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1
INTRODUCTION
Nearly almost member are subjected to both bending moment and axial load.
The member subjected to axial compression and bending is referred as Beam-Column.
MODE OF FAILURE
1. Axial tension and bending; failure usually by yielding.
2. Axial compression and bending about one axis; failure by instability in the plane of
bending, without twisting.
3. Axial compression and bending about the strong axis; failure by lateral-torsional
buckling.
4. Axial compression and biaxial bending - torsionally stiff sections ; failure by instability
in one of the principal directions.
6. Axial compression, biaxial bending, and torsion; failure by combined twisting and2
bending when plane of bending does not contain the shear center.
ASSUMPTION
Each structural component should be considered in elastic condition in each factored
loading condition.
Influence of moment of inertia changes in the member should be considered in
the examination.
The influence of second order should be calculated following one of 2 analysis :
a. First Order Analysis using moment amplification
b. Second Order Analysis using a standard method.
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BRACED FRAME SNI 7.4.3.1
Without Axial Force or With Axial Tension
Mu = Mntu
Where : Mu = Factored moment
Mntu = First order factored bending moment due to loads that cause the
frame becomes stable (not sway).
Axial Compression Forces
Mu = δb Mntu For structure without transversal loads :
cm = 0,6 - 0,4 βm < 1,0
cm
δb = > 1,0 For structure with transversal loads :
1- N u
cm = 1 for flexible ends
Ncrb
cm = 0,85 for fixed ends
Where : δb = moment amplification factor due to loads that cause the frame becomes
stable (not sway)
cm = constant
Nu = factored axial compression forces
Ncrb = elastic critical loads (Eq. 7.6-1 - SNI)
βm = ratio of the smallest and the biggest moment at both ends of structure;
it’s taken positive for reverse sign curvature. 4
UNBRACED FRAME SNI 7.4.3.2
Mu = δb Mntu + δs Mltu
1 or :
δs = Δoh
1 - Σ Nu
ΣHL
δs = 1
Σ Nu
1-
Σ Ncrs
Where : δb = moment amplification factor due to loads that cause the frame
becomes stable (not sway).
δs = moment amplification factor due to loads that cause the frame
becomes sway
Mltu = first order factored moment due to loads that cause the frame
becomes sway
Ncrs = elastic critical loads (Eq. 7.6-1 SNI)
Σ Nu = sum of factored axial compression forces due to gravity load for
all columns on the same level
Δoh = drift of considered level.
ΣH = sum of horizontal forces which result Δoh on the considered level.
L = floor height 5
EQUATION FOR COMBINED AXIAL - BENDING SNI 7.4.3.3
Nu
If : 0,2
Nn
Nu 8 Mux Muy
then : + + 1,0
Nn 9 b Mnx b Mny
Nu
If : < 0,2
Nn
Nu Mux Muy
then : + + 1,0
2 Nn M
b nx b Mny
Where :
Nu = factored axial forces (compression or tension)
Nn = section nominal strength (see - sec. 10.1 for tension and sec. 7.6.2 for compression)
= reduction factor for axial forces ( = 0,9 for tension and 0,85 for compression)
b = reduction factor for bending moment = 0,9
Mnx, Mny = nominal bending moment about x-axis or y-axis as specified in sec. 8.2 - 8.3
Mux, Muy = factored bending moment about x-axis or y-axis as specified in sec. 7.4.3.1-7.4.3.2
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EXAMPLE : COMBINED LOADING FOR BRACED FRAME
B Pu = 980 kN
WF 300 WF 300
4.5 m
restraint
A
DIN 36
MuAB = - 112 kNm
980 kN
4.5 m
WF 300
restraint
WF 300
7.5 m
Column AB support axial load Pu = 980 kN, and MuBA = + 123 kNm ; MAB = - 112 kNm.
On y-axis direction column WF 300.300.12.12 is given a lateral restrain which divide it
into 5 sections in the same span. Using steel grade BJ 37.
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ANSWER
* Influence of Axial Force Calculation of c using sec.7.6.3 :
Ix of DIN 36 = 45120 cm4 (beam) DIN 36 B
WF 300 WF 300
Ix of WF 300.300.12.12 = 16900 cm4 (column) DIN 36 A
WF 300 WF 300
Ic / L c 2 ( 16900 / 4,5 )
GA = = = 1,25
Ib / L b 45120 / 7,5
kx = 0,75
Ic / L c 16900 / 4,5
GB = = = 0,62
Ib / L b 45120 / 7,5
Note : pay attention to column and beam position in terms of the using of
Ix and Iy in equation of GA & GB .
Effective length : Lkx = kx . L = 0,75 . 4,5 = 3,375 m Make sure that y-axis is
less critical !
Lkx fy 3375 240
= rx E = 2.105 = 0,3
c 125
1,43
= = 1,02
1,6 - 0,67 c
9
For web : = h / tw = (294 – 24 – 36) / 12 = 19,5
The available lateral restrain span is 4,5 m : 5 = 900 mm, thus less than minimum
un-restrained length, Lp . Therefore the influence of lateral-torsional buckling needs not
to be checked (L < Lp) Mn = Mp = 306,8 kNm
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* Interaction between Axial Force and Moment
Loads are supported by x-axis (make sure if y-axis is stronger)
It has counted that c = 0,3 , then as specified in SNI 4.6.2 :
A . fy 10770 . 240
Ncr = 2 = = 28720 kN
c 0,32 Note : m here is positive
cm = 0,6 - 0,4 = 0,6 - 0,4 (112 / 123 ) = 0,24 1 because the moment ends
m
are in reverse sign
cm 0,24
b = = = 0,25 1 b 1
1- Nu 1- 980
Ncr 28720
Mux = b Mntu = 1 . 123 = 123 kNm
Nu 8 Mux
+ 1,0
Nn 9 M
b nx
980 8 123
+ = 0,45 + 0,41 = 0,86 1,0 (OK)
2154 9 0,9 . 296,5
WF 300.300.12.12 has a sufficient capacity to be used.
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EXAMPLE : COMBINED LOADING FOR UNBRACED FRAME
qu1 = 35 Kn/m’
F D C G
q2 = 14 kN/m’
6,00 m
E A B K
Given a frame with frame ADCB as the main frame. Point D and C are rigid joint; column
FE and GK as simply supported. Using DIN 26 (BJ 37) for beam and column.
Beam-column joint between beam FD - column DA and beam GC - column CB are
simple connection. Connection at point D and C on the perpendicular direction
are simple connection and restrained sufficiently to ensure the column stability.
D EI C D EI C
6,00 m
EI EI EI EI
A (a) B A (b) B
6,00 m 6,00 m
Loads that cause the frame becomes Loads that cause the frame becomes
stable (not sway) sway (wind/earthquake load)
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* Internal forces due to loads
126 kNm
63 kNm 63 kNm 126 kNm
D
D 210 kN 42 kN
Dntu Dltu
10,5 kN A 10,5 kN 21 kN 21 kN
-10,5 kN -21 kN
D
Nntu Nltu
A-210 kN -210 kN +42 kN -42 kN
Loads that cause the frame becomes Loads that cause the frame becomes
stable (not sway) sway (wind/earthquake load)
Note : index n = due to loads that makes the frame doesn’t sway
index l = due to loads that makes the frame becomes sway 14
(+) = tension ; (-) = compression
Properties of DIN 26 :
h = 260 mm A = 121 cm2 ix = 11,2 cm
b = 260 mm Ix = 15050 cm4 iy = 6,6 cm
tb = 11 mm Iy = 5280 cm4 Wx = 1160 cm3
ts = 18 mm Zx = 1265 cm3 Wy = 404 cm3
Zy = 440 cm3
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Effective length : Lkx = kx . L = 1,9 . 6 = 11,4 m
Lkx fy 11400 240
cx = = = 1,12 cx =0,502 for Ncrb
rx E 112 2.105
= 1,43 = 1,68
x
1,6 - 0,67 c
Nn = Ag . fy / = 0,85 . 121.102 . 240 / 1,68 = 1469 kN
Lr = ry [ X1 / (fL)] [ 1 + (1 + X2 fL2) ]
= 66 [ 44394 / 170 ] [ 1 + ( 1 + 1,37.10-6 . 1702 ) ]
= 24494 mm
There is no lateral support in perpendicular direction of frame, and point C and D is simple
connection, then effective length in y-direction, Ly = 6 m. Therefore column AD in y-direction is
categorized as “Middle span” : Lp L Lr (see SNI 8.3.4)
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Moment capacity based on lateral buckling consideration :
Mn = Cb [ Mr + (Mp - Mr) (Lr - L) / (Lr - Lp) ] Mp
= 1,67 [ 197,2 + ( 303,6 - 197,2 ) ( 24494 - 6000) / (24494 -3353)
= 484,8 kNm 303,6 Mn 303,6 kNm
A . fy 12100 . 240
Ncrs = 2 = 1,122 = 2315 kN
c
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* Moment Amplification Factor s
Nu = 2 . 210= 420 kN
oh = 8 cm = 0,08 m
H L = (42 . 6 ) = 252 kNm
Ncrs = 2 . 2315 = 4630 kN (same condition of columns AD & BC)
1 1
s = = = 1,15 or
1- Nu oh 1 - 420 0,08
HL 252
1 1
s = = = 1,12 taken s = 1,15
1- Nu 1- 420
Ncrs 4630
Mu = b Mnltu + s Mltu = 1 . 63 + 1,15 . 126 = 207,9 kNm
* Interaction Equation :
because Pu / ( Pn) = (210 + 42) / 1469 = 0,17 < 0,2 then :
Nu Mub Muy
+ + 1,0
2 Nn M
b ux M
b uy
252 207,9
+ + 0 1,0
2 . 1469 0,9 . 303,6 DIN 26 is OK
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0,85 1,0 (OK)
EXERCISE
G H I
Given a building as drawn.
Check the capability of column EE’
if using :
4.00 m
WF 250x250x9x14 as column
WF 250x125x6x9 as 8-m beam and
Y-direction
D F
E
WF 125x125x6,5x9 as 4-m beam
Steel grade BJ 37.
4.00 m
A B C
8.00 m 4.00 m
X-direction
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Due to combination load of 30% dead load and 70% live load, the distribution of internal force
(un-factored) as follows :
40kN 60kN 20kN 40kN 80kN 40kN
A’ G’
G’ H’ I’ D’
4.00 m
G H I A D G
4.00 m
D E F B E H
A B C C F I 22
Horizontal displacement = 2 mm
Due to wind load, internal forces distribution in X-axis and Y-axis of frame as follows :
4,5 kN 1,5 kN 3 kN 14 kN 14 kN
A’ G’
G’ H’ I’ D’
4.00 m
G H I A D G
9 kN 3 kN 6 kN 20 kN 20 kN
E’ E’
B’ H’
D’ F’
Mx = 50 kNm My = 15 kNm
4.00 m
D E F B E H
4,5 kN 1,5 kN 3 kN 7 kN 7 kN
F’
C’ I’
A’ B’ C’
4.00 m
A B C C F I
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Horizontal displacement = 15 mm
* INFLUENCE OF AXIAL FORCE
X- Direction Y- Direction
GE = 10 GE = 10
10800 / 4 3650 / 4
GE’ = = 3,76 GE’ = = 4,3
(4050/8) + (847/4) 2 { 0,5 . 847/4 }
kxl = 2,5 (nomogram portal bergoyang) kyl = 2,6 (nomogram portal bergoyang)
kxn = 0,94 (nomogram portal tdk bergoyang) kyn = 0,94 (nomogram portal tdk bergoyang)
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Check : Pu = 1,2 . 30% . 120 + 1,6 . 70% . 120 = 177.6 kN (Load Combination I)
Pu = 1,2 . 30% . 120 + 0,5 . 70% . 120 + 1,3 . 3 = 89.1kN (Load Combination II)
Dominant axial load combination resulting Pu = 177,6 kN, therefore the interaction
equation that should be used is determined based on the ratio as follows :
Pu / Pn = 177,6 / 458,7 = 0,4 > 0,2 For Load Combination I (see SNI 7.4.3.3)
Pu / Pn = 89,1 / 458,7 = 0,19 < 0,2 For Load Combination II
Mrx = Sx (fy - fr) = 867.103 . 170 Mry = Sy (fy - fr) = 292.103 . 170
= 147,4 kNm = 49,64 kNm
Mnx = Cb [Mr + (Mp- Mr) (Lr-L)/ Mny = 176,07 kNm 105 kNm
(Lr-Lp)] Mp 105 kNm
= 378,05 230,7 27
230,7 kNm No LTB for minor axis bending
* Check for Combined Axial & Bending Moment
X- Direction : Y- Direction :
cmx = 0,6 - 0,4 m 1,0 cmy = 0,6 - 0,4 m 1,0
= 0,6 - 0,4 (- 0 / 70) 1,0 = 0,6 - 0,4 (- 0 / 4) 1,0
= 0,6 1,0 = 0,6 1,0
0,6 0,6
Nux = 1,2 .30% .120 + 1,6 .70% .120 Nuy = 1,2 .30% .120 + 1,6 .70% .120
= 177,6 kN (Load Combination I) = 177,6 kN
Nux = 1,2.30%.120 + 0,5.70%.120 + 1,3.3 = 89,1 kN (Load Combination II)
*) *)
Ncrsx = A fy / cx2 Ncrsy = A fy / cy2
= 9218 . 240 / 1,022 = 9218 . 240 / 1,822
= 2126,4 kN = 667,9 kN
cmx cmy
bx = 1,0 by = 1,0
Nux Nuy
1- 1-
Ncrbx Ncrby
= 0,6 / [ 1 - (177,6 / 15003,26) ] = 0,6 / [ 1 - (177,6 / 5078,79) ]
= 0,607 1,0 (For Load Combination I) = 0,621 1,0
FOR LOAD COMBINATION II :
bx = 0,6 / [ 1 - (85,2 / 15003,26) ] = 0,603 1,0 = 0,6 /[ 1 - (85,2 / 5078,79) ]=0,61 1,0
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by
X- Direction Y- Direction
Nx = 80 + 120 + 40 Ny = 60 + 120 + 60
= 240 kN = 240 kN
ONLY FOR LOAD COMBINATION II : Nu (Forces due to gravity load) [ non grav = 0]
Nux = 1,2. 30%.240 + 0,5 . 70%.240 Nuy = 1,2 . 30%.240 + 0,5 . 70%.240
= 170,4 kN = 170,4 kN
Ncrsx = Ncsx DD’ + Ncrsx EE’+ Ncrsx FF’ Ncrsy = Ncrsx BB’+ Ncrsy EE’+ Ncrsy HH’
= 1821+2126,4+1337,9 = 13275,3 + 667,9 + 4502,9
= 5285,3 kN = 18446,1 kN
1 1
sx = Nu
1,0 sy = 170,4 1,0
1- 1-
Ncr 18446,1
= 1 1,0 = 1,009
1- 170,4
5285,3
= 1,033
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FOR LOAD COMBINATION I
Mntux = 1,2 .30%. 70 + 1,6 .70%. 70 Mntuy = 1,2 .30%. 4 + 1,6 .70%. 4
= 103,6 kNm = 5,92 kNm
Nu 8 Mux Muy
+ + 1,0
Nn 9 M
bx nx by Mny
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FOR LOAD COMBINATION II
Mntux = 1,2 .30%. 70 + 0,5 .70%. 70 Mntuy = 1,2 .30%. 4 + 0,5 .70%. 4
= 49,7 kNm = 2,84 kNm
Nu Mux Muy
+ + 1,0
2 . Nn M
bx nx by Mny
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