SAFETY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN ​BASED in ISO 

28001 COAL FOR SECTOR AS STRATEGY FOR 

COMPETITIVENESS 

SECURITY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN ​BASED ON THE ISO 2800 FOR THE COAL 
SECTOR AS A STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESS

Correa Alexander Espinal  one &  Rodrigo Andrés Gómez Montoya  two  
1. Associate Professor School of Engineering Organization, GIMGO Group, 
School of Mines, National University of Colombia 
2. Teaching Industrial Engineering University Corporation Lasallista  alcorrea@unal.edu.co
;  rogomez@lasallista.edu.co  

Received for evaluation: October 1, 2009 / Acceptance: October 4, 2010 / Received final version: October 12, 2010  

SUMMARY  

This article aims to review and analyze the contribution and impact of the supply chain and security, based on the adoption of the international
standard ISO 28001: 2007, as a strategy to improve competitiveness and linking to international markets for Colombian coal. To achieve this goal,
books, reports and articles covering everything from the description of the mining sector in Colombia, through concepts of supply chain and its
structure in the coal sector to analyze the impact of ISO 28001 are reviewed: 2007 the competitiveness of this sector. Once the item development,
you get that security in the supply chain is a strategy that can contribute to the competitiveness of the Colombian mining sector,  

KEYWORDS:   Coal, Colombia, Supply Chain Security ISO 28001: 2007.  

ABSTRACT  

This article seeks to review and analyze the contribution and impact of supply chain and safety, based on the adoption of International Standard ISO
28001: 2007, as a strategy to Improve Competitiveness and linkage to international markets for Colombian coal. To Achieve esta goal, we review books,
reports and articles, covering from the description of the mining industry in Colombia to supply chain concepts and structure in the coal industry to analyze
the impact of ISO 28001: 2007 in the Competitiveness de este sector. Once developed the article, you get That security in the supply chain is a strategy
That Can Contribute to Competitiveness in the Colombian mining industry, but ITS implementation requires the company to structure and coordinate well
the actors and process That make up the chain in Colombia and World.  

KEY WORDS:   Coal, Colombia, Supply Chain, Security, ISO 28001: 2007.  

BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630.   3950 pp   39  
BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630.  

one.  INTRODUCTION  

In the last decade the concept of supply chain has gained importance in the national and international business world because of its
impact on productivity and competitiveness of the productive sectors, since it contributes to the adequate satisfaction of customer
needs through coordination of information, products and money from his actors, which include suppliers, producers, distributors and
consumers. Colombia's mining sector has not been immune to this situation, because approximately since 2002, has increased
volumes of exploration, exploitation and marketing of minerals, especially coal and gold (Cardenas and Queen, 2008). This situation
accompanied by increased domestic and international demand, It leads to the need for companies to coordinate sector and
integrated properly manage relations with the other actors in the supply chain to try to operate productively and competitively. From
the reasons given and the share of coal in the balance of export of Colombia, this article aims to review and analyze the contribution
and impact of the concepts of supply chain and security, based on the adoption of the international standard ISO 28001: 2007 as a
strategy to improve competitiveness and linking to international markets for Colombian coal. In addition, through the article, it is
intended that the academic and business environment related to mining, 

The construction of this document is mainly based on the review and analysis of books, magazines, reports and ISO 28001
international standard, which relate to the supply chain sector. Within the revised authors considered significant, Ballou (2004),
Cardenas and Reina (2008), SIMCO (2008), UPME (2007), among others. Finally, the structure of the article is divided into three
parts: the first, features and generalities of the coal level Colombia industry, focusing structure and export, are reviewed in the
second part, the concepts of supply chain are reviewed in theory and the characteristics of the carbon chain in Colombia. While the
third,  

two.  COAL IN COLOMBIA SECTOR  

In Colombia Mining Information System (SIMCO, 2008a), mining in Colombia, is divided into 34 mining districts located mainly in the
Andean, Caribbean and Pacific region. Within these districts, various minerals, such as coal, gold, nickel, building materials,
emeralds, etc. are presented. For its part, Cardenas and Reina (2008) indicate that the bulk of mining production in Colombia borne
by the subsectors of coal with 51.8% share, followed by nickel with 21.2% gold with 14.6% and materials construction 5.3%.
According to UPME (2007), Colombia's mining sector has been classified by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, in four segments,
which include Artisanal (segment 1), emerging mining (segment 2), capacity mining and exploration risk investment (segment 3), and
large mining (segment 4). Consider that within each segment may be different minerals in Colombia (Correa and Gomez, 2009) and
its characterization is based on factors such as capacity of investment, production, technological development size, among other
factors. 

Among the different minerals present in the districts and segments of mining in Colombia, identified that coal is one of the most
representative, since: 

•   Between 2003 and 2007 coal production increased by 39.72%, from production of 50 million tons to almost 70 million tonnes
(SIMCO, 2008b). 

•   A 2007 accounted for 11.95% of total exports and sales increased by 26.64%, which were reflected in increased exports 13.5%
that year (SIMCO, 2008b).

40  
Security in the supply chain based on ISO 28001 for the coal industry as a strategy for competitiveness Correa & Gómez 

•   Consideration should be given to other minerals such as gold and ferronickel are important in terms of production and exports, coal has
increased participation in these variables. 
Because of the identified importance of coal for the national economy and participation in the country's exports. In this mineral, you
will review and identify in the next paragraphs the components of its supply chain and potential impact of adoption of ISO 28001
security in the supply chain as a strategy for competitiveness in global markets. 

Finally, you can indicate the revised this section, the Colombian mining sector is divided into 34 mining districts, information which in
turn are divided into four segments (artisanal, emerging, investment capacity and risk, and large mining ). Furthermore, such
identified mining districts, there are different types of minerals, such as gold, ferronickel, building materials and coal, among others.
Of those minerals, coal is the most representative for the country-level representation in production and exports as it represents the 

11.95% of the national total to 2007.  

3. SUPPLY CHAIN ​IN COLOMBIA COAL  

Having reviewed the general and importance of the coal industry in Colombian mining, in this paragraph is to identify its supply chain,
process level and actors. To achieve that goal, then the theoretical concepts of existing supply chain in books and scientific journals
are described, and the particular characteristics of the supply chain for the Colombian mining sector are presented below.  

3.1. Supply chain  

The concept of supply chain has gained importance in the last decade in various business sectors (manufacturing, mining, health,
etc.) in Colombia and the world, because comprising networks of facilities, processes and resources that facilitate the supply of
goods and services, processing and distribution of products that will satisfy the needs of customers, including this chain can consider
reverse logistics processes. Because of the importance of this concept, below are some of the definitions (see Figure 1)  

Figure 1.  Supply chain proposed in this study.

41  
BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630. 

From the definitions presented (see Figure 1), identifies the concept of supply chain combines logistics processes, infrastructure,
information, products, money which range from the supply of raw materials or use of services, which are transformed products that
are distributed to customers to meet the demands. 

By the characteristics presented supply chain, this can be applied to companies in different sectors, within which, mining is included,
since this requires a set of inputs, equipment and / or tools which are typically purchased to suppliers. Subsequently, these are used
in the process of exploitation and / or benefit where the mineral, which is usually stored before being distributed to customers which
can be national or international is obtained. 

3.2. Supply chain (productive) in Colombia Carbon 

For the Ministry of Mines and Energy (2003), the carbon chain in Colombia is composed of a group of companies under the
compradorproveedorcomprador relationship based on 4 main links (production, beneficiation and processing, marketing and
consumption) and various related actors suppliers, carriers, government entities, and others that allow to obtain coal to meet market
demand (see Figure 2)  

Figur 2.  Coal Chain in Colombia 

Source: Ministry of Mines and Energy (2003) 

Moreover, UPME (2007), discloses that carbon chain in Colombia, consists of six members covering from mining exploration to the
final uses, including: 

•   Exploration reserves and quality. 

•   Development and exploitation assembly, preparation and production. 

•   Benefit classification and coal washing. 

•   Transformation in coke production and other processes 

•   Transportation from the mine to the benefit site and storage yards. 

•   Transportation, marketing, distribution and uses. 

Then graphically describes the structure of these elabones (see Figure 3).

42  
Security in the supply chain based on ISO 28001 for the coal industry as a strategy for competitiveness Correa & Gómez  

Figur 3.  Coal Chain in Colombia. 

Source: UPME (2007) 

From the definition of the carbon chain by the Ministry of Mines and Energy (see Figure 2) and UPME (see Figure 3) it identifies this
string covers from exploration to consumption and uses which can be at national or international level including exports. As for the
intermediate links, exploitation, profit storage in storage yards and distribution it is identified. Moreover, it is noted that in Colombia,
can produce thermal and metallurgical coal, which involves variations in the chain because the heat is used domestically, while the
metal is usually consumed at national and international level. For the development of the article, the structure of supply chain by
UPME (tabla.3) is selected, as it described in greater detail link in the supply chain that established by the Ministry of Mines and
Energy, which has the same objective but his approach is more general covering both from exploration and exploitation of coal to
distribution to consumer at the national or international market (tabla.2). Comparing the concept of supply chain regarding the
structure of the carbon chain in Colombia, it is observed that the latter considers suppliers as a related player but not as a main link.
Moreover, it is identified that within the carbon chain, the customer or consumer if a direct link. Another aspect to be analyzed and is
not described in the revised information, It is the focus of the coal chain to develop and coordinate information flows, products and
money as a tool for productivity and competitiveness. This observation, of the fact that the approach is perceived business
relationships between companies crawlers more uncoordinated and focused on satisfying customer needs as a parent. According to
UPME (2007), in recent years the coal chain has become the second product of national export after oil and it is estimated that under
the conditions of today's markets, between 2010 and 2015 could exceed oil exports . Regarding coal production in the country, is
identified as the mining districts located in Cesar and Guajira have a national production share 47% and 43%, represented at 34 and
31 million tonnes respectively, data from the Colombian Mining Information System (SIMCO, 2009). These data reveal the
importance of orienting the dissemination of the importance of ISO 28001: 2007 standard related to security in the supply chain.

43  
BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630. 

Moreover, the exportable supply of Colombian Atlantic Coast described in the two mining districts, it may indicate that: a) The
Cerrejón sends about 52% of total exports through Puerto Bolivar, La Loma (Cesar) exported 38 % of total port Ciénaga and La
Jagua de Ibirico (Cesar) 10% held by the ports of Santa Marta. As to thermal coal produced within the country it exported about 1.0
Mt using the ports of Buenaventura in the Pacific and some of Santa Marta (UPME, 2007). 

As noted, the data presented coal is a product with high export volumes and key on the Colombian economy. Therefore, companies
or traders should adopt management measures and security in this link of the chain with him to ensure the satisfaction of customer
demand through a coal quality and delivered in the right conditions. In the particular situation, to ensure safety in marketing in the last
5 years has begun using worldwide ISO 28001: 2007 standard, which establishes a set of requirements aimed at protecting the
assets, resources, people, infrastructure, 

The revised carbon chain in Colombia information, identifies that this is made up of six major, such as a) scanning, b) operation, c)
benefit, d) transformation, transportation from the mine to storage yards links and e) transportation, marketing, distribution and uses.
In addition, it relates to other actors, suppliers, government institutions, education, financial, among others. On the other hand, it was
observed that approximately 70% of the coal produced in the country is exported, which entails to consider its international marketing
and logistical processes associated as critical to ensure the care of customer demand and develop activities safely and properly.  

Four.  SAFETY IN COAL CHAIN ​ISO 28001 BASED STANDARD: 2007  

This clause aims to review and analyze how the ISO 28001: 2007 standard can help establish security in international marketing in
Colombian coal chain. To meet this goal, initially an overview of the standard, for subsequently performing an analysis of the main
requirements and their relation and impact safety in the chain, including aspects developed in the preceding paragraphs are
described.  

4.1. Segur idad and impor tance in the coal sector that expor ta  

Security is defned by ICONTEC (2008) as: "resistance to intentional acts aimed at Quasar damage to the supply chain." For
companies in the carbon chain, security is an element that allows you to operate competitively, efficiently and oriented to meeting
customers' demands, which, may allow economic development of the organization, and even the country . For the reasons exposed
security is a means that should be controlled in the carbon chain, especially with companies that export because this is an economic
sector of the country.  

4.2. Which it is the ISO 28001: 2007 standard  

This standard is definada by ICONTEC (2008) as: "One option for organizations to establish, evaluate and document adequate
security within the chain of international supplies and components, in order to facilitate global trade, but replace safety programs
established by customs organizations ". For its part, the United Nations (2007), describes that this rule helps to improve the
implementation of legal frameworks related to the international supply chain. Regarding this latter term refers to when a chain
crosses an economic or international border.

44  
Security in the supply chain based on ISO 28001 for the coal industry as a strategy for competitiveness Correa & Gómez 

The main outputs and results of the implementation of the requirements of ISO 28001: 2007 standard are: 

•   A statement of the security plan coverage in the supply chain 

•   A safety assessment documenting the vulnerability in the international supply chain, including threats. 

•   Security plan to prevent threats identified 

•   Training plan to implement the security plan (ICONTEC, 2008) 

As seen from the concepts of the ISO 28001: 2007 looks to be established, assess threats and implement training plans to ensure
security in international supply chains. In addition, revised in the preceding paragraphs about Colombia coal chain information, it
identifies that this rule is applicable because this develops export activities. 

In relation to the implementation of security programs in the supply chain in various business sectors, especially manufacturing, you
can get benefits such as: a) reducing theft, b) reduction in excess inventory, c) increase capacity in delivering orders, among others
(Williams, Lueg and LeMay, 2008). Significantly, no success stories identified in books and scientific papers related to the benefits of
implementing the standard in the mining sector. 

Respect to their application in different business sectors no specific scientific proposals are identified, which are reviewed in the
literature are articles that establish the importance of security in the supply chain ISO 28001: 2007 and other programs, which are
They presented as generic programs, definitions and benefits of this approach in the supply chain that can be used in any industry.
Even Helmick (2007) and Williams, Lueg and LeMay (2008) describe the need to develop application cases or proposals to enhance
understanding and facilitate the implementation of security in the supply chain through the ISO 28001: 2007 and other programs to
specific business sectors as mining, flowers, automotive, among others.  

4.3. Impact analysis implementation of ISO 28001: 2007 standard coal chain of Colombia   ISO 28001: 2007 standard
comprises two main requirements for implementation, such as, scope (number 4) and process safety supply chain (number 5)
(ICONTEC, 2008). For assay development, then generally described the components of each numeral and checks which may be
potential impacts and attempts to take in the carbon chain (see Table 1) measures.  

Table 1.  ISO 28001: 2007 Coal Chain. 

Customized cough ISO 28001: 2007 standard  potential impact and tentative steps in the chain of 
(ICONTEC, 2008)  Colombia coal. 
4. appl ication Field 
4. appl ication Field  
4.1 Statement of application: It includes the definition of the limits of the • In this requirement the company or organization of the coal chain
international supply chain that will meet the standard. Also they considered issues defines the limits of the supply chain to submit to the rule. In addition,
related to company information, safety assessment, partners among others. you must declare by writing their names, business partners and details
of the safety assessment. In addition, the mining company must
establish information 

related with  the producers, 

traders, transport operators and customers of coal, as this chain
usually has various actors starting from the mine. 

4.2 Partner: The organization should characterize • The mining company once identified and declares its

Four. Five  
BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630. 

ISO 28001 Requirements: 2007 standard  potential impact and tentative steps in the chain of 
(ICONTEC, 2008)  Colombia coal. 
4. Field of Application actors starting from the mine. 

4.2 Partner: The organization should characterize each of the actors or companies with • The mining company once identified and declares its trading partners (suppliers
which reali za commercial transactions, which had been defined in  and contractors) that contribute to the development of their supply chain should
hold them certi fied safety, unless they are eximinidos by the requirements of
4.1. Each of the partners in the international supply chain should requiring a safety paragraph 
certificate, and must include in its evaluation. 
4.3 and 4.4.
4.3 Certificates and approvals internationally accepted: Includes carrier that meet
international standards covering national security and customs agencies.  • This condition is essential to ensure the security of the supply chain, because
these partners are suppliers to develop processes.
4.4 Partner exempt from the requirement security certificates, which are included in the
requirement 4.3, which complies with ISO 28001 standard or other customs meets
international standards set by the WCO (World Customs Organization)
• The company characterizes each of the actors in the chain of mining coal
supply. Mine (mining, traders, customers and logistics operators (transport and
storage) Keep in mind that in Colombia sometimes coal to export comes from
small mining companies, therefore, management can increase security in
relation to certification required by ISO because they lack entrepreneurial
capacity, logistics management and financial resources. 

4.5 Security Fixes trading partners: This involves making verification of the declared security The mining company must schedule, coordinate and implement a review that
partners. It is noted that the requirements covered  actually the supplier or business partner meets security. Because its
non-compliance can cause security problems which may 
4.3 and 4.4 are exempted. 
loss impact 
economic for the company. In addition, companies in coal mining in Colombia
must establish review strategies that include visits to mines and companies 

related to  the 

coal sales 
5 Security Process Supply Chain 

5.1 General: Organizations that adopt the standard should ensure security of supply • When the mining company decides to implement the standard, these two paragraphs
chain declared, and must be supported by a management system, which should be are based, because it forces you to develop a system gest ion around its international
considered a security plan,  supply chain to market and distribute coal.

what  It includes  the  countermeasures  Y 

Safety procedures.  • The safety assessment for the company of the coal sector, besides being a
5.2 Identification of the scope of safety assessment: This involves identifying activities requirement, is a component that allows the company to determine which part of the
related organization declared (4.1) and consider information systems, documents and supply chain evaluate and establish security plans that enable it to operate and
movements of goods including scope. Evaluation should be regular and the security distribute efficiently and effective.
plan must be updated when appropriate. Must be maintained 
• Depending on the size of the mining company Colombia, its economic capacity and
logistics management, studies should be conducted to identify which parts of the coal
the  supply chain security systems should be established. Colombia becomes important to
documented the results of evaluations implement the standard on-site at risk of theft or damage of coal 

5.3 Conducting the Safety Assessment: This requirement consists of staff and
develop the assessment process.
• In this case staff must possess the skills and knowledge needed for evaluation,
which includes knowing activities in the supply chain and related safety standard.
• Regarding the evaluation process, this is based on establishing, implementing and
maintaining procedures to mitigate threats. For its part, the organization must be
documented and prioritized security threats identified, the processes used to
evaluate, and countermeasures defined
• The implementation of this requirement 5.3, allows the company to develop the coal
industry safety assessment supported in procedures for identifying threats and
mitigation solutions and personnel capabilities dectactarlas and treat them.
• The benefit that can offer this requirement to companies in the coal sector is to
establish a security methodology defined and documented based on prevention, which
potentially can reduce the consequences of the risks, which generally translates into
money and efficiency to meet the customer demand for Colombian coal. 

5.4 Development plan security chain • This plan is based safety chain  

46  
Security in the supply chain based on ISO 28001 for the coal industry as a strategy for competitiveness Correa & Gómez 

evaluating, and countermeasures defined and prioritized 

5.4 Development of the security plan in the supply chain: This is the development and • This plan is the basis of security international supply chain enterprise of coal, because
maintenance of a security plan for the part of supply chain stated in 4.1.  this establishes a documented security measures, including how to follow and check.

The plan must include monitoring and review of the security measures declared • The impact of these requirements is the basis of security in the supply chain because
would take place.  in this stated, and keeps running processes that ensure safe operations and
5.5 Implementation of the security plan: Implementation of the plan, which must be international distribution. For coal mining in Colombia this plan must be aligned with
supported by a management system based on safety processes. the country's security strategies, due to problems of public order or insecurity. 

5.6 Documentation and monitoring the security process in the supply chain: consists
of establishing procedures to document, monitor and measure the performance of the
international supply chain. To run the monitoring and performance measurement
should be performed audits planned. In addition, the organization must engage in
continuous improvement in its supply chain.
• Documentation, monitoring and performance measurement of security in the
international supply chain for the company's coal sector, should be a planned and
responsible activity because audits are a means seeking verify compliance with the
provisions of the plans security permir the company to achieve its efficiency and
performance.

• A reverse impact that may cause the company's coal sector, which do not adequately
monitor the safety management system is inefficient and economic losses that can
lead to customer dissatisfaction. 

5.7 Actions required after a security incident: It consists of making a review of the • When a company the coal industry has implemented the security plan, and incidents
security plan after OCCUR  occur must apply the conditions set out in 5.7. It is the most important to identify the
incident.  real causes and take effective and not superficial measures that may lead to future
Generally, this involves activities that are a) identify causes of incidents and incidents. 
corrective actions, b) determine the effectiveness of measures to resume security,
and c) consider and evaluate determinations regarding the safety evaluation process.

5.8 Protection of information: consists of establishing degree of  • This is a key coal enterprises to adopt the industry standard aspect, because if the
confidential information,  the plans,  information is not protected can be used by third parties to harm the company. In
procedure, measurements, records management system security in the supply chain. addition, you should consider using systems based on information technology to
improve access, protection, recovery.

• Coal companies must establish and implement Information Technology and

Communication (ICT) to improve the management of information in the supply chain 

since  sheet  going  by  the 

marketers to final customers abroad  

Source:  Proposed in this study. 

The comparison analysis and impacts between ISO 28001: 2007 standard with companies in the coal chain of Colombia exporting, it
may indicate that this standard offers a proposal that facilitates and seeks to ensure security in the international supply chain, as part
of the identification and reporting components ensure supply chain, including safety certification from their suppliers or business
partners. Then it proposes the development model security management, based on the identification and assessment of security
threats, then designing, implementing and monitoring and performance of the security plan in the international supply chain in which
they are companies of the coal chain. Finally, The standard establishes the actions to reorganize the system after incidents and
declares associated information management. As for the impacts of ISO 28001: 2007 standard in the coal chain of Colombia, was
identified and analyzed that this can generate profits for companies in this chain engaged exports, because the standard, as
described in the above, it has a structure that part of the definition of the extent or scope of the supply chain to ensure to the
establishment, documentation and maintenance procedures, plans and security measures that seek to ensure efficiency in trade
operations and international distribution coal, and proper care of customer demand, which can generate a competitive advantage for
companies and the country.

47  
BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630. 

Finally, for proper implementation of the ISO 28001: 2007 standard, it is suggested to companies in the coal sector: a) plan and
characterize the supply chain from suppliers, mining, logistics operations storage and transportation, customers and consumers, b)
structuring a management system which should be aligned with company strategy, quality system and other ISO standards have the
organization, as this facilitates implementation, c) establish the security strategy with a focus on collaboration with the various players
in the coal supply chain, including its support in Information Technology Communication and logistics.  

5. CONCLUSIONS  

•   Colombian mining sector is divided into 34 mining districts in which there are different types of minerals, such as gold, ferronickel,
building materials and coal. Of those minerals, coal is the most representative for the country-level representation in production
and exports as representing 11.95% of the national total to 2007. 

•   Development article, it may indicate that the concept of supply chain combines logistics processes, infrastructure, information,
products, money which range from the supply of raw materials or use of services, which are processed into products that are
distributed customers to meet the demands. 
•   The revised carbon chain in Colombia information, identifies that this is made up of six major, such as a) scanning, b) operation, c)
benefit, d) transformation, transportation from the mine to storage yards links and e) transportation, marketing, distribution and
uses. In addition, it relates to other actors, suppliers, government institutions, education, financial, among others. On the other
hand, it was observed that approximately 70% of the coal produced in the country is exported, which entails to consider its
international marketing and logistical processes associated as critical to ensure the care of customer demand and develop
activities safely and properly. 

•   ISO 28001: 2007 looks to be established, assess threats and implement training plans to ensure security in international supply
chains. In addition, revised in the preceding paragraphs about Colombia coal chain information, it identifies that this rule is
applicable because this develops export activities. 

•   ISO 28001: 2007 standard in the coal chain of Colombia, can generate benefits to companies in this chain engaged exports, since
the standard, has a structure and set of requirements that are based on the definition of the scope or field of supply chain to
ensure to the establishment, documentation and maintenance procedures, plans and security measures that seek to ensure
efficiency in the operations of international trade and distribution of coal, and proper care of customer demand, which, you can
create a competitive advantage for companies and the country. 

•   Limitations in its implementation may occur from the need to meet requirements and develop a management system to support its
operation, involving changes and adjustments to the processes of the supply chain organizations. Hence the importance of
adequately characterize its supply chain, aligning security strategy with business planning and develop a collaborative approach. 

•   As future work, the development of a proposed supply chain for the coal sector in Colombia with practices ISO 28001 arises: 2007
based on the SCOR model (Supply Chain Operation Reference) and Information Technology and Communications (ICT) logistics
capabilities improve implementation of this approach productivity and security for mining companies in the country. 

•   Another future work is related to a study of primary information to identify whether coal mining companies are using the ISO 28001: 2007
standard and to what degree, in order to establish the current state of the subject.

48  
Security in the supply chain based on ISO 28001 for the coal industry as a strategy for competitiveness Correa & Gómez  

6.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  

Ballou, R., 2004. Business Logistics Management. Prentice Hall, The United States. 252 P. 

Cardenas, M. and Reina, M., 2008 Mining in Colombia: Socioeconomic Impact and fiscal Fedesarrollo, Colombia. 
pp. 1015. 

Correa, A. and Gomez, R., 2009, Supply Chain for the mining sector as a strategy for competitiveness. 
Earth Sciences Bulletin, No. 25, pp. 93102. 

Cerrejón, 2006. Coal for the world, progress in Colombia [online] .Colombia [citado050909]. Available in 
internet: http://www.icesi.edu.co/sudafrica/pdfs/conferencias/2_presentacion.pdf 

Frazelle, E., 2001. Supply Chain Strategy: The Logistics of Supply Chain Management. McGraw-Hill Professional: The 
United State 5 P. 

Helmick, J., 2007. Port and Maritime Security: A research perspective. Journal of Transportation Security 1 (1), pp. 1528. ICONTEC, 2008.

Management system for safety chain suministroISO 28001. Icontec: Colombia. pp. 140. Mentzer. J., 2004. Fundamentals of Supply Chain

Management: Twelve Drivers of Competitive Advantage. SAGE, The 

United States. 235 P. 

MINISTRY OF MINES and Energy, 2003. Production chain carbon [online] .Colombia [citado180909]. 
Availablein internet: <http://www.minminas.gov.co/minminas/minas.jsp?cargaHome=3&id_categoria=111&id_ subcategoria = 249> 

SIMCO, 2008a. Mining Statistical Yearbook. [Online] .Colombia [citado0160509]. Available online: <http: // 
www.simco.gov.co/Inicio/AnuarioEstadisticoMinero/tabid/166/Default.aspx> 

SIMCO, 2008b. Statistical Bulletin Mines and Energy 20032008. [online] .Colombia [citado160909]. Available in 
internet: <http://www.simco.gov.co/simco/Inicio/ConsultasEstadísticas/CE1/tabid/158/Default.aspx> Planning Unit MINING

ENERGY (UPME), 2007. National Mining Development Planning 

2007 2010 public management to promote mining [online] .Colombia [citado0160509]. Available on the Internet:
<http://www.simco.gov.co/Default.aspx?tabid=117> 

ENERGY MINER planning unit (UPME), 2007. Coal Chain [online]. Colombia, [citado100909]. Available on

the Internet: <http://www.upme.gov.co/Docs/Cadena_carbon.pdf> 

United Nations, 2008. Maritime transport in 2007. United Nations: Switzerland, 107 P. 

Williams, Z., Lueg, J. and LeMay, S., 2008. Supply chain security: an overview and research agenda. The International 
Journal of Logistics Management 19 (2), pp. 254281.

49  
BULLETIN SCIENCES TIERRA Number 28, June November 2010, Medellin, ISSN 0120 3630.

fifty