SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Unit V
Eigen Values and Vectors

Classwork problems

5.1 Problems on Determinant, Inverse and rank of a matrix

1 0 -1�
�
�
3 4 5�
1. Find A-1 if A = � �using adjoint method.
0 -6 -7 �
�
� �
-1 adjA
Solution: A = 20 �0 . A-1 Exists. We have A = .
A
Minor of aij = the determinant obtained from A , by deleting i th row and j th column.
Cofactor of aij = ( -1) �minor of aij .
i+ j

Let Aij denote the cofactor of aij . Then,

A11 = 2 A12 = 21 A13 = -18

A21 = 6 A22 = -7 A23 = 6
A31 = 4 A32 = -8 A33 = 4

2 21 -18�
� �2 6 4�
�
6 -7 6 � �21 -7 -8 �
Cofactor of A = � �, Adjoint of A = � �
4 -8 4 �
�
� � �
�- 18 6 4 �
�

� �2 6 4� �
� -1 1 � �
�
�Ans: A = 21 -7 -8 �
�
20 �
�
� �
�-18 6 4� �
�
�
3 2 2�
� 3 4
� 2�
� � � 1�
2. If A = �
1 3 1 �, find adjA and A-1 . Also find a matrix B such that AB = �
1 6 �
�
5 3 4�
� � �
5 6
� 4�
�

� �9 -2 -4 � �9 -2 -4 � �
1 0 0�
�
� � � -1 1� � � �
�
Ans: adjA = �1
� 2 -1�, A = �1 2 -1� ,B = �
0 2 0�
�
5
�
� -12 1 7 �
�
� � -12 1 7 �
�
� � �
� �
�
0 0 1�
�

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8 4 3�
� �2 -4 -5 �
� � 1�
3. If A = �
2 1 1�, prove that A = � -2
-10 47 -11��
9
�
1 2 1�
� � �
�9 -54 27 �
�
�-2 1 3�
� 11�
4. Find adjA and adj ( adjA ) for A = �-2 -3 �.
�
�2 1 5�
�

� �4 8 20� �
� � � �
Ans: adjA = �
� 12 4 16 �, adj (adjA) = 16 A �
�
� �
�4 4 8 � � �
�
�1 2 1�
�a 0 4�
5. If A = � �and adj ( adjA ) = A , then find .
a [ Ans: a = 3]
�
�1 1 1� �
6. Verify that a) adj ( adjA ) = A A , b) A ( adjA ) = A I . Also find ( adjA )
-1
given

�-1 -2 -2 � � -1 -2 -2 �
� �
� 1 � �
A=� �
( adjA) 2 1 -2 �
-1
�2 1 -2 �. Ans :
� =
27 � � �
�2 -2 1 �
� � �
� �
�2 -2 1 �
� �
�
�-2 1 3 � � 1 2 5�
� �
� � �
7. Find the matrix A, if adjA = �-2 -3 11 �
�. �Ans: ��
3 1 4� �
�
�2 1 -5�
� � �
� �
1
� 1 2 �
�
�
�
1 2 -1�
� 3 6 -3�
�
� � �
0 3 -3�
8. If A = �
0 1 -1�, find A-1 . Hence find the inverse of B = � �.
�
2 2 3�
� � �
6 6 9�
� �
� �5 -8 -1� �
� 1 1 �
�Ans: A-1 = ��-2 5 1 ��, B -1 = A-1 �
9 3
�
� �
�- 2 2 1 �
� �
�

Problems on Rank of matrix:

1. Find the rank of the matrix (by minor form)

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2 1 -1�
�
�
0 3 -2 �
a) A = � �
�
2
� 4 -3 �
�

2 1 -1�
�
�
0 3 -2 �
Solution: Let A = � �.
2 4 -3�
�
� �
A = 2(-9 + 8) - 1(0 + 4) - 1(0 - 6) = -2 - 4 + 6 = 0 . Consider the submatrix

2 1�
�
A1 = � �. Minor of A1 of order 2, A1 = 6 - 0 = 6 �0 . Therefore rank of matrix A
0 3�
�
is 2 .

1 2 3�
�
�
2 4 6�
b) A = � � [ Ans: Rank of A is 1]
�
3
� 6 9 �
�
1
� 21�
�
2 10�
2. Reduce the matrix �
�
3 3
�to row-echelon form and find its rank.
1�
[ Ans: 2]
� �
4
� 52�
�1 -1 2 6 �
�3 -7 4 8 �
3. Reduce the matrix � �to row-echelon form and find its rank. [ Ans: 3]
�
�-2 8 1 9 � �
�1 2 -1 3 �
�4 1 2 1�
4. Reduce the matrix � �to row-echelon form and find its rank. [ Ans: 3]
�3 -1 1 2 �
� �
�1 2 0 1�
�1 2 -3�
�2 1 -1�
5. Reduce the matrix �
�
�to row-echelon form and find its rank.
1 -1 2 �
[ Ans: 2]
� �
�5 4 -5�
�1 -1 3 6 �
�1 3 -3 -4 �
6. Reduce the matrix � �to row-echelon form and find its rank.
�
�5 3 3 11 � �
[ Ans: 3]

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�2 3 4 5�
�3 4 5 6�
7. Reduce the matrix � �to row-echelon form and find its rank. [ Ans: 2]
�4 5 6 7�
� �
�9 10 11 12 �
�1 2 -1 4 �
�2 4 3 4 �
8. Reduce the matrix � �to row-echelon form and find its rank.
�1 2 3 4 �
� �
�-1 -2 6 -7 �
[ Ans: 3]
�1 k 3�
�4 3 k�
9. Analyse the rank of the matrix � �for different values of k .
�
�2 1 2� �
9
[Ans: rank is 2 if k = 0 or , Rank is 3 for all other values of k ]
2
�p p 2 �
� 2 p p�
10. For what values of p the matrix � �, has (i) rank 1, (ii) rank 2, or (iii) rank
�
�p 2 p � �
3.
Solution: Let the given matrix be A. A is a square matrix. Rank of A is 3 if A �0 .
A = 2 ( p - 2) ( p + 1) . A = 0 if and only if p = 2 or - 1 .
2

2 2 2�
�
�
2 2 2�
If p = 2 , then A = � �
�
2
� 2 2 �
�
2 2 2�
�
�
0 0 0�
Performing R2 - R1 and R3 - R1 , we get the Echelon form: � �
�
0
� 0 0 �
�
� -1 -1 2 �
� �
Therefore rank=1 when p = 2 . If p = -1 , then A = �2 -1 -1�
�
� -1 2 -1� �
a11 a12 -1 -1
Consider the minor = = 3 �0 .
a21 a22 2 -1
There exists a minor of order 2 which is non zero and A = 0 . Therefore rank is 2.
[Ans: Rank is 1 if p = 2 , Rank is 2 if p = -1 , Rank is 3 for all the other values
( p �2or - 1) ]

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5.2 Problems on System of linear equations

1. Solve 3 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1; x + 2 y = 4;10 y + 3 z = -2; 2 x - 3 y - z = 5.
Solution: Writing the given equations in matrix form, we have
�3 3 2� �1 �
� ��x
�1 2 0 ��� ��
� 4��
y =
�0 10 3 ��� � -2 �
� ���z � �
�2 -3 -1��� �5 �
i.e. AX = B
R1 � R2
�1 2 0� �4 �
� x
��
�3 3 2 ��� � �
�1 �
�
y =
�0 10 3 ��� � -2 �
� ���z
�� � �
�2 -3 -1� �5 �
R2 - 3R1 ; R4 - 2 R1
1 2 0�
� �4 �
� x
��
0 -3 2 ��� �
�
� -11�
� �
y =
0 10 3 ��� �-2 �
�
� ���
z � �
0 -7 -1��� �-3 �
�
R2
-3
�1 2 0 � �4 �
� �
-2 ���x �11 �
�0 1 �� � �
� 3 ���y = �3 �
�0 10 3 ��� z �-2 �
� ��� � �
�0 -7 -1 � �-3 �
R3 - 10 R2 ; R4 + 7 R2
�1 2 0 � �4 �
� -2 �� �11 �
�0 1 � �
� 3 ���x �3 �
� ��
29 ���
y =�-116 �
�0 0 � � �
� 3 ���z
�� �3 �
� -17 � �68 �
�0 0 � � �
� 3 � �3 �
�3 �
� �R3
�29 �

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�4 �
1
� 2 0 � �11 �
� -2 � � �
�
0 1 x
��� �3 �
� 3 ��� �
� y = -116 �
0 0 1 ��� � �
� ���
z
�� � 29 �
� -17 �
0 0 �68 �
�
� 3 �� � �
�3 �
17
R4 + R3
3
1 2 0 �
� �4 �
� -2 � x
�� �11 �
�
0 1 ��� � �
� y = �3 �
3 ���
�
0 0 1 ��� z �-4 �
� ��� � �
0 0 0 �
� �0 �
Rank A = 3 = Rank [ A B ]
The system is consistent.
Rank A = 3 = number of unknowns.
The system has a unique solution.
\ z = -4
2 11
y - z = � y =1
3 3
x + 2y + 0 = 4 � x = 2

2. Solve x + 3 y - 2 z = 0; 2 x - y + 4 z = 0; x - 11 y + 14 z = 0
Solution: Writing the given equations in matrix form, we have
�1 3 -2��� x 0
��
�2 -1 4 ��� � �� ��
y = ��
0
�
�
�1 -11 14 � ���
��z ��
0
��
i.e. AX = 0
R2 - 2 R1 ; R3 - R1
�1 3 -2 ��� x 0
��
� �
0 -7 8 ����� ��
y = ��
0
�
�
�0 -14 16 �
���
z
�� ��
0
��
R3 - 2 R2
1 3 -2 ���
� x 0
��
�
0 -7 8 ���
y = ��
0
� ��� ��
�
0 0 0�
� ���
z
�� ��
0
��

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Rank A = 2
Number of unknowns = 3
Rank A < Number of unknowns.
The system has non-trivial solution.
Number of parameters = Number of unknowns - Rank A = 3 – 2 = 1
Let z = k
8k
\-7 y + 8 z = 0 � y =
7
-10k
x + 3 y - 2z = 0 � x =
7

3. Solve x + 2 y - z = 1; x + y + 2 z = 9; 2 x + y - z = 2 .
[Ans. x = 2; y = 1; z = 3 ]
4. Solve x1 + x2 - x3 = 0; 2 x1 - x2 + x3 = 3; 4 x1 + 2 x2 - 2 x3 = 2 .
[Ans. x1 = 1; x2 = k - 1; x3 = k ]
5. Solve x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + x4 = 5; 2 x1 + 3x2 - x3 - 2 x4 = 2; 4 x1 + 5 x2 + 3x3 = 7 .
[Ans. No solution ]
6. Determine value of a and b for which the system
x + 2 y + 3z = 6; x + 3 y + 5 z = 9; 2 x + 5 y + az = b
has (i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinite number of solutions. Find the solution
in case (ii) and (iii).
b - 15
[Ans. (i) a = 8, b �15 (ii) a �8, b any value. z = (iii) a = 8, b = 15. x = k , y = 3, z = k ]
a -8
7. Solve x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0; x1 + 3x2 + 2 x3 + 4 x4 = 0; 2 x1 + x3 - x4 = 0 .
-1 1 -1 3
[Ans. x1 = k1 + k2 , x2 = k1 - k2 , x3 = k1 , x4 = k2 ]
2 2 2 2
8. Find the values of k for which the equations x + y + z = 1; x + 2 y + 3 z = k ; x + 5 y + 9 z = k 2
have a solution. Solve them for these values of k .
[Ans. For k = 1; x = 1 + t , y = -2t , z = t , For k = 3; x = t - 1, y = 2 - 2t , z = t ]
9. Solve 3x + 2 y + z = 0; 2 x + 3z = 0; y + 5 z = 0; x + 2 y + 3z = 0 .
[Ans. x = y = z = 0 ]
10. For what value of λ does the following system of equations possess a nontrivial
solution? Obtain the solution for real values of λ.
.

[Ans. For . For .]

5.3 Problems on Eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Symmetric, skew-symmetric and orthogonal matrices

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1 0 -1�
�
�
1 2 1�
1. Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A = � �.
�
2 2 3�
� �
Solution: Characteristic equation of A is given by det ( A - l I ) = 0
1- l 0 -1
1 2-l 1 =0
2 2 3-l
l 3 - 6l 2 + 11l - 6 = 0
( l - 1) ( l - 2 ) ( l - 3) = 0
\ l = 1, 2,3.
These are the three distinct eigenvalues of A .
Now finding corresponding eigenvectors,
For l = 1 ,
( A - lI ) X = 0
�0 0 -1��x1 �
�1 1 1� �
x2 �
� �� �= 0
�
�2 2 2� ��
x3 �
� �
R1 � R2
�1 1 1 ��x1 �
�0 0 -1� �
x2 �
� �� �= 0
�
�2 2 2� ��
x3 �
� �
R3 - 2 R1
�1 1 1 ��x1 �
�0 0 -1� �
x2 �
� �� �= 0
�
�0 0 0� ��
x3 �
� �
\ x3 = 0
And x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
i.e. x1 + x2 = 0
Let x1 = k1
\ x2 = -k1
�1 �
�-1�
Hence, eigenvector is X 1 = k1 � �.
�
�0 �
�
Alternate method: (Applicable only for distinct eigenvalue)

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For l = 1 ,
( A - lI ) X = 0
�0 0 -1��x1 �
�1 1 1� �
x2 �
� �� �= 0
�
�2 2 2� ��
x3 �
� �
\- x3 = 0
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
2 x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 = 0
Consider two distinct equations,
x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
- x3 = 0
Now by using modified Cramer’s rule, we get
x1 - x2 x
= = 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 -1 0 -1 0 0
x1 - x2 x3
= =
-1 -1 0
x x x
Let 1 = 2 = 3 = k1
-1 1 0
�1 �
�-1�
Hence, eigenvector is X 1 = -k1 � �.
�
�0 �
�
For l = 2 ,
( A - lI ) X = 0
�-1 0 -1��x1 �
�1 0 1 �� x2 �
� �� �= 0
�
�2 2 1 ���
�x3 �
�
�2 �
�-1�
On solving, we get eigenvector X 2 = k2 � �
�-
� �2 �
For l = 3 ,
( A - lI ) X = 0
�-2 0 -1��x1 �
�1 -1 1 ��
x2 �
� �� �= 0
�
�2 2 0 ���
x3 �
� �

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�1 �
� �
On solving, we get eigenvector X 3 = k3 �1 �.
�
�-2 �
�

2.Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of

[Ans. and ]

3. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of

[Ans. and for ; for ]

4. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of

[Ans. and ]

�2 4�
5. If A = � �then find eigen values of 6 A-1 + A3 + 2 I . [Ans. 31, 13]
�0 3�
1 2 3 -2 �
�
�
0 2 4 6�
6. Find eigen values of adj ( A ) if A = � � [Ans. 48, 24, 12, 8]
0 0 4 -5 �
�
� �
0 0 0 6�
�
1 8�
�
7. If A = � �find Eigen values of A2 + 2 A + I . [Ans. 36, 4]
2 1�
�

8. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of

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[Ans. and ]

9. Obtain the eigenvalues and corresponding orthogonal eigenvectors of the symmetric

matrix

[Ans. and ]

10. Obtain the eigenvalues and corresponding orthogonal eigenvectors of the symmetric
�6 -2 2 � 1
��� 2 ��1 �
� � ���
matrix A = �-2 3 -1� 2 , -1��
[Ans: 2,2,8 and ��� , 0�
�� �]
�2 -1 3 � ���
0 1 �� -2 �
� � ��� �� �
11. Obtain the eigenvalues and corresponding orthogonal eigenvectors of the symmetric
�1 2 2� �1 ��1 �� 1�
� � � �� ��
matrix A = �2 1 2� [Ans: -1,-1,5 and �-1�� , 1�
, 0 �� �]
�2 2 1� � -1��
� � �0 ��
�� �� 1�
�

12. Find Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the following matrices:
�0 1 � 1��
� -1�
a. � � [Ans. l = i, -i and ��� , ]
�-1 0 � �i ��i � �
�2 -1� �i �� -i �
b. � � [Ans. l = 2 + i, 2 - i and ��� , �]
�1 2� 1��1 �
�

13. Find the eigenvalues of the following matrices:

�0 -6 -12� �0 2 -6 �
� � �- 2 0 -9 �
a. �6 0 -12� b. � � [Ans. a. l = 0,18i, -18i ; b. l = 0,11i, -11i ]
�
�12 12 0 �
� �
�6 9 0 � �
14. Find Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the following orthogonal matrix
�0 1� �1��1 �
� � [Ans. l = 1, -1 and ��� , ]
�1 0� �1�� -1��

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�4 8 1 �
�9 9 9 �
� �
�-7 4 -4 �
15. Find the eigenvalue of the given orthogonal matrix A =
�9 9 9 �
� �
�-4 1 8 �
�9 9 9 �
7 5 11 7 5 11
[Ans. l = 1, + i, - i ]
18 18 18 18

5.4 Problems on Diagonalization of matrices

Similar Matrices, Diagonalisation
1. Find the algebraic multiplicity and geometric multiplicity of each eigen value of
�4 6 6 �
� �
the matrix �1 3 2 �.
�
�-1 -5 -2 � �
[Ans. l = 1, 2, 2 for l = 1, a.m. = g.m. = 1& l = 2, a.m. = 2, g.m. = 1 ]
2. Show that the following matrix is diagonalizable. Also find the diagonal matrix
�6 -2 2 �
�-2 3 -1�
and diagonalising matrix, A = � �.
�2 -1 3 �
� �
�6 -2 2 �
�-2 3 -1�
Answer: Given A = � �
�
� 2 -1 3 �
�
Trace of A = 12
Sum of minors of diagonal elements of A = 36
A = 32
\ characteristic equation is l 3 - 12l 2 + 36l - 32 = 0 .
\ l = 8, 2, 2
For l = 2
Consider AX = l X � [ A - l I ] X = 0
�4 -2 2 ��� x 0
�� 4 -2 2���
� x 0
��
�-2 1 -1��� ��� ��
y = ��0 ��� 2 R2 + R1 �
�� ��� ��
y = ��
0 0 0 ��� 0
� 2 R3 - R1

�2 -1 1 �
� ���
z
�� ��
0
�� �
0 0 0�
� ���
z
�� ��
0
��
Rank of coefficient matrix=1
Number of Variables=3
Number of independent solution= Number of Variables - Rank of
coefficient matrix=3-1=2
Considering above matrix form in equation form,
2 x - y + z = 0 � z = y - 2x

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Put x = s, y = t then z = t - 2 s
Solution is { ( s, t , t - 2s ) / s, t �R - { 0} }
Linearly independent solution is (0,1,1)' and ( 1, 0, -2 ) .
'

Arithmetic mean=2=Geometric mean

For l = 8
Consider AX = l X � [ A - l I ] X = 0
�-2 -2 2 ���x 0
��
� �
-2 -5 -1����� ��
y = ��
0
�
�2 -1 -5�
� ���
z
�� ��
0
��
By Crammers Rule,
x -y z x -y z
= = � = =
-2 2 -2 2 -2 -2 12 6 6
-5 -1 -2 -1 -2 -5
Solution is ( 2, -1,1)
'

Arithmetic mean=1=Geometric mean

Matrix A is diagonalizable.
2 0 0�
� 0 1 2�
�
-1
D = M AM where D = �� � �
1 0 -1�
,M =�
0 2 0� �.
�
0 0 8�
� � 1 -2 1 �
�
� �

�8 -6 2 �
�-6 7 -4�
3. Show that the matrix A = � �is diagonalizable. Find the transforming
�2 -4 3 �
� �
matrix and the diagonal matrix.
�1 2 2� �0 0 0�
� � �0 3 0�
[Ans. M = �2 1 -2� ,D = � �]
�
�2 -2 1 � � �
�0 0 15��
�-9 4 4 �
� �
4. Show that the matrix A = �-8 3 4 �is diagonalizable. Find the transforming
�
�-16 8 7 �
�
matrix M and the diagonal matrix D.
1 1 1�
� �-1 0 0 �
� �, D = �0 -1 0 �
�
[Ans. M = �
0 2 1� �]
�
2 0 2�
� � �
�0 0 3� �
1 -6 -4 �
�
�
0 4 2�
5. Show that the matrix A = � �is diagonalizable. Find the transforming
0 -6 -3�
�
� �

B. Tech. (All branches) / 1st Year Semester-I / 2018-19 / Page 13

 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

matrix M and the diagonal matrix D.

�2 1 2 � 0 0 0�
�
� � �
0 1 0�
[Ans. M = � -1 -2 -2� ,D = � �]
�
�2 3 3 � � �
0 0 1�
� �
6. Check whether the following matrix is similar to diagonal matrix:
�2 -1 1 �
A=��2 2 -1� �.
�
�1 2 -1� �
[Ans. No]
2 3 4�
�
�
0 2 -1�
7. Show that the matrix A = � �is not similar to diagonal matrix.
�
0 0 1�
� �
7.5 Problems on Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

1. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix given below and verify that it
�1 1 3 � 7 -1 3 �
�
� � �
6 1 4�
satisfies Cayley-Hamilton theorem: i) A = �1 0 -3�, ii) A = � �
�
�-2 1 0 �
� �
2
� 4 8 �
�
2. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A and hence find A-1 , where
�1 2 -2 � 3 2 6�
�
A=� � � -1
-1 3 0 �Ans. A - 5 A + 9 A - I = 0, A = �
3 2 �
1 1 2�
�.
�0 -2 1 �
� � �
2 2 5�
� �
3. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A. Show that the matrix A satisfies
the characteristic equation and hence find A-1 and A4 .
1 2 3�
� � -3 5 11 � �248 101 218 �
� � 1 � � �
i) A = �
2 -1 4 � -1
Ans. A = �14 -10 2 � ,A =�
4
272 109 50 � �
40
�
3
� 1 - 1�
� �
� 5 5 -5 �
� �
�104 98 204 �
�
�1 2 1� � 3 -3 6 � �46 20 10 �
� � 1 � �
ii) A = �-1 0 3 � -1
Ans. A = � 7 -1 -4 � ,A =�
4
� -10 36 30 � �
18
�
�2 -1 1 �
� �
� 1 5 2 �
� �
� 20 -10 46 �
�
4. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A given below and hence, find the
matrix represented by A5 - 4 A4 - 7 A3 + 11A2 - A - 10 I in terms of A , where
�1 4�
A = � �. [Ans. A + 5I ]
�2 3�
5. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A given below and hence, find the
matrix represented by A8 - 5 A7 + 7 A6 - 3 A5 + A4 - 5 A3 + 8 A2 - 2 A + I , where

B. Tech. (All branches) / 1st Year Semester-I / 2018-19 / Page 14

 SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

�2 1 1� �8 5 5�
A=� �0 1 0 �. � �0 3 0�
[Ans. � �]
�
�1 1 2� � �
�5 5 8�
�
6. Find Characteristic equation of matrix A and hence find the matrix represented by
1 3 7�
�
�
4 2 3�
A7 - 4 A6 - 20 A5 - 34 A4 - 4 A3 - 20 A2 - 33 A + I where A = � �.
�
1 2 1�
� �
3 6 14 �
�
�
8 5 6�
[Ans. � �]
�
2 4 3�
� �

B. Tech. (All branches) / 1st Year Semester-I / 2018-19 / Page 15