Physical Science
 Shows the DEFERENT (orbit)-
GEOCENTRIC VS HELIOCENTRIC
“Disk floating on water”
- Thales
“Earth is cylinder and its surface is curved”
- Anaximander
HELIOCENTRIC- sun is in the middle
Reasons why some believed that the earth is
in the middle:
 Technology- limitations in information
 Religion
 Popularity- people who are able to
study before are the only ones
believed.
GEOCENTRIC- earth is in the middle
Models:
 Pythagorean Model
 By Pythagoras
 Heavenly bodies move in circle
 “The Music of Spheres”
 Plato’s Saving Appearance
 Supports and adapts Pythagoras’
theory
 All motions are perfectly
circular, ethereal/ perfect
 Motion of heavenly bodies is
from east to west- Retrograde
Motion
 Aristotle’s Model
 Prime Mover- drives the motion
of the planets
 Eudoxus’ Model
 Homocentric Model
 First model of geocentric
mode
 First 5 planets: Mars,
Mercury, Venus, Jupiter,
Saturn
 Made up of 27 spheres (1-
star, 3- moon, 3- sun, 4
per planet)
 Ptolemy’s Model
circular path in which planets
move
 Shows the EPICYCLE (axis)-
circle where planet move
 Proposed the EQUANT- a point
close to the orbit’s center
 Aristarchus’ Model
 First to place the sun at the
center of the universe
 The sun and the stars are fixed
 The earth is revolving around the
sun in a circular orbit
(arrangement of planets are
correct)
 Copernicus’ Model
 Celestial motions are uniform,
infinite and circular
 Planets revolved around the sun
 Earth’s motion explains the
retrograde motions of other
planets
 Earth spins on a circular axis
which accounts for a season
 Keppler Laws of Planetary Motion
 Eclipses
 Sun is off- centered
(focused)
 The orbit of a planet is an
ellipse, with the sun at
one focus
 PERIHILION- point nearest
to the sun
 APHELION- point farthest
from the sun
 Equal Areas
 Planet travels equal areas
in equal amount of time
 Planet travels faster
during perihelion, slower
during aphelion
  Harmonies
 The larger the planet’s
orbit, the longer the
revolution
 The square of the
revolutions of the planets
are directly proportional
to the cubes of their
average distances
 Tycho Brahe’s Model
 Geoheliocentric
 Planets revolving around the sun,
and the sun revolving around the
earth
 He witnessed and recorded 2
supanovae, which opposed
Ptolemy’s idea that the stars
were unchanging
 Galileo’s Astronomical Observations
(Sidereus Nuncius- the starry
messenger)
 Lunar craters
 Phases of Venus
 Moons of Jupiter
 Sunspots
 Supernova
 Apparently same size of the stars
KINEMATICS
(d) Displacement
(a) Acceleration
(v) Velocity
Scalar- refers to magnitude (no. + Unit of
measurement)
Vector- refers to magnitude, unit of
measurement and direction
Distance (d) - How far an object have
travelled, regardless of direction (ex: 43 km)
Displacement (d) - where the object is in
relation to where it came from (ex: 16.28 km,
10.62° NW)
SI Unit: Meter (m)
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Angular Displacement: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Speed (v) - how fast an object is moving. Rate
at which object covers distance.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
v=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Velocity (v) - how fast and which way; the
rate at which position changes
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
v=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
SI Unit: Meter per second (m/s)
Acceleration (a) - increase/ decrease in
velocity. Change in velocity of a moving
object per unit of time.
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
a=
𝑡
SI Unit: Meter per second squared (m/𝑠 2 )
Positive acceleration- 𝑣𝑓 > 𝑣𝑖 (speeds up)
Negative acceleration/ Deceleration- 𝑣𝑖 > 𝑣𝑓
(slows down)
Zero Acceleration- constant distance
LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton- defined force
 Inertia
 In the absence of external
forces, an object at rest remains
at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a
constant
 Mass- quantitative measure of
inertia of a body
 Force- action exerted upon by/
to a body that changes its state
of motion
 The larger the mass of a body,
the more force is needed to
overcome its inertia/ change its
state of motion.
  Acceleration Formulas:
 When a net force acts on an
object, the acceleration of an  𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 − 𝑔𝑡
1
object is directly proportional to  𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
the net force acting on it and 2

inversely proportional to its mass  𝑣 2𝑓 = 𝑣 2 𝑖 − 2𝑔𝑑

1
 Direction of acceleration=  𝑑= (𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 )𝑡
direction of net force 2
 Bigger force= greater Remember:
acceleration
 If an object is merely dropped from an
 Larger mass= smaller
elevated height, then its initial velocity
acceleration
is 0 m/s
 SI Unit for force: 1N = 1 kg m/𝑠 2
 Gravity (g) - the force that pulls PROJECTILE MOTION
object towards each other
 The motion of object in two dimensions
 g = 9.8 m/𝑠 2
 Projectile- an object following
 Air resistance keeps things from
projectile motion
falling equally
 Trajectory- path that a projectile
 Interaction
follows (results in a parabola)
 For every action, there is an
Magnitude Direction
equal and opposite reaction
Horizontal Constant Constant
 Whenever one body exerts a
Vertical Changes Changes
force on a second body, the
Formulas:
second body exerts a force back
on the first that is equal in  Horizontal distance (x)
magnitude but opposite in  𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
direction  Horizontal velocity (𝑣𝑥 )
FREE FALLING OBJECTS  𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖 cos 𝜃
 Vertical distance (y)
 When an object falls under the 1
influence of gravity alone, it is in a  𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
state of free fall  Vertical velocity (𝑣𝑦 )
 Dropped from rest  𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
 Thrown vertically upward
 Thrown upward at an angle to the  Time to reach maximum height (t)
horizontal 𝑣
 𝑡 = 𝑖 sin 𝜃
Accelerating due to gravity 𝑔
 Time of flight (t)
 g is always directed downward, toward 2𝑣𝑖 sin 𝜃
the center if the earth  𝑡=
𝑔
 Ignoring air resistance and assuming g
 Maximum height reach (h)
doesn’t vary with altitude over short
𝑣 2 𝑖 (sin 𝜃)2
vertical distances, free fall is  ℎ=
constantly accelerated motion. 2𝑔
 Horizontal range (R)
𝑣 2 𝑖 [sin(𝜃)2]
 𝑅=
𝑔
MOMENTUM (p)
 The quantity of motion of a
moving body “mass in motion”
 Dependent upon 2 variables-
mass (m) and velocity (v)
 SI Unit: kg m/s
 Formula: p= mv
Impulse
 any change in momentum
 SI Unit: N · s
 Formula: ft (force x time)
f x t = m x v (Impulse unit is equal to
Momentum unit)

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