time it took for the action
potential to travel from R1 to R2.

Enter the conduction velocity in the field below and then click Submit Data
to display your results in the grid. You answered: 1 m/sec

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results


You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Action potential conduction velocity is fastest in which of the following

fibers?

You correctly answered: a. A fibers

2. Action potential conduction velocity is slowest in which of the following

fibers?

You correctly answered: c. C fibers

3. Why did the timescale have to be changed to measure the conduction

velocity of the C fibers?


You correctly answered: b. The total time shown on the oscilloscope would
have been too short to see the action potential at R2.

4. The axons from touch fibers are A fibers, and the axons from pain fibers
are C fibers. When you stub your toe, which would you expect to perceive
first?


You correctly answered: b. your toe touching something

Review Sheet Results


 1. How did the conduction velocity in the B fiber compare with that in the
A Fiber? How well did the results compare with your prediction?


 Your answer:
 B fibers have a smaller radius and less myelin than A
fibers so the velocity was slower than velocity of A fibers as predicted.

2. How did the conduction velocity in the C fiber compare with that in the B
Fiber? How well did the results compare with your prediction?


Your answer:
 The velocity in the C fiber was slower than velocity of B
fibers as predicted.

3. What is the effect of axon diameter on conduction velocity?


Your answer:
 An increase in axon diameter leads to an increase in the

conductance velocity of the axon. This is because as diameter increases,
resistance will decrease. A decrease in resistance means a less
constricted flow of current along the axon, leading to higher conductance
velocity.

4. What is the effect of the amount of myelination on conduction velocity?


Your answer:
 A greater amount of nerve myelination leads to higher

conduction velocity whereas less myelination leads to slower conduction
velocity.

5. Why did the time between the stimulation and the action potential at R1
differ for each axon?


Your answer:
 Because each nerve differed in radius and amount of

myelination, the three nerves have different conduction velocity. As a
result, the time between the stimulation and the action potential at R1 differ
for each axon.

6. Why did you need to change the timescale on the oscilloscope for each
axon?


 Your answer:
 The timescale for each axon must be adjusted because
an axon with high conductance velocity has a short period of action
potential propagation while an axon with low conductance velocity has a
long period of action potential propagation. Thus, a smaller timescale must
be used for an axon with high conductance velocity while a larger
timescale for an axon with low conductance velocity.
Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology: Activity 1: Metabolism and
Thyroid Hormone Lab Report
Pre-lab Quiz Results


 You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following statements about metabolism is false?


You correctly answered: d. All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately

stored in the chemical bonds of ATP.

2. Thyroxine is


You correctly answered: c. the most important hormone for maintaining the
metabolic rate and body temperature.

3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is


You correctly answered: b. produced in the pituitary gland.

4. An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of

the following?

You correctly answered: d. goiter development

5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is


You correctly answered: a. secreted by the hypothalamus.

6. Which of the following statements is true?


 You correctly answered: b. The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic

hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones.

Experiment Results


 Predict Question:

Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate
(BMR) of the remaining rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you
just measured.


Your answer : c. The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the
normal rat's BMR.

Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject thyroxine
into the three rats?

Your answer : d. The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic but will not
develop a goiter.

Predict Question 3: What do you think will happen after you inject TSH into
the three rats?

Your answer : a. The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic and develop a
goiter.

Predict Question 4: Propylthiouracil (PTU) is a drug that inhibits the

production of thyroxine by blocking the attachment of iodine to tyrosine
residues in the follicle cells of the thyroid gland (iodinated tyrosines are
linked together to form thyroxine). What do you think will happen after you
inject PTU into the three rats?


Your answer : d. The normal rat will become hypothyroidic and develop a
goiter.

Stop & Think Questions:
 1h. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour
for this rat using the following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 420 ml O2/hr

1i. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report. You answered: 1680 ml O2/kg/hr

2h. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.
 You did not
answer this question.2i. Now that you have calculated the oxygen
consumption per hour for this rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per
kilogram of body weight with the following equation (note that you need to
convert the weight data from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr
 Enter the

metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to display
your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1518.37 ml O2/kg/hr
 3h. Calculate the oxygen

consumption per hour for this rat using the following equation. ml O2
consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 384 ml O2/hr

3i. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1567.35 ml O2/kg/hr

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800).

The normal rat is


You correctly answered: b. euthyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800).

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is


You correctly answered: a. hypothyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800).

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: a. hypothyroid

4c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 504 ml O2/hr

4d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per

kilogram of body weight with the following equation (note that you need to
convert the weight data from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 2016 ml O2/kg/hr

5c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour
Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 468 ml O2/hr

5d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1910 ml O2/kg/hr

6c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 474 ml O2/hr

6d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report. You answered: 1934.69 ml O2/kg/hr

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine
injection.

The normal rat is


You correctly answered: c. hyperthyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine
injection.

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is


You correctly answered: c. hyperthyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the thyroxine
injection.

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: c. hyperthyroid

Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with thyroxine (select all
that apply)?

You correctly answered: d. None of the rats developed a goiter with this
injection.

7c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


 You answered: 480 ml O2/hr

7d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1920 ml O2/kg/hr

8c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.
 You answered:
384 ml O2/hr

8d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr
 Enter the

metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to display
your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1567.35 ml O2/kg/hr
 9c. Calculate the oxygen

consumption per hour for this rat using the following equation. ml O2
consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 462 ml O2/hr

9d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for this
rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight with
the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data from
grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1885.71 ml O2/kg/hr

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the TSH injection.

The normal rat is


You correctly answered: c. hyperthyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the TSH injection.

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is


You correctly answered: a. hypothyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the TSH injection.

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is

You correctly answered: c. hyperthyroid

Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with TSH (select all that
apply)?
 You correctly answered: a. the normal rat c. the
hypophysectomized rat
 10c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour
for this rat using the following equation.

ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 378 ml O2/hr

10d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for
this rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight
with the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1512 ml O2/kg/hr

11c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 378 ml O2/hr

11d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for
this rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight
with the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1542.86 ml O2/kg/hr

12c. Calculate the oxygen consumption per hour for this rat using the
following equation. ml O2 consumed/1 minute x 60 minutes/hour = ml
O2/hour

Enter the oxygen consumption per hour in the field below and then click
Submit Data to display your results in the Lab Report.


You answered: 372 ml O2/hr

12d. Now that you have calculated the oxygen consumption per hour for
this rat, you can calculate the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight
with the following equation (note that you need to convert the weight data
from grams to kilograms to use this equation).

Metabolic rate = (ml O2/hr)/(weight in kg) = ml O2/kg/hr

Enter the metabolic rate in the field below and then click Submit Data to
display your results in the Lab Report.

You answered: 1518.37 ml O2/kg/hr

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the PTU injection.

The normal rat is


You correctly answered: a. hypothyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the PTU injection.

The thyroidectomized (Tx) rat is


You correctly answered: a. hypothyroid

Judging from their basal metabolic rates (an indicator of thyroid function),
categorize the rats as hypothyroid (low thyroid levels; BMR below 1600),
euthyroid ("good," or normal, thyroid levels; BMR = 1650-1750), or
hyperthryoid (high thyroid levels; BMR above 1800) after the PTU injection.

The hypophysectomized (Hypox) rat is You correctly answered: a.

hypothyroid

Which of the rats developed a goiter after injection with PTU (select all that
apply)?

You correctly answered: a. the normal rat

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results
 You scored 100% by answering 7 out of 7
questions correctly.

1. How would you treat a thyroidectomized animal so that it functions like a

"normal" animal?

You correctly answered: c. Provide the animal T4 supplements.

2. As a result of the missing hormone(s) in the hypophysectimized rat,

what would be some expected symptoms?

You correctly answered: d. decreased basal metabolic rate

3. An injection of thyroxine to an otherwise normal rat will cause which of

the following?

You correctly answered: b. hyperthyroidism

4. Why didn't any of the rats develop a goiter after thyroxine injection?


You correctly answered: a. In all cases, TSH levels were not elevated by
the thyroxine injection.

5. Why did the normal rat develop a palpable goiter with the TSH
injection?


You correctly answered: c. The TSH receptors on the thyroid gland were
excessively stimulated.

6. An injection of propylthiouracil to an otherwise normal animal will cause

which of the following?

You correctly answered: b. goiter development

7. Why did the normal rat develop a palpable goiter with the
propylthiouracil injection?


You correctly answered: d. The injection decreased the negative feedback

Review Sheet Results
 1. Part 1: Determining the Basal Metabolic

Rates

Which rat had the fastest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Your answer:
 The normal rat had the fastest basal metabolic rate.

2. Why did the metabolic rates differ between the normal rat and the
surgically altered rats? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?


Your answer:
 A normal rat normally produces thyroxine, TSH, and TRH,
leading to a normal basal metabolic rate. Meanwhile, a thyroidectomized
rat does not produce thyroxine while a hypophysectomized rat does not
produce TRH, making them hypothyroid. This goes in accordance with our
prediction.

3. If an animal has been thyroidectomized, what hormone(s) would be

missing in its blood?
Your answer:
 If an animal has been thyroidectomized, the hormone
thyroxine will be missing in its blood.

4. If an animal has been hypophysectomized, what effect would you expect

to see in the hormone levels in its body?


Your answer:
 If an animal has been hypophysectomized, the animal will

be hypothyroid because of lack of TSH and thyroxine in its blood.

5. Part 2: Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate

What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the normal rat's BMR?


Your answer:
 After injecting thyroxine, the normal rat's BMR will increase,
making the rat hyperthyroid.

6. What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the thyroidectomized rat's

BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's
BMR? Was the dose of thyroxine in the syringe too large, too small, or just
right?


Your answer:
 After injecting thyroxine, the thyroidectomized rat’s BMR

increased and made the rat hyperthyroid. Compared with the normal rat’s
BMR, the thyroidectomized rat’s BMR was lower but still hyperthyroid. This
may have been due to a too large dose of thyroxine given to the rat.

7. What was the effect of thyroxine injections on the hypophysectomized

rat's BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's
BMR? Was the dose of thyroxine in the syringe too large, too small, or just
right?


Your answer:
 After injecting thyroxine, the hypophysectomized rat’s BMR

increased and made the rat hyperthyroid. Compared with the normal rat’s
BMR, the hypophysectomized rat’s BMR was lower but still hyperthyroid.
This may have been due to a too large dose of thyroxine given to the rat.

8. Part 3: Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate

What was the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) injections on the

normal rat's BMR?


 Your answer:
 TSH injections stimulate the production of thyroxine,

making the normal rat's BMR increase and become hyperthyroid.

02/17/19 page 10
9. What was the effect of TSH injections on the thyroidectomized rat's
BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's
BMR? Why was this effect observed?


Your answer:
 After injecting TSH, the thyroidectomized rat’s BMR slightly
decreased and the rat was still hypothyroid. Compared with the normal
rat’s BMR, the thyroidectomized rat’s BMR was lower. This is because
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine but since the rat
was thyroidectomized, the injected TSH did not increase the rat’s BMR.

10. What was the effect of TSH injections on the hypophysectomized rat's
BMR? How does the BMR in this case compare with the normal rat's
BMR? Was the dose of TSH in the syringe too large, too small, or just
right?


 Your answer:
 After injecting TSH, the hypophysectomized rat’s BMR

increased and made the rat hyperthyroid. The hypophysectomized rat’s
BMR was almost equal with that of the normal rat’s BMR. This may have
been due to a too large dose of TSH given to the rat.

Exercise 4: Endocrine System Physiology: Activity 3: Hormone

Replacement Therapy Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results


 You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)


You correctly answered: d. stimulates ovarian follicle development.

2. Estrogen


You correctly answered: d. is produced by developing ovarian follicles.

3. Calcitonin


You correctly answered: b. works against the development of

osteoporosis.

4. Which of the following statements is true?


You correctly answered: c. The ovaries stop secreting estrogen after

menopause.
Experiment Results


 Predict Question:


Predict Question 1: What effect will the saline injections have on the
control rat's vertebral bone density?


Your answer : b. The saline injections will decrease the rat's vertebral bone
density (indicated by a more-negative T score).

Predict Question 2: What effect will the estrogen injections have on the
estrogen-treated rat's vertebral bone density?

Your answer : a. The estrogen injections will increase the rat's vertebral
bone density (indicated by a less-negative T score).

Predict Question 3: What effect will the calcitonin injections have on the
calcitonin-treated rat's vertebral bone density?

Your answer : a. The calcitonin injections will increase the rat's vertebral
bone density (indicated by a less-negative T score).

Experiment Data:
Post-lab Quiz Results


You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Saline injections were used in this experiment to measure the effect of

You correctly answered: c. a placebo on bone density.

2. In the ovariectomized rats used in this experiment


You correctly answered: d. osteoporosis was evident prior to the injections

of estrogen.

3. Injection of calcitonin into an ovariectomized rat will


You correctly answered: b. inhibit osteoclast activity and stimulate calcium

uptake and deposition in long bones.

4. As the rat's bone density increases


You correctly answered: a. the X-ray scanning assay reports a less-

negative T-score.
Review Sheet Results


 1. Why were ovariectomized rats used in this experiment? How does the
fact that the rats are ovariectomized explain their baseline T scores?


Your answer:
 Ovariectomized rats were used in the experiment as these

rats do not produce any estrogen. Because estrogen is normally being
produced by the ovary, these rats are prone to the development of
osteoporosis. Hence, their baseline T scores are -2.50 and below.

2. What effect did the administration of saline injections have on the control
rat? How well did the results compare with your prediction?


Your answer:
 The administration of saline injections will further lessen the
bone density of the control rat. This goes in accordance with our
prediction.

3. What effect did the administration of estrogen injections have on the

estrogen-treated rat? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?


Your answer:
 After injecting estrogen, the rats had a less negative T
score. This goes in accordance with our prediction.

4. What effect did the administration of calcitonin injections have on the

calcitonin-treated rat? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?


 Your answer:
 After injecting calcitonin, the rats had a less negative T
score. This goes in accordance with our prediction.

5. What are some health risks that postmenopausal women must consider
when contemplating estrogen hormone-replacement therapy?


Your answer:
 There are risks of uterine cancer, breast cancer, colorectal
cancer, and an increased chance of small cell lung cancer which can be
dangerous for women who will experience the said diseases or conditions.