3.

- Analize them one by one considering (30 points)

Ethos: What makes the writer credible?

In terms of the Ethos, what makes the writer credible relays on the use of authors
and sources that support the arguments she states throughout the text. Accordingly, she
supports her arguments with a diversity of sources in order to acknowledge certain aspects
related to the main topic. These sources are reliable as they include different authors which
contribute to diverse points of view, as well as to show facts and theories that are valid in
the linguistic field. By doing this, she is able to justify the message she is trying to convey,
making her a credible author that can make use of resources to provide a solid reasoning.
Moreover, she also uses the sources to define and discuss concepts that have been
previously stated by other authors, giving them the credit for their ideas and using them to
connect her own thoughts and conclusions regarding the analysis of spoken and written
discourse in online interactions.

Logos: What facts and figures does the writer use to support the argument of
the text?

In terms of the Logos, the writer uses information and facts about the different
concepts that are directly correlated to the main topic, as a way to establish a base for the
development of further ideas. For instance, she sets the arguments by stating that debates
and studies on the fields of communication, media and social sciences have shown that
verbal language is only a fraction of what communicative instances may be. Additionally,
she describes how the different theories of language and discourse analysis used to work
and how the digital era implies the necessity to examine communication in a different level.
The academics’ work and research, in this instance, result essential for the proper
understanding of the new forms of communication that one can perceive nowadays.
Besides, she argues that these phenomena must be analyzed from a perspective that leaves
the traditional view of language behind in order to describe the recent communicative
instances that result from digital environments. Furthermore, it can be said that the writer
also uses a logical order of ideas to establish her arguments. In that way, she states a point
that is followed by a development of ideas that support that argument, mainly using a cause
and effect structure of writing.
 Pathos: How does the writer appeal to the audience’s emotions?

In terms of the Pathos, the writer uses diverse resources to appeal to the audience’s
emotions. For example, at some points of the text, the author directly addresses the
audience by involving it within the text. That can be seen when the writer includes the
reader through the use of “we”, which enables the audience to feel part of a group in which
the author is also in. In that manner, the audience can see themselves in situations that are
similar to many people, and, therefore, feel closer to what the text is expressing. Besides,
the use of questions is also a resource that the writer uses to make the audience reflect
about the topic, and also to set the most relevant aspects of the text. Through questions, the
writer can direct the attention to what she wants to highlight and state. Likewise, the writer
also uses resources such as memories or nostalgia, specifically when she makes the
comparison of past and recent forms of communication: “An old aunt’s letter on perfumed
notepaper has now become an email or text message. A telephone call between two people
has become a newsfeed. A conference lecture has become a videocast, and so on.”
(Sindoni, 2013). In that way, the audience can feel closer to the text as it alludes to
commonly experienced events that have changed in time.