Lab Session 1

To calibrate the given measuring instruments (vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauge)
using slip gauges.

Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to develop the concept of calibration as well as
understanding the role of slip gauges for calibrating the measuring devices.

Problem Statement:
The accuracy of all measuring devices degrades over time. This is typically caused by normal
wear and tear. Depending on the type of instrument and the environment in which it is being
used it may degrade quickly or over a long period of time. Calibrating is an essential aspect of
maintaining accuracy in the measurements taken by instruments. If not done, it could result in
serious implications on quality control on the production floor. It is expected that after
concluding the experiment, you will put down critical and relevant comments to increase value
to the learning experience.

Apparatus:
The apparatus required for this experiment is

 Vernier caliper
 Micrometer screw gauge
 Slip gauges

Theory:
Please complete this section after proper/relevant literature review.
You are expected to discuss calibration, standards as well as the
purpose, working principle,and applications of slip gauges etc. You are
expected to cite the references

1
 Figure 1: Gauge Block
Procedure:
 Take one instrument (Vernier caliper or screw gauge) at a time and check if there is any
zero error. Make the corrections for observed zero error
 Develop 5 sets of slip gauge stacks with different dimensions following
lowing the applicable
wringing method (considering if individual gauges are thick or thin)
thin).
 Use the instrument (for which calibration is to be done) and measure the stack size turn
by turn using the instrument.
ment.
 Note down the reading of the instrument.
 If reading as given by instrument is the same as that of the actual stack, then it means the
instrument is accurate otherwise stated errors would be introduced in the readings

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Observations & Calculations:
Zero error in Vernier caliper = 0mm

Zero error in Screw gauge = 0 mm

Least Count of Vernier caliper = 0.05mm

Least Count of Screw gauge = 0.01 mm

Sr Vernier Slip Gauge % error Screw Slip Gauge % error

No. Caliper reading Gauge reading
reading (mm) reading (mm)
(mm) (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Discussion Questions:
Why is calibration important?

What are the factors that affect calibration?

3
Comments:
Please write original and critical comments and complete this section
giving due consideration to the actual experiment performed and
proper/relevant literature review.

4
 Lab Session 2
To measure the internal and external taper of variou
variouss shapes/ polygons using bevel protractor
protra
Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to develop an understanding of the bevel protractor,
how to use bevel protractor for measuring internal and external angles of different shapes.

Problem Statement:
Precise measurement of angles is an important factor in workshops and tool rooms. The parts
produced are useless if they are not according to the dimensions provided by the consumer.
Proper care of tools and instruments is required for accurate measurements. It is expected that
after concluding the experiment, you will put down critical and relevant comments to increase
value to the learning experience.

Apparatus:
 Bevel Protractor
 Shapes of different sizes

Theory:
Bevel Protractor:
A graduated semicircular drafting device incorporating an adjustable pivoted arm and used for
measuring and plotting angles.

Figure 2:Bevel Protractor

5
Explanation:
Please complete this section after proper/relevant literature review.
review
and discuss their purpose, working principle,and applications etc. You
are expected to cite the references

Figure 3:Parts of a Bevel Protractor

6
The picture below illustrates a variety of uses of the bevel protractor.

Figure 4:Variety of uses of Bevel Protractor

Procedure:
 Note down the lease count of Bevel protractor.
 Keep the workpiece on a surface plate.
 Adjust workpiece in protractor (p(place one edge or workpiece on the beam and rotate the
blade on the side of a workpiece whose angle is to be measured)
 Tighten the screw of the blade
 Note the reading
 Repeat
epeat the same steps to get other readings for different sides/shapes

7
Observations & Calculations:
Least count of Bevel Protractor= 5 minutes

Sr External angles Internal angles

No (Degree, Minutes) Degree, Minutes)

1
2
3
4
5
6

8
Sr External angles Internal angles
No (Degree, Minutes) Degree, Minutes)

1
2
3
4
5

Sr External angles Internal angles

No (Degree, Minutes) Degree, Minutes)

1
2
3
4

Comments:
Please write original and critical comments and complete this section
giving due consideration to the actual experiment performed and
proper/relevant literature review
review.

9
 Lab Session 3
To measure the small external taper of a given specimen using Sine Bar

Objective:
The main objective of this experiment is to develop an understanding how sine principal can be
used for the measurement of small tapers. The experiment also develops awareness on the use of
dial indicators.

Problem Statement:
Precise measurements of angles are an important factor in workshops and tool rooms. The parts
produced are useless if they are not according to the desired dimensions provided by the
consumer. Proper care of tools and instruments is required for accurate m
measurements.
easurements.

Apparatus:
 Sine bar.
 Dial indicator
 Gauge Blocks.

Theory:
Sine Bar:
A sine bar is used in conjunction with slip gauge blocks for precise angular measurement. A sine
bar is used either to measure an angle very accurately or face locate any work to a given angle.
Sine bars are made from high chromium corrosion resistant steel, and is hardened, precision
ground, and stabilized. [1]

Figure 5: Sine bar apparatus

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Dial Indicator:
A gauge consisting of a circular graduated dial and a pointer actuated by a member that
contacts with the part being calibrated. [2]

Figure 6:Dial gauge Indicator

Explanation:
Please complete this section after proper/relevant literature review.
review
You are expected to discuss the working principle of sine bar and its
variants (sine table and sine plate etc.) along with limitations etc.
etc You
are expected to cite the references

Procedure:
 The component being checked is placed over the surface of a sine bar as shown.
 The slip gauges are placed beneath the other end of the sine bar so as to make the top
surface of the workpiece horizontal.
 A dial gauge is moved over the component length to verify rify if it is horizontal.
horizontal If there is a
variation in position of one end wrt other is indicated by the deflection of the pointer.

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  The variation (if any) between the two end is eliminated by adjusting the height of slip
gauges.

Observations & Calculations

Calculations:

Where, θ = is the angle to be measure

measured

h = height of the slip gauges.

L = Length of the sine bar (between centers) = 254mm

Shape 1:

Figure 7:Workpiece 1

Height of slip gauges = − − − − −mm

Height of slip gauges

Sinθ = = − − − − −mm
Length of the sine bar

θ = Sine inverse ( )

𝛉=

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Shape 2:

Figure 8:Workpiece 2

Height of slip gauges = − − − − −mm

Height of slip gauges

Sinθ = = − − − − −mm
Length of the sine bar

θ = Sine inverse ( )

𝛉=

Comments:
Please write original and critical comments and complete this section
giving due consideration to the actual experiment performed and
proper/relevant literature review
review.

13
 Lab Session 4
Objective:
To determine the apex angle and the maximum diameter of tapered bore of a given specimen
using gauge balls and vernier depth gauge.

Problem Statement:
The physical limitations of certain specimens may make it difficult for traditional instruments to make
measurements directly, thus necessitating the use of trignometric functions for determination of certain
dimensions. A specimen with internal tapered bore presents one such case. The apex angle and diameter
at the upper end are required to be determined.

Apparatus:
 Vernier depth gauge
 Gauge ball set
 Gauge block

Theory:

Figure 9:Measurement of the tapered bore

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 Please complete this section after proper/relevant literature review.
You are expected to include here the relations for the trigonometric
functions involved. You are expected to cite the references.

Figure 10:Standard steel balls

Procedure:
 Place the workpiece on a surface plate surrounded by two gauges blocks of known
dimension as shown in figure 1.
 Select a precision gauge ball of smaller diameter such that when inserted into the tapered
hole it is slightly above the lower surface of the workpiece.
 Making use of the vernier depth gauges, note down the depth from top surface of gauge
block to top of smaller dia ball
 Take out the smaller dia ball.
 Select a precision gauge ball of larger diameter such that when inserted into the tapered
hole its top surface is slightly above the top surface of the workpiece.
 Making use of the vernier depth gauges, note down the depth from top surface of gauge
block to top of larger dia ball
 Making use of the vernier depth gauges, note down the depth from top surface of gauge
block to top of workpiece specimen
 Carryout the required calculations to find the apex angle and the maximum diameter of
the tapered bore.

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Observations & Calculations:
Height of gauge block = __________

Vernier depth gauge reading from top surface of gauge block to top of smaller dia ball = ___________

Vernier depth gauge reading from top surface of gauge block to top of larger dia ball = ____________

Vernier depth gauge reading from top surface of gauge block to top of workpiece specimen = ________

Students are advised to complete this section using the calculations

discussed in lab session.

Comments:
Please write original and critical comments and complete this section
giving due consideration to the actual experiment performed and
proper/relevant literature review.

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