OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

FOR SOLAR PV ROOFTOP IN

INDONESIA

Dr.-Ing. Oo Abdul Rosyid

The 2nd Asia Renewable Energy Workshop

“from Research to Industrialization”
Jakarta, December 2-4th, 2015
outline

INTRODUCTION
POTENSIALS AND
DEVELOPMENTS OF SOLAR
ENERGY IN INDONESIA
SOLAR PV ROOFTOP SYSTEM
BARRIERS, OPPRTUNITIES,
AND CHALLENGES
SUMMARY
Renewable energy is being seen as a transformative solution to meet
growing energy needs both globally and nationally.
Indonesia ranks amongst the highest recipients of solar irradiation in the
world with average solar irradiation of 4.8 kWh/m2.day. It has emerged as
a preferred choice to meet the country’s increasing energy requirements.
There has been increasing focus on development of solar energy in
Indonesia for reasons such as limited and depleting reserves of
conventional energy generating fossil fuels, their impact on environment as
well as on economy, apart from issues of high losses in transmission and
distribution and need for a diversified basket of energy generation sources.
Today installed capacity is about 77 MWp (2015), but still low compared
with the national target of 2.200 MWp in 2025 (or 160 MWp/year);
The government has issued many PV programs (e.g. PV rooftop programs)
and regulations (PP No. 5/2006 revised with PP No. 79/2014 ) to increase
share of renewable energy in the energy mix national;
Implementation of PV rooftop will accelerate the growth of PV
development, and the growth will be more significant if the “feed-in tariff
(FIT)” is implemented.
 Current Status of National Energy
National Energy Mix 2014
1.176 millon BOE
Geother Hydro  The national energy consumption growth about 6.5% /a,
mal 3.29% yet balanced with sufficient energy supply;
1.5%  Energy costs more expensive, and subsidy become
Coal Oil higher;
26.38% 46.93%
 Energy consumptions is still inefficient;
 High dependence to fossil fuels, while reserve is limited;
Gas
21.9%  Electrification ratio in 2014 is about 80.51% (19,49%
household is un-electrified yet);
 Application of RE is still optimal yet;
 Government issued PP No. 79/2014, RE target of 23% (in
2025) and 31% (in 2050);
Government target to reduce GHG emission of
Energy elasticity = 1,60

26% in 2020 (PP No. 61/2011)
Non-fossil energy share < 5%
National Electrification Ratio(2014)
 RENEWABLE RESOURCES UTILIZATION RATIO
NO INSTALLED CAPACITY (%)
ENERGY POTENTIALS
1 Hydro 75.000 MW 5.250 MW 7,0 %
2 Geothermal 29.475 MW 1.403,50 MW 4,8 %
3 Biomass 32.000 MW 1.740,40 MW 5,4 %
4 Solar 4,80 kWh/m2/day 77,02 MW -
5 Wind 3 – 6 m/s 3,07 MW -
6 Ocean 61 GW ***) 0,01 MW ****) -
7 Uranium 3.000 MW *) 30,00 MW **) -
*) Only in Kalan – West Kalimantan ***) Research centre of ESDM,
**) As research centre not for energy 2014
utilization ****) Prototype BPPT

6
 Bussiness
As Usual
450
Juta TOE TARGET 2025
KONSERVASI
TODAY 400 ENERGI PRIMER 11%
Juta TOE
290 EBT
Juta TOE
23%
EBT
215
17%
Juta TOE
EBT Batubara
6%
Batubara 30%
 TOTAL ENERGI PRIMER 29%
NASIONAL 215 MTOE
Batubara
29%
 ENERGI PRIMER EBT: 13 MTOE
 PANAS BUMI : Gas Bumi Gas Bumi
6 MTOE Gas Bumi 22% 22%
 BIOFUEL : 4 MTOE 24%
 BIOMASSA :
2 MTOE
 AIR : 1 MTOE
Minyak Bumi Minyak Bumi Minyak Bumi
41% 32% 25%

2014 2020
2025
7
Energy is obtained from converting sun light into
other energy form (electricity and thermal)
Solar energy potential in Indonesia is around 4.8
kWh/m2 or equivalent to 112.000 GWp;
PV technology is suitable for Indonesia, and has
been used since 80s, with current installed
capacity of 77 MWp (2015);
Solar energy applications can be divided into
solar thermal (eg. SWH) and solar PV (Solar PV
power);
Solar PV technology is pollution free, no CO2
emission, and has minimal impact to
environments.
 Solar Energy Potensials

Temperature
Irradiation

Insolation = 5.7 kWh/m2.day

(or 1500 kWh/m2.year)

Rosyid - 9
 Solar Energy Applications
I. Solar thermal; uses heat
component of the sun;
 Solar water heater
 Solar drying
 Solar cooking
 Solar thermal power, etc
II. Solar photovoltaics:uses light
component of the sun to generate
electricity.
 Solar PV power
 BIPV
 Pumping system
 Solar cars
 Street and traffic lights,
etc

Rosyid - 10
 Solar PV Development
 World PV installed capacity is around 200 GWp
(2015);
 In 2014, the biggest PV installation is Europe 85
GWp, followed by Asia 70 GWp, USA, and Middle
East and Africa;  Indonesia ∼ 77 MWp
 China contributes more than 50% of the global PV
production, very fast growth (where the share is
1% in 2001);  Indonesia ∼ 350 MWp/a (14 PV
module manufactures)
WORLD INSTALLED CAPACITY (2014)

Total 321 MWp (2024)

 Milestones of PV Development in Indonesia
• Hybrid (35-350
kWp) • Hybrid (45-600
• 86,400 PV-SHS • Centralized(5 -200 kWp)
• 14 PV Hybrid Systems kWp) • On-grid(1-5 MWp)
80 PV SHS • Total ∼1 MWp • Total∼13 MWp • Total ∼77 MWp
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

1st PV Solar Home System (SHS) PV Power Plant Off-grid PV Power Plants (Off-
Applications & Prototype Hybrid (Centralized & Hybrid grid & On-grid)
System System)
• BPPT R&D • BPPT R&D (TUV, • BPPT R&D (GEF • PLN PV Program 100
(TUV, NEDO) Worldbank) Worldbank, Ausaid) & 1000 islands
• Solar Village • REI Projects • PV Laboratory (ISO • IPP Program open
Indonesia) • PV Rural 17025) bidding for 80 PVPPs
• Solar cell electrification • PV module assembly (140 MWp)
laboratory • Australian Aid (LEN) • 14 PV module
(AUSAID) • PV Program (ESDM, manufactures (7
• Solar Energy for 1 Mio KPDT, others) APAMSI members),
Houses each ∼30 MWp/a
 SOLAR PV ROOFTOP SYSTEM
 A power plant converting sunlight into electricity
with use photovoltaic cells, known as photoelectric
effects (Albert Einstein, Physics Nobel 1921);
 It consists of solar panels installed on the roof of any
residential, commercial, institutional and industrial
buildings for generation of electricity.
 There two types of PV rooftop systems:
1) PV rooftop system with storage facility: use a
battery for storage of power. This can be
utilized even during night when the sun is not
available.
2) Grid connected PV rooftop system: In a grid
connected rooftop system, the DC power
generated from PV panel is converted to AC
power using power conditioning unit and it is
fed to the grid.
 ADVANTAGES OF A PV ROOFTOP SYSTEM

• Savings in transmission and distribution loss for

power not fed into the grid;
• No need an additional land for setting up the solar
system;
• Increase public participation in PV development;
• Local employment generation;
• No storage losses leading to effective utilization of
power;
• Etc.
 Policy and Regulations
 Gov regulation No. 5/2006, National Energy Policy, as a basis of renewable
energy development in Indonesia;
 Law No. 30/2009, electricity, give a priority to use local energy for electricity
generation in the regions;
 Ministry decree of ESDM No. 31/2009, PT. PLN obligates to buy electricity
from RE based power generation below 10 MW;
 Ministry decree of No.21/PMK.011/2010 and No 24/PMK.011/2010, to
regulate Mengatur pemberian beberapa fasilitas fiskal untuk perusahaan
yang mengembangkan energi terbarukan;
 Ministry decree of ESDM No. 17/2013, purchasing electricity by PT PLN from
a PV power plant (IPPs);
 Regulation of the Board of Directors of PT PLN (Persero) No
0733.K/Dir/2013, Utilization of Photovoltaic Electrical Energy By PLN
Customers;
 REGULATION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF PT PLN
(PERSERO) No 0733.K/DIR/2013
• Article 3: Installation of Photovoltaic-Devices
1. A customer-owned PV device shall be installed and placed on a building owned by the customer.
2. The PV device as referred to in paragraph (1) is allowed to be operated in parallel with PLN
electricity system.
3. Customer may send the excess kWh energy from the PV system to PLN electricity system
4. PLN may provide information on electrical energy received by PLN from the PV system, if necessary.
• Article 4: Transactions of Electricity
1. PLN installs the export import (exim) type of kWh meters for PLN customers that utilize PV electrical
energy, in addition to the PLN electricity.
2. The electrical energy received by PLN from the PV system will be offset by PLN with the electrical
energy delivered to the Customers.
3. In the event that the energy received by PLN from the PV system as referred to in paragraph (2) is
greater than the energy delivered by PLN, the differences become kWh deposits to be taken into
account in subsequent months thereafter.
4. A Minimum Charge shall still be charged to Customers in accordance with the amount of installed
power connected with PLN.
 PV Rooftop Study for Residential
• In 2015 the Ministry of Energy plans to build
PV rooftop on 10 government buildings,
airports, and schools with total of 1 MWp (50
kWp/building);
• With existing “net-metering” regulation
of PLN No. 0733.K/DIR/2013, possible to
install PV Rooftop for the PLN customer
residential building.
• A brief calculation of the potentials is
about 16 GWp (for the PLN tariff category JML KONSUMSI
POTENSI PV ROOFTOP
(MWp)
of R1, R2, R3); GOL TARIF PLN
PELANGGAN
(2015)
DAYA
[kWh/BLN] 2015 2030

• The growth development will be more R1/1300 6,837,557 0-100 6,837.56 9,401.64
significant if the “feed-in tariff (FIT)” is R1/2200 2,313,834 100-200 4,627.67 6,363.04
implemented R2/3500-5500 864,634 200-500 3,458.54 4,755.49
• Public participations would be increased with R3/>6000 181,445 >500 1,451.56 1,995.90
PV rooftop program; TOTAL POTENSI 16,375.32 22,516.07

17
 Energy Cost Comparison between PLN and
PV Rooftop

18
 Example- PV Rooftop Applications
• BPPT Park building, Jl. MH Thamrin 8,
Jakarta
• PV Array capacity: 10 kWp
• Technology: On-Grid, direct coupling
• Inverter: 3 x 4.2 kW (1 fasa)
• Installed: 2006

• Balai Kota DKI Jakarta, Jl. Merdeka Selatan,

Jakarta
• Installed capacity of 190 kWp (area 1330
m2), in 2012
• Investation: Rp. 6.08 M (US$3200/kW)
• Energy production 20 years: 180 MWh;
LCOE (20 years): Rp. 1700 /kWh

 Bangunan lain (Jkt): KESDM (10 kWp), Dinas Energi DKI (15 kWp), LPE-ESDM (10
kWp), German School (10 kWp), SMPN 19 (20 kWp), LEMIGAS, dll
 Opportunities and Challenges
• The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is abundant;
• Contribute to decrease CO2 emissions by 26% (relative) till 2020, increase
share of renewables 23% (2025);
• High upfront cost involved in putting up solar panels on rooftops though
PV module prices have declined by about 50% globally since 2011;
• Rising electricity prices & net metering, and lack of awareness among
consumers;
• Power from multiple small solar projects poses challenge to grid stability;
• Limitations in FiT approach due to issues of monitoring & verification to
avoid misuse of system from feeding subsidised fuels;
• Lack of technical specification like voltage, flicker, and synchronization for
Net-metering system
• Challenges with respect to grid integration with likelihood of reversal of
power flow across the network and erratic behaviour of low voltage
protection systems.
 Barriers and Possible Options
N BARRIERS
O
1 Lack of the financial
mechanism for financing
Solar PV roof top
2 Insufficient Policies and
Regulations
3 Insufficient Technical Know
How of Solar PV Rooftop
4 Lack of Sufficient Standard,
Qualified Testing Laboratory
and Certification Body
POSSIBLE OPTIONS
providing customers with appropriate subsidy,
incentives, financing assistance, and soft loan to
reduce the high investment cost.
evaluation to the existing, and establishment of a
functioning mechanism for sustained periodic
review/updating and enforcement of policies,
guidelines and incentives
A Solar PV Technology Support Program would be
proposed in addressing the low quality of PV
systems and components.
capacity building is needed to provide qualified
human resources in the field of designing,
inspecting, operating, and installing solar PV
rooftop plant
  Solar PV applications in Indonesia have been started in 1980s;
 Rooftop solar PV offers an efficient, emission-free renewable source of
electricity which can be used off-grid as well as on-grid.
 Implementation of PV rooftop program will increase public
participation in PV development program.
 PV rooftop will accelerate the growth of PV development, and the
growth will be more significant if the “feed-in tariff (FIT)” is
implemented;
 Public participations would be increased with PV rooftop program;
 Rising electricity prices & net metering  new opportunities
 Grid interconnection issues for small island grids

22
 THANK YOU
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR
SOLAR PV ROOFTOP IN INDONESIA

Dr.-Ing. Oo Abdul Rosyid, MSc

abdul.rosyid@bppt.go.id

AREW, Jakarta, December 2-4th, 2015

 PV Development in Indonesia
 Solar PV applications in Indonesia have been started in
1987, BPPT installed 80 SHS at Sukatani in West Java.
 In 1991-2011, the presidential aid for the installation of
13,445 units of SHS in 15 provinces, followed with
development of PLTS hybrid, smart micro-grid (500
kWp), PV rooftop (government buildings), etc;
 In 2011-2012, the PLN issued the 1000 islands program
for isolated island in Indonesia for 3 years;
 In 2013, the first biggest PV power plant was build in
Bali, with capacity of 2×1 MW, launched in 25/2/2013;
 In 2014, Government open bidding for 80 unit PV power
plant with the total capacity of 140 MWp;
 In 2015, The biggest PV power plant 5 MWp, installed in
Kupang, East NTT.
 In last 2 years many PVPPs installed by PLN, MoE, and
other institutions with the total capacity of 77 MWp.