Quality Form: Dr. Cesar A. Villariba Research and Knowledge Management Institute

Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-URFR
MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Document Title: Undergraduate Research Final Report
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An Autonomous University
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Effectivity Date: August 2017

DR. CESAR A. VILLARIBA RESEARCH AND
Prepared by: DCAVRKMI
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
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Approved by: President

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FILIPINO SEAFARERS’ LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ON THE
GUIDELINES OF MARITIME OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ORGANIZATION
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Maritime Education
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Maritime Engineering

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By:
Giann Laurence B. Bosque
Fred Francis F. Buhay
Ruel M. Peñaranda
May 2019
Approval Sheet
This thesis here to entitled:
FILIPINO SEAFARERS’ LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ON THE

GUIDELINES OF MARITIME OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
ORGANIZATION
prepared and submitted by GIANN LAURENCE B. BOSQUE, FRED FRANCIS F.

BUHAY AND RUEL M. PEÑARANDA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.
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MARIA AZELA L. TAMAYO, PhD

Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of __________ on

____________________________.
Capt. JOEL A. PORTO, MSM

Panelist
MARLON V. MANALO
Panelist
LEAH T. SALAS
Panelist
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Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Science in Marine Engineering.
Capt. JOEL A. PORTO, MSM

Dean, College of Maritime Education
Table of Contents
Page
Title Page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Table of Contents 3
List of Figure and Tables 5
Acknowledgements 6
1. Abstract 7
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2. Background 8
A. Rationale of the Research 8

B. Purpose of the Research 10
C. Theoretical Framework 11
D. Literature Survey 13
E. Significance of the Research 37
F. Statement of Desired Outcome 38
G. Target Benificiaries of Research Result 38
H. Definition of Terms 39
I. Scope and Limitations of the Study 40
3. Description of Method or Approach 41
A. Research Design/Research Instrument/Data Gathering 41

Procedure
B. Respondents/Unit of Analysis/Subjects of the Study 43
C. Assumptions or Hypotheses 45
D. Data Analysis Plan 45
E. Research Paradigm/Conceptual Framework 46
4. Results and Discussion 48

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Discussion of Findings 48
Conclusions 57
Recommendations 58
Page
References 58
Major Final Output 67
Appendices 68
A. Curriculum Vitae of the Researcher 68

B. Informed Consent Form 71
C. Research Instrument 74
D. Tally Sheet 77
E. Documentation 81
F. Consultation Record 86
G. Ethics Approval 87
H. Letters 88
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List of Figure and Tables
Figure Title Page
Research Paradigm 48
Table Title
1 Safety Protection and Accident Prevention 49
2 Health Program and Medical Care 50

On-board Ship and Ashore
3 Problems Encountered in terms of 51

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Occupational Safety and Health
4 Healthy Practices in Preventing Occupational Risk 52

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Acknowledgements
Firstly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our research adviser Dr.
Maria Azela L. Tamayo for the continuous support, for her patience and motivation. Her
guidance helped us in all the time of research.
We also thank our fellow thesis classmates for the stimulating discussions, for the
sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have
had in this past months.
Last but not the least, we would like to thank our family, our parents, our brothers and
sisters and to our special loved ones for supporting us spiritually throughout doing this
thesis and our life in general.

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Research Title: Filipino Seafarers’ Level of Awareness and Knowledge on

The Guidelines of Maritime Occupational Safety and Health
Organization.
Name of Researcher : Bosque, Giann Laurence B.

: Buhay, Fred Francis F.
: Peñaranda, Ruel M.
Degree : Bachelor of Science
Specialization : Marine Engineering
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Name of Research Adviser : Dr. Maria Azela L. Tamayo
1. Abstract
The study focuses on the level of awareness and knowledge of Filipino
seafarers’ on guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health organization. The
study will also deal on safety at the workplace; what are the health issues they encounter
when they are on-board; what are the health related practices to avoid accidents and
sickness. The researcher will apply descriptive survey method using the questionnaire as
research instrument. The respondents must be forty (40) in numbers who is working
inter-island, starting from Filipino cadets to seafarers who have five (5) years in service
on-board ship. Seaman such as cadet will be purposively selected to answer the question
related to their safety and health problems and how the level of awareness and
knowledge on guidelines help the seafarers’. The data will be presented in the form of
tabulation, charts, graphs and percentage. The result of this study will improve the ways
to encounter the safety and health problems of the Filipino seafarers’ during their work in
a sea-going vessel. Also the result of the research will help to lessen the accidents and
sickness of the Filipino seafarers’ on-board in terms to understand the level of awareness
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and knowledge on safety and health guidelines for seafarers’. This research aims to
strengthen and widen the awareness and knowledge of each Filipino seafarers’ when it
comes to occupation safety and in their health.
2. Background
a. Rationale of the Research
A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates water-borne vessels
or assists as a crew member in their operation and maintenance. Seafarers hold a variety
of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral
to the successful operation of an ocean-going vessel (Riley McLincha, 2014).
The goals of occupational safety and health (OSH) programs include
fostering a safe and healthy work environment. OSH may also protect co-workers, family
members, employers, customers, and many others who might be affected by the
workplace environment. The term occupational health and safety is referred to as
occupational health and occupational and non-occupational safety and Includes safety
for activities outside of work. The occupational safety and health organizations are some
guidelines that prevent accidents in workplace of the seafarers and to protect the workers
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in every way just to make sure the seafarers can do their tasks in time they're on board.
(Government of Western Australia, 2014).
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watch-keeping for Seafarers, 1978 was adopted on 7 July 1978 and entered into force on
28 April 1984. The main purpose of the Convention is to promote safety of life and
property at sea and the protection of the marine environment by establishing in common
agreement international standards of training, certification and watch-keeping for
seafarers. (IMO, 2018).
The maritime industry’s most important concerns are safety of
personnel and prevention of marine pollution for a smooth cargo transportation and
marine operation at high seas. International Maritime Organisation (IMO) introduced
SOLAS – Safety of life at sea & MARPOL- The International Convention for Prevention of
Marine Pollution from Ships, for safeguarding human life and marine environment from all
kinds of pollutions. (Anish, 2017).
It matters how employers or companies provide proper training to the
seafarer’ especially to the incoming seafarers’. Proper education specifically on
company’s regulation regarding occupational safety and health would help to ensure
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sound and safe working environment. Statistics have shown that seafarers’ belong to an
occupation with high mortality compared to other groups in the society. Seafarers’ remain
to be prone to either external or internal causes of death which could be prevented if only
countermeasures to minimize health hazards and life-threat at sea are sincerely
implemented and observed (Binghay, 2018).
In some cases, seafarers’ particularly Filipino seafarers are struggling
when they are on board in their health, ventilations and facilities, accidents or incidents,
and to protect them from accidents, injuries, diseases or deaths the guidelines are made
to make an assurance that the seafarers and the company are following the standard
procedures on board or not, so the researchers want to find out the level of awareness
and knowledge of the Filipino seafarers’ about the discussed topic.
b. Purpose of the Research
This study aims to determine the level of awareness and knowledge on guidelines of
maritime occupational safety and health organization of Filipino seafarers.
Specifically, this will answer the following questions:

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1. What are the level of awareness of the seafarer in occupational safety in terms of
safety protection and accident prevention?
2. What are the level of awareness of the seafarer in occupational health in terms of
health program medical care on board ship and ashore?
3. What are the problems encountered by the Filipino seafarers’ in terms of occupational
safety and health?
4. What are the healthy practices of Filipino seafarers’ in preventing occupational risks in
terms of occupational safety and health?
c. Theoretical Framework
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Guidelines on Maritime Occupational Safety and Health
In 2013, the Department of Labour and Employment created guidelines for seafarers
called "Guidelines on Maritime Occupational Safety and Health" that aims to promote
health and safety protection and prevention of accidents, injuries, diseases or deaths
occurring in the course of Employment of seafarers’ on-board ships through compliance
with mandatory rules and regulations and standards for the maritime sector (Department
of Labour and Employment, 2013).
The guidelines pursuant to Articles 5 and 128 of the Labour Code of the Philippines,
as amended, and in compliance with Department Order Nos. 129 and 130, Series of
2013, and Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, the following guidelines are hereby issued
to ensure the safety and welfare of seafarers on-board Philippine Registered Ships.
This Guidelines shall apply to all Philippine registered ships plying both domestic and
International voyages where employer-employee relationship or other forms of
engagement exist. The ship-owner shall arrange that work in a ship is carried out in a
manner that does not endanger the health and safety of any seafarer who is engaged or
working in that ship. Second, adopt and carry out reasonable procedures and techniques
designed or intended to prevent or reduce the risk in the operation or carrying out of the
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work using acceptable industry' standards. Third, provide each seafarer health and
safety education including awareness campaign and information written in the language
which all the seafarers can understand; and last but not the least, ensure that the
designated Safety and Health Officer had undergone the appropriate training
(Department of Labor and Employment, 2013).
Same as the ship-owner or employer the seafarers shall work in accordance with the
safety standards and practices established by the ship-owner in compliance with the
provisions of this Guidelines and generally accepted shipping practices; and Report
unsafe conditions and practices to the designated Safety and Health Officer or to the
Safety and Health Committee.
The guidelines are made to protect the people especially the seafarers in case the
employers or the ship-owner didn't reach the standards of the guidelines. All violations of
the provisions of these Guidelines shall be subject to the applicable penalties provided
for in the Labour Code, PD 442 as amended. The guidelines are effective immediately
after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation. 9th of August in 2013
(Department of Labor and Employment, 2013).

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This theory or guidelines will help the researchers to determine the different
guidelines needed by the seafarers related to Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA).
d. Literature Survey
Occupational Safety
Friend and Kohn (2018) explained that the field of occupational safety and health is
concerned with minimizing loss by aiding in the preservation and protection of both
human and other physical assets in the workplace. The discipline is far-reaching in both
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scope and practice. It primarily involves monitoring the workplace and advising
employers or management on the best ways to prevent and minimize losses. Final
responsibility for action always rests on the shoulders of the management, as they are
ultimately accountable for workplace behaviors. Management is held accountable by
stockholders or owners of the company, the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), the courts, and even public opinion. The job of the safety and
health professional is to assist management by observing the workplace and providing
guidance.
Moreover, Friend and Kohn (2018) cited that in practice, occupational safety and
health addresses moral and economic issues typically within framework required by law.
The United States government and governments worldwide require protection of
employees from hazards that may result in injury, illness, or death. Under the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, known as the OSHAct, employers in the
United States are required to provide safe and healthy workplaces. The safety and
health professionals help employers to do that.
Maritime and Coastguard Agency (2015) noted that sseafarers’ are required to: take
reasonable care for their own health and safety and that of others on board who may be
affected by their acts or omissions; cooperate with anyone else carrying out health and
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safety duties, including compliance with control measures identified during the
employer’s or Company’s risk assessment; report any identified serious hazards or
deficiencies immediately to the appropriate officer or other responsible person and make
proper use of plant and machinery, and treat any hazard to health or safety (such as a
dangerous substance) with due caution. Under the regulations, it is also an offence for
any person intentionally or recklessly to interfere with or misuse anything provided in the
interests of health and safety.
Budhathoki (2014) mentioned that occupational health aims at the promotion and
maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers
in all occupations. Welding, a skilled profession has been practiced since the ancient
times. Welders join and cut metal parts using a flame or an electric arc and other sources
of heat to melt and cut or to melt and fuse metal. Welding is a hazardous profession with
a multiplicity of factors that can endanger the health of a welder, such as heat, burns,
radiation (ultraviolet, visible and infra-red), noise, fumes, gases, electrocution;
uncomfortable postures involved in the work; high variability in the chemical composition
of welding fumes, which differs according to the work piece, method employed and
surrounding environment and the routes through which these harmful agents enter the
body. Some of the effects of welding on health include photo keratitis or arc eye, metal
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fume fever, decrease in lung function, pneumoconiosis, asthma, photo dermatitis and
fertility abnormalities.
Bhattacharya (2009) explained that while most of the studies on OHS in the maritime
industry are from Britain and Nordic countries, there is some evidence that conditions in
other parts of the world are even worse. For example, demonstrated that between 1986
and 1955 the mortality rate for seafarers working on ships registered in Hong Kong was
one of the highest in the world. Comparing this data with those from other maritime
nations, the author showed that the mortality rate for seafarers on Hong Kong registered
ships was around 2.39 per 1000 seafarers, which was seven times higher than the
corresponding British figure.
Bhumika, et al. (2014) cited that OSH is not an old science; however, the working
conditions for workers in general and welders in particular are unsatisfactory in Nepal.
The fact that there is low awareness of safety measures and low frequency of their
regular utilization is a matter of concern. This may be due to various reasons like low
level of education, lack of institutional training, age group structure and work experience
along with non-adaptation of regulatory measures by concerned authorities for safety
precautions. Welders in our study area do not have organized occupational health
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services, and to make matters worse, there is a lack of awareness regarding the
importance of occupational safety at the workplace.
Moreover, Bhumika, et al. (2014) mentioned that the literature search showed that
studies in Nepal have not tried to find out about the awareness of protective measures
and the factors which facilitate their use. Thus, the current study was designed to assess
awareness of occupational hazards and protective measures among welders working in
three districts of eastern Nepal. We also tried to find the factors associated with
awareness of occupational hazards and protective measures and the use of protective
measures, and the possible relationship between awareness and actual use of PPE.
This study was envisioned to highlight the need for research in the area of occupational
health which is a neglected issue in our country.
Friend and Kohn (2018) cited that unfortunately, for some employers the
responsibility to protect human life is not as important to them as other goals or priorities.
A company may focus on productivity and profits to the exclusion of safety and health. Its
managers may view the occurrence of illness and injuries as a routine part of the job. In
reality, the amount of production required to cover costs associated with accidents in the
workplace can be substantial and far outweigh the expense of providing a safe and
health working environment. The role of the safety professional requires monitoring
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workplace conditions and advising management on the importance of making critical
corrections for more legal and economic reasons. The effective safety professional will
work with the management team and help demonstrate to them that providing a safe and
healthy working environment is the right thing to do or both the employees and the
company. The safety and health professional must be able to make a convincing
argument, based on sound business practices; otherwise, management may choose to
allow safety and health to become low priorities. Neither can exist without management
support, and that support is only forthcoming when profits can be made.
The organization cannot exist without profit, and the job of the safety professional
cannot exist without production. Safety does not and never will come first. Safety cannot
and will not exist without profitable production, but profitable production is not likely to
exist without safety. Safe and profitable production is the ultimate goal of the safety
professional. This goal can only be accomplished with full support of management.
Management ultimately oversees the safety function and makes final decisions
regarding its implementation. The safety system is integrated into the overall
management system. When an accident occurs, it is always considered a fault in the
management system (Friend and Kohn, 2018).

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Moreover, Friend and Kohn (2018) explained that the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) is the federal agency responsible for workplace safety and
health; it attempts to address the safety and health concerns faced by American workers.
OSHA may not only levy fines, but may also seek criminal prosecution of business
owners and managers who willfully neglect the safety and health of their employees. In
addition, employers may find themselves the target of civil suits levied by the victims and
survivors of workplace accidents. Employers with poor safety and health records must
also deal with rising medical insurance costs as well as unfavorable workers’
compensation premiums. Unfortunately, many employers have not had to bear the full
costs of injuring and killing members of their workforces. Workers, uninformed and
unaware of their legal rights, have often shouldered the costs of the business not
operating safely.
Friend and Kohn (2018) also mentioned that the regulations and mechanisms for
enforcement are in place in the United States, but the agencies charged with
administering safety regulations are generally understaffed. With well over one hundred
million workers at millions of work-sites of covered employers and not even 2500 OSHA
inspectors, the task is clearly a challenge for the agency. In addition, certain categories
of workers, such as some federal, state, and municipal employees do their jobs without
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protection from OSHA or any government agency. Most federal employees are excluded
from OSHA regulations. Many state and municipal employees in states covered by
federal OSHA also work without OSHA protection. Continued reduction of accidents in
the United States will require an increase in initiative on the parts of all parties involved to
include employers, employees, and federal and state governments. An understanding of
the issues of today will be enhanced by a review of the past.
Gerard Zwetsloot (2013) cited that morally, legally, and economically, occupational
safety and health have become important issues. Companies are attempting to remain
profitable in an ever-more-competitive, globally economy. Addressing safety, health and
environmental issues may mean more than good business practice. For many
companies strong safety, health and environmental programs may actually mean
survival.
According to the Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Health (2012), the objective of the
amendment was to strengthen the system of law which promotes voluntary compliance
by facilitating stronger self-governance by the employer and workers and a more
regulatory role by the government. It ensures that the promotion of high safety and
health standards does not hinder business performance, productivity and efficiency in
addition to addressing employee rights and issues such as sufficient protection and
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avenues for redress in accordance with the law and good industrial relations practices.
The main objective of the Occupational Safety and Health Authority Agency is
compliance with the Act and related regulations. As such, increased public awareness,
the sensitization of industrial partners and stakeholders close cooperation with other
Ministries and institutions and the conduct of training are critical to the promotion of a
preventive safety and health culture in Trinidad and Tobago.
International Labour Organization (ILO)(2008). Wider national programs on
occupational safety and health have also been effective in promoting compliance with
the law and the application of good practice, integrating inspection with other activities
such as promotional awareness-raising campaigns and other wider joint initiatives. At the
time of writing this report, the ILO had recently adopted a new Convention and
Recommendation on a Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health,
2006 (No. 187), covering national occupational safety and health programs and other
measures to promote better implementation of existing standards – in the port sector as
in others. Globalization has also had a major impact on the industry and today ports form
an integral component of an inter-modal and often global transport network. The demand
for efficiency and productivity in the industry has never been greater, but accidents and ill
health can have a marked effect on both. Inspection by government authorities and by
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port employers and worker representatives should help to maintain acceptable good
practice, but there is a need for greater harmonization of inspection practice in this sector
at global level. There are no international standards on the inspection of occupational
safety and health in ports, unlike in the shipping industry, and it is believed that such
standards would be helpful.
Trinidad and Tobago of Ministry of Health (2012) mentioned that prior to 2006,
Occupational Safety and Health in Trinidad and Tobago was governed by the Factories
Ordinance, 1948, as amended in 1952. In 2004, the Occupational Safety and Health
(OSH) Act was assented to and was proclaimed in February 2006. The new OSH Act
was developed primarily because the Factories Ordinance proved to be narrow in scope,
out-dated and inappropriate to deal with the expanding industrial sector. It was found that
many occupations and workplaces fell far outside the ambit of the legal framework of the
Factories Ordinance of 1948. The new OSH Act provided for the revision and extension
of the law regarding the safety, health and welfare of persons at work in order to keep up
to speed with the country’s rapid industrialization. It covers most workers with the
exception of workers in private homes (domestic workers) and all aspects of work
undertaken in an industrial establishment (defined as a factory, shop, office, place of

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work or other premises excluding residential premises) that may have significant impact
on the health and safety of the employees.
ITF Seafarers (2017) stated that the MLC was adopted in February 2006 with a
ratification requirement of a minimum of 30 countries representing at least one third of
the world fleet in gross tonnage. Twelve months after meeting this requirement, the
Convention came into force in August 2013. There are some key features of the MLC
that should make the Convention relatively easy for governments to ratify and should
enable its provisions to be put into practice and fairly enforced. Some parts of the
Convention are compulsory, other parts take the form of guidelines. The intention is to
make sure that seafarers are protected without being too specific as to how it is done.
This is to encourage the maximum number of States to ratify the Convention. The MLC
provides a way of enforcing the standards through a system of certification and
inspection by flag State and port State authorities. A key to enforcement will lie in the
ability to detain vessels if they are in breach of the Convention.
According to Klein (2011), an assessment of maritime security and the law of the sea
requires an initial examination of two fundamental questions: what is meant by ‘maritime
security’, and how does maritime security relate to the basic structure of the law of the
sea? The scope and understanding accorded to the term ‘maritime security’ influence
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what activities are addressed and what interests are at stake in responding to any
perceived problem. Inevitably, maritime security can mean different things to different
people. As such, it may not be understood simply as a legal term of art, but must be
considered in the broader perspective of international relations and what is understood
by the very notion of ‘security’.
Moreover, Klein stated that security may be seen as an emotive term, extending to a
sense of safety and hence freedom from fear. As a manifestation in international
decision-making, security becomes a cadre of activities - legislative, executive, judicial,
military, and police actions - designed to respond to a collective need for order and
protection from internal and external threats. What may be considered as the security
interests of a state needs to be understood, as these interests from the broad
background to the maritime security of a state. It is then the threats to maritime security
that become the catalyst for action and change, and subsequently influence the
operation and development of the law of the sea.
According to Yabuki (2011) a comprehensive review of the STCW Convention and
Code (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watch-keeping for Seafarers’) was proposed to the IMO Maritime Safety Committee by
the STW sub-committee (STW 37). The proposal was subsequently endorsed by the
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MSC 81. The issues in the current STCW Convention and Code were defined by the
STW 38 and the list of areas in the Convention and Code was identified for the
comprehensive review work. In may 2007, the MSC 87 approved the principles and
scope of the review, including the list of areas, and instructed the STW sub-committee
(STW 39) to commence the review work.
Moreover, Yabuki also stated that the following basic principles were set out prior to
the start of the comprehensive review.
1. Retain the structure and goals of the 1995 revision.
2. Ensure that existing standards were not down-scaled.
3. No amendment of the articles of the Convention.
4. Address inconsistencies, interpretations, outdated provisions, MSC instructions,
clarifications already issued and technological advances.
5. Address requirements for effective communication.
6. Provide for flexibility in terms of compliance and for required levels of training,
certification and watch-keeping arrangements, due to innovation in technology.

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7. Address the special character and circumstances of short-sea shipping and the
offshore industry.
8. Address security-related issues.
Occupational Health
According to Bradshaw et al. (2008), organizational health is comprised of the
following core features: resource influence, staff affiliation, academic emphasis, collegial
leadership, and institutional integrity. For example, staff affiliation (defined as the sense
of positive interactions between colleagues and shared commitment to students) is
hypothesized to increase since the PBIS models emphasize collaboration and joint
decision-making between staff. The authors lay out the anticipated impact of PBIS on the
other areas of organizational health and they argue that all would see a positive impact.
Bradshaw et al. (2008) reported that the date to measure such an impact came from
a large-scale longitudinal group of randomized elementary educators, all of whom were
sent an individually addressed anonymous survey packet. The survey used was the
Organizational Health Inventory, which the authors explain is widely used and is a
previously validated measure 15 consisting of 37 items that measure the aspects of
organizational health. The recipients of the survey consisted of teachers from 21 schools
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that were randomized to the intervention condition (PBIS) and 16 schools assigned to
the comparison condition (no PBIS/comparison). The comparison schools agreed to
refrain from implementing PBIS for the duration of the study, 4 years. The response rate
was 80% to 86% across the study period.
Bradshaw et al. (2008) found, as hypothesized that staff in schools who implemented
PBIS showed improvements in several aspects of their school’s organizational health.
The authors report a significant growth in the organizational health of all areas previously
noted, except collegial leadership or institutional integrity. The authors admit that the
specific mechanisms by which PBIS influenced the organizational health are unknown.
Bradshaw et al. (2008) explained a few limitations to their study, such as the reliance
on staff-report measures, especially since the staff was knowledgeable about the
school’s intervention status. They also grant that the Hawthorn effect has a potential to
influence the results. In recent years, increasing national attention has focused on
disruptive behavior exhibited in schools, particularly urban schools. Although overall
homicides in the United States have declined since 1993, non-fatal, disruptive type
behaviors among youth remain at historically high levels. This is also reflected in a
proposal by the President Clinton. Effective classroom management is practical
instinctively; it not only is concerned with discipline problems, but also keeps future
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problems from occurring. Research has suggested that an effective teacher plays an
essential role in student achievement. Research also has suggested that improving the
climate 2 of the school may decrease disruptive behavior.
According to DOLE-OSHA (2013), the ship-owner shall adopt, implement and
promote occupational safety and health policies and programs on ships, consistent with
this Guidelines and 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Accident Prevention on Board Ship, at
Sea and in Port and subsequent versions thereof, to promote the welfare of the
seafarers. The ship-owner shall establish a Safety and Health Committee, whether
on-board or onshore, to develop and implement the safety and health policy 4 and
programs to promote the welfare of the seafarers. Such a committee shall be established
on-board a ship on which there is five (5) or more seafarers. A Safety and Health Officer
shall be designated by the ship-owner to take responsibility for the implementation and
compliance with the ship’s occupational safety and health policies and programs.
On-board Safety and Health Committee shall be composed of the Chairman (Master),
Secretary (Safety and Health Officer), and Member (Seafarers’ Representative). The
Safety and Health Officer shall be a holder of the following certificates: 1. BOSH
Certificate issued by DOLE or DOLE Accredited Safety Training Organization; and 2.
Approved training in first aid and medical care as required by STCW.

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Occupational Hazards
According to Paras Kumar Pokharel (2014), awareness of occupational hazards and
use of safety measures among welders: a cross-sectional study from eastern Nepal. The
study is based on occupational safety and health which is a neglected area research in
Nepal. Study methodology: use of pretested questionnaire, scientific calculation of
sample size, random sampling and calculation of ORs. Makes an attempt to bridge the
information gap between the awareness and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
among welders in this part of the world. The study highlights the frequent use of
sunglasses and cloth masks as PPE which are not recommended. The sample size of
the current study is small which is reflected by the width of CIs. The external validity of
the study' is limited in the context of urban cities which have more workshops and more
welders.
According to SS Budhathoki (2014), hazards arising from workplaces could impair
the health and well-being of the workers; therefore, it is necessary to anticipate,
recognize, evaluate and control such hazards. The use of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) at all times is a good and safe practice by welders to protect from
exposure to hazards and injuries during welding or cutting.

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DOLE-OSHA (2013) explained that in Hazard Prevention Program, the ship-owner
shall: In consultation with the Safety and Health Committee, develop, implement and
monitor a program for the prevention of hazards, including ergonomic-related hazards in
the workplace that is appropriate to the size of the ship and the nature of the hazards;
Conduct hazard risk evaluation and control including measures to reduce and prevent
risk of exposure to harmful chemicals and physical hazards, such as heat, noise and
vibration, as well as the risk of injury or disease that may arise from the use of equipment
and machinery on board ships; and Institute measures to monitor work environment,
safe work procedures, machine or equipment safety, maintenance, materials handling
and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
Similarly, data from after the turn of the century (between 1908 – 1909 and 1912 –
1913) showed that while British coal-mining and railways accounted for 1.56 and 0.59
fatalities respectively for every 1000 persons employed in those industries, the
corresponding fatality ratio for seafarers on the UK registered ships stood out at 4.05.
Research carried out at a different time in the 20th century continued to point out that in
comparison to shore-based professions, seafaring remained a high-risk occupation.
Data from a study undertaken on Swedish seafarers in the period between 1945 and
1954, for instance, showed that the fatality rate on board merchant ships was seven
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times higher than that of the general workforce in land-based industries. More recent
studies show a continuation of the same trend. For example, reported a similarly
depressing picture. The author found that the rate of fatalities including drowning
suffered by Danish seafarers was 11.5 times more that fatalities suffered by the male
workers in the shore-based industries of the country (Bhattacharya, 2009).
According to Friend and Kohn (2018), thousands of employees are reportedly killed
annually in the United States as a result of on-the-job incidents, and many more are
injured. The costs associated with these losses are in the billions. Behind the numbers of
death and injuries are real people – mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, spouses, sons, or
daughters.
Panganiban (2017) stated that being a seafarer requires a strong mental stability and
an established tough physical foundation, along with an adaptive and flexible attitude.
However, stress and fatigue hinder the maritime professional to perform effectively. With
this, the study sought to find out the contributory factors to stress and fatigue of Filipino
seafarers. The researcher used descriptive design to describe the contributory factors to
stress and fatigue of Filipino seafarers. The respondents consisted of 205 seafarers who
are into offshore, coastal and blue water types of vessels. It was found out that Filipino
seafarers find factors contributory to stress and fatigue to be moderately stressful to

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which the physical factors prevail over emotional, environmental and psychological. On
the other hand, there is a significant difference of responses on the environmental,
emotional, physical and psychological factors contributory to stress and fatigue of
Filipino seafarers when grouped according to profile. Lastly, a plan of action was
proposed to lessen and address the factors contributory to stress and fatigue of Filipino
seafarers.
Seafarers’, also referred to as seaman, is mostly male workers who work from six to
ten months on-board commercial or non-commercial vessels. The Philippines remain to
be the top source country for seafarers supplying more than 20 percent of the world’s
maritime workforce (Raunek, 2016).
Bloor, Thomas and Lane (2010), stated that the Filipino seafarers have generally
high and positive attitude towards working environment. Their emotional attitude is
generally highly positive compared to other nationalities because they have the feeling of
self-confidence, calmness and clear thinking moments. However, every day, seafarers
have to deal with a unique physical work setting. They work aboard a ship amidst a deep
surface of the ocean that is so very far away from the land. The ship stays at sea for
many days and all the seafarer could see is the deep body of water and the sky above.
Apart from this setting, an average seafarer works approximately 12 hours a day, under
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different weather conditions while the ship is traversing a deep sea. Aboard the ship, a
seafarer may be exposed to both man-made and natural risks such as; severe weather
conditions, accidents and serious untoward incidents. On top of these, the most
important risk that a seafarer has to confront to can be either the emotional or
psychological stress that might lead him to a state of depression.
Bloor, Thomas and Lane (2010) explained that aboard the ship, they are detached
from the pleasures and comforts of own land, home and family. They can suffer from the
state of homesickness and in extreme cases, the state of depression, which may disrupt
their ability to perform the assigned job duties and responsibilities. This situation may
lead to early repartition resulting in the loss of his earnings as well as inconvenience to
the management level officers of the ship and ultimately the employer. The shipping
business cannot be completely controlled by regulatory and governing bodies.
Seafarers’ health and safety is found to be fragmentary due to the influence of
globalization causing possible serious deleterious effects for seafarers. Closer
monitoring of seafarers’ health and safety and an international regulatory regime are
essential to taper the very widespread gap between best and worst industry practice.
The maritime sector has always been an area where threats related to the health, injury
and death of workers were important. However, since the mid-1970s, activity has been
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completely changed by the shifts on flags of convenience, outsourcing operations by the
owners of international companies of shipping and ship management companies, growth
of mixed nationality crew and technological and economic changes that condensed
manning and extended working hours.
According to Syamantak Bhattacharya (2009), there is a distinction made between
two fundamentally different causes for seafarers’ fatalities. One is maritime casualty and
the other is occupational fatality. Maritime casualty is identified as a major disaster
affecting an entire ship. As a consequence in most cases, several seafarers often most
of them on-board the ship lose their lives. Common causes of such disasters are fire, or
collision and foundering owing to poor weather or rough seas. Occupational fatality, on
the other hand, corresponds closely with what is commonly identified in the land-based
industries. In this case, and individual seafarer or a group of seafarers involved in
specific tasks lose their lives as a consequence of work-related mishaps, which typically
include slips, trips and falls. International data on OHS of seafarers is consistently and
historically grim. A report from 1873 based on statistical report, for instance, showed that
approximately 17 out of 1000 seafarers employed on British ships lost their lives either
due to maritime casualties or occupational fatalities. The morality rate in the maritime
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industry at that time was over five times higher than what was recorded in the British
Railways.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO)(2012), each year an estimated
100 million workers are injured, 200,000 die each year in occupational accidents and 68
million to 157 million new cases of occupational disease are attributed to hazardous
exposures in workplaces. Such high numbers of adverse health outcomes impact
significantly on the health of the world’s population. By affecting the health of the working
population, occupational injuries and diseases have profound effects on work
productivity and on the economic and social well-being of workers, their families and
dependents.
According to International Labour Organization (ILO)(2008), preventing accidents
and ill health in ports has been an important subject for the ILO since the 1920s, when
the first Convention on accident prevention in ports was adopted. Since then, several
Conventions, Recommendations and other forms of guidance addressing safety and
health in ports have been adopted, the most recent one being a comprehensive code of
practice on the subject. Entitled Safety and health in ports, this Code was published in
2005, updating earlier guidance to reflect modern working practices and major
technological advances in the port sector in recent years. However, in spite of the
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existence of internationally agreed and up to-date standards, there is still a great need
for better practical implementation of these standards. As the 2005 Code of practice
observes, port work is still an occupation with very high accident rates. One of the keys
to more successful implementation of established standards is more effective inspection
at the enterprise level. This is an important task for government authorities, but port
employers and worker representatives also have a role to play in the inspection of their
own workplaces. Building on partnerships for occupational safety and health is vital, and
in the port sector in particular social dialogue has a crucial role to play in this respect.
According to MEMOSH (2014), concerns about occupational hazards have had an
impact on contemporary approaches to promoting effective OSH. The 2009 ILO General
Survey on the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155), and
Recommendation (No. 164), explains that these instruments underscore that an ideal
goal for effective OSH would be total prevention, implying a constant effort to improve
worker protection. The maritime working environment comprises the physical,
ergonomic, chemical, biological, psychological and social elements which could lead to
occupational accidents, injuries and diseases. Seafarers face demanding working
conditions, isolation, long hours of work, rigid organizational structures and high levels of
stress and fatigue. They must also learn to communicate with others in multinational
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crews. Consideration should be given to challenges connected to the structural
development of the composition of the crew, especially regarding crews with different
nationalities and cultural backgrounds. This should be recognized when developing a
safety culture on board.
“How to Tackle Fatigue” (2016). The matter of fatigue at sea is one that will not just
vanish. The industry has had more luck fighting pirates than solving problems of sleep
deprivation, stress and burnout. Fatigue is not some vague concept; it is a recognized
and serious medical concern. It can be called different names, tiredness, exhaustion,
lethargy, and listlessness. In essence though it is all about the physical and/or mental
state of being tired and weak.
According to MEMOSH (2014), alcohol and drug abuse, violence and harassment,
and infectious diseases are further potential problems. International labour standards,
national laws, codes of practice and other specialized guidance documents provide
information on the types of hazards that may be encountered on ships and the relevant
preventive and protective measures to help ensure that the working and living
environment for seafarers is as safe and healthy as possible. Certain occupational
exposures are diffuse and of low intensity, and may be the origin of certain diseases that
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may appear years after the end of exposure. Shipping is perceived to be a relatively
dangerous industry.
Moreover, MEMOSH (2014) also cited that there is a lack of statistics in the area of
Maritime Occupational Safety and Health (MOSH) due to the limited accessibility and
reliability of reports of occupational accidents, incidents and diseases in flag States. This
is mostly as a result of significant differences in data collection methodologies, poor
recording, limited coverage, and limited statistics on the overall seafarer population.
Despite the national reporting requirements under ILO occupational safety and health
Conventions, comprehensive statistics concerning occupational accidents, injuries and
diseases are very difficult to find.
According to Raunek (2016), seafaring is undeniably a tough profession. A seafarer,
being away from family has to endure limited social life, monotonous routines, and
different working environment which lead to different kinds of stress.
According to STCW Proficiency in Maritime Security Awareness Maritime Security
Awareness (2010), training will be required for all crew entering into the professional
yachting industry at all levels. This module is required since January 1, 2014 as a part of
the update to the STCW Code mandated by the 2010 Manila Amendments, by all
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personnel employed or engaged on-board ships to which the ISPS Code applies. With
the increase in piracy at the sea, several maritime organisations and defence agencies
have started providing online updates on events related to maritime piracy which is
taking place around the world. Governing authorities have also realised the importance
of educating seafarers on issues related to maritime security and piracy. In this article,
we have presented twenty-eight online resources which would help those who seek to
understand the issue of piracy at sea and also the shipping professionals seeking
guidance and help regarding the same.
According to Marcus Oldenburg, et al. (2018), seafarers are exposed to a high
diversity of occupational health hazards on-board ships. Objective: The aim of their
article is to present a survey of the current, most important hazards in seafaring including
recommendations on measures how to deal with these problems. Methods: The review
is based on maritime expert opinions as well a PubMed analysis related to the
occupational risks of seafaring. Results: Despite recent advances in injury prevention,
accidents due to harmful working and living conditions at sea and of non-observance of
safety rules remain a main cause of injury and death. Mortality in seafaring from
cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is mainly caused by increased risks and impaired

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treatment options of CVD at sea. Further, shipboard stress and high demand may lead to
fatigue and isolation which have an impact on the health of on-board seafarers.
Moreover, Marcus Oldenburg, et al. (2018) also mentioned that communicable
diseases in seafaring remain an occupational problem. Exposures to hazardous
substances and UV-light are important health risks on-board ships. Because of harsh
working conditions on-board including environmental conditions, sufficient recreational
activities are needed for the seafarers' compensation both on-board and ashore.
However, in reality there is often a lack of leisure time possibilities. Discussion: Seafaring
is still an occupation with specific work-related risks. Thus, a further reduction of
occupational hazards aboard ships is needed and poses a challenge for maritime health
specialists and stakeholders. Nowadays, maritime medicine encompasses a broad field
of workplaces with different job-related challenges.
Healthy Practices in Prevention of Occupational Risks
OSHWiki (2017), cited that the crew accommodation should meet the requirements
and the relevant health and safety protection provisions and prevention of accident,
regarding the risk of exposure to dangerous level of noise and vibration and others more
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ambient factors and chemical on ship ships, and provide acceptable job and on-board
living environment for employees. Every employer or owner must ensure that the person
in charge checks each working area or structure and every item of machinery or
equipment to ensure that safe working conditions are maintained. A person shall not use
any structure, machinery or equipment reassembled after dis-assembly, in whole or in
part, until it has been evaluated by a qualified person and found in a safe condition. The
experts on maritime occupational safety and health of the seafarers’ discussed a
guidelines by a total of 102 delegates, including six governments, six ship-owner and six
seafarer experts, observers and advisers from 42 other governments and observers from
inter-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations. The assembly
addressed all areas of seafarers’ occupational safety and health, including alcohol and
drug abuse, violence and harassment, and infectious disease. The document details
responsibilities for governments, ship-owner and seafarers’ related to accidents and
illness prevention practices, implementation, training and emergency and accident
response.
OSHWiki, (2017) also stated that according to Patrice Caron the Executive
Vice-President of the Seafarers’ International Union of Canada, “There will be many
challenges to implement occupational safety and health in the marine sector. The
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guidelines should provide assistance. Minimizing risk is a fundamental concern to
seafarers’ and for the other persons working on ships.” Experts have agreed guidelines
to help governments implement safety and health provisions regarding the special needs
of seafarers’. (OSHWiki, 2017).
According to Maritime and Coastguard Agency (2015), it is the duty of ship-owners
and employers to protect the health and safety of seafarers and others so far as is
reasonably practicable. The principles that should underpin health and safety measures
are: the avoidance of risks, which among other things includes the combating of risks at
source and the replacement of dangerous practices, substances or equipment by
non-dangerous or less dangerous practices, substances or equipment; the evaluation
of unavoidable risks and the taking of action to reduce them; the adoption of work
patterns and procedures that take account of the capacity of the individual, especially in
respect of the design of the workplace and the choice of work equipment, with a view in
particular to alleviating monotonous work and to reducing any consequent adverse effect
on workers’ health and safety; the adaptation of procedures to take account of new
technology and other changes in working practices, equipment, the working environment
and any other factors that may affect health and safety; the adoption of a coherent
approach to management of the vessel or undertaking, taking account of health and

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safety at every level of the organization; giving collective protective measures priority
over individual protective measures and the provision of appropriate and relevant
information and instruction for workers.
The maritime occupational safety and health guidelines should be acknowledged and
recognized by the Filipino seafarers’ in its every aspect. Incidents and accidents must be
prevented as the guidelines are being performed every time. Guidelines must not be
neglected, but instead it needs to be prioritized by the ship-owner or the seafarers. The
research will make the literature a basis in rating of the level of awareness and knowledge
of Filipino seafarers’ in terms of occupational safety and health guidelines.
e. Significance of the Research
This research can give information to all ship crews and engine cadets about the
guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health organization. Also this study will be
beneficial to the following group:
Filipino seafarers’ will find out the need of the Maritime’s guidelines on Occupational
Safety and Health.

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Maritime students will be given basic knowledge in guidelines of maritime
occupational safety and health organization.
This study would also benefit the maritime schools and the future researchers as the
findings of this current research may serve as a reference material for the conduct of
similar studies and curriculum developers as this can also give way in designing a new
curriculum that would strengthen seafarers knowledge on the mentioned topic.
f. Statement of Desired Outcomes
The research desires to find out the level of awareness and knowledge of Filipino
seafarers’ in maritime guidelines on occupational safety and health. The aims of the
research is stated below:
a. Visualize to the Filipino seafarers’ the need of the guidelines

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b. Promote on how can it help in terms of safety protection and accident prevention,
hazard prevention program, work environment conditions, health program medical care
on board ship and ashore, medicine chest, medical equipment and medical guide,
medical records, prevention and control of HIV/AIDS, drugs and alcohol in ship, violence
prevention in the workplace and prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace.
The researchers want to discuss that “neglect” on workplace is not an option as long as
the guidelines are present.
g. Target Beneficiaries of Research Result
The objectives of this research are to explain what occupational safety and health
guidelines are and visualize it to the beneficiaries.
Target Beneficiaries Total
1. Cadets 15
2. Seafarers 10
3. Maritime Companies 3
Total: 28
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h. Definition of Terms
For better understanding of the readers, the following terms are conceptually and
operationally defined:
Accident is an unplanned event that may result in illness, injury, damage to
property or the environment.
Awareness is state of being aware, knowledge and understanding that something
is happening or exists.
Cadet refers to a rank that can be thought of as apprentices who study under the
guidelines of a duty officer.
Guideline/s is/are a statement by which to determine a course of action or set of
routines and practice.
Hazard is the potential to cause harm or an unwanted outcome.
Incident is an event, with known causal factors, which may lead to injury or
illness.
Inter-island means operating between islands.

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Knowledge is the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained
through experience or association.
Maritime is anything that involves the sea and ships.
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations by preventing
departures from health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people, and
people to their jobs.
Occupational Safety and Health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with
protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The
goal of all occupational safety and health programs is to foster a safe work environment.
Precautions are a measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous,
unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening.
Regulation/s are rules or directives made and maintained by an authority.
Seafarers’ refers to any person employed or engaged or works in any capacity on
board registered ships.

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Sea-going Vessels are ships designed for travelling on the sea.
I.Scope and Limitation of the study
The research focuses only on the level of awareness and knowledge of Filipino
seafarers’ on maritime guidelines on occupational safety and health, other concerns will
not be covered by the study. The study will be limited in inter-island Filipino seafarers’, on
the research locale and will survey cadets and seafarers’ who has at least five (5) years’
experience on-board and will only discuss on how the Filipino seafarers’ will adapt the
guidelines and to motivate them to perform and be well-informed in every parts of the
guidelines.
3. Description of Method or Approach
a. Research Design
The researchers provide questionnaires that discuss the guidelines or the practices in
the ship to contribute to the knowledge and awareness of Filipino seafarers’ in guidelines
of occupational safety and health organization.

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The researchers will use quantitative sampling to generalize the results from sample
population, to conduct specifically a survey, questionnaires and statistical data and
measure the result of the conducted survey.
The researchers will use the descriptive method during the research period. These
are the steps in gathering the data:
Observing and recording well-defined events by writing down what the respondents
says and does.
Obtaining relevant data through interviews.
Administering surveys with closed-ended questions.
Research Instrument
The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire and was elaborated
based on the statement of the problem of the study below:
Part I - Occupational safety protection and accident prevention.
Part II - Occupational health program medical care on-board ship and ashore.
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Part III - Problems encountered in terms of occupational safety and health.
Part IV - Healthy practices for prevention of occupational risks.
The respondents will be able to answer the questionnaire because the
respondents are the cadets and professional seafarers with at least has 5 years’
experience on board. The data gathered is accurate since the chosen respondent has
experience.
Data Gathering Procedure
Before the data collection, the researchers will have reflection journal wherein they
will write all topics that they know about the study. Then a communication letter will be
sent for approval of the selected vessel for a site visit where the researchers will request a
list of potential participants who can and willing to be interviewed and give their insights
about the discussed topic. The respondents will be interviewed using semi-structured
interview which is a list of questions prepared by the researchers in advance and to be
answered by each respondents. The researchers will give a consent form and will state
first the purpose of the study to the respondents, the freedom to withdraw anytime they
like and then emphasized that all information given out will be strictly confidential and will
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be accessed by the researchers only.To ensure the privacy and confidentiality, the
researchers will not require to write the personal information of the respondents.
Researchers will assure that all of the information gathered will only be used for the
research purpose only, the data will be kept in the research center only to maintain the
security and privacy. Respondents who are not eager and willing to participate won’t be
forced and insisted any further, the withdrawn respondent/s will be replaced through
finding and locating another qualified respondent/s. Then the researchers will establish
rapport. The researchers will observe full responsibility since the researchers are not
minor and travelling will be treated with utmost care.
b. Respondents
There were forty (40) Filipino respondents from the list of request potential
participants sent to the selected vessel in our study who has knowledge and awareness
on guidelines of occupational safety and health organization. The chosen respondent/s
possesses the following qualifications:
Cadet/s who is still in training and has knowledge on occupational safety and health
guidelines.
Professional seafarers’ with at least five (5) years’ experience on board.

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Operates within the Philippines area or inter-island seafarer.
They will be given questionnaire and time to answer all the questions in the questionnaire.
The respondents chosen were cadets, students of maritime engineering and professional
seafarers to determine the level of awareness and knowledge on guidelines of
occupational safety and health organization because they can give more specific
knowledge and awareness about guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health
organization. Respondents who doesn’t want to participate or uncomfortable about the
discussed topic and did not sign the consent form will be excluded and can withdraw
anytime. The withdrawn respondent/s will be replaced through finding and locating
another qualified respondent/s.
Sampling Design and Procedures
The data came from the forty (40) Filipino respondents which are the cadets; students of
marine engineering and professional seafarers with at least have five (5) years’ experience on
board where they are purposively selected. The researcher uses purposive sampling to represent
the occupational safety and health and health problems of Filipino seafarers.
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c. Assumptions or Hypotheses
The assumption of the study will be 80% of the Filipino seafarers are aware and well
oriented on the guidelines of maritime on occupational safety and health while 20% if the
respondents are experiencing lack of knowledge and awareness about the said
guidelines because some of them were still just on training as cadet or just retired on
service.
d. Data Analysis Plan
To present the result of our study, the statistical treatment was used.
The data analysis plan used in this study was the percentage computed as follows:
Formula: Σwx/Σw
Where, Σ = the sum of
w = the weights
x = the value
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The data collected from the research were analyzed. Statistically weighted mean was
used in answering the research questions. The response options in the instrument are
weighted as shown below:
STRONGLY STRONGLY
AGREE DISAGREE
DISAGREE
AGREE (SA)
(A) (D)
(SD)
4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
The acceptance point for the items was 2.00 and any mean below 2.00 was regarded
as rejected, not prevalent and as unpopular view.
e. Research Paradigm/Conceptual Framework
Perception about the Improved the level of

level of awareness and awareness and
knowledge of Filipino knowledge on
Data Gathering
seafarers’ on guidelines guidelines of maritime
of maritime occupational (Research and Survey) occupational safety and
safety and health. health.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

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The researchers have the theory about the lack or low level of awareness and
knowledge on guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health of the Filipino
seafarers’. But before us, the researchers drop our final conclusion, we gathered some
information and conduct a survey and as the research goes by, the researchers gained a
lot of knowledge about the importance of guidelines for the seafarers’. As the research is
not finished yet, the researchers aim to improve the level of awareness and knowledge on
guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health for the Filipino seafarers’, it benefits
all the Filipino seafarers’ and also the passenger, because we believed that a well-trained,
aware and well knowledgeable seafarers’ performs a good service and a great work to the
people.
The goal of the study is to achieve the cooperation of the respondents to know and
be aware of the guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health organization.
However, to understand very well the study, the inputs included the respondents’
perception on the advantages and disadvantages of safety practices and its effect on how
maritime seafarers can relate to prevent it on board.
Based on the review of the related literature and studies, the researcher
conceptualized that just like the present study, it believes that the guidelines of maritime
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occupational safety and health organization of maritime seafarers is very significant to
prevent these problems on board.
The conceptual paradigm of the study showed variables that were needed in able to
come up with a good evaluation and analysis of the responsiveness and safety practices
of the crews.
4. Results and Discussion
Part I. Safety Protection and Accident Prevention

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Table I.
Statement 4 3 2 1
Qualitative
Weighted Mean
Safety Protection and Strongly Description
Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
Accident Prevention Agree
Seafarers should be mentally

33 7 0 0 3.83 Strongly Agree
fit before boarding a vessel.
Seafarers should provide ship

operation course training in
safety and security to avoid
accident.
Seafarers should always bring

the permit to work form to 28 12 0 0 3.7 Strongly Agree
avoid mistakes and accidents.
Seafarers should encourage a

safety culture and greater
security awareness, knowledge
and the provision of protective
equipment, together with
proper physical security.
Seafarers who have a habit to

take short cuts to finish their
work can result to accidents
and injuries.
Seafarers cooperating together

with safety management
ensure the safest possible
conditions.
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Seafarers safety workplace

concerns should be expressed
Seafarers who carelessly make

mistakes while doing work can
result to troubles or accidents
and injuries.
Average 3.72 Strongly Agree
Legend: 3.26 - 4.00 Strongly Agree
2.51 - 3.25 Agree
1.76 - 2.50 Disagree
1.00 - 1.75 Strongly Disagree
Table I presents the weighted mean distribution of the safety protection and accident
prevention. Thus, it shows the descriptive interpretation of the data. The table consists of
eight (8) statements describing the awareness and knowledge of filipino seafarers in
terms of safety protection and accident prevention. Statement 1 and 2 received the
highest weighted mean of 3.83 registered as strongly agree while statement 6 has the
lowest weighted mean of 3.58 but still registred as strongly agree. Statement 3 has a
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weighted mean of 3.7. Statements 4, 5, 7 and 8 registered weighted mean was 3.73,
3.75, 3.68 and 3.65 respectively and all are described as strongly agree.
The level of awareness and knowledge of filipino seafarers in terms of safety
protection and accident prevention generated an average of weighted mean of 3.72
described as strongly agree. This indicates that most of the filipino seafarers are well
awared and have knowledge on maritime guidelines in terms of safety protection and
accident prevention.
OSHWiki (2017), cited that the crew accommodation should meet the requirements
and the relevant health and safety protection provisions and prevention of accident,
regarding the risk of exposure to dangerous level of noise and vibration and others more
ambient factors and chemical on ship ships, and provide acceptable job and on-board
living environment for employees. Every employer or owner must ensure that the person
in charge checks each working area or structure and every item of machinery or
equipment to ensure that safe working conditions are maintained. A person shall not use
any structure, machinery or equipment reassembled after dis-assembly, in whole or in
part, until it has been evaluated by a qualified person and found in a safe condition. The
experts on maritime occupational safety and health of the seafarers’ discussed a
guidelines by a total of 102 delegates, including six governments, six ship-owner and six
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seafarer experts, observers and advisers from 42 other governments and observers from
inter-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations. The assembly
addressed all areas of seafarers’ occupational safety and health, including alcohol and
drug abuse, violence and harassment, and infectious disease. The document details
responsibilities for governments, ship-owner and seafarers’ related to accidents and
illness prevention practices, implementation, training and emergency and accident
response.
Part 2. Health Program and Medical Care On-board Ship and Ashore
Table II.
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Statement 4 3 2 1
Weighted Qualitative
Health Program Medical Care Strongly Mean Description
on Board Ship and Ashore Agree
Seafarers should be physically

fit before boarding at a vessel.
Seafarers have monthly

medical examinations to 23 11 5 1 3.4 Strongly Agree
maintain their good health.
Seafarers comply with the

required pre-employment 25 14 1 0 3.6 Strongly Agree
medical examination.
Seafarers showing symptoms

of minor, ailments such as skin
rash are detected should be
taken action to prevent them
from becoming major health
problem.
Seafarers should be removed

from exposure to welding
when the agreed limit is 23 16 1 0 3.55 Strongly Agree
approaching before any harm
is done.
Seafarers issues of
interpersonal relationships,
loneliness, social deprivation,
lack of recreation activities
and increased workload
should be paid.
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2.51 - 3.25 Agree
Table II presents the weighted mean distribution of health program medical care
on-board ship and ashore. The table consists of seven (7) statements describing the
awareness and knowledge of filipino seafarers in terms of health program medical care
on-board ship and ashore. Statement 1 has the highest weighted mean of 3.83 while
statement 2 has the lowest weighted mean of 3.4 both registered as strongly agree.
Statement 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 registered weighted mean was 3.6, 3.65, 3.55 and 3.58
respectively and all were described as strongly agree.
The awareness and knowledge of Filipino seafarers in terms of health program
medical care on-board ship and ashore generated an average weighted mean of 3.60
described as strongly agree and shows that filipino seafarers are well aware and
informed in terms of health program medical care on board ship and ashore.
Maritime and Coastguard Agency (2015) noted that seafarers’ are required to:
take reasonable care for their own health and that of others on board who may be
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affected by their acts or omissions; cooperate with anyone else carrying out health and,
including compliance with control measures identified during the employer’s or
Company’s risk assessment; report any identified serious hazards or deficiencies
immediately to the appropriate officer or other responsible person and make proper use
of plant and machinery, and treat any hazard to health or safety (such as a dangerous
substance) with due caution. Under the regulations, it is also an offence for any person
intentionally or recklessly to interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of
health.
Part III. Problems encountered in terms of occupational safety and health
Table III.
Statement 4 3 2 1
Problems encountered in Mean Description
Strongly
terms of occupational safety Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
Agree
and health
A seafarer carry out the

policy and obligations in Strongly
33 7 0 0 3.83
prevention of workplace Agree
violence.
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Seafarers need to make

effort to lose weight, slowly Strongly
23 18 2 0 3.49
and steadily when they have Agree
already gained weight.
Seafarers are provided

communication between Strongly
23 17 0 0 3.58
families/relatives for them to Agree
be kept in touch.
Seafarers lack of focus or

Strongly
concentration in work can 26 12 2 0 3.6
Agree
cause accidents and injury.
Seafarers lack of training

Strongly
causes ship accidents and 29 11 0 0 3.73
Agree
detentions
Seafarers who has short

Strongly
temper can cause troubles 29 11 0 0 3.73
Agree
and assaults.
Seafarers frequent absence

from workplace can cause Strongly
24 16 0 0 3.6
problems and ineffectiveness Agree
of the worker.
Seafarers who turn-over his

own duties to others due to
Strongly
laziness can cause problems 31 9 0 0 3.78
Agree
and ineffectiveness of the
worker.
Strongly
Average 3.67
Agree
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2.51 - 3.25 Agree
Table III presents the weighted mean distribution of problems encountered in terms
of occupational safety and health. The table consists of nine (9) statements describing
the problems encountered by Filipino seafarers in terms of occupational safety and
health. Statement 1 has the highest weighted mean of 3.83 registered as strongly agree
while statement 2 has the lowest weighted mean of 3.49 but also registered as strongly
agree. Statement 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 registered weighted mean was 3.58, 3.6, 3.73,
3.73, 3.6 and 3.78 respectively and all are described as strongly agree.
The problems encountered by Filipino seafarers in terms of occupational safety and
health generated an average weighted mean of 3.67 described as strongly agree. This
indicates that most of the Filipino seafarers are well aware and informed of the problems
encountered by their fellow Filipino seafarers in terms of occupational safety and health.
According to SS Budhathoki (2014), hazards arising from workplaces could impair
the health and well-being of the workers; therefore, it is necessary to anticipate,

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recognize, evaluate and control such hazards. The use of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) at all times is a good and safe practice by welders to protect from
exposure to hazards and injuries during welding or cutting.
Part IV. Healthy practices in preventing occupational risk.
Table IV.
Statement 4 3 2 1
Healthy practices in Strongly Mean Description
preventing occupational risk Agree
Seafarers should have a

meal that includes fruits,
vegetables and lean meats 29 10 1 0 3.70 Strongly Agree
to maintain a healthy
lifestyle.
Seafarers observe
recommended adequate 19 16 0 0 3.54 Strongly Agree
sleep.
Seafarers cultivate and

practice a happy personality 21 19 0 0 3.53 Strongly Agree
to prevent work pressure.
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Seafarers develop good

relationship with his/her 28 12 0 0 3.70 Strongly Agree
co-workers.
Seafarers should often

remind each other to work 19 21 0 0 3.48 Strongly Agree
properly and safely.
A seafarer officer shall set a

good example to
subordinates by being a
good leader and follower.
A seafarer shall respect the

rights of their fellow
seafarers' regardless of
religion, sexual preference,
social standing and personal
beliefs.
Seafarers should perform

daily exercise and
orientation of duties and
responsibilities at the ship.
2.51 - 3.25 Agree

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Table IV presents the weighted mean distribution of healthy practices of Filipino
seafarers in preventing occupational risks. The table consists of ten (10) statements
describing the healthy practices of Filipino seafarers. Statement 1 and 4 has the highest
weighted mean of 3.70 while statement 5 has the lowest which has 3.48. Statement 2, 3,
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 registered weighted mean was 3.54, 3.53, 3.68, 3.65 and 3.60
respectively and all are described as strongly agree
The healthy practices of Filipino seafarers in preventing occupational risks generated
an average weighted mean of 3.61 described as strongly agree. This indicates that most
of the Filipino seafarers are well aware and has knowledge in terms of healthy practices
in preventing occupational risks.
According to Maritime and Coastguard Agency (2015), it is the duty of ship-owners
and employers to protect the health and safety of seafarers and others so far as is
reasonably practicable. The principles that should underpin health and safety measures
are: the avoidance of risks, which among other things includes the combating of risks at
source and the replacement of dangerous practices, substances or equipment by
non-dangerous or less dangerous practices, substances or equipment; the evaluation
of unavoidable risks and the taking of action to reduce them; the adoption of work
patterns and procedures that take account of the capacity of the individual, especially in
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respect of the design of the workplace and the choice of work equipment, with a view in
particular to alleviating monotonous work and to reducing any consequent adverse effect
on workers’ health and safety; the adaptation of procedures to take account of new
technology and other changes in working practices, equipment, the working environment
and any other factors that may affect health and safety; the adoption of a coherent
approach to management of the vessel or undertaking, taking account of health and
safety at every level of the organisation; giving collective protective measures priority
over individual protective measures and the provision of appropriate and relevant
information and instruction for workers.
5. Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
1. The majority of Filipino seafarers who were well aware and knowledgable in terms of
occupational safety and health guidelines were the officers and seafarers who has
atleast 5 years experience of service in vessels due to the training and experiences they
have been through.
2. The majority of Filipino seafarers has high knowledge and are well aware in
occupational safety in terms of safety protection and accident prevention.

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3. The majority of Filipino seafarers has high knowledge and are well aware in
occupational health in terms of health program medical care on-board ship and ashore.
4. Filipino seafarers practices healthy living and lifestyle for prevention of occupational
risks in terms of safety and health.
6. Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations
are hereby offered:
1. Strengthen standards on occupational safety and health by following the International
Safety Management code in promoting compliance with the law and the application of
good practice, integrating inspection with other activities such as promotional
awareness-rising campaigns.
2. To promote better implementation of existing standard on special measures to
enhance maritime security by proper information dissemination through regular
seminars.
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8. Major Final Output

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The researchers will provide video presentation containing the effects of practicing
and not practicing the proper guidelines implied by several standards like safety of life at
sea and international safety management to enhance the awareness of the seafarers in
terms of maritime occupational safety and health.
Appendices
A. Curriculum Vitae of the Researcher

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PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Bosque, Giann Laurence B.
Age: 19 years old
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Date of birth: August 8, 1999
Place of birth: Quezon City
Religion: Roman Catholic
Address: Executive Village Lucena City
Contact No.: 09083142995
______________________________________________________________________
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Kanlurang Mayao Elementary School (KMES)
Secondary: Sacred Heart College (SHC)
Tertiary: Lyceum of the Philippines University Batangas (LPU-B)
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (MSEUF)
Course: Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

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______________________________________________________________________
SEMINARS/TRAININGS
None
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Buhay, Fred Francis F.
Age: 19 years old
Gender: Male
Date of birth: March 5,1999
Place of birth: Lucena City
Address: Cotta, Lucena City
Contact No.: 09282929205

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______________________________________________________________________
Primary: Balogo Elementary School
Secondary: Banton National High School (BNHS)
Tertiary: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (MSEUF)
______________________________________________________________________
SEMINARS/TRAININGS
Title of Seminar/Training: BT (Basic Training)
Place/Organization: COMPASS (Competent Maritime Professionals and Sea Stuff)
Silang, Cavite
Date: May 2017
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
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Name: Peñaranda, Ruel M.
Age: 25 years old
Gender: Male
Date of birth: April 29, 1993
Place of birth: Lucban, Quezon
Address: Brgy. Ayuti, Lucban Quezon
Contact No.: 09162438425
______________________________________________________________________
Primary: Paaralang Elementarya ng Lucban
Secondary: Lucban Academy
Tertiary: Southern Luzon State University (SLSU)
Technological Institute of the Philippines (TIP)
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (MSEUF)
______________________________________________________________________
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SEMINARS/TRAININGS
Title of Seminar/Training: BT (Basic Training)
Place/Organization: COMPASS (Competent Maritime Professionals and Sea Stuff)
Silang, Cavite
Date: December 2017
B. Informed Consent Form
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
TITLE
Filipino Seafarers’ Level of Awareness and Knowledge on the Guidelines of Maritime
Occupational Safety and Health Organization
STUDY PROPONENT/PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Bosque, Giann Laurence B. 09083142995
Buhay, Fred Francis F. 09282929205
Peñaranda, Ruel M. 09162438425
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest to declare in relation to this study about, “Filipino
Seafarers’ Level of Awareness and Knowledge on the Guidelines of Maritime Occupational
Safety and Health Organization”
INTRODUCTION
You are being invited to participate in this study, “Self- Evaluation” because you are
cadet/s and professionals with atleast 5 years experience on board who has awareness and
knowledge on maritime guidelines of occupational safety and health. This consent form provides
you with information to help you make an informed choice. Please read this document carefully.
If you have any questions, they should be answered to your satisfaction before you decide
whether to participate in this research study.
STUDY BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

The goals of occupational safety and health (OSH) programs include fostering a safe and
healthy work environment. OSH may also protect co-workers, family members, employers,
customers, and many others who might be affected by the workplace environment. The term
occupational health and safety is referred to as occupational health and occupational and
non-occupational safety and Includes safety for activities outside of work. The occupational
safety and health organizations are some guidelines that prevent accidents in workplace of the
seafarers and to protect the workers in every way just to make sure the seafarers can do their
tasks in time they're on board. In some cases, seafarers’ particularly Filipino seafarers are
struggling when they are on board in their health, ventilation and facilities, accidents or incidents,
and to protect them from accidents, injuries, diseases or deaths the guidelines are made to make
an assurance that the seafarers and the company are following the standard procedures on board
or not, so the researchers want to find out the level of awareness and knowledge of the Filipino
seafarers’ about the discussed topic.
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BENEFITS
The study will be beneficial to the following:
Filipino seafarers’ will find out the need of the Maritime’s guidelines on Occupational Safety and
Health.
Maritime students will be given basic knowledge in guidelines of maritime occupational safety
and health organization.
This study would also benefit the maritime schools and the future researchers as the findings of
this current research may serve as a reference material for the conduct of similar studies and
curriculum developers as this can also give way in designing a new curriculum that would
strengthen seafarers knowledge on the mentioned topic.
ALTERNATIVES TO THIS STUDY

If the research subject choose not to participate ,the researcher will find replacements
who are willing to be part of the study.
ONE’S PARTICIPATION
The researchers will invite the subjects of the study.

They will discuss the informed consent to explain one’s participation. Then, they will
start actual data gathering which the respondents will answer the survey questionnaire. This will
take 2- 3 sessions until the researchers gather the pertinent data. The contents of the
questionnaire, as well as the purposes of the study will be discussed to them. Respondents will be
assured that all of their responses would be treated with confidentiality to encourage them in
giving truthful responses. If the respondents choose not to participate, they can withdraw
anytime. Hence, this is strictly voluntary.
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RISKS
There are minimal risks anticipated.In terms of psychological risks, the researchers will make
sure that the respondents are ready to participate, They will not force to answer the questions
which may consider offensive and difficult. In terms of the physical risk, the researchers will ask
the respondents their most convenient time and place. Lastly, for the security of the researchers,
travelling will be treated with utmost care.
PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

To ensure the privacy and confidentiality, the researchers will not require to write the
personal information of the respondents. They will assure that all of the information gathered
will only be used for the research purpose only. The data will be kept in the research center only
to maintain the security and privacy.
GROUP CONFIDENTIALITY
Group focus session will not be used in the study.
OPEN DATA
I understand that the information I’ll provide in this study will be used for research
purposes. It will not be used in any manner which would allow identification of my individual
responses.
Anonymised research data will be archived at MSEUF Research Information System in order to
make them available to other researchers in line with current data sharing practices.
CONTACT INFO
If you have further questions or concerns about your participation in this study, or if you suffer
any injury related to the study, please contact:
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Bosque, Giann Laurence B 09083142995

Buhay, Fred Francis F. 09282929205
Peñaranda, Ruel M._______ 09162438425______
Name Telephone
If you have questions about your rights as a participant or about ethical issues related to this
study, you can talk to someone who is not involved in the study at all. That person is:
Maria Corazon B. Valdeavilla, RN, MSN 373 1856

Name Telephone
SIGNATURES
● I understand that my taking part is voluntary; I can withdraw from the study at any time
and I do not have to give any reasons for why I no longer want to take part.
● All of my questions and concerns have been answered
● I understand the information indicated this informed consent form
● I understand that my participation in this study includes being <<interviewed, recorded
(audio or video), <other activities expected>>>.
● By signing this form, none of my legal rights have been given up
___________________________________ _________________
Signature Over Printed Name of Participant/ Date
Substitute Decision-Maker
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___________________________________ _________________
Signature Over Printed Name of Date
Person Conducting the Consent Discussion
C. Research Instrument/s
Name (Optional): ______________________________________
Title of Research: Filipino Seafarers Level of Awareness and Knowledge on the

Guidelines of Maritime Occupational Safety and Health Organization.
Survey Instrument
Part I. Safety protection and accident prevention.
Direction: Please read and analyze the following statement, then put a check mark (✓)
on the spaces provided that corresponds to your opinion. Please use the following scales
listed below as your guide.
4 – Strongly Agree (SA) 2 – Disagree (D)
3 – Agree (A) 1 – Strongly Disagree (SD)
STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
1.) Seafarers should be mentally fit before boarding a vessel.
2.) Seafarers should provide ship operation course training in
safety and security to avoid accident.
3.) Seafarers should always bring the permit to work form to
avoid mistakes and accidents.
4.) Seafarers should encourage a safety culture and greater
security awareness, knowledge and the provision of protective
equipment, together with proper physical security.
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5.) Seafarers who have a habit to take short cuts to finish their
work can result to accidents and injuries.
6.) Seafarers cooperating together with safety management
ensure the safest possible conditions.
7.) Seafarers safety workplace concerns should be expressed.
8.) Seafarers who carelessly make mistakes while doing work can
result to troubles or accidents and injuries.
Part II. Health program medical care on-board ship and ashore.
Direction: Please read and analyze the following statements, then put a check mark (✓)
on the space provided that corresponds to your answer. Please use the following scale
STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
1.) Seafarers should be physically fit before boarding at a
vessel.
2.) Seafarers have monthly medical examinations to maintain
their good health.
3.) Seafarers comply with the required pre-employment
medical examination.
4.) Seafarers showing symptoms of minor, ailments such as
skin rash are detected should be take action to prevent them
from becoming major health problem.
5.) Seafarers should be removed from exposure to welding
when the agreed limit is approaching before any harm is done.
6.) Seafarers issues of interpersonal relationships, loneliness,
social deprivation, lack of recreation activities and increased
workload should be paid.
Part III. Problems encountered in terms of occupational safety and health.

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STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
1.) A seafarer carry out the policy and obligations in prevention
of workplace violence.
2.) Seafarers need to make effort to lose weight, slowly and
steadily when they have already gained weight.
3.) Seafarer are provided communication between
families/relatives for them to be kept in touch.
4.) Seafarers lack of focus or concentration in work can cause
accidents and injury.
5.) Seafarers lack of training causes ship accidents and
detentions.
6.) Seafarers who has short temper can cause troubles and
assaults.
7.) Seafarers frequent absence from workplace can cause
problems and ineffectiveness of the worker.
8.) Seafarers who turn-over his own duties to others due to
laziness can cause problems and ineffectiveness of the worker.
Part IV. Healthy practices in preventing occupational risks.

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STATEMENTS 4 3 2 1
1.) Seafarers should have a meal that includes fruits,
vegetables and lean meats to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
2.) Seafarers observe recommended adequate sleep.
3.) Seafarers cultivate and practice a happy personality to
prevent work pressure.
4.) Seafarers develop good relationship with his/her
co-workers.
5.) Seafarers should often remind each other to work properly
and safely.
6.) A seafarer officer shall set a good example to subordinates
by being a good leader and follower.
7.) A seafarer shall respect the rights of their fellow seafarers’
regardless of religion, sexual preference, social standing and
personal beliefs.
8.) Seafarers should perform daily exercise and orientation of
duties and responsibilities at the ship.
Reseachers: Bosque, Giann Laurence B.,
Buhay, Fred Francis F.,
Peñaranda, Ruel M.
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D. Tally Sheet
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E. Documentation
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F. Consultation Record
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G. Ethics Approval
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G. Letter
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Document Code: DCAVRKMI-F-URFR

MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

FILIPINO SEAFARERS’ LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ON THE

GUIDELINES OF MARITIME OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Presented to the Faculty of the College of Maritime Education

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Maritime Engineering

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Giann Laurence B. Bosque

Fred Francis F. Buhay

This thesis here to entitled:

FILIPINO SEAFARERS’ LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ON THE

prepared and submitted by GIANN LAURENCE B. BOSQUE, FRED FRANCIS F.

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

MARIA AZELA L. TAMAYO, PhD

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of __________ on

Capt. JOEL A. PORTO, MSM

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Capt. JOEL A. PORTO, MSM

List of Figure and Tables 5

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

A. Rationale of the Research 8

3. Description of Method or Approach 41

A. Research Design/Research Instrument/Data Gathering 41

4. Results and Discussion 48

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Major Final Output 67

A. Curriculum Vitae of the Researcher 68

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

List of Figure and Tables

Figure Title Page

1 Safety Protection and Accident Prevention 49

2 Health Program and Medical Care 50

3 Problems Encountered in terms of 51

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Occupational Safety and Health

4 Healthy Practices in Preventing Occupational Risk 52

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

guidance helped us in all the time of research.

had in this past months.

thesis and our life in general.

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Research Title: Filipino Seafarers’ Level of Awareness and Knowledge on

Name of Researcher : Bosque, Giann Laurence B.

Effectivity Date: August 2017

Approved by: President

Name of Research Adviser : Dr. Maria Azela L. Tamayo

The study focuses on the level of awareness and knowledge of Filipino

seafarers’ on guidelines of maritime occupational safety and health organization. The