ANAPHY

Skeletal System
Physiology

1. Overview of the bones

• Skeletal system – support, framework, anchors weight of the body

• 206 bones in an adult body

• 305 bones in fetal body

• 2 Subdivisions

➢Axial skeleton – bones form the longitudinal axis of body

➢Appendicular skeleton – bones of the limbs and girdles attached to

axial skeleton

• Skeletal system includes:

➢Bones

➢Joints

➢Cartilages (bone to muscle, most delicate support, ex: nose, ears,

ribcages)

➢Ligaments (bone to bone)

2. Functions of the bones

a. Support

➢Bones form the internal framework that supports the body and
cradles its soft organs.

b. Protection

➢Bones protect soft body organs

▪ skull and vertebrae – brain

▪ ribcage – thoracic cavity organs

➢Bones prevent organs to be subjected to trauma

c. Movement
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➢Attached skeletal muscles allow movement

➢Skeletal system is interconnected with muscular system

➢Skeletal system serves as leverage to allow different body

movements

d. Storage

➢Store mineral and fat

▪ Calcium
• When it is deposited into the bones it is converted to
calcium salts which gives the hardness of the bones

• Transmission of nerve impulses

• Movement of muscular system

• Blood clotting

• Calcitonin – hormone that increases the absorption of

calcium to deposit it in the bones

▪ Phosphorus
• growth and development of bones and teeth

▪ fat in internal marrow cavity

e. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

➢Occurs in red marrow

➢Red marrow

▪ Located in long bones (epiphysis)

➢Yellow marrow

▪ Located in long bones (medullary space)

➢Pluripotent stem cells – myeloid – blood cell

3. Classification of bones
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• 2 types of bone tissue (works hand in hand to protect internal organs

particularly the brain)

➢Compact bone

▪ Located on outer surface

▪ For PROTECTION

▪ Very dense (serves as external barrier), smooth, and

homogenous

➢Spongy bone

▪ Located internally (absorption of mechanical stress or forces)

▪ Composed of needlelike threads and lots of open spaces

a. Long

➢typically longer

➢have a shaft with heads at both ends

➢composition: compact bones

➢ex. Upper and lower limbs

b. Short

➢Cube-shaped

➢Composition: spongy bone

➢Hands, ankle, kneecaps

➢Sesamoid bones (synonymous w/ short bones)

c. Irregular

➢Vertebrae and hip bones

d. Flat

➢thin, flattened, and usually curved

➢composition: combination of compact and spongy bones

4. Structure of a long bone

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a. Diaphysis (shaft)

➢Composed of compact bone

b. Periosteum

➢External membrane/surface of the diaphysis

➢Anchored to diaphysis via perforating (sharpey’s) fibers

c. Epiphyses

➢end of long bones

➢most slender, narrowest

➢composed of compact and spongy bones

➢red marrow

d. Articular cartilage

➢External membrane of epiphyses

➢Function: deduction of friction (smooth movement)

e. Epiphyseal plate

➢Responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones

➢Growth hormones

➢Found in young individuals

➢When adulthood is reached, it will be converted to epiphyseal line

f. Epiphyseal line

➢Found in adults only

➢Remnant of the epiphyseal plate

g. Medullary Cavity

➢Endosteum – external membrane of medullary cavity

➢where yellow marrow is housed

➢for young individuals – houses red marrow

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➢for adult – houses yellow marrow

5. Bone markings

• Surface features of the bones

➢Site of attachments (for muscle tendons and ligaments)

➢Passages for nerves

➢Anatomical land mark

• 2 Categories

➢Projections/Processes

▪ grows out from bone surface

▪ term starts w/ “T”

➢Depressions/Cavities

▪ indentations

▪ term starts w/ “F”

6. Bone composition

• Organic parts of the matrix are for flexibility and strength

➢Type I Collagen fibers

➢Elastin

• Calcium salts is for the hardness of the bones

➢Ability of the bone to resist pressure and other forces

7. Bone growth, development, and remodeling

• Ossification

➢bone formation process

➢occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes

➢2 strongest supporting structures

1. Bones
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2. Cartilage

➢The long bone of an embryo is loaded with hyaline

➢In the fetus, hyaline is replaced with/ converted to bones

➢Hyaline

3. serves as a model for bone growth and development

➢2 Phases of Ossification

1. Osteoblast

• Bone forming cells

• Responsible for converting hyaline into bone and for

lengthwise growth of bone (interstitial growth)

• 2 structures cannot be converted into bone

1.Articular cartilages

2.Epiphyseal plate

2. Osteoclast

• Responsible for self-digestion of bones created by

osteoblasts

• Self-digestion of bones created medullary space

• Bone remodeling

➢Appositional growth – increases width of bone

➢2 Phases of bone remodeling

3. Osteoblast

4. Osteoclast

➢Osteoblast replicated ⇒ old osteoblast is self-digested ⇒ widening of

bone

➢Factors which bone remodeling reacts to

5. Blood calcium levels

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• Osteoblast replicated ⇒ old osteoblast is self-digested

⇒ calcium salts released to blood ⇒ calcium salt to
calcium ion ⇒ calcium blood levels

• Bone remodeling is initiated by hypocalcemia

6. Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

8. Bone fractures

• 2 types

➢Closed (simple) fracture – breakage happening inside

➢Open (compound) fracture – breakage penetrates skin

• Treated by reduction and immobilization

➢Closed reduction – manually coaxed

➢Open reduction – pins and wires

• Repair (6-8 weeks)

1.Hematoma (swelling)

▪ Swelling due to ruptured blood vessels

▪ Bone cell will be depleted w/ nutrition which will lead to ⇒

Angiogenesis (formation of new capillaries) ⇒ white
phagocytic blood cells disposes dead cells⇒

2.Formation of fibrocartilage callus

▪ Significance: this structure will act as a strap/bandage which

will close the gap

▪ ⇒ migration and division of osteoblast and osteoclast ⇒

fibrocartilage will be converted to bone by osteoblast ⇒

3.Formation of bony callus

▪ ⇒ bone remodeling facilitated by osteoclast and osteoblast

• Serves as a permanent reinforcement

• Response to mechanical stress

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Fetal skill

• Fontanels

o Allow skull compression during birth

o Allow brain to grow during later pregnancy and infanct

o Convert to bone

o Suture (when fontanels unites)

Joints (Articulations)

• Found between two bones

• 2 Functions:

o Hold bones together

o Allows for locomotion/body movement

• Classifications

o Synarthroses

▪ For protection

▪ Immovable joints

▪ Ex. Suture

▪ Fibrous joints
• Made of fibrous cell

• 3 types:

o Sutures

▪ Unification of fontanels

▪ Irregular edges

▪ Tightly bounded with one another

▪ Provide protection and is immobile

o Syndesmosis
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▪ Composed of longer fibers which allow slight

movement

▪ Distal end of tibia and fibula

o Gomphosis

▪ Anchors teeth in pace

▪ immobile

o Amphiarthroses

▪ For protection

▪ Slightly movable joints

▪ Ex. Pubic symphysis

▪ Cartilaginous joints

• Connected by fibrocartilage

• 2 Types:

o Synchondrosis

▪ Almost immovable joint

▪ Ex. manubrium
• Attachment for ribs

o Symphysis

▪ Slightly movable

▪ Ex. Pubic Symphysis

• Invertebral joint

• Absorbs shock

• Hormone relaxin

o Diarthroses

▪ Freely movable joints

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▪ Found in limbs

▪ Synovial joints

• Separated by joint cavity/space

• Synovial fluid found in joint cavity

o Prevents friction

• 4 Features:

o Articular Cartilage

o Articular Capsule

o Joint Cavity

o Reinforcing ligaments

• Structures: (not part of joint but is a supportive structure)

o Bursae

▪ Flattened fibrous sacs

▪ Lined with synovial membranes filled with

synovial fluid

o Tendon sheath

▪ Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

• Types:

o Plane Joint – nonaxial joint (short slip and gliding)

o Hinge Joint – uniaxial (movement restricted to one

plane) ex. patella

o Pivot – uniaxial ex. elbow

o Condylar – biaxial (side to side and back n’ forth) ex.

fingers

o Saddle – biaxial ex. thumb

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o Ball and socket – multiaxial (can move in any

direction)