09 Sound Absorbing Materials

Sound Absorbing Materials
D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E.

University of Kentucky
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Overview
Sound Absorption by Porous Materials
D  The Basics
D  Impedance and Absorption
D  Transfer Matrix Approach
D  Flow Resistivity
Dept. of Mech. Engineering 2 Noise and Vibration

University of Kentucky Short Course
Sound Blocking Versus Sound Absorption
Relatively massive, stiff barrier
having high damping
Some sound is
Most sound is transmitted
reflected
Less sound is
Less sound is transmitted
reflected
( These two objectives can be combined)

Example
Noisy family or playroom Bedroom
Ways to reduce noise level in the bedroom:
Which use sound blocking and which use sound absorption?

Sound Absorbing Materials

NVH Applications Driven by Auto Industry

Sound Absorbing Materials in Car

Examples of Sound Absorbing Materials
a: fully reticulated plastic

foam (x14)
b: partially reticulated
plastic foam (x14)
c: glass fiber (x14)
d: mineral (rock) wool (x14)

Foam Manufacture and Foam Types
D  Foams are made of various materials including polyurethane,

polyethylene, and polypropylene.
D  Foams are created by pouring premixed liquid products onto a
conveyor and allowing the chemical process to create cells (voids)
of various size as the foam cures and hardens. Similar to bread
rising.
D  If the cell walls are fractured, the foam is called “open cell”
D  If the cell walls remain intact, the foam is called “closed cell”
D  Coverings such vinyl, aluminum, urethane, or aluminized mylar
protect the surface, improve appearance, and reduce absorption of
liquids, dirt, etc.
D  Coverings may also act as a barrier, e.g., loaded vinyl

Applications of Sound Absorbing Materials
D  Suspended baffles in gymnasiums or factories

D  Under hood applications for engine noise
D  Vehicle interiors
D  Inside building walls – improves transmission loss
D  Inside office and computer equipment – reduces
reverberant buildup of sound
D  Ceiling tiles and carpeting
D  HVAC applications – duct liner

Mechanisms of Sound Absorption
Sound is “absorbed” by converting sound energy to

heat within the material, resulting in a reduction of the
sound pressure.
Two primary mechanisms:
D  vibration of the material skeleton - damping

D  friction of the fluid on the skeleton - viscosity

Vibration of Material Skeleton
Vibration of the material matrix is caused by sound

pressure and velocity fluctuations within the material.
Damping of the material converts sound to heat.
Important for light materials at low frequencies.
Difficult to model and measure (ignored here)

Friction of the Fluid on the Skeleton
The oscillating fluid particles within the material rub against

the matrix and create heat by friction (viscosity).
Primary material parameters affecting absorption:
D  porosity (fraction of air volume in the material)

D  structure factor (orientation of fibers, tortuosity)
D  flow resistance

Overview
D  The Basics

The Local Reaction Model
D  The wave component within the material

parallel to the surface is attenuated rapidly
D  The material is similar to a set of rigid-wall, pr

parallel capillaries φ
D  The particle velocity un in the material is
un
normal to the surface and only a function of φ ps
the local sound pressure ps at the surface (un
is independent of the form of the incident
pi
wave)
ps
z= (independent of pi)
un
Specific Boundary Impedance
p
z= = r + jx
un surface
resistance reactance
Pa − 2 −1
Units:
−1
= kg m s ≡ rayl (named in honor of Lord Rayleigh)
ms
Absorption coefficient:
Sound Energy Absorbed
α (φ ) =
Sound Energy Incident
Specific Boundary Impedance
x=0
p A+ B 1 + (B A)
p, un zn = = = ρoc
un x =0
⎛ A − B ⎞ 1 − (B A)
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρ o c ⎠
un Ae − jkx zn 1 + R
=
Be + jkx
ρoc 1 − R
B
R=
A
R is called the pressure reflection coefficient
Absorption Coefficient and Impedance
While the specific boundary impedance is independent of angle of

incidence, the absorption coefficient is not:
4rnʹ′ cos φ rn xn
α (φ ) = where rnʹ′ = xnʹ′ =
(1 + rnʹ′ cosφ )2 + (xnʹ′ cosφ )2 ρoc ρo c
An angle of maximum absorption exists: φmax = cos−1 ⎛⎜ (rnʹ′ )2 + (xnʹ′ )2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
The maximum absorption here is: 2rnʹ′

α max =
( znʹ′ + rnʹ′ )
α (0°) →1 if rnʹ′ → 1 and xnʹ′ → 0

Example Impedance of Foam
8
Resistance r'
Dimensionless Boundary
6
Reactance x'
4
Impedance
2
0
-2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
-4
-6
Frequency (Hz)

Example Sound Absorption Coefficient
0.8
Absorption Coefficient
0.6
0.4 phi = 0 degrees

phi = 30 degrees
0.2 phi = 60 degrees
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Frequency (Hz)

Common Glass Fiber
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Glass Fiber
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Frequency (Hz)

Closed Cell vs. Open Cell Foam
1
Closed Cell Foam
0.8 Open Cell Foam
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)

Foam Absorbers must be Open Cell
Closed-cell Open-cell

Effect of Thickness
1
0.8
glass fiber
0.6
0.4
0.2
2 in. thick
1 in. thick
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)

Effect of Covering an Absorber
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
cover 0.2 Foam without Cover

Foam with Cover
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)

Layering of Materials
1
0.8
0.6
2”
2” 1.4
”
0.4
0.2
air gap
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Frequency (Hz)

Lining of Partial Enclosures
100
90
Sound Power Level (dB)

80
70
60
No Absorption (108.2 dBA)

50
With Absorption (97.6 dBA)
40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
vibrating surface
Full Enclosure
100
95 Top and Bottom

Front and Rear
90 Sides
Empty
85
80
SPL (dB)
75
Plexiglass loudspeaker 70
enclosure
65
60
55
50
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hz)
Placement of material is often flexible

Overview
D  The Basics

Sound Propagation – Porous Material
Plane waves in a porous material:

D  amplitude decreases with distance
D  p and u are not in phase
D  characteristic impedance z’c is a complex number
D  wave number k’ is a complex number
p ( x) = Po e − jk ʹ′x
k ' = β − jγ
x
p ( x)
= zcʹ′
Attenuation constant
u ( x)
(responsible for wave attenuation) complex

The Basic Idea
The sound pressure p and the particle velocity v are the acoustic state variables
1 For any passive, linear component:
p1 = Ap2 + BS2 u2
any acoustic 2
S1u1 = Cp2 + DS2 u2
component
p1, u1 or
!# p %# ( ! %#
1 A B +# p2
" & =* -" &
#$ S1u1 #' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2 #'
p2, u2
Transfer, transmission, or four-pole matrix

(A, B, C, and D depend on the component)

The Straight Tube
L −1 dp
p ( x ) = Ae− jkx + Be+ jkx u ( x) =
jk ρo c dx
A
p ( 0 ) = p1 = A + B
B S
A−B
u ( 0 ) = u1 =
p1, u1 p2 ,u2 ρo c
(x = 0) (x = L) p ( L ) = p2 = Ae− jkL + Be+ jkL
Ae− jkL − Be+ jkL
must have plane waves u ( L ) = u2 =
ρo c
Solve for A, B p1 = p2 cos ( kL ) + u2 ( j ρo c ) sin ( kL )
in terms of p1, u1 u1 = p2 ( j ρo c ) sin ( kL ) + u2 cos ( kL )
then put into ) ,
j ρo c
"$ p &$ + cos ( kL ) sin ( kL ) ."
equations for p2, u2.
S &$
1 + 2 .$ p2
# ' =+ .# S u '
S u jS S
$% 1 1 $( + 1
sin ( kL ) 1
cos ( kL ) .$% 2 2 $(
+* ρo c S2 .-
(note that the determinant A1D1-B1C1 = 1)
Straight Tube with Absorptive Material
k’,zc
(complex wave number and
complex characteristic impedance)
( jzc +
!# % * cos ( k ' L ) sin ( k ' L )-! %#
p1 # * S2 -# p2
" &= -" S u &
S1u1 #' * jS1 S1
#$ * sin ( k ' L ) cos ( k ' L ) -#$ 2 2 #'
*) zc S2 -,

Transfer Matrix Approach
For each layer: !

pi $ ! Ai Bi $ ! pi+1 $
# &=# &# &
#" Sui &% #" Ci Di &% #" Sui+1 &%
air air
Overall:
⎡ AT BT ⎤
[Ttotal ] = [T1 ][T2 ][T3 ]...[Tn ] = ⎢
⎣CT DT ⎥⎦
p SA
Layer 1 Layer 2 Perforate Layer n Z = 1 = T
u1 CT
Plane Wave Assumption

Example - Layered Materials
1
0.8
0.6
Units: mm
51
51 36
0.4
0.2 Predicted
Measured
0
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency (Hz)

Overview
D  The Basics

Designing the Absorber from Scratch
Bulk Surface Layered

k’ and z’c z and α z and α
????
Absorption Coefficient vs. Frequency
αo
Different
densities
and
thicknesses
Frequency (Hz) (Mechel, 1988)

Flow Resistivity and Absorption
αo
ρof/σ

Flow Resistance and Flow Resistivity σ
Flow resistance:
Sample ΔP
(thickness t ) ΔP
rs =
u
u
(velocity) Flow resistivity:
rs
Vacuum source σ=
t

ASTM C522-03
Flow Resistance Measurement

Pipe Manometer
Vacuum pump Flow Meter
Specimen Valve
Pump Valve Flow
Manometers
Meters
Specimen Holder
Specimen

pi
φ sound energy absorbed

α (φ ) =
sound energy incident
φ
pr

Absorption Coefficient and Flow Resistivity
σt
≈2
ρc
Flow Resistivity
fluid solid

Three Empirical Models
X = ρo f σ
−0.554 −0.592 Wu, 1988 – 17 plastic foam materials;
k ʹ′ k = (1 + 0.188 X ) − j 0.163X
f = 200-2000 Hz; 2900 ≤ σ ≤ 24300
−0.548 −0.607
zcʹ′ zo = (1 + 0.209 X ) − j 0.105 X rayls; 0.01 < X < 0.83
k ʹ′ k = (1 + 0.0978 X −0.700 ) − j 0.189 X −0.595 Delaney and Bazly, 1970 – fibrous

materials; f = 250-4000 Hz; σ = ?;
zcʹ′ zo = (1 + 0.0571X −0.754 ) − j 0.087 X −0.732 0.012 < X < 1.21
for X < 0.025 :

k ʹ′ k = (1 + 0.136 X −0.641 ) − j 0.322 X −0.502
zcʹ′ zo = (1 + 0.081X −0.699 ) − j 0.191X −0.556 Mechel (after Fahy) – fibrous materials;
for X > 0.025 : f = ?; σ = ?; 0.002 < X < 0.5
k ʹ′ k = (1 + 0.103 X −0.716 ) − j 0.179 X −0.663
zcʹ′ zo = (1 + 0.0563 X −0.725 ) − j 0.127 X −0.655

09 Sound Absorbing Materials

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

09 Sound Absorbing Materials

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Sound Absorbing Materials

D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E.

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 2 Noise and Vibration

( These two objectives can be combined)

Noisy family or playroom Bedroom

Ways to reduce noise level in the bedroom:

Which use sound blocking and which use sound absorption?

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 4 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 5 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 6 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 7 Noise and Vibration

a: fully reticulated plastic

c: glass fiber (x14)

d: mineral (rock) wool (x14)

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 8 Noise and Vibration

D Foams are made of various materials including polyurethane,

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 9 Noise and Vibration

D Suspended baffles in gymnasiums or factories

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 10 Noise and Vibration

Sound is “absorbed” by converting sound energy to

Two primary mechanisms:

D vibration of the material skeleton - damping

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 11 Noise and Vibration

Vibration of the material matrix is caused by sound

Damping of the material converts sound to heat.

Important for light materials at low frequencies.

Difficult to model and measure (ignored here)

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 12 Noise and Vibration

The oscillating fluid particles within the material rub against

Primary material parameters affecting absorption:

D porosity (fraction of air volume in the material)

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 13 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 14 Noise and Vibration

D The wave component within the material

D The material is similar to a set of rigid-wall, pr

While the specific boundary impedance is independent of angle of

The maximum absorption here is: 2rnʹ′

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 18 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 19 Noise and Vibration

0.4 phi = 0 degrees

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 20 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 21 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 22 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 23 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 24 Noise and Vibration

cover 0.2 Foam without Cover

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 25 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 26 Noise and Vibration

Sound Power Level (dB)

No Absorption (108.2 dBA)

95 Top and Bottom

Placement of material is often flexible

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 29 Noise and Vibration

Plane waves in a porous material:

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 30 Noise and Vibration

1 For any passive, linear component:

Transfer, transmission, or four-pole matrix

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 31 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 33 Noise and Vibration

For each layer: !

Plane Wave Assumption

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 35 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 36 Noise and Vibration

Bulk Surface Layered

D  Foams are made of various materials including polyurethane,

D  Suspended baffles in gymnasiums or factories

D  vibration of the material skeleton - damping

D  porosity (fraction of air volume in the material)

D  The wave component within the material

D  The material is similar to a set of rigid-wall, pr