SEWARAGE

 is the infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface runoff (stormwater, meltwater,

rainwater) using sewers. It encompasses components such as receiving drains,
manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and screening chambers of the
combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment
plant or at the point of discharge into the environment. It is the system of pipes,
chambers, manholes, etc. that conveys the sewage or storm water.
 Types of sewage:
A) Domestic sewage
 carries used water from houses and apartments; it is also called
sanitary sewage.
B) Industrial sewage
 used water from manufacturing or chemical processes.
C) Storm sewage, or storm water,
 is runoff from precipitation that is collected in a system of pipes or open
channels.
 Domestic sewage is slightly more than 99.9 percent water by weight. The rest,
less than 0.1 percent, contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended
impurities. Although amounting to a very small fraction of the sewage by
weight, the nature of these impurities and the large volumes of sewage in which
they are carried make disposal of domestic wastewater a significant technical
problem. The principal impurities are putrescible organic materials and plant
nutrients, but domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing
microbes. Industrial wastewater usually contains specific and readily
identifiable chemical compounds, depending on the nature of the industrial
process. Storm sewage carries organic materials, suspended and dissolved
solids, and other substances picked up as it travels over the ground.
 Principal pollutants:
1) Organic material
The amount of putrescible organic material in sewage is indicated by the biochemical oxygen
demand, or BOD; the more organic material there is in the sewage, the higher the BOD, which
is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose the organic substances in
sewage. It is among the most important parameters for the design and operation of sewage
treatment plants. Dissolved oxygen is an important water quality factor for lakes and rivers. The
higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the better the water quality. When sewage enters
a lake or stream, decomposition of the organic materials begins. Oxygen is consumed as
microorganisms use it in their metabolism. This can quickly deplete the available oxygen in the
water. When the dissolved oxygen levels drop too low, trout and other aquatic species soon
perish. In fact, if the oxygen level drops to zero, the water will become septic. Decomposition
 of organic compounds without oxygen causes the undesirable odours usually associated with
septic or putrid conditions.
2) Suspended solids
Another important characteristic of sewage is suspended solids. The volume of sludge
produced in a treatment plant is directly related to the total suspended solids present in the
sewage. Industrial and storm sewage may contain higher concentrations of suspended solids
than domestic sewage. The extent to which a treatment plant removes suspended solids, as
well as BOD, determines the efficiency of the treatment process.
3) Plant nutrients
Domestic sewage contains compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, two elements that are
basic nutrients essential for the growth of plants. In lakes, excessive amounts of nitrates and
phosphates can cause the rapid growth of algae. Algal blooms, often caused by sewage
discharges, accelerate the natural aging of lakes in a process called eutrophication.
4) Microbes
Domestic sewage contains many millions of microorganisms per gallon. Most are coliform
bacteria from the human intestinal tract, and domestic sewage is also likely to carry other
microbes. Coliforms are used as indicators of sewage pollution. A high coliform count usually
indicates recent sewage pollution

 SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 or wastewater collection system, is a network of pipes, pumping stations, and
appurtenances that convey sewage from its points of origin to a point of treatment and
disposal.
 It is the system and infrastructure of collecting, treating and disposal of sewage.
 Types of Sewerage System:
A) Separate Sewerage System
In this system the sanitary sewage and storm water are carried separately in two sets
of sewers. The sewage is conveyed to waste water treatment plant (WWTP) and the
storm water is discharges into rivers without treatment. The separated system is
suitable when separate outlet for storm water is available and the topography is such
that storm water can be disposed of in natural drains.

Advantages:

 The load on treatment plant is less as only sewage is carried to the plant.
 The size of sewer is mall, thus economical
 When pumping is required, the system proves to be economical.
 Natural/storm water is not unnecessarily polluted by sewage.

Disadvantages:

 Cleaning of sewer is difficult due to their small size.

  The self cleansing velocity is not easily obtained.
 The storm sewers come in operation in rainy season only. They may be
chocked in dry season by garbage.
 Maintenance cost is high
 Sewage sewers are provided below storm sewer which causes greater
depth and pumping at waste water treatment plant (WWTP).
B) Partially Separate Sewerage System
This system is the compromise between separate and combine system taking the
advantages of both systems. In this system the sewage and storm water of buildings
are carried by one set of sewers while the storm water from roads, streets, pavements
etc are carried by other system of sewers usually open drains.

Advantages:

 It combines the good features of both systems.

 The silting is avoided due to entry of storm water.
 The storm water from houses is easily disposed off.
 The sewers are of reasonable size.

Disadvantages:

 A very small fraction of bad features of combined system are there in partially
separated system.

C) Combined Sewerage System

In this system the sewage and storm water are carried combine in only one set of
sewers to the waste water treatment. Plant (WWTP) before disposal.
that storm water can be disposed of in natural drains.

Advantages:

 Easy cleaning because of larger diameter

 Reasonable maintenance cost
 Strength of sewage is reduced due to dilution of sewage by storm water
 This system requires only one set of sewer making it economical

Disadvantages:

 In storm season sewer may overflow and the sewer may damage causing
serious health risks
 The combine sewer gets silted and becomes foul in dry days
 Load on treatment plant is more because storm water is also carried there
 The storm water gets polluted unnecessarily
 The system becomes uneconomical when pumping is need
SEWEREAGE SYSTEM
CE53B- WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO:

EMMANUEL NIKKO P QUIOGUE

SUBMITTED BY:

ALONTO, AHMAD SHARIEF D.

HADJI-ALI, MUJAJIDJI T.

TAIB, AZHARUDIN G.

AUGUST 6, 2019