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Civil Engineering Department

Petra Christian University

1
INTRODUCTION
 Nearly almost member are subjected to both bending moment and axial load.
 The member subjected to axial compression and bending is referred as Beam-Column.

MODE OF FAILURE
1. Axial tension and bending; failure usually by yielding.
2. Axial compression and bending about one axis; failure by instability in the plane of
bending, without twisting.
3. Axial compression and bending about the strong axis; failure by lateral-torsional
buckling.

4. Axial compression and biaxial bending - torsionally stiff sections ; failure by instability
in one of the principal directions.

5. Axial compression and biaxial bending - thin-walled open sections ; failure by


combined twisting and bending on these torsionally weak sections

6. Axial compression, biaxial bending, and torsion; failure by combined twisting and2
bending when plane of bending does not contain the shear center.
ASSUMPTION
 Each structural component should be considered in elastic condition in each factored
loading condition.
 Influence of moment of inertia changes in the member should be considered in
the examination.
 The influence of second order should be calculated following one of 2 analysis :
a. First Order Analysis using moment amplification
b. Second Order Analysis using a standard method.

FIRST ORDER ANALYSIS - USING MOMENT AMPLIFICATION


Assumption :
 Structural geometry and structural stiffness changes due to axial forces are neglected.
 However, structural geometry and structural stiffness changes should be calculated
in terms of moment amplification resulted from first order analysis.

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BRACED FRAME SNI 7.4.3.1
Without Axial Force or With Axial Tension
Mu = Mntu
Where : Mu = Factored moment
Mntu = First order factored bending moment due to loads that cause the
frame becomes stable (not sway).
Axial Compression Forces
Mu = δb Mntu For structure without transversal loads :
cm = 0,6 - 0,4 βm < 1,0
cm
δb = > 1,0 For structure with transversal loads :
1- N u
cm = 1 for flexible ends
Ncrb
cm = 0,85 for fixed ends
Where : δb = moment amplification factor due to loads that cause the frame becomes
stable (not sway)
cm = constant
Nu = factored axial compression forces
Ncrb = elastic critical loads (Eq. 7.6-1 - SNI)
βm = ratio of the smallest and the biggest moment at both ends of structure;
it’s taken positive for reverse sign curvature. 4
UNBRACED FRAME SNI 7.4.3.2
Mu = δb Mntu + δs Mltu
1 or :
δs = Δoh
1 - Σ Nu
ΣHL
δs = 1
Σ Nu
1-
Σ Ncrs
Where : δb = moment amplification factor due to loads that cause the frame
becomes stable (not sway).
δs = moment amplification factor due to loads that cause the frame
becomes sway
Mltu = first order factored moment due to loads that cause the frame
becomes sway
Ncrs = elastic critical loads (Eq. 7.6-1 SNI)
Σ Nu = sum of factored axial compression forces due to gravity load for
all columns on the same level
Δoh = drift of considered level.
ΣH = sum of horizontal forces which result Δoh on the considered level.
L = floor height 5
EQUATION FOR COMBINED AXIAL - BENDING SNI 7.4.3.3
Nu
If : 0,2
Nn
Nu 8 Mux Muy
then : + + 1,0
Nn 9 b Mnx b Mny
Nu
If : < 0,2
Nn
Nu Mux Muy
then : + + 1,0
2 Nn M
b nx b Mny

Where :
Nu = factored axial forces (compression or tension)
Nn = section nominal strength (see - sec. 10.1 for tension and sec. 7.6.2 for compression)
= reduction factor for axial forces ( = 0,9 for tension and 0,85 for compression)
b = reduction factor for bending moment = 0,9
Mnx, Mny = nominal bending moment about x-axis or y-axis as specified in sec. 8.2 - 8.3
Mux, Muy = factored bending moment about x-axis or y-axis as specified in sec. 7.4.3.1-7.4.3.2

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EXAMPLE : COMBINED LOADING FOR BRACED FRAME
B Pu = 980 kN

DIN 36 MuBA = 123 kNm

WF 300 WF 300
4.5 m

restraint
A
DIN 36
MuAB = - 112 kNm
980 kN
4.5 m

WF 300

restraint
WF 300

7.5 m

Column AB support axial load Pu = 980 kN, and MuBA = + 123 kNm ; MAB = - 112 kNm.
On y-axis direction column WF 300.300.12.12 is given a lateral restrain which divide it
into 5 sections in the same span. Using steel grade BJ 37.

Examine the capability of column AB !!!

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ANSWER
* Influence of Axial Force Calculation of c using sec.7.6.3 :
Ix of DIN 36 = 45120 cm4 (beam) DIN 36 B
WF 300 WF 300
Ix of WF 300.300.12.12 = 16900 cm4 (column) DIN 36 A
WF 300 WF 300
Ic / L c 2 ( 16900 / 4,5 )
GA = = = 1,25
Ib / L b 45120 / 7,5
kx = 0,75
Ic / L c 16900 / 4,5
GB = = = 0,62
Ib / L b 45120 / 7,5

Note : pay attention to column and beam position in terms of the using of
Ix and Iy in equation of GA & GB .

Effective length : Lkx = kx . L = 0,75 . 4,5 = 3,375 m Make sure that y-axis is
less critical !
Lkx fy 3375 240
= rx E = 2.105 = 0,3
c 125
1,43
= = 1,02
1,6 - 0,67 c

Nn = Ag . fy / = 0,85 . 107,7.102 . 240 / 1,02 = 2154 kN 8


Check : Pu / ( Pn) = 980 / 2154 = 0,45 > 0,2
* Influence of Bending Moment :
Local buckling consideration :
for flange : = b/t = 151 / 12 = 12,6
p = 170 / fy = 170 / 240 = 11
r = 370 / (fyf - fr)

= 370 / {(240 - 70)} = 28.3

Categorized as “Non-compact section” : p < < r

Mp = fy . Zx = 240 . 1278,3.103 = 306,8 kNm


Mr = (fy - fr) Sx = (240 - 70) 1150.103 = 195,5 kNm

Nominal moment capacity based on flange local buckling :


Mn = Mr + (Mp - Mr) ( r - )/( r - p)
= 195,5 + (306,8 - 195,5) (28,3 - 12,6) / (28,3 - 11)
= 296,5 kNm

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For web : = h / tw = (294 – 24 – 36) / 12 = 19,5

Nu/ b.Ny = 980 / (0,9 . 107,7.102 . 240) = 0,00042 ≤ 0,125


1680 2, 75 Nu 1680 2, 75 980
p = fy
1
b .N y
= 240
1
0,9.10770.240 = 108,31

Categorized as “Compact section” : < p


Nominal moment capacity based on web local buckling :
Mn = Mp = 306,8 kNm (detailed calculation as seen on previous page)

Consideration of Lateral-Torsional Buckling


Lp = 1.76 ry (E/fy) ….. Table 5.3.2 - SNI
= 1.76 . 71,6 . (2.105 / 240) = 3638 mm

The available lateral restrain span is 4,5 m : 5 = 900 mm, thus less than minimum
un-restrained length, Lp . Therefore the influence of lateral-torsional buckling needs not
to be checked (L < Lp) Mn = Mp = 306,8 kNm

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* Interaction between Axial Force and Moment
Loads are supported by x-axis (make sure if y-axis is stronger)
It has counted that c = 0,3 , then as specified in SNI 4.6.2 :
A . fy 10770 . 240
Ncr = 2 = = 28720 kN
c 0,32 Note : m here is positive
cm = 0,6 - 0,4 = 0,6 - 0,4 (112 / 123 ) = 0,24 1 because the moment ends
m
are in reverse sign
cm 0,24
b = = = 0,25 1 b 1
1- Nu 1- 980
Ncr 28720
Mux = b Mntu = 1 . 123 = 123 kNm
Nu 8 Mux
+ 1,0
Nn 9 M
b nx
980 8 123
+ = 0,45 + 0,41 = 0,86 1,0 (OK)
2154 9 0,9 . 296,5
WF 300.300.12.12 has a sufficient capacity to be used.
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EXAMPLE : COMBINED LOADING FOR UNBRACED FRAME
qu1 = 35 Kn/m’

F D C G
q2 = 14 kN/m’

6,00 m
E A B K

6,00 m 6,00 m 6,00 m

Given a frame with frame ADCB as the main frame. Point D and C are rigid joint; column
FE and GK as simply supported. Using DIN 26 (BJ 37) for beam and column.
Beam-column joint between beam FD - column DA and beam GC - column CB are
simple connection. Connection at point D and C on the perpendicular direction
are simple connection and restrained sufficiently to ensure the column stability.

Check the capability of column DA !!!


12
Answer :
As the main frame, frame ADCB could be examine to support loads as follows :

105 kN 105 kN Because of using DIN 26 as


qu1 = 35 kN/m’ beam and column, so beam
and column has the same EI
42kN

D EI C D EI C

6,00 m
EI EI EI EI

A (a) B A (b) B

6,00 m 6,00 m

Loads that cause the frame becomes Loads that cause the frame becomes
stable (not sway) sway (wind/earthquake load)

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* Internal forces due to loads
126 kNm
63 kNm 63 kNm 126 kNm
D

Mntu Mltu displacement


A = 8 cm.
210 kN

D 210 kN 42 kN

Dntu Dltu
10,5 kN A 10,5 kN 21 kN 21 kN

-10,5 kN -21 kN
D

Nntu Nltu
A-210 kN -210 kN +42 kN -42 kN

Loads that cause the frame becomes Loads that cause the frame becomes
stable (not sway) sway (wind/earthquake load)

Note : index n = due to loads that makes the frame doesn’t sway
index l = due to loads that makes the frame becomes sway 14
(+) = tension ; (-) = compression
Properties of DIN 26 :
h = 260 mm A = 121 cm2 ix = 11,2 cm
b = 260 mm Ix = 15050 cm4 iy = 6,6 cm
tb = 11 mm Iy = 5280 cm4 Wx = 1160 cm3
ts = 18 mm Zx = 1265 cm3 Wy = 404 cm3
Zy = 440 cm3

* Influence of Axial Load Calculation for c :


In drawing plane, frame is supported by x-axis of column and beam.
Ic / L c ( 15050 / 6)
GDx = = = 1 Nomogram 7.6-2
Ib / L b 15050 / 6
Ic / L c kx = 1,9
GAx = = 10 (hinge) kx = 0,85 for Ncrb
Ib / L b

GDy = doesn’t need to be considered because in y-axis (perpendicular to the drawing


plane) column has a sufficient stability due to its restraint condition.

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Effective length : Lkx = kx . L = 1,9 . 6 = 11,4 m
Lkx fy 11400 240
cx = = = 1,12 cx =0,502 for Ncrb
rx E 112 2.105
= 1,43 = 1,68
x
1,6 - 0,67 c
Nn = Ag . fy / = 0,85 . 121.102 . 240 / 1,68 = 1469 kN

Check : Pu / ( Pn) = (210 + 42) / 1469 = 0,17 < 0,2

* Influence of Bending Moment


Consideration of Local Buckling :
for flange : = b/t = 130 / 18 = 7,2
p = 170 / fy = 170 / 240 = 11
r = 420 / {(fyf - fr)/kc} Note : kc = 4 / (h/tw) = 4 / (260-18/11) = 0,85
0,35 kc 0,763 kc 0,763

= 420 / {(240 - 70)/0.763 } = 28,13


Categorized as “Compact section” : < p
16
Nominal moment capacity based on flange local buckling :
Mn = Mp = fy . Zx = 240 . 1265.103 = 303,6 kNm

For web : = h / tw = (260 - 18) / 11 = 22,6


p = 1680 / fy = 1680 / 240 = 108,4
Categorized as “Compact section” : < p
Nominal moment capacity based on web local buckling :
Mn = Mp = fy . Zx = 240 . 1265.103 = 303,6 kNm

Influence of Lateral-Torsional Buckling


Lp = 1.76 ry (E/fy) ….. Table 8.3.2
= 1.76 . 66 . (2.105 / 240) = 3353 mm
1
J = 1 b t3 = ( 2 . 260 . 183 + 224 . 113) = 1110,3.103 mm4
3 3
1 1
Iw = Iy h2 = 5280.104 . 2242 = 6623.108 mm6
4 4
EGJA 2.105 . 2.105 . 1110,3.103 . 12100
X1 = =
Sx 2 1160.103 2
= 44394 MPa
Sx 2
X2 = 4 ( I w / Iy ) = 1,37.10-6 mm4/MPa2 17
GJ
fL = fy - fr = 240 - 70 = 170 MPa

Lr = ry [ X1 / (fL)] [ 1 + (1 + X2 fL2) ]
= 66 [ 44394 / 170 ] [ 1 + ( 1 + 1,37.10-6 . 1702 ) ]
= 24494 mm

There is no lateral support in perpendicular direction of frame, and point C and D is simple
connection, then effective length in y-direction, Ly = 6 m. Therefore column AD in y-direction is
categorized as “Middle span” : Lp L Lr (see SNI 8.3.4)

Cb = 12,5 Mmax / (2,5 Mmax + 3 MA + 4 MB + 3 MC) 2,3


63+126=189
= 12,5 . 189 / (2,5 . 189 + 3 . 47,25 + 4 . 94,5 + 3 . 141,75 ) 2,3
141,75 = 1,67
94,5
47,25
Mr = Sx (fy - fr) = 1160.103 ( 240 - 70)
= 197,2 kNm

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Moment capacity based on lateral buckling consideration :
Mn = Cb [ Mr + (Mp - Mr) (Lr - L) / (Lr - Lp) ] Mp
= 1,67 [ 197,2 + ( 303,6 - 197,2 ) ( 24494 - 6000) / (24494 -3353)
= 484,8 kNm 303,6 Mn 303,6 kNm

* Moment Amplification Factor b


A . fy 12100 . 240
Ncrb = 2
= = 11523,6 kN
c 0,5022
cm = 0,6 - 0,4 m = 0,6 - 0,4 (- 0 / 63 )
= 0,6 1
cm 0,6
b = = = 0,61 1
1- Nu 1- 210
Ncrb 11523,6 So 1
b

A . fy 12100 . 240
Ncrs = 2 = 1,122 = 2315 kN
c

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* Moment Amplification Factor s
Nu = 2 . 210= 420 kN
oh = 8 cm = 0,08 m
H L = (42 . 6 ) = 252 kNm
Ncrs = 2 . 2315 = 4630 kN (same condition of columns AD & BC)
1 1
s = = = 1,15 or
1- Nu oh 1 - 420 0,08
HL 252
1 1
s = = = 1,12 taken s = 1,15
1- Nu 1- 420
Ncrs 4630
Mu = b Mnltu + s Mltu = 1 . 63 + 1,15 . 126 = 207,9 kNm
* Interaction Equation :
because Pu / ( Pn) = (210 + 42) / 1469 = 0,17 < 0,2 then :
Nu Mub Muy
+ + 1,0
2 Nn M
b ux M
b uy
252 207,9
+ + 0 1,0
2 . 1469 0,9 . 303,6 DIN 26 is OK
20
0,85 1,0 (OK)
EXERCISE
G H I
Given a building as drawn.
Check the capability of column EE’
if using :

4.00 m
WF 250x250x9x14 as column
WF 250x125x6x9 as 8-m beam and

Y-direction
D F
E
WF 125x125x6,5x9 as 4-m beam
Steel grade BJ 37.

4.00 m
A B C
8.00 m 4.00 m

X-direction

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Due to combination load of 30% dead load and 70% live load, the distribution of internal force
(un-factored) as follows :
40kN 60kN 20kN 40kN 80kN 40kN

A’ G’
G’ H’ I’ D’

4.00 m
G H I A D G

80kN 120kN 40kN 60kN 120kN 60kN


E’ E’
B’ H’
D’ F’
Mx = 70 kNm My = 4 kNm

4.00 m
D E F B E H

40kN 60kN 20kN 20kN 40kN 20kN


F’
C’ I’
A’ B’ C’
4.00 m

A B C C F I 22
Horizontal displacement = 2 mm
Due to wind load, internal forces distribution in X-axis and Y-axis of frame as follows :

4,5 kN 1,5 kN 3 kN 14 kN 14 kN

A’ G’
G’ H’ I’ D’

4.00 m
G H I A D G
9 kN 3 kN 6 kN 20 kN 20 kN
E’ E’
B’ H’
D’ F’
Mx = 50 kNm My = 15 kNm

4.00 m
D E F B E H
4,5 kN 1,5 kN 3 kN 7 kN 7 kN
F’
C’ I’
A’ B’ C’
4.00 m

A B C C F I
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Horizontal displacement = 15 mm
* INFLUENCE OF AXIAL FORCE
X- Direction Y- Direction
GE = 10 GE = 10
10800 / 4 3650 / 4
GE’ = = 3,76 GE’ = = 4,3
(4050/8) + (847/4) 2 { 0,5 . 847/4 }
kxl = 2,5 (nomogram portal bergoyang) kyl = 2,6 (nomogram portal bergoyang)
kxn = 0,94 (nomogram portal tdk bergoyang) kyn = 0,94 (nomogram portal tdk bergoyang)

Lkx = kxl .Lx = 2,5. 4000 Lky = kyl . Ly = 2,6 . 4000


= 10000 mm = 10400 mm
10000 240 10400 240
cx = = 1,02 cy = = 1,82
108 2.105 62,9 2.105
1,43
x = = 1,56 y = 1,25 . 1,822 = 4,1
1,6 - 0,67 . 1,02
From this consideration, column is more critical in Y-direction, thus its capacity is :
Nn = Ag fy / y = 0,85 . 9218 . 240 / 4,1 = 458,7 kN

24
Check : Pu = 1,2 . 30% . 120 + 1,6 . 70% . 120 = 177.6 kN (Load Combination I)
Pu = 1,2 . 30% . 120 + 0,5 . 70% . 120 + 1,3 . 3 = 89.1kN (Load Combination II)

Dominant axial load combination resulting Pu = 177,6 kN, therefore the interaction
equation that should be used is determined based on the ratio as follows :
Pu / Pn = 177,6 / 458,7 = 0,4 > 0,2 For Load Combination I (see SNI 7.4.3.3)
Pu / Pn = 89,1 / 458,7 = 0,19 < 0,2 For Load Combination II

INFLUENCE OF BENDING MOMENT


* Consideration of Local Buckling
Flange : = b/t = 225 / 14 = 8,9
p = 170 / fy = 170 / 240 = 10,97
categorized as Compact Section ( < p) Mn = Mp
Mnx = Mpx = Zx fy = 961,3.103 . 240 = 230,7 kNm
Mny = Mpy = Zy fy = 437,5.103 . 240 = 105 kNm

Web : = h/tw = 232 / 9 = 25,78


p = 1680 / fy = 1680 / 240 = 108,44
categorized as Compact Section ( < p) Mn = Mp
Mnx = Mpx = Zx fy = 961,3.103 . 240 = 230,7 kNm
25
Mny = Mpy = Zy fy = 437,5.103 . 240 = 105 kNm
* Consideration of Lateral Torsional Buckling
L = 4000 mm
Lp = 1,76 ry (E/fy) = 1,76 . 62,9 (2.105/240) = 3196 mm
J = (1/3) (2 . 250 . 143 + 232 . 93) = 513709 mm4
Iw = (1/4) Iy h2 = (1/4) 3650.104 . 2322 = 4,91.1011 mm4
EGJA 2.105 . 8.104 . 513709 . 9218
X1 = =
Sx 2 867.103 2
= 35263 MPa ( = 104702 MPa in y direction)
Iw Sx 2 4,91.1011 867.103 2
X2 = 4 Iy = 4
GJ 3650.104 8.104 . 513709
= 3,83.10-6 mm4/MPa2 ( = 4,35.10-7 mm4/MPa2 )

Lr = ry (X1 / fL) [ 1+ (1 + X2 . fL2) ]


= 62,9 (35263 / 170) [ 1+ (1+ 3,83.10-6 . 1702) ] = 18699 mm

Categorized as “Medium Span” : Lp < L < Lr


26
X- Direction Y- Direction

Mx tot = 70 + 50 = 120 kNm My tot = 4 + 15 = 19 kNm


MA = ¼ . 120 = 30 kNm MA = ¼ . 19 = 4,75 kNm
MB = ½ . 120 = 60 kNm MB = ½ . 19 = 9,5 kNm
MC = ¾ . 120 = 90 kNm MC = ¾ . 19 = 14,25 kNm

Cb = 12,5 Mmax / (2,5 Mmax + Cb = 1,724


3 MA + 4 MB + 3 MC) 2,3
= 1,667

Mrx = Sx (fy - fr) = 867.103 . 170 Mry = Sy (fy - fr) = 292.103 . 170
= 147,4 kNm = 49,64 kNm

Mpx = Zx fy = 961,3.103 . 240 Mpy = Zy fy = 437,5.103 . 240


= 230,7 kNm = 105 kNm

Mnx = Cb [Mr + (Mp- Mr) (Lr-L)/ Mny = 176,07 kNm 105 kNm
(Lr-Lp)] Mp 105 kNm
= 378,05 230,7 27
230,7 kNm No LTB for minor axis bending
* Check for Combined Axial & Bending Moment
X- Direction : Y- Direction :
cmx = 0,6 - 0,4 m 1,0 cmy = 0,6 - 0,4 m 1,0
= 0,6 - 0,4 (- 0 / 70) 1,0 = 0,6 - 0,4 (- 0 / 4) 1,0
= 0,6 1,0 = 0,6 1,0
0,6 0,6
Nux = 1,2 .30% .120 + 1,6 .70% .120 Nuy = 1,2 .30% .120 + 1,6 .70% .120
= 177,6 kN (Load Combination I) = 177,6 kN
Nux = 1,2.30%.120 + 0,5.70%.120 + 1,3.3 = 89,1 kN (Load Combination II)
*) *)
Ncrsx = A fy / cx2 Ncrsy = A fy / cy2
= 9218 . 240 / 1,022 = 9218 . 240 / 1,822
= 2126,4 kN = 667,9 kN
cmx cmy
bx = 1,0 by = 1,0
Nux Nuy
1- 1-
Ncrbx Ncrby
= 0,6 / [ 1 - (177,6 / 15003,26) ] = 0,6 / [ 1 - (177,6 / 5078,79) ]
= 0,607 1,0 (For Load Combination I) = 0,621 1,0
FOR LOAD COMBINATION II :
bx = 0,6 / [ 1 - (85,2 / 15003,26) ] = 0,603 1,0 = 0,6 /[ 1 - (85,2 / 5078,79) ]=0,61 1,0
28
by
X- Direction Y- Direction
Nx = 80 + 120 + 40 Ny = 60 + 120 + 60
= 240 kN = 240 kN
ONLY FOR LOAD COMBINATION II : Nu (Forces due to gravity load) [ non grav = 0]
Nux = 1,2. 30%.240 + 0,5 . 70%.240 Nuy = 1,2 . 30%.240 + 0,5 . 70%.240
= 170,4 kN = 170,4 kN

Ncrsx = Ncsx DD’ + Ncrsx EE’+ Ncrsx FF’ Ncrsy = Ncrsx BB’+ Ncrsy EE’+ Ncrsy HH’
= 1821+2126,4+1337,9 = 13275,3 + 667,9 + 4502,9
= 5285,3 kN = 18446,1 kN
1 1
sx = Nu
1,0 sy = 170,4 1,0
1- 1-
Ncr 18446,1
= 1 1,0 = 1,009
1- 170,4
5285,3
= 1,033

29
FOR LOAD COMBINATION I

Mntux = 1,2 .30%. 70 + 1,6 .70%. 70 Mntuy = 1,2 .30%. 4 + 1,6 .70%. 4
= 103,6 kNm = 5,92 kNm

Mux = bx . Mntux Muy = by . Mntuy


= 1 . 103,6 = 1 . 5,92
= 103,6 kNm = 5,92 kNm

Nu 8 Mux Muy
+ + 1,0
Nn 9 M
bx nx by Mny

177,6 8 103,6 5,92


+ + 1,0
458,7 9 0,9 . 230,7 0,9 . 105
0,886 1,0 ( OK !!)

WF 250.250.9.14 could be used !!!

30
FOR LOAD COMBINATION II
Mntux = 1,2 .30%. 70 + 0,5 .70%. 70 Mntuy = 1,2 .30%. 4 + 0,5 .70%. 4
= 49,7 kNm = 2,84 kNm

Mux = bx . Mntux + sx . Mltux Muy = by . Mntuy + sy . Mltuy


= 1 . 49,7 + 1,033 . (1,3 . 50) = 1 . 2,84 + 1,009 . (1,3 . 15)
= 116,845 kNm = 22,52 kNm

Nu Mux Muy
+ + 1,0
2 . Nn M
bx nx by Mny

89,1 116,845 22,52


+ + 1,0
2 . 458,7 0,9 . 230,7 0,9 . 105

0,898 1,0 ( OK !!)

WF 250.250.9.14 could be used !!!

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