Volcanic eruption begins when pressure on the magma chamber forces magma up through the conduit and

out of the volcano’s vent. It varies considerably. Eruptions may be violent, mild or quiet. Magma
composition, magma temperature, and the amount of dissolved gases in the magma are the primary factors
that determine whether a volcano erupts violently or quietly.
Volcanic eruptions can cause serious impacts on living things, the economy as well as in the
environment. It is both beneficial and destructive.

Benefits of Volcanic Eruption

1. Agricultural Benefits. After volcanic eruption, the lava can turn into one of the most fertile soil. Places
near the volcanoes have a fertile soil favorable for the farmers. The biggest plantation of abaca in the
Philippines is in the foot of Mt. Mayon. The Rice Granary of the Philippines in Central Luzon is located in
the surrounding area of Mt. Pinatubo.
2. Economic and Recreational Benefits. Volcanoes can promote tourism. Hot springs in the surrounding
places of volcanoes are one of the favorite recreational destination of many people.
3. Energy Benefits. Volcanoes provide resources for energy extraction, also known as geothermal
resources. With enough supply of water and steady source of heat, steam can be generated to power
turbines that can spin generators to produce electricity.
4. Industrial Benefits. Volcanoes contain minerals, a good source of chemical and industrial materials.

Harmful Effects of Volcanic Eruption

1. Volcanic ashes pose potential hazards to living things, agriculture and properties.
2. Volcanic eruption contribute to global warming.
3. Massive flow of lahar can destroy properties and lives of many people.

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND HAZARDS

Hydrometeorological hazards are driven by hydrological processes. It may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage. It is a long accepted fact that the Pacific is one of the most
natural disaster prone regions in the world. Aside from the threat of geological hazards, the Pacific
region is subject to a wide range of hydrometeorological hazards. These includes: tropical cyclones,
severe storms, storm surges, floods/ flash floods, droughts, fires/ wild fires, and cold waves.

TROPICAL CYCLONE
Tropical cyclones are warm-core low pressure systems associated with a spiral inflow of mass at the
bottom level and spiral outflow at the top level. They always form over oceans where sea surface
temperature, also air temperatures are greater than 26°C.

The Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones due to its geographical location.

1. Destructive Strong Winds
The strong wind associated to tropical cyclones is hazardous to properties, people, plants and
animals.
2. Storm Surge.
A storm surge is a term used for abnormal rise of water generated by a storm. Basically, a term for
big waves and high tides that occur during tropical cyclones. This rise in water level can cause
extreme flooding in coastal areas.
3. Flash Flood are sudden occurrences and cannot be predicted. It is considered one of the deadliest.
4. Flooding in Urban Areas can disrupt the normal flow of life. Sometimes food supply is affected as
roads and bridges become impassable. Ex. Bagyong Ondoy that submerged almost the entire
Manila.
5. Heavy Rainfall
Strong and heavy rains could cause floods especially in low-lying areas. Flash floods are also
associated to tropical cyclones. Flash floods are sudden occurrences and cannot be predicted.