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FUNCTIONS
UNIT STUCTURE
10.2 INTRODUCTION
n−1 n −1 n −1
n −1
n −1
Θ i = (i 2 2
) = ( −1) 2
; in
= i.i = i.( − 1) 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
n −1
cos nθ = (cos θ)n −n C 2 cosn−2 θ sin2 θ + ... + n( −1) 2
cos θ sinn−1 θ .... (i)
and
n −1
sin n θ= n C1 cos n −1 θ sin θ− n C 3 cos n − 3 θ sin 3 θ + ... + ( −1) 2
sin n θ. .... (ii)
Case II: If n is even, then(n–1) is odd, (n–2) is even cosn θ + isinn θ
n−2 n
+ n C 4 cosn− 4 θ sin 4 θ + ..... + i( −1) 2
n cos θ sinn−1 θ + ( −1) 2 sinn θ .
n−1 n−2
n −1 n −1 n n
Θ i = i.i = i.(i 2 2
) = i.( −1) 2
; in
= ( i 2 2
) = ( −1) 2
Equating real and imaginary parts,we get
n
n−2 n− 4
The binomial co-
cosnθ = cos nθ − C 2 cos θ sin θ + C 4 cos θ sin θ − ..... + ( −1) 2 sinn θ
n 2 n 4
efficient,
....(iii) n
Cr is defined by
and n!
n−2
n −1
n
Cr = .
sinnθ = C1 cos
n n −1
θ sin θ − C 3 cos
n n −3
θ sin θ + ..... + ( −1)
3 2
n cos θ sin θ. r! (n − r )!
....(iv) where n! is known as
Example 1: a) Expand cos 7θ in descending powers of cos θ . n factorial is defined by
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2.1
b) Expand sin 7θ in ascending powers of sin θ .
for n ≥ 1 and 0! = 1.
Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 199
Unit 10 Expansion of Trigonometric Functions
+ 7 C 4 (cos θ)3 (i sin θ)4 + 7 C 5 (cos θ)2 (i sin θ)5 + 7 C 6 (cos θ)(i sin θ)6 + 7 C 7 (i sin θ)7
Now, i2 = −1 , i3 = −i , i4 = 1, i5 = i , i6 = −1 , i7 = i3 .i4 = −i .
7.6 7.6.5
Also, 7 C7 = 1 , 7 C6 = 7 C1 = 7 , C5 = C2 = = 21 , 7 C 4 = 7 C3 = = 35 .
7 7
1.2 1.2.3
∴ cos 7θ + i sin 7θ = cos 7 θ + 7i cos 6 θ sin θ
− 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ − 35i cos 4 θ sin3 θ + 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ
+ 21i cos 2 θ sin5 θ − 7 cos θ sin 6 θ − i sin7 θ .
Equating real and imaginary parts,we get
a) cos 7θ = cos 7 θ − 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ + 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ − 7 cos θ sin6 θ
= cos 7 θ − 21cos5 θ(1 − cos 2 θ) + 35 cos 3 θ(1 − cos 2 θ)2 − 7 cos θ(1 − cos 2 θ)3
= cos 7 θ − 21cos5 θ + 21cos7 θ + 35 cos 3 θ(1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ)
− 7 cos θ(1 − 3 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 4 θ − cos 6 θ)
= 64 cos 7 θ − 112 cos 5 θ + 56 cos 3 θ − 7 cos θ
b) sin 7θ = 7 cos 6 θ sin θ − 35 cos 4 θ sin3 θ + 21cos 2 θ sin5 θ − sin7 θ
= 7(1 − sin2 θ)3 sin θ − 35(1 − sin2 θ)2 sin3 θ + 21(1 − sin2 θ) sin5 θ − sin7 θ
= 7(1 − 3 sin2 θ + 3 sin4 θ − sin6 θ) sin θ − 35(1 − 2 sin2 θ + sin 4 θ) sin3 θ
+ 21sin5 θ − 21sin7 θ − sin7 θ .
= 7 sin θ − 56 sin3 θ + 112 sin5 θ − 64 sin7 θ.
sin nθ
n
C1 cosn−1 θ sin θ−n C3 cosn−3 θ sin3 θ+ n C5 cosn−5 θ sin5 θ........
tan nθ = =
cos nθ cosn θ−n C2 cosn−2 θ sin2 θ+ n C 4 cosn− 4 θ sin4 θ........
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos n θ ,we get
n
C1 tan θ−n C3 tan3 θ+ n C5 tan5 θ − ........
tan nθ = .
1−n C2 tan 2 θ+ n C 4 tan 4 θ − ........
Last terms:
n −1
i) When n is odd: The last terms of the numerator is ( −1) 2
tann θ and
n−2
that of the denominator is n( −1) 2
tann−1 θ .
α3 α5
(α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
sin α = 3! 5!
tan α = α2 α 4
cos α (1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
2! 4!
202 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)
Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10
α3 α5 α2 α 4
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)(1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)−1
6 120 2 24
−1
α3 α5 α2 α4
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)1 − ( − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
6 120 2 24
α3 α5 α2 α 4 α2 α4
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)1 + ( − ) + ( − )2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6 120 2 24 2 24
α3 α5 α 2 5α 4
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)1 + + + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6 120 2 24
α 3 2α 5
=α+ + + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
6 15
π
We know that 10 = radians
180
πα
∴ α = 180 radians
0
πα
Therefore sin α 0 = sin
180
3
πα 1 πα
= − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
180 3! 180
πα
cos α 0 = cos
180
2 4
1 πα 1 πα
= 1− + − ⋅⋅⋅⋅
2! 180 4! 180
sin θ 5765
Example 1: If = , Show that θ = 20 approximately.
θ 5766
5765
Solution: Here is nearly equal to 1.
5766
sin θ
= 1 (nearly), and so θ must be very small.
θ
θ3 θ5
We know that, sin θ = θ − + − ⋅⋅⋅⋅
3! 5!
θ3 θ 5
θ− + − ⋅⋅⋅⋅
sin θ 3! 5! 5765
= =
θ θ 5766
θ2 θ4 5765
or 1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = .
6 120 5766
Neglecting powers of θ higher than θ 2 , we have
θ2 5765
1− =
6 5766
θ2 5765 1
or = 1− = .
6 5766 5766
1
or θ2 =
961
1
or θ = radians
31
1 180
or θ = × degrees
31 π
180 × 7
or θ = degrees
31× 22
= 1.84 degrees
θ = 20 nearly.
Example 2: Show that,
3 (3 2 − 1) 3 (3 4 − 1) 5 ( −1)n−1(3 2n − 1) 2n+1
sin3 θ = θ − θ + ⋅⋅⋅ + θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4 3! 5! (2n + 1)!
Solution: We know that, sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
3 1 1
∴ sin θ = 4 sin θ − 4 sin 3θ = 4 (3 sin θ − sin 3θ)
3
1 θ3 θ5 ( 3θ )3 ( 3 θ )5
= 3(θ − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) − (3θ) − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4 3 5! 3! 5!
1 θ3 θ5
= ( 3 θ − 3 θ ) − (3 − 3 3
) + (3 − 35 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅)
4 3! 5!
1 θ3 3 θ5 5 θ7 7
= (3 − 3) − (3 − 3) + (3 − 3) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅)
4 3! 5! 7!
3 θ3 2 θ5 4 θ7 7
= ( 3 − 1) − ( 3 − 1) + (3 − 1) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) .
4 3! 5! 7!
1 θ2 θ4 n θ
2n
= − (1 − 3 ) + (1 − 3 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞ + ( −1)
2 4
(1 − 3 2n ) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞
4 2! 4! (2n)!
5 ( −1)n+1(32n − 1)θ2n
= θ2 − θ 4 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + + ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ∞
6 4( 2n)!
2 4 6 8
Example 3: If x = − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ∞
1! 3! 5! 7!
2 2 3 25
and y = 1 + − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∞ , then show that x = y .
2
1! 3! 5!
2 4 6 8
Solution: Given, x = − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ∞
1! 3! 5! 7!
1+ 1 3 + 1 5 + 1 7 + 1
= − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ∞
1! 3! 5! 7!
1 3 5 7 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1! 3! 5! 7! 1! 3! 5! 7!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2! 4! 6! 1! 3! 5! 7!
= cos1 + sin1
2 23 25
and y = 1 + − − − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1+ sin 2
1! 3! 5!
∴ x 2 = (cos 1 + sin1)2 = cos 2 1 + sin2 1 + 2 sin1cos 1
= 1 + sin 2 = y
Thus, x = y
2
2 3 4
Example 4: Find the value of the series: 1 − + − ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ∞
3 ! 5 ! 7!
Solution: The given series,
2 3 4
1− + − ⋅⋅⋅
3! 5! 7!
1 4 6 8
= 2 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 3! 5! 7!
1 3 +1 5 +1 7 +1
= 1+ 1− + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 3! 5! 7!
1 3 5 7 1 1 1
= (1 − + − ⋅ ⋅⋅) + (1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
2 3! 5! 7! 3! 5! 7!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) + (1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
2 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
1
= (cos 1 + sin1)
2
1 1 1
= ( cos 1 + sin1)
2 2 2
1 π π
= (sin cos 1 + cos sin1)
2 4 4
1 π
= sin( + 1) .
2 4
sin θ 2165
Q.5: If = , Show that θ is nearly equal
θ 2166
to 3 0 .
1681
Q.6: If cos θ = ,show that θ is nearly equal to 10.58 / .
1682
Q.7: Prove that,
1 3 θ3 θ5 θ7
sin θ = − (1 + 3 2 ) + (1 + 3 2 + 3 4 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∞ .
3 3! 5! 7!
Q.8: Prove that,
π2 π4 π6
− + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = 1
2.4 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10.12
= cos5 θ + i5 cos4 θ sin θ + i210 cos3 θ sin2 θ + i310 cos2 θ sin3 θ + i4 .5 cos θ sin4 θ + i5 sin5 θ
Equating real parts, we get
cos 5θ = cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ sin 2 θ + 5 cos θ sin 4 θ
= cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ(1 − cos 2 θ) + 5 cos θ(1 − cos 2 θ)2
= cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 10 cos 5 θ + 5 cos θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 5 cos 5 θ
= 16 cos 5 θ − 20 cos 3 θ + 5 cos θ
Ans. to Q. No. 3: We know that
n
C1 tan θ−n C3 tan3 θ+ n C5 tan5 θ − ........
tan nθ =
1−n C 2 tan2 θ+ n C 4 tan 4 θ − ........
Now putting n = 8 , we get the required result.
Ans. to Q. No. 4: First we find expansion of sin 8θ in terms of sin θ and
cos θ then dividing both sides by sin θ . We get the required result.
sin θ 2165
Ans. to Q. No. 5: Given = which is nearly equal to 1. So that
θ 2166
we take θ to be very small. Then in the series for sin θ , we neglect
higher powers of θ .
θ3
∴ sin θ = θ −
3!
sin θ θ2
or = 1−
θ 6
θ2 2165
or = 1−
6 2166
or θ2 = 6 1
=
2166 361
1
or θ = radian = 30 nearly
19
Ans. to Q. No. 6: Try to solve yourself.
Ans. to Q. No. 7: We know that sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
3 1
∴ sin3 θ = sin θ − sin 3θ
4 4
3 θ3 θ5 1 3 3 θ3 3 5 θ5 3 7 θ7
= θ − + + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − 3θ − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4 3! 5! 4 3! 5! 7!
3 3 − 3 3 35 − 3 5 37 − 3 7
= .θ − .θ + .θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4.3! 4.5! 4.7!
=
( ) (
3 32 − 1 3 3 4 − 1 5 36 − 1 7
.θ − .θ +
)
.θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
( )
4 3! 5! 7!
=
(
3 32 − 1 ) θ − (3
3
2
).θ5! + (3
+1
5
4
)θ7! − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
+ 32 + 1
7
4 3!
Hence the result.
α2 α4 α6
Ans. to Q. No. 8: We know that cos α = 1 − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
2! 4! 6!
π π π2 π4 π6
If α = , we have cos = 1 − 2 + 4 − 6 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 2 2 2! 2 4! 2 6!
π2 π4 π6
or 0 = 1 − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
2.4 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10.12
Θ 22 (2!) = (2.2)(1.2) = 2.4
2 4 4! = (2.2.2.2)(4.3.2.1) = 2.4.6.8
π2 π4 π6
or − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = 1
2.4 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10.12
Hence the result.