Fava SENA - Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje

FAVA - Formación en Ambientes Virtuales de Aprendizaje
SENA - Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje.

Expressing yourself well in English
ESTRUCTURA DE CONTENIDOS
Pág.
Introducción....................................................................................................................... 3
Mapa de contenido............................................................................................................ 4
1. Let’s listen...................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. My way, your way....................................................................................................... 5
2. Let’s talk........................................................................................................................ 7
2.1. Introducing a point of view (personal or general)........................................................ 7
2.2. Asking for an opinion................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Agreeing with an opinion............................................................................................. 9
2.4. Disagreeing with an opinion........................................................................................ 9
2.5. Taking the floor..........................................................................................................10
3. Let’s read and write......................................................................................................10
3.1. Reading a review about a programming language.....................................................11
3.2. Writing a short opinion essay......................................................................................14
4. Grammar points............................................................................................................15
4.1. Modals for permission and request...........................................................................16
4.2. Active and passive voice...........................................................................................17
4.3. Conditionals.............................................................................................................. 19
5. Vocabulary builder....................................................................................................... 20
Glosario........................................................................................................................... 26
Bibliografía.......................................................................................................................27

Control del documento.....................................................................................................29
SENA - Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje. 2

INTRODUCTION
Have you ever found yourself in a situation in

which someone asks your opinion on something
and the only and most original answer that
comes to your mind is “so so” or “ok”? Well,
don’t worry, it doesn’t only happen to you, it is
way more common than you think.
When someone asks you your opinion about

something, let’s say about a movie or about
food for example, instead of giving short one
word answers such as “It’s great” or “I like it”,
you need to expand and give more information
if you want to keep the conversation going.
Being able to express how you feel about things
is an important language skill you need to work
on if you want to become a better speaker and
a more proficient writer. You also need to keep
in mind that expressing an opinion is not only about stating if you agree or disagree on
something, you also have to support with arguments whatever your point of view is.
Whether you are taking part in a conversation, discussion or debate or writing an essay or
report on a controversial issue, it is important that you manage a good range of vocabulary
that can help you let other people know what your opinion about something is. You need to
know the right words and phrases to get your message across in the right way. Let’s take
this chance to review some common vocabulary and grammar you may find quite useful
whenever you want to express your opinions to other people.

MAPA DE CONTENIDO

DESARROLLO DE CONTENIDOS
1. Let’s listen
What do you think is better: traditional

commerce or e-commerce? Well, many 25%
people worldwide consider e-commerce
as one of the most innovative and 25% 5%
revolutionary solutions businesses have
come up with lately to improve shopping
and marketing processes. Nowadays, you
don’t even need to leave home if you want
to get a new pair of shoes. However, there
are some people who don’t trust online
shopping systems at all and prefer buying
staff in a rather traditional way, which is
basically going to a store, checking and
trying the product before taking it and
paying for it with their cash or credit card.
45%
When it comes to shopping, people may
have different preferences or views
regarding what system (online shopping or traditional shopping) is more appropriate to
supply their needs. Many of them probably have their personal arguments to express why
they like or don’t like shopping online. Expressing with arguments one’s opinion about
something is an important skill to interact socially with other speakers. Let’s listen to some
apprentices discussing their personal points of view regarding online shopping.
1.1. My way, your way
A: Thanks for coming with me to the mall Susana. I know you don’t like shopping very
much.
B: That’s not true Mary, I do like shopping. The thing is that I prefer online shopping over
coming here to the store.
A: Well, if you ask me, I would say traditional shopping is way too much better than
buying things online.
B: I’m not so sure about that. Personally, I think that buying things online is easier and
much more comfortable.

A: I’m so sorry to disagree with you but I strongly believe shopping online is not as
convenient as you say.
B: Is that what you think?
A: Yes, and let me tell you why I think so. For example, when you buy something online
you can’t see if the product is in a good condition or if it is damaged before buying it.
A: Plus, at a physical store, you can take your product with you instantly because you
don’t need to wait two or three days for your products to be sent to you.
A: Another important advantage of buying things at a physical store is that you have face
to face contact with the seller and you can ask anything you want about the product before
taking it with you.
B: I can see your point but there is no doubt that the advantages of shopping online
exceed those of shopping traditionally. Now, let me explain my point to you.
B: First of all, finding things online is pretty easy. You just need to go on the web and
search for any product you want. There are hundreds of catalogues available for you to
look for products 24×7×365.
A: That’s very true, but what do you tell me about online shopping security?
A: With online shopping there is no way of you knowing that someone is stealing your
data. You don’t even know if you will actually get the things you buy. This makes online
shopping a bit more unsafe when compared to traditional shopping.
B: Yeah, that’s true, but on the other hand with online shopping you can compare prices
and have access to customer reviews.
A: Customer reviews?

B: Yahp! If you are not sure you’re up to buying something, you can simply look at the
reviews from other customers and you’ll be able to make a much more informed decision.
A: You’re probably right but I won’t change my mind anyway. I’m still a big fan of buying
things the traditional way.
B: You are a very hard to convince person, aren’t you? We better go to eat something, I’m
afraid shopping with you will take all day long.
A: Sure, let’s grab something to eat! I’m starving.
2. Let’s talk
In everyday life conversations it is quite common to listen to people all the time discussing
with one another what they think about a certain matter. Sometimes people agree on the
same opinion or idea, which means they think exactly
the same about something. But sometimes, people
can also disagree with one another and can strongly
argue or even fight because they have opposite views
or opinions about a subject. p ql ob
Whether you agree or disagree on a subject, let’s say

e-commerce for example, it is important that you know
the language you can use to express your opinion,
whatever it might be, in a polite and assertive way.
Keep in mind that expressing a point of view doesn’t
mean you are right and that the others are wrong,
you can let other people know what you think without
being rude.
Let’s check some common words and expressions people use to show agreement and
disagreement when discussing issues, as well as some key phrases to ask for someone’s
view and to sound polite when taking the floor during a conversation.
2.1. Introducing a point of view
When participating in discussions or simple conversations, people can introduce their

personal point of view or opinion about something or they can introduce a general opinion.
Here are some expressions you can use to introduce opinions in English.

2.2. Asking for someone’s opinion
To ask a person about their personal point of view you can use the following expressions.

2.3. Agreeing with an opinion
To express agreement on someone else’s point of view, people use many words and
phrases depending on how strong they feel about that person’s opinion and on how
empathetic they intend to be to them. Keep in mind that once you have stated you agree
with someone else, you need to expand on the reasons why you agree on that opinion or
idea. Check the following expressions.
Expression Expanded argument / opinion / point of view
I believe java is the best option t o start in

programming.
Many people think that implementing
information s ystems can improve their
businesses.
Using o pen source software i s a good idea
because everybody can change code
according to their needs.
2.4. Disagreeing with an opinion
When you and someone else have opposite views or opinions on the same subject, you
disagree with one another. To express disagreement you can use the following expressions.
• That's different.
• I don't agree with you. I believe that programming in C++ is way too
• However… much better than using java.
• That's not entirely true.
• On the contrary… Implementing information systems can make
• I'm sorry to disagree with you, but… people’s privacy somehow vulnerable.
• Yes, but don't you think…
• That's not the same thing at all. Using open source software is not advisable
• I'm afraid I have to disagree. since you can’t get any technical support in
• I'm not so sure about that.
• I must take issue with you on that. case you have problems with it.

2.4. Taking the floor
‘To take the floor’ is an expression in English that means to start speaking in a debate or
discussion. Usually, when you want to start speaking in a conversation, you may need to
ask for permission or interrupt someone else’s speech in a polite way. Check the following
phrases you can use to express interruption without being rude or disrespectful.
I believe that programming in C++ is way too

much better than using java.
Implementing information systems can make
people’s privacy somehow vulnerable.
Using open source software is not advisable
since you can’t get any technical support in
case you have problems with it.
An important word you can use in English to disagree politely or when

you want to correct without offending is ‘actually’. This is a very common
word, but be careful, don’t get confused with its Spanish cognate
‘Actualmente’ which in English is ‘currently’. Let’s check an example:
- I think implementing an information system is no cost effective at all.
- Well, actually, it is a good idea since it can help a business save money.
3. Let’s read and write
Many of the opinions we have concerning everyday

life issues are typically based on other people’s
opinions and assumptions. Depending on how good
and strong those people’s arguments are, we might
adopt a certain position or attitude.
Nowadays, it is very common to find articles, reviews

and all sorts of personal comments on newspapers,
magazines or even in social networking sites such
as Facebook or Twitter, discussing a great variety of
topics. As this information may have a great influence
on what we think about things, it is important to be
able to explore people’s arguments and points of view
responsibly in order to form well-informed opinions.
Let’s read the following review on the advantages and

disadvantages of programming in Java (Soffar, 2017) an let’s try to figure out what the
author’s opinion is and what arguments and facts are used to support the ideas exposed
in the review.
3.1. Reading a review about a programming language
Programming in Java advantages and disadvantages
Java language is the best application development language. It is an object-oriented

programming language used to create efficient quality applications for both computers
and mobile phones, and it was introduced in 1995 by James Gosling. It is multithreaded
which means that it has the capability
to perform several tasks within the
program.
Java has been developed after

including the concepts of various
languages like C, C++, etc. It is versatile
and a platform independent language.
It is used on any platform including
Windows, Android, iOS, Linux, etc.
Besides, Android, the product of the
techno giant Google Inc., completely
relies on Java application development
for apps development.
Java advantages
Java language provides a very

easy to use interface for users and
developers. It is the simplest language
when compared to other programming
languages. It has eliminated the use of
pointers and replaced the complexity
of multiple inheritances in C++ with
a simple structure which is called the
interface.
Java is simple, it was designed to be

easy to use so it is easy to write, compile, debug and learn than other programming
languages. Java is much simpler than C++ because it uses automatic memory allocation
and garbage collection, whereas C++ requires the programmer to allocate the memory

and to collect the garbage.
Java offers the feature of Write Once and Run Anywhere, which means that the applications
developed by using this language can be run on any hardware and software platform.
Java applications are supported by every Java compatible browser and has the ability to
move easily from one computer system to another.
Java is object-oriented because programming is centered on creating objects, manipulating
them and making them work together, so it helps you to create modular programs and
reusable code.
Java drawbacks
It has a slow performance. The first and foremost drawback everyone accepts is Java’s
slow speed of execution. Of course it is designed so to get the effect of a platform-
independent feature. Designers do try to increase the performance in other aspects like
the introduction of JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler.
It has no support for low-level programming. With Java, low-level programming cannot be
done as it is intended to be portable across platforms.
It has poor features in GUI. Java supports GUI controls but with less features. For example,
an image cannot be placed on a button. The is overcome with the introduction of javax.
swing package. Swing controls come with abundant features that are comparable with
any GUI available.
It has no control over garbage collection: Garbage collection is one of the built-in features
of Java and is entirely managed by JVM. A programmer is not given any handles to control
the garbage collection to make coding simple. For this reason, Java does not come with
delete(), free(), malloc() and sizeof() among other functions (Soffar, 2017).
Reading explanation
When we write reviews or comments expressing our opinion about something, we
usually use facts, figures, examples and other resources to back that opinion up.
Doing this is important to provide a strong basis for asserting our points of views.
Based on the previous review on Java’s advantages and drawbacks, let’s check
the following chart to identify the author’s opinions and the facts, examples and
ideas that support them.

Facts and opinions chart

3.2. Writing a short opinion essay
“An opinion essay is a formal piece of writing. It requires your opinion on a topic, which
must be stated clearly, giving various viewpoints on the topic supported by reasons and
/ or examples. You should also include the opposing viewpoint in another paragraph”
(“Opinion Essays - Academic Writing”, 2017).
In this section, we will focus on explaining how you can write a short opinion essay to
present your personal opinion on a specific topic. Let’s see how to do it by checking the
following sample structure in a short essay on computers (Moodle НБУ, 2017).
Computers are a necessity.
Computers play an important role in the lives of

most of us today, whether we realize it or not.
Some people, however, are beginning to ask if
we really need them. In my opinion, computers
have become a necessary part of modern life.
In the first place, computers can save a lot of

storage space. Storing information on computer
disks is one of the most efficient ways of keeping
data. One computer disk can hold the same
amount of information as several books.
Furthermore, computers save everyone a lot of

valuable time. Stored information can be found at the touch of a button, whereas searching
for it manually takes much longer. Therefore, our every-day lives are made easier - from
going to the bank to doing the shopping.
Nevertheless, there are those who claim that computers are unnecessary and make our
lives more complicated. They argue that in the past we managed very well using other
methods and that we have become too dependent on computers. However, they fail to
consider that the time saved by using computers for repetitive tasks enables us to use our
own time more creatively and productively.
All in all, I strongly believe that computers are a useful tool. They have changed our lives
for the better and there is no reason why we should not make them work to our advantage
(Moodle НБУ, 2017).

Introduction
Here you state the main idea of your entire essay, the point you are trying to make or
prove. In the example, the main idea or thesis statement is that “Computers have become
a necessary part of modern life”.
Viewpoints
These are the body of your essay. Here you should introduce the reasons for your opinion.
To support your reasons, remember that you need to provide details, facts and examples.
Make an independent paragraph for each reason you want to introduce.
The two points the author uses to support his opinion are:
1. Computers save a lot of storage space.

2. Computers save everyone a lot of valuable time.
Opposite viewpoints
Add a paragraph to show your readers opposite views on the same topic. This can help
you support or prove one of your viewpoints. In our examples a clear opposite view on
the use of computers is: Some people argue that in the past we managed very well using
other methods and that we have become too dependent on computers.
Conclusion
In the conclusion, sum up your argument by restating your thesis statement and reminding
the reader what your reasons were.
4. Grammar points
When taking the floor during a conversation, it is always important to try to be polite and
respectful every time you take your turn to speak. Whether you want to interrupt someone
or ask for permission to add a comment, you need to sound as less rude and intrusive as
possible. Therefore, it is a good idea to know how to use modal verbs for permission and
request in English, since they can help you interact with people in a more good-mannered
way.
Another important aspect of participating in conversations or discussions in which you

introduce arguments and opinions is being able to state a personal or a general point of
view. Usually, general opinions refer to what most people think about something and they
are often expressed in passive impersonal sentences.
Let’s check then how to use modal verbs for requesting and asking for permission, as
well as how to deal with passive and active sentences and conditional statements when
discussing a subject.

4.1. Modals for permission and request
Giving and asking for permission
In English, when people want to ask someone for their permission to do something, they
use something called modal verbs.
A modal verb is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility,
permission or obligation. Modal verbs include can, may, might, could, should, would, must
and will.
The following modal verbs show permission:
Another common way to ask for permission in English is by using the

expression “Do you mind if...?”. Pay attention to the following examples:
- Do you mind if I interrupt you?
- Do you mind if I add something?
Making requests
In English, when people want to make a request to someone, they use modal verbs can
and could. Both verbs have the same meaning but they are used differently.

Another common way to make requests in English is by using the

expression “Would you mind...?”. Pay attention to the following
examples:
- Would you mind giving me some information?
- Would you mind telling me what “code” is?
4.2. Active voice and passive voice
In English, as in many other languages, sentences can be “active” or “passive”.
Active sentences

In active sentences, there is a subject who does an action and the thing receiving the
action is the object. The focus of the sentence is on the person or thing that does the
action. Most sentences are active. Let’s check an example:
Subject doing Object that

action Active voice sentence
the action receives the action

Passive sentences

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the
thing doing the action may or not be included in the sentence. The focus is on the object
receiving the action and not on the subject doing it. You can use the passive form of a
sentence in the following situations:
1. You consider that the object receiving the action is more important or should have all
the attention.
2. You don’t know who is doing the action.
3. You don’t want to mention who is doing the action. This is quite common when
expressing opinions. Sometimes we introduce an opinion in a general way and we
don’t want to say who has that opinion.
Object that Subject doing

receives de action action the action Passive voice sentence
Active/passive overview
Active Passive Purpose of using passive form
The focus is on the object “Java” and
not on the subject “programmers”.
It is not important who has the opinion

(some people), the important thing is
the opinion itself. Notice that the
subject doing the action is omitted.
The focus in the sentence is on what is

accepted and not on who (most
analysts) accept it. Notice that the
subject doing the action is omitted.
We don’t know who designed Java or

we don’t want to mention it in the
sentence. The focus is on the action
Java being designed to be easy to use.

4.3. Conditionals
“Conditional sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are
used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a
certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled” (GbR, 2017). Check this example:
You can use conditional sentences when you need to provide some arguments to support
your opinions. There are three types of conditional sentences, but we will only focus on
two of them. They are:
First conditional
It is used to express that what it is said in the condition is something possible. Let’s see
how it works!
Conditional clause Main clause
• Will + infinitive
If + present tense • Present tense
• Imperative
• Modal verb
1. If you implement an information system, your business’ performance can improve
considerably (present time).
2. If you learn how to program in C++, you will have higher chances of employability
(future time).
3. If you go to the mall today, buy some milk.
4. If you don’t water your plants, they die.
You can change the order of the elements in a conditional clause by placing the main
clause first. In that case, don’t put a comma between clauses.
1. Your business’ performance can improve considerably if you implement an information

system.
2. You will have higher chances of employability if you learn how to program in C++.
Second conditional
It is used to express that what it is said in the condition is something unreal hypothetical
or impossible. Let’s see how it works!
Conditional clause Main clause
If + past tense Would + infinitive
1. If open source software were more user-friendly than commercial versions, more
people would use it.
2. If I knew how to program in C++, I would make a lot of money.
3. If traditional databases allowed users to easily edit files, they would be more popular
nowadays.
4. If implementing information systems were not so expensive, businessmen would use
them more often.
Notice that in conditional sentences the past form of the verb to be “was”
is replaced by “were”:
- If open source software were more user-friendly than commercial

versions, more people would use it.
5. Vocabulary builder
Taking part in conversations on the subjects of software, code, databases and information
technology in general is very common when you are an information system analyst and
developer. So this is why in this final section, we have prepared a selection of useful English
words you can use when describing to others what you think about specific software or IT
related aspects.
Pay special attention to the context in which each word is used and work on expanding
your vocabulary by learning the synonyms and phrases that appear along with each term.






GLOSARIO
Agree (verb): If people agree with each other about something, they have the same opinion
about it or say that they have the same opinion.
Allocate (verb): If one item or share of something is allocated to a particular person or for
a particular purpose, it is given to that person or used for that purpose.
Asset (noun): Something or someone that is an asset is considered useful or helps a

person or organization to be successful.
Change one’s mind (phrase): To alter or change one’s decision or opinion.
Code (noun/verb): Computer code is a system or language for expressing information and
instructions in a form which can be understood by a computer.
Compile (verb): When you compile something such as a report, book, or programme, you
produce it by collecting and putting together many pieces of information.
Debate (noun/verb): A debate is a discussion about a subject on which people have

different views.
Disagree (verb): If you disagree with someone or disagree with what they say, you do not
accept that what they say is true or correct. You can also say that two people disagree.
Drawback (noun): A disadvantage or problem; the negative part of a situation.
Perform (verb): When you perform a task or action, especially a complicated one, you do it.
Point of view (noun): You can refer to the opinions or attitudes that you have about
something as your point of view.
Polite (adjective): Someone who is polite has good manners and behaves in a way that is
socially correct and not rude to other people.
Rely on (verb): If you rely on someone or something, you need them and depend on them
in order to live or work properly.
Restore (noun): To return something or someone to an earlier condition or position, or to

bring something back into existence.
Run (verb): If you run an experiment, computer program, or other process, or start it running,
you start it and let it continue.
Support (verb/noun): To help someone or something in an emotional or practical way.
Take the floor (phrase): If you take the floor, you start speaking in a debate or discussion.
If you are given the floor, you are allowed to do this.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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Cambridge Dictionary | Free English Dictionary, T. (2017). Cambridge Dictionary

| Free English Dictionary, Translations and Thesaurus. Dictionary.cambridge.
org. Recuperado de: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/
Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. (2017). Linguahouse.com. Recuperado de :

https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/general-english/modal-verbs-
4-requests-offers-permission-and-invitations
Collins English Dictionary | Definitions, Translations and Pronunciations.

(2017). Collinsdictionary.com. Recuperado de: https://www.collinsdictionary.
com/dictionary/english
Collocation examples, Usage and Definition | collocation dictionary. (2017).

Oxforddictionary.so8848.com. Recuperado de: https://goo.gl/cQf7dL
English dictionary with synonyms, examples and English translator. (2017).

Englishdictionary.education. Recuperado de: http://englishdictionary.
education/
GbR, L. (2017). Conditional Sentences Type I, II und III (Conditional Sentences,

If-Clauses). Ego4u.com. Recuperado de: https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-
up/grammar/conditional-sentences
Hufford, J. (2017). The Top Advantages of eCommerce: Why You Should

Sell Online. Nchannel.com. Recuperado de: https://www.nchannel.com/blog/
advantages-of-ecommerce/
IBM Knowledge Center. (2017). Ibm.com. Recuperado de: https://www.ibm.

com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_aix_72/com.ibm.aix.performance/
advantages_java.htm
Moodle НБУ. (2017). E-edu.nbu.bg. Recuperado de: https://e-edu.nbu.bg/
S, S. (2017). Difference Between Traditional Commerce and e-Commerce

(with Comparison Chart) - Key Differences. Key Differences. Recuperado de:
http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-traditional-commerce-and-e-
commerce.html

Shopping Online: Why it’s So Incredibly Popular. (2017). Lifewire. Recuperado

de: https://www.lifewire.com/shopping-online-pros-and-cons-3482632
Soffar, H. (2017). Programming in Java advantages and disadvantages |

Science online. Science online. Recuperado de: http://www.online-sciences.
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CONTROL DEL DOCUMENTO
EXPRESSING YOURSELF WELL IN ENGLISH
Centro de Gestión de Mercados, Logística y Tecnología de la Información.

Regional Distrito Capital.
Experto temático: Ingrid Carolina Flórez Urzola
Centro Industrial de Mantenimiento Integral - CIMI

Regional Santander
Líder línea de producción: Santiago Lozada Garcés
Rosa Elvia Quintero Guasca
Asesores pedagógicos:
Claudia Milena Hernández Naranjo
Diseño multimedia: Oscar Julian Marquez Sanabria
Programador: Francisco José Lizcano Reyes
Producción de audio: Martha Lucia Chaves Niño
Víctor Hugo Tabares Carreño
Este material puede ser distribuido, copiado y exhibido por terceros si se

muestra en los créditos. No se puede obtener ningún beneficio comercial
y las obras derivadas tienen que estar bajo los mismos términos de la
licencia que el trabajo original.

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2.1. My way, your way....................................................................................................... 5

2.1. Introducing a point of view (personal or general)........................................................ 7

2.2. Asking for an opinion................................................................................................... 8

2.3. Agreeing with an opinion............................................................................................. 9

2.4. Disagreeing with an opinion........................................................................................ 9

2.5. Taking the floor..........................................................................................................10

3. Let’s read and write......................................................................................................10

3.1. Reading a review about a programming language.....................................................11

3.2. Writing a short opinion essay......................................................................................14

4.1. Modals for permission and request...........................................................................16

4.2. Active and passive voice...........................................................................................17

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Have you ever found yourself in a situation in

When someone asks you your opinion about

FAVA - Formación en Ambientes Virtuales de Aprendizaje

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What do you think is better: traditional

1.1. My way, your way

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B: Is that what you think?

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A: Sure, let’s grab something to eat! I’m starving.

Whether you agree or disagree on a subject, let’s say

2.1. Introducing a point of view

When participating in discussions or simple conversations, people can introduce their

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2.2. Asking for someone’s opinion

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2.3. Agreeing with an opinion

Expression Expanded argument / opinion / point of view

I believe java is the best option t o start in

2.4. Disagreeing with an opinion

Expression Expanded argument / opinion / point of view

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2.4. Taking the floor

Expression Expanded argument / opinion / point of view

I believe that programming in C++ is way too

An important word you can use in English to disagree politely or when

3. Let’s read and write

Many of the opinions we have concerning everyday

Nowadays, it is very common to find articles, reviews

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3.1. Reading a review about a programming language

Programming in Java advantages and disadvantages

Java language is the best application development language. It is an object-oriented

Java has been developed after

Java language provides a very

Java is simple, it was designed to be

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and to collect the garbage.

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