Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MAPEH 9
The word medieval is derived from the Latin word “Medius” meaning middle. It is
also known as the” Middle ages” or “Dark ages”. Medieval Period music, is classified
into two ;
1. sacred
2. secular
Sacred Music of the Medieval Period
• Monophonic texture – this texture refers to only one musical line.
• Polyphonic texture- two or more sounds played simultaneously.
• Known as chants, plainchants or plainsong.
• Monophonic plainchants are named after Pope Gregory I called Gregorian
chants.
• Gregorian chants are written in neumes.
Secular Music of the Medieval Period
• Secular music is also known as court music.
• Troubadours- were travelling musicians who performed in different places to
entertain people.
• Chanson and Canso – are the songs of troubadours.
Medieval composer
Adam de la Halle- Also known as Adam le Bossu, he was known for his chanson . One of
his famous works is the musical play “ Le Jeu Robin et Marion .
Renaissance music sounds fuller than medieval music, Because the bass part
was now added the tenor voice.
Vocal music is more important than the instrumental music because this era is
also known as the “Golden age” of a cappella or choir music. During this time,
musicians gained respect in society and were better appreciated compared to
medieval period.
Mass and Motet are the two types of sacred music. Motet is a polyphonic music
set to a sacred Latin text while Mass is a form of sacred musical composition that
has five main sections.
Madrigal is a secular music; a poetry set into music and arranged into multiple
parts without accompaniment.
Word painting is often used in madrigals. Word painting is a musical technique
which the melody reflects the literal meaning of the text.
The term Baroque is derived from the Portuguese word “Barroco” which means
“pearl of irregular shapes”. Arts from Baroque period featured beautiful,
realistic, and grandiose religious artworks.
Baroque music is grand, ornate and lively. It features one basic mood or a unity
of mood with a consistent and strong rhythmic drive. Unlike the music in the
previous periods, there was an equal importance of sacred and secular as well
as vocal and instrumental music.
Genres of Baroque Music
1. Johann Sebastian Bach- Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught
by his father how to play violin. He focused his attention to playing violin and
harpsichord and he was known for his compositions for organ, orchestra and
oratorio
Historians, archeologist, Anthropologist believed that their art is the only one clue- along
with fossils, pollens, and other finds to an understanding of early human life and culture .
Paleolithic Art
Petroglyphs – The term petroglyph came from the Greek words Petra which means
“stone” and Glyphein means to “carve”.
Cave Painting
Sculpture
3 types of Megaliths
1. Menhir - A huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing in the
middle of the field or arranged in rows.
2. Dolmens- These structures are in form of table consisting of two huge standing
stones supporting a horizontal giant stone. It is believed that it served as grave or
as an altar.
3. Cromlech- A circle of standing stones.
Ancient Egyptian Art functioned to glorify the Gods (including the pharaohs) and to
facilitate the passage of humans into after life. It emphasizes the importance of life after
death and the preservation of the knowledge of the past.
Symbolic elements such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials, color,
action and gestures were widely used. Their tombs required the most extensive use of
sculpture. Symbolism are used to represent the gods, they were presented as
composite creature with animal heads on human bodies.
Queen Nefertiti (Painted limestone)- Queen refers to the great royal wife of the
Egyptian pharaoh.
The Pharaoh Menkaure and his Queen
Egyptian Architecture
The structure has thick sloping walls with few openings to maintain stability.
Ornamentations were symbolic including Scarab (sacred beetle), solar disk, vulture and
common motifs (leaves, buds, flowers of lotus, and papyrus plants).
Pyramid of Giza- are the most substantial ancient structure of the world. 3
pyramids are the funerary structures of the 3 kings of the IV dynasty namely:
Khufu (Cheops)- the great Pyramid
Khafa (Chepren)- Pyramid next to the great pyramid.
Menkaura (Mycerinus)- the smallest pyramid.
Mastaba- a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular
structure with outward sloping sides. It was made of mud-bricks stone.
Classical Greek Era
Paintings during the classical era were most commonly found in vases, panels and
tombs. Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological figures and everyday
scenes.
Kerch Style refers to as Kerch vases that are red figured pottery named after the
place where it was found.
Shapes commonly found are:
1. Pelike (Wine container)
2. Lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles)
3. Lebes Gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath)
4. Krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)
Early Greek sculptures were tensed and stiffed, their bodies were hidden within
enfolding robes. One most popular styles of the Greek sculpture was the Hellenistic
Style, sculptures are more elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and
groups and emphasis on the representation of movements.
Greek Architecture
Roman paintings have a wide variety of subject animals, everyday life, mythological
subjects, portraits and landscapes.
Head of Alexander
Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries
Boscotrecase, Pompeii- a fresco painting that was believed to depict a
ceremonial rite, either marriage or an initiation of a woman in a mystery cult.
Roman sculptures are made of monumental terra-cotta, they produced reliefs in the
Great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs around.
Roman Architecture- built sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate their
glory. Emperors erected huge halls and arenas for public games, baths and procession.
They built them of gigantic arches of stone, bricks and concrete with barrel vaults.
The Colosseum