APPROVAL SHEET

A complete report on the Basic Chemistry practicum with the title

"Solution Making" compiled by:

name : Dhita fitrayuanita romadina

ID : 1915442010
Class/group : Icp geografi education/1

has been checked and corrected by the Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and
has been accepted as accepted.

Makassar, October 2019

Assistant coordinatur Assistant

Aan Eko Putra Rosnawati s.pd

ID: 161304106 ID:

Known by,

Responsibility lecturer

Hardin S Si, S,pd

NIP: 198708072015041004
A.TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Manufacture solution

B.AIM OF EXPERIMENT
1.College of student learn the making of solution with a certain polarity of
soluters and crystals
2.Colleng of student also learn the manufacture of solution with a certain polarity
of solutes from solutios that ha a greater concertain.

C.Theoretical basis

Solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture between two or more substances

dispersed either as molecules, atoms or ions whose composition can vary. The
solution can be a gas, liquid, or solid. Aqueous solutions are solutions that contain
a small portion of solute, relative to the amount of the solvent. Whereas
concentrated solution is a solution containing most solutes. Solute is a solute.
While the solvent (solvent) is a medium in which the solute is dissolved.

In general, substances used as solvents are water (H2O), in addition to water

that functions as a solvent are alcohol, ammonia, chloroform, benzene, oil, acetic
acid, but when using water is usually not mentioned.
The gas solution is made by mixing a gas with another gas. Since all gases are
mixed in all comparisons, each gas mixture is homogeneous, it is a solution.
Liquid solutions are made by dissolving gases, liquids or solids in a liquid. If
some of the liquid is water, the solution is called aqueous solution.
Solid solutions are solids in which one component is irregularly distributed to the
atoms or molecules of other component and A solution with a maximum amount
of solute at a certain temperature is called a saturated solution. Before reaching
the saturation point the solution is not saturated.
The amount of solute that can produce a saturated solution, in a certain amount of
solvent at a constant temperature is called solubility. The solubility of a substance
depends on its properties, solvent molecules, temperature and pressure.

Homogeneous systems that contain two or more substances are called

solutions. Usually the solution is considered as containing liquid dissolved
substances such as solids or gases. The main components are usually called
solvents, and the minor components are called solutes. The solvent is seen as a
"carrier" or medium for the solute, which can participate in chemical reactions in
solution or leave the solution due to precipitation or evaporation. The solution is
formed by mixing two or more pure substances whose molecules interact directly
in a mixed state
 There are substances that can react permanently with solvents, so that new
substances are formed which cannot be separated physically anymore, for
example basic oxides and acid oxides in water, each of which forms acids or
bases. The spontaneous dissolution of substances can be solved by the laws of
thermodynamics, that is, if the change in free energy (∆G) dissolving is negative.
That is, the free energy of a substance before dissolving is greater than after
dissolve . Because the solution is a mixture of molecules (atoms or ions in some
ways), usually solvent molecules are far apart in solution than in pure solvents.
Thus, the formation of a solution can be made as the following hypothetical
process: first, the distance between molecules increases to the average distance
displayed in the solution. Intermolecular attraction between dissimilar molecules
causes energy spikes, the enthalpy decreases at this stage. Changes in the overall
enthalpy can be positive (endothermic) or negative (exothermic) or in some cases
such as elarH-alignment .

Dissolved substances interact strongly with solvents when the particles of these
substances are ionic or polar and the solvents are also polar. If the substance is an
ion, then an ion-dipole force occurs between the solute ion and the solvent.
Finally, solvation occurs, namely the confinement of solute particles by solvent
molecules. A substance can dissolve in liquid even though the attraction between
particles of matter and solvents is very weak. This can happen if the molecules of
both substances are non-polar. Between solute molecules and solvents there is
only a relatively weak london force. Actually there is no absolute substance that is
insoluble in a liquid, only a solubility is so small that it is considered insoluble if
the solubility of a substance less than 0.1 g or 1,000 g of solvent is called
insoluble.

There is a strong tendency for non-polar compounds to dissolve into non-

polar solvents and for polar covalent compounds or ionic compounds to dissolve
into polar solvents. In other words, a kind dissolves a kind. If a small crystal of an
ionizing substance such as sodium chloride is placed in water, the polar water
molecule will arrange itself around the surface of the crystal. The attraction
between water molecules and ions on the surface of the crystal is large enough to
release the ions from their exact position in the crystal and move between water
molecules.If a certain amount of solute is left in contact with a limited amount of
solvent, dissolution occurs continuously. This is true because of the deposition
process, i.e. the return of species (atoms, ions or molecules) to an insoluble state.
The concentration of saturated solution is known as the solubility of solutes in
certain solvents. Solubility is generally a function of temperature. If the full
solution is made at a certain temperature then the temperature is lowered then the
result is the deposition of excess solute in solution.
 The nature of the solution slightly deviates from the nature of the solvent, due
to the presence of solutes. The deviation is greater if the composition of the solute
is added. To express the composition of a solution quantitatively is called
concentration. Concentration is the ratio of the amount of solute to the solvent.
Polarity (M) is the number of moles of solute in each liter of solution. The price of
pollution can be determined by counting the moles of the solute and the volume of
the solution. If the mass of the solute is added to the solvent whose volume is
known, the molarity can be calculated only if the density of the resulting solution
is known. For example, if one liter of solvent is used, the volume of the resulting
solution can be less than one liter in one event and greater in another. If a solution
must have a certain molarity, it is clearly not easy to know the density of the
solution. In practice, this can be avoided by dissolving a number of dissolved
substances into a small amount of solvent, then adding the solvent little by little
until the total volume is obtained. For careful work, carefully calibrated
volumetric flasks are used.

Several ways can be used to express the composition of the solution. In

chemistry, the most useful way to express composition is molarity as discussed
earlier, mole fraction, and molality. The mole fraction of a substance in the
mixture is the number of moles of the substance divided by the total number of
moles present. The mole fraction of all species present must be 1. The percentage
of mass (in the usual term is weight percent) is often used daily and is defined as a
presentation based on the mass of a substance.

Polarity (m) is the number of moles of solute in every 1,000 g of pure solvent.
The value can be determined if the mole of the substance and the mass of the
solvent is known. The influence that affects a solubility is the influence of
temperature and pressure. For a saturated solution dynamic equilibrium applies.
The equilibrium will be able to shift when the temperature is raised. Generally the
solubility of solids in solution increases when the temperature is raised. Air
pressure over a liquid has very little effect on the solubility of solids and liquids in
liquid solvents. However, the solubility of a gas increases in solution when the
partial pressure of the gas increases on the surface large.

Besides the composition of the solution there are also known properties of the
solution. There are four properties associated with dilute solutions or in more
concentrated solutions, which depend on the amount of dissolved particles
present. So these properties do not depend on the type of dissolved. These four
properties are the decrease in vapor pressure, increase in boiling point, decrease in
freezing, and osmotic pressure, which are all called colligative properties. The
practical uses of the colligative properties are many and varied. Also, research
into colligative properties plays an important role in the method of determining
molecular weights and developing the theory of solutions, as well as in the
synthesis of compounds.
 The compounds that are synthesized in a chemical reaction are usually impure,
but the fact that the solubility of most solids rises with increasing temperature
provides the basis for a simple purification method. Typically, impure solids
consist of the desired compound in large proportions and impurities in smaller
proportions. Suppose the compound and impurities can dissolve in certain
solvents and we prepare the concentrated solution on high temperature. Then, we
let the concentrated solution cool. At lower temperatures, the solution becomes
saturated with the desired compound. This method of purifying solids, which is
called recrystallization or crystallization fractional.
A saturated solution is usually made by making a saturated solution at a higher
temperature, the solute must be more soluble in hot solvents than in cold solvents.
An unsaturated solution is less concentrated (thinner) than a saturated solution,
and a saturated solution is more concentrated than a saturated solution. If the
remaining solute is not dissolved, the rest is removed. A saturated solution is a
stabilizing system. This solution can be transformed into a saturated solution by
adding a small "seed" crystal. The crystal is a nucleus around which excess
solutes which dissolve can crystallize.

There are several events during the synthesis of compounds, one of which is
where all the solutes remain in a dissolved state. This is because the quantity of
solute in this case is greater than the normal saturated solution at a certain
temperature, such a solution is called a saturated solution. At the time of
dissolution and deposition that occurs at the same rate or speed, the quantity of
dissolved dissolved in a number of solvents remains the same at all times. This
process is one dynamic equilibrium and the solution is called a saturated solution.

example, if a sugar crystal is placed into water which is expressed as a

saturated solution, the molecules separate from the surface of the sugar and go
into the solvent, where these molecules move about the same way as the water
molecules. This sugar is constantly dissolving and recrystallizing all the time.
When the sugar is first put into the water, the rate of dissolution is very fast
compared to the rate of recrystallization. The longer the concentration of
dissolved sugar increases regularly, and the rate of crystallization also increases.
D. Apparatus and chemicals
1. Apparatus

1 . analytical balance 1 piece

2 . pumpkin measuring 50 ml 3 pieces
3 . measuring glass 10 ml 3 pieces
4 . stiering rod 1 piece
5 . bottle spray 1 piece
6 . measuing pipette 25 ml 1 piece
7 . beaker glass 100 ml 1 piece
8 . spatula 1 piece
9 . funnel 1 piece
10. prop pipette 1 piece
11. bottle of solution 2 pieces
12. rough laps 2 pieces

2. Chemicals

1. sodium hidroxcyle (NaOH) solid.

2. acid hydrocloric (Hcl) 6 m.
3. aquades (H2O)

E. Work procedures

1. calculate the 6 M HCL volume to be taken to make 100 ml of 2 m HCl

solution
2. measure the volume of HCl as calculated using a measuring pipette and
put it into a 100 ml measuring flask.
3. add aquades using pumpkin spray before marking the boundary. then by
using a dropper,
4. add drop by drop until it coincides with the boundary mark. shake the
solution by flipping the measuring flask.
5. solution
6. measure the volume of HCl as calculated using a measuring pipette and
put it into a 100 ml measuring flask
7. add aquades using pumpkin spray before marking the boundary. then by
using a dropper, add drop by drop until it coincides with the boundary
mark. shake the solution by flipping the measuring flask

8. calculate the volume of 1 m HCl to be taken to make 100 ml of 0.1 m HCl

solution
 9.measure the volume of HCl as calculated using a measuring pipette and
put it into a 100 ml measuring flask
10. add distilled water using pumpkin spray before marking the boundary.
then using the dropper, add drop by drop until it coincides with the
boundary mark. shake the solution by turning over the measuring flask

F. Observation result
Preparation of 2 M NaOH solution from NaOH solid crystals

NaOH mass used : 4 grams

Chemical beaker mass : 39,9 grams

8 gramS NaOH + Aquades → 50 mL larutan NaOH 2 M.

Changes occur when the temperature rises (becomes hot) and there are gas
bubbles and the solution is clear.

Preparation of 2 M, 1 M, 0.1 M HCl solution from 6 M HCl

6 M HCl volume to be used : 16 mL

1 mL 6 M HCl + Aqudes → 50 mL 2 M HCl solution

(colorless / clear) (colorless / clear)

2 M HCl volume to be used: 25 mL

25 mL 2 M + Aqudes HCl → 50 mL 1 M HCl solution

(colorless / clear) (colorless / clear)

1 M HCl volume to be used: 5 mL

5 mL HCl 1 M + Aqudes → 50 mL 0.1 M HCl solution

(colorless / clear) (colorless / clear)

G.DATA ANALYSIS

1. how to find the mass of NaOh

Dik : M NaOH : 2 M = 2 Ml

V NaOH : 100 mL

Mr NaOH : (1,22. 9) + (1,15. 9)= (1,11) – 39,9 = 40 g/mol

Dit: Massa NaOH?

Settlement:

Massa NaOH = n x Mr NaOH

= 0,2 mol x 40 g/mol

= 8 grams

The volume of HCl used to make 50 mL of 2 M HCl solution,

1 Billion and 0.1 Billion

6 M HCl which is 6 M HCl to be used to make 50 mL 2 M HC Will be used to

make 50 mL 2 M HCl

Dik : M1 = 6 M

M2 = 2 M

V2 = 50 mL

Dit : V1 …….?

Settlement: M1 x V1 = M2 x V2

6 M x V1 = 2 M x 50 mL
100 M.mL
V1 = 6M

V1 = 16 mL

Thus, the volume needed for the manufacture of 2 M 50 mL HCl from 6 M HCl is
16.67 mL. 2 M HCl to be used to make 50 mL 1 M HCl
Dik : M1 = 2 M

M2 = 1 M

V2 = 50 mL

Dit : V1 …….?

Settlement: M1 x V1 = M2 x V2

2 M x V1 = 1 M x 50 mL
50 M mL
V1 = 2M

V1 = 25 mL

Thus, the volume needed for the manufacture of 1 M 50 mL HCl from 2 M HCl is
25 mL.

1 M HCl to be used to make 50 mL 0.1 M HCl

Dik : M1 = 1 M

M2 = 0,1 M

V2 = 50 mL

Dit : V1 …….?

Settlement: M1 . V1 = M2 . V2

1 M . V1 = 0,1 M . 50 mL
5 M mL
V1 = 1M

V1 = 5 mL

Thus, the volume needed for the manufacture of 0.1 M 50 mL HCl from 1 M HCl
is 5 mL.
H.DISCUSSION

Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, the amount of

which is less called a solute, while a substance which is more abundant is called a
solvent. The aim of this experiment is to make a solution from the crystal and a
solution that has a greater concentration in accordance with the tolerability of
certain substances using the appropriate principles.

The activities in this experiment are the manufacture of 2 M NaOH solution from
the crystal and the manufacture of 1 M, 2 M HCl and 0.1 M 50 mL volume from
the solution 5 M.

-Preparation of 2 M NaOH solution from the crystal (solid NaOH)

Sodium Hydroxide is a white crystalline form. NaOH is very corrosive to the

skin. The term most often used in the industry is caustic soda. Caustic soda when
dissolved in water will cause an exothermic reaction. NaOH solutions are very
basic and are usually used for reactions with weak acids, where weak acids such
as sodium carbonate are ineffective. NaOH cannot ignite despite its reaction with
amphoteric metals such as aluminum, lead, zinc to produce nitrogen gas which
can cause an explosion. NaOH is usually used to produce sodium salt. NaOH is
also used to precipitate heavy metals such as hydroxides and in controlling the
acidity of water (Riama, 2012).

The principle of making a solution with a certain dissolution of a solute from

its crystal is weighing and dissolving (Lecturer Team, 2019). This experiment was
started by weighing 8 grams of NaOH solids. Then dissolve 4 grams of solid
NaOH with distilled water in a beaker. Aquades are used as solvents because of
their neutral nature, namely pH = 7, so that when dissolving chemicals with
distilled water, there will only be a dilution reaction, hence distilled water is used
as a universal solvent. The 4 gram NaOH mass used is obtained by using the
equation:

-Massa NaOH = n NaOH x Mr NaOH

Where, n is the number of moles of NaOH and Mr is the relative atomic mass
of NaOH, so a NaOH mass of 8 grams will be obtained. After adding distilled
water then stir until dissolved. Stirring is done to speed up the reaction, in this
case so that NaOH can quickly dissolve in distilled water. NaOH can dissolve in
aquades because they are polar in nature so that the molecular attractions between
polar and polar occur because the solute interacts strongly with the solvent if the
particle is ionic or polar and the solvent is also polar .

The process of dissolving solid NaOH in aquades is slightly turbid because

NaOH reacts with aquades and feels hot due to exothermic reactions, namely the
release of heat from the system into the environment caused by the boiling point
of NaOH being greater than the boiling point of water (Vadol, 2013). Where the
NaOH boiling point is 1390 ° C (1663 K) while the boiling water is water 100 oC
(373 K) (Riama, 2012).

The next step NaOH solution in a beaker is transferred into a measuring flask.
The beaker used is then rinsed with distilled water and the rinse is put into the
measuring flask so that there is no remaining NaOH solution in the beaker. Then
dripping with distilled water with a pumpkin before the boundary mark then
dropping the dropper until it coincides with the boundary mark. NaOH solution in
a 50 mL measuring flask was shaken. Shaking is done so that the solution can be
homogeneous. A solution is called homogeneous if the arrangement is so uniform
that no parts can be observed, even with an optical microscope (Keenan, 1984).

The equation for the reaction that occurs in the solution, namely:

2NaOH(s) + H2O(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + H2O(aq)

-Preparation of 2 M, 1 M, 0.1 M HCl solution from 6 M HCl

Hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) is a highly corrosive, pungent and very

irritating and poisonous chemical liquid, HCl solution includes dangerous

chemicals or B3. Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride

(HCl) gas in water. The color varies from colorless to light yellow. This

color difference depends on its purity. Highly concentrated acid solution

vapors can cause eye irritation, while direct contact can cause eye injury

and can cause blindness. If in contact with the skin will cause burning

(Yurida, 2013).
 This experiment has the principle of making a solution with a certain

dissolution of a solute from a solution with greater concentration, namely

by diluting a certain volume of the mother liquor. The mother liquor is a

solution of greater concentration.

Dilution is a procedure for preparing a solution whose concentration is

less than a concentrated solution. In doing dilution it is important to

remember that adding more solvents to a certain amount of stock solution

will change (reduce) the concentration of the solution without changing the

number of moles of solute present in the solution .

-The equation for dilution can be written as follows:

Mawal x Vawal = Makhir x Vakhir

where M1 > M2 dan V1 < V2.

A ctivities in this experiment are making 2 M, 1 M, and 0.1 M HCl solutions from

6 M HCl solution. The first activity is to make 2 M HCl solution, HCl concentration

requires 16.67 mL 6 M HCl solution, the second is to to make a 1 M HCl solution,

then the required 2 M HCl concentration is 25 mL and the third is 0.1 M

concentration requires 5 mL HCl 1 M. This HCl volume is obtained by the dilution

formula as described on the previous page. HCl solution is measured using a

measuring pipette so that the volume matches the volume that has been calculated and

put into a 50 mL measuring flask. Aquades are added by using a pumpkin before the

boundary mark and with a dropper until it coincides with the boundary mark. HCl

solution in 50 mL is shaken by turning it over and over. Shaking of the measuring

flask is done so that the solution can be homogeneous and perfectly mixed. Chemical

reactions that occur when the HCl solution is dissolved in water, namely:
HCl(aq) + H2O(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(aq)

I.CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. CONCLUSIONS

Preparation of 2 M NaOH solution from solids or crystals is done by adding a

certain amount of distilled water to produce a clear solution using the principle of
weighing and dissolving.

Preparation of HCl in the form of a solution with a concentration of 2 M, 1 M,

and 0.1 M from a 6 M HCl solution using the principles of making a solution with
a certain dissolution of a solute from a solution that is greater in concentration ie
by diluting a certain amount of volume of the mother liquor.

B. SUGGESTIONS

It is expected that the practitioner be more careful in determining the volume

of the solution and in reading the designation of the scale on the measuring pipette
so that the data obtained can be accurate.

It is expected that the practicum in practicing should be more collaborative to

get the desired observations, and be more careful in using the tools used to
prevent undesirable things from happening. It is expected that the practitioner
should make observations correctly and thoroughly in order to obtain maximum
results.
J. REFERENCES

 Chang, Raymond. 2004. Kimia Dasar Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

 Grolier. 2004. Ilmu Pengetahuan Populer. Jakarta: PT. Ikrar Mandiri.
 Marratin,MR.2008. pembuatan larutan dan standrisasinya. Stafa pengajar
Universitas Seranbi Mekah.
 Mulyono.2007. pembuatan larutan umpan prosespengendapan Zr(OH)4
menggunakan metode re-ekstraksi:STTNAS-BATAM.
 Oxtoby, David W. 2001. Prinsip – Prinsip Kimia Modern. Jakarta:
Erlangga.