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Dr Bakary Diarra
BIUST
Electrical Engineering
In the practical of this year, we will validate experimentally some of the network analysis
techniques discussed in EEEN222 courses. Students are encouraged to simulate the different
exercises they prepared for the labs. Simulation permits to confirm the theoretical results
before coming to the lab session. I recommend you an interesting and free software to
simulate electrical circuits available here. Many tutorials about PSpice are available on Orcad
website and on internet.
For this experiment, you need resistors, ammeter, voltmeter or multimeter and a DC
source. Students have to choose the correct resistances using the colour code.
A
10 𝑘Ω 4.7 𝑘Ω
+
10𝑉 10 𝑘Ω 4.7 𝑘Ω 𝑅𝐿
B
Fig. 1: DC network
A
10 𝑘Ω 4.7 𝑘Ω
+
10𝑉 10 𝑘Ω 4.7 𝑘Ω 𝑉𝑇𝐻
B
Fig. 2: measure of the Thevenin (open circuit) voltage
A
10 𝑘Ω 4.7 𝑘Ω
𝑟 10 𝑘Ω 4.7 𝑘Ω 𝑅𝑇𝐻
B
Fig. 3: measure of the Thevenin resistance
b. Experiment
Using the circuit of Fig. 2, measure the Thevenin voltage with a voltmeter (or
multimeter). Record this value as .
Using the circuit of
Fig. 3, measure the Thevenin resistance with an ohmmeter (or multimeter). Record
this value as . The power supply must be turned off.
Draw the equivalent circuit using the measured values
Compare the theoretical and experimental values. Conclude.
Vary using the following values 0.47K, 1K, 1.5K, 2.2K, 3.3K, 3.9K, 4.7K, 5.7K
and 6.6K recording the voltage and current for each measure.
Plot the power absorbed as a function of
Compare these values to the theoretical ones.
For this experiment, you need a capacitor, a resistor, breadboard, an oscilloscope and
signal generator.
𝑅
𝐶
𝑉𝐶 𝑅 𝑉𝑅
+
𝑉𝐸 𝐶 +
𝑉𝐸
2. Experiment
a. Charging and discharging the capacitor
Replace the input voltage by a 400 Hz square signal and adjust the amplitude so that the
signal varies between 0 and 2 V
Visualise simultaneously on the oscilloscope both the input and the capacitor voltage
Determine the time constant of the circuit graphically using the Cursors. Compare this
value to the theoretical value. Conclude.
b. Integration
Set the frequency of the input signal between 8 kHz and 10 kHz in the circuit of Fig. 4
c. Derivation
Change the frequency of the input signal to 20 Hz in the circuit of Fig. 5
The RLC circuit is a resonant circuit characterised by its resonance frequency which depends
on the capacitance and the inductance. Contrary to the RC and RL circuits, the RLC is a
second order system as the differential equation contains a second order derivative.
𝑅
𝐿
+
𝑉𝐸 𝐶 𝑉𝐶
The resistance in the circuit can be an external resistance or the internal parasitic resistance of
the capacitor and the inductor. Without any resistor, we get a perfect oscillating system.
These circuits have many applications. They can be used for selecting or rejecting
specific frequencies and are called tuning circuits. These circuits are present in the
television and radio receivers and transmitters etc…
1. Theory
Using KVL, find the differential equation controlling the voltage .
Solve this equation when the system is supplied but a step signal of amplitude . The
capacitor is set to , the resistor to and the inductor .
Specify the values of the damping coefficient , the resonance frequency , the quality factor
and the bandwidth as a function of the different parameters of the circuit.
Simulate this circuit in Pspice and compare the results to the theoretical ones. You may use a
low frequency square input to mimic a step signal. Try different values of to see how it
affects the output.
2. Experiment
Connect the circuit of Fig. 6 and supply it with a 30 square signal of 2V amplitude
100
80
First overshoot (%)
60
40
20
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Fig. 7 First overshoot as function of damping coefficient
Determine the resonance frequency and the quality factor of the circuit of
the circuit. Compare these values to the theoretical one, conclude.
Determine the resonance frequency (when and are in phase) varying the
frequency. The amplitude of at the resonance is called .
Measure the bandwidth of the circuit ( √ ) and the quality factor
Compare to the previous values
For the theory part of this lab, I recommend you to use Matlab as this will make the
calculations very easy for you. Use Pspice to have an idea of the circuit outputs in practice.
For this experiment, we need a capacitor, an inductor, resistors, breadboard, a
multimeter, an oscilloscope, wires and signal generator.
1. Maximum power transfer
In DC, the conditions of maximum power transfer have been verified in the previous labs.
This exercise aims at testing the same conditions in AC at 50 .
a. Theory
Determine the Thevenin voltage ̅ and impedance ̅ between the terminals A and
B showing all the steps of the calculation.
Deduce the value of ̅ to guarantee the maximum power transfer.
Specify the value of and the inductor which reactance is .
Calculate the apparent power ̅ of the load ̅̅̅. Deduce the active power.
Change the value of in Matlab and Pspice and show that of the active decreases
A
47 Ω 100 Ω
B
Fig. 8: AC network for Thevenin theorem application
b. Experiment
Measure the Thevenin voltage ̅ with a multimeter and its phase shift
relative to the supply where is the time shift between the two
signals measurable with the oscilloscope time cursors.
Measure the Norton current ̅ (when the capacitor is removed and output short-
circuited) and its phase shift relative to the supply.
Deduce the phase shift between ̅ and ̅ and the Thevenin
impedance ̅ ̅ ̅ . Take . for your calculations if the value you
find is very different.
Deduce the ̅ for maximum power transfer
Connect and the inductor which reactance is . For take into account the
internal resistance of the inductor .
Measure the active power of the load ̅̅̅ with the multimeter and the oscilloscope.
Compare to the theoretical results. Confirm the results by using other values for ̅
𝐿 𝐿
𝑉̅ 5∠0 𝑉,
𝑉̅ 𝑉̅ 𝐶 𝑓 600 𝐻𝑧
𝐿 10 𝑚𝐻,
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 37 Ω
(a) (b)
Fig. 9 AC series circuit (a) without and (b) with the power factor improvement
a. Theory
Find the impedance of circuit of Fig. 9 (a) in rectangular and polar notations
Determine the current in rectangular and polar notations
Draw the phasor diagram and find the power factor of the circuit
Determine the apparent power of the circuit in rectangular and polar notations
Draw the power diagram of the circuit
Using the power diagram, determine the capacitor to have a power factor of .
Simulate the two circuits with Pspice and compare the phase shift between the supply
̅ and the overall current .̅
b. Experiments
Measure with the multimeter the internal resistance of the inductor and add in
series to the inductor a resistance so that
Visualise on the oscilloscope the supply voltage and the current of the circuit of and
determine the phase shift between them using time cursors.
Measure the amplitude of the current and voltage with the multimeter or oscilloscope
Measure the phase shift between the current and the supply using the time cursors of
the oscilloscope.
Deduce the active power absorbed by the load
Answer the same questions for the circuit of Fig. 9(b) using the theoretical value of
Compare the phase shifts of the two circuits of Fig. 9(a)-(b)
Conclude on the role of the capacitor in the circuit
The circuits RC (and RL) can be used as passive filters (electronic sieves) permitting to
cancel or considerably attenuate some frequencies from an input signal. Filters are used in a
wide variety of applications. In telecommunication, for channel selection anti-aliasing for
noise filtering, in power systems to remove switching harmonics etc...
𝑅
𝐶
̅̅̅ 𝑅 ̅̅̅
𝑉
̅̅̅
𝑉𝐸 𝐶 𝑉𝐶 ̅̅̅
𝑉𝐸 𝑅
Fig. 10: low pass filter Fig. 11: high pass filter
This exercise permits to evaluate the response of these two circuits to the same input at
different frequencies. This response permits to know the type of the filter. The capacitor is set
to , the resistor to .
For the theory part, use Matlab for the calculations and plotting. Use Pspice to have an idea
of the circuit outputs in practice.
1. Theory
Find the complex impedance of the resistor and the capacitor in these circuits
Find the output voltages using the voltage divider made by the resistor and the capacitor
Deduce the ratio of the output/input and its phase as function of the components of the
circuit and the frequency
Plot the gain ( ) 20 10 (| |) and ( ) 20 10 (| |) and their phase
( ) angles as a function of frequency using Matlab.
Use Pspice to simulate these circuits and plot the gains and phase shifts. Compare to your
theoretical results.
2. Experiment
Set up the circuit and supply it with a sinusoidal signal 2 amplitude varying it frequency
from 10Hz to 1 MHz. Choose a constant frequency step in log scale.
For which frequencies the circuits integrate or differentiate the input signal? Check with
some waveforms correctly chosen.
3. Cascade of RC filters
Cascading the low pass and the high pass filters permits to get a band pass filter but the
components of one filter must be changed to meet the expected results. The two filters can be
arranged in any order without changing the results.
𝑅
𝐶
𝑅 ̅̅̅
𝑉 𝑅
̅̅̅
𝑉𝐸 𝐶
Low pass High pass
Find the Thevenin model of this circuit seen from the terminals of
Deduce the transfer function and the phase shift of this circuit (ratio output / input) as a
function of the frequency and plot them.
Change the values of the resistor to 470 and keep all the other components to the
previous values 100 and 20 .
Measure the output amplitude and its phase shift when the frequency varies from 1 to
1 .
Plot the gain and the phase shift and compare them to the previous graphs
Conclusion
̅̅̅
𝑉𝐶 𝑉̅𝐿
̅̅̅ 𝑅 ̅̅̅
𝑉
𝑉𝐸 𝑅
For the theory part, use Matlab for the calculations and plotting.
a. Theory
Recall the impedance of the inductor, the capacitor and the resistor when the supply is
a sinusoidal signal at a frequency .
Deduce the impedance of L and C in series.
Find the voltages ̅̅̅, ̅ and ̅̅̅ as function of the frequency using the voltage division
Calculate the ratios ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅, ̅ ̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅ and their phases as a function of the
frequency as find the resonance frequency
Plot the gains ( ) and phases ( ) in log scale for the frequency varying from 10
to 3
What type of filter is the RLC circuit?
Calculate the bandwidth and the quality factor .
Simulate the circuit with Pspice and compare the results to the theoretical values. Change
the value of and see how the bandwidth becomes.
Connect the circuit of Fig. 13 and supply it with a sinusoidal signal of amplitude.
Measure the amplitude of ̅̅̅, ̅ and ̅̅̅ and their phase shift to ̅̅̅ and report in a
table for the frequency between 10 and 1 . Use the oscilloscope and/or the
multimeter
Plot the gains ( ) and phases ( ) as a function of the frequency. Choose correctly
the frequency step.
Determine the resonance frequency, the bandwidth and the quality factor
Compare these values to those obtained in theory
Redo the previous measurement for 50 and for 5 .
Conclude
2. Parallel resonance
For this circuit, the previous values of the components are maintained.
𝐼̅𝑅
𝐼̅𝐸 𝐶 𝐿 𝑅 ̅̅̅
𝑉 𝑅
𝐶
̅̅̅ 𝑅 ̅̅̅
𝑉
𝑉𝐸 𝑅
Answer to the same question as for RLC series circuit studied in section VI-1.
Fourier series permits to get the frequency components of periodic signals whereas the
Fourier transform is used for most of the basic non-periodic functions. In this exercise, we
focus on the square, triangular and sine signals. The supply and outputs will be analysed with
the oscilloscope. The period of all these signals is 0.02 .
𝑔(𝑡)
𝑓(𝑡) 𝐸
𝐸
𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝑇 𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝑇
Fig. 17: Square signal Fig. 16: Triangular signal
𝑅
𝐶
+ 𝐶 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑅 𝑉𝑅
𝑉𝐸 𝑉𝐸
Fig. 18: RC circuit when measuring 𝑽𝑪 Fig. 19: RC circuit when measuring 𝑽𝑹
1. Theory
What is the expression of the cut-off frequency of these two circuits? Which type
of filter they represent?
Find the Fourier series of the square Fig. 17 and triangular functions Fig. 16
Using Parseval theorem, determine the number of harmonics required to have 90% of
the overall power of the signal. What is the corresponding frequency ?
Find and so that the cut-off frequency is equal to , .
Using the superposition theorem, find the Fourier series of the circuits of Fig. 18 and
Fig. 19 when supplied by the square and triangular signals
Deduce the Fourier transform of the output signals
Use the FFT function of Pspice to verify your theoretical results for both the supply and
the circuit outputs.
2. Experiment
c. Filter design
Realise a filter of your choice which permits to select the fundamental of a square
and triangular signal of frequency (between 2 and 3 ).
Explain the choice of the filter selected and the values of its parameters.
Conclude on the usefulness of filter in signal processing.
You can use Pspice first to select the right parameters before the experiment. Take into
account the components available in the Lab (see with Technicians).