FISIKA DASAR II

Oleh:
Yuan Alfinsyah Sihombing, S.Pd., M.Sc

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

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 Alternating Current Circuits

An AC circuit consists of circuit elements and a power source that

provides an alternating voltage ∆𝑣. This time-varying voltage is
described by:
∆𝑣 = ∆𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
where ∆𝑉max is the maximum output voltage of the AC source, or
the voltage amplitude. There are various possibilities for AC
sources, including generators, and electrical oscillators. In a
home, each electrical outlet serves as an AC source.

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Resistors in an AC Circuit
Consider a simple AC circuit consisting of a resistor and an AC
source, as shown in Figure. At any instant, the algebraic sum of
the voltages around a closed loop in a circuit must be zero
(Kirchhoff’s loop rule). Therefore, ∆𝑣 + ∆𝑣𝑅 = 0, so that the
magnitude of the source voltage equals the magnitude of the
voltage across the resistor:
∆𝑣 = ∆𝑣𝑅 = ∆𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
where ∆𝑣𝑅 is the instantaneous voltage across the resistor.
Therefore, the instantaneous current in the resistor is

∆𝑣𝑅 ∆𝑉max
𝑖𝑅 = = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
= 𝐼max sin 𝜔𝑡
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Quiz

Consider the voltage phasor in Figure below, shown at three

instants of time. Choose the part of the figure that represents the
instant of time at which the instantaneous value of the voltage
has the largest and the smallest magnitude.

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What is of importance in an AC circuit is an average value of
current, referred to as the rms current. The notation rms stands
for root-mean-square, which in this case means the square root
of the mean (average) value of the square of the current: 𝐼rms =
𝑖 2 . Because 𝑖 2 varies as sin2 𝜔𝑡 and because the average value
1 2 𝐼
of 𝑖 2 is 𝐼max the rms current is: 𝐼rms = max
2 2
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Example

The voltage output of an AC source is given by the expression

Δ𝑣 = 200 V sin ω𝑡. Find the rms current in the circuit when
this source is connected to a 100 Ω resistor.

Solution

Δ𝑉max 200 V
Δ𝑉rms = = = 141 V
2 2
Δ𝑉rms 141
𝐼rms = = = 1.41 A
𝑅 100

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Inductors in an AC Circuit
Consider an AC circuit consisting only of an inductor connected
to the terminals of an AC source, as shown in Figure. If Δ𝑣𝐿 =
𝑑𝑖
𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿 is the self-induced instantaneous voltage across
𝑑𝑡
the inductor. Then Kirchhoff’s loop rule applied to this circuit
gives ∆𝑣 + ∆𝑣𝐿 = 0, or
𝑑𝑖
Δ𝑣 = 𝐿 = Δ𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Δ𝑣max
𝑑𝑖 = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐿

∆𝑉max
𝑖𝐿 = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
∆𝑉max
=− cos 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿 8
When we use the trigonometric identity cos 𝜔𝑡 = − sin 𝜔𝑡 −

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Example

In a purely inductive AC circuit L = 25.0 mH and the rms voltage is

150 V. Calculate the inductive reactance and rms current in the
circuit if the frequency is 60.0 Hz.

Solution

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋 60 25 × 10−3 = 9.42 Ω

Δ𝑉𝐿,rms 150
𝐼rms = = = 15.9 A
𝑋𝐿 9.42

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 Capacitors in an AC Circuit

Consider an AC circuit consisting only of a capacictor connected

to the terminals of an AC source, as shown in Figure. Then
Kirchhoff’s loop rule applied to this circuit gives ∆𝑣 + ∆𝑣𝐿 = 0, or
Δ𝑣 = Δ𝑣𝐶 = Δ𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
where Δ𝑣𝐶 is the instantaneous voltage across the capacitor. We
know from the definition of capacitance that 𝐶 = 𝑞/Δ𝑣𝐶 ; hence,
𝑞 = 𝐶Δ𝑣𝐶 = 𝐶Δ𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡

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 𝑑𝑞
𝑖𝐶 = = 𝜔𝐶Δ𝑉max cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝜋
Using the trigonometric identity cos 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2 , we
can express
𝜋
𝑖𝐶 = 𝜔𝐶∆𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡 +
2
Comparing this result with instantaneous voltage, we see that
𝜋
the current is rad = 90° out of phase with the voltage
2
across the capacitor.
∆𝑉max
𝐼max = 𝜔𝐶∆𝑉max =
𝑋𝐶
With 𝑋𝐶 is capactive reactance.

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Example

An 8.00 µF capacitor is connected to the terminals of a 60.0-Hz

AC source whose rms voltage is 150 V. Find the capacitive
reactance and the rms current in the circuit.

Solution

1 1
𝑋𝐿 = = −6
= 332 Ω
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋 60 8 × 10
Δ𝑉𝐶,rms 150
𝐼rms = = = 0.452 A
𝑋𝐶 332

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 The RLC Series Circuit
Figure below shows a circuit that contains a resistor, an inductor,
and a capacitor connected in series across an alternating voltage
source. As before, we assume that the applied voltage varies
sinusoidally with time. It is convenient to assume that the
instantaneous applied voltage is given by
Δ𝑣 = Δ𝑉max sin 𝜔𝑡
while the current varies as
𝑖 = 𝐼max sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙
where 𝜙 is some phase angle between the current and the
applied voltage.

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First, we note that because the elements are in series,
the current everywhere in the circuit must be the same at
any instant. That is, the current at all points in a series AC
circuit has the same amplitude and phase. Based on the
preceding sections, we know that the voltage across each
element has a different amplitude and phase. In
particular, the voltage across the resistor is in phase with
the current, the voltage across the inductor leads the
current by 90°, and the voltage across the capacitor lags
behind the current by 90°. Using these phase
relationships, we can express the instantaneous voltages
across the three circuit elements as
Δ𝑣𝑅 = 𝐼max 𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡 = Δ𝑉𝑅 sin 𝜔𝑡
Δ𝑣𝐿 = 𝐼max 𝑋𝐿 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋/2 = Δ𝑉𝐿 cos 𝜔𝑡
Δ𝑣𝐶 = 𝐼max 𝑋𝐶 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜋/2 = −Δ𝑉𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑡
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In figure before, we see that
Δ𝑉max = Δ𝑉𝑅2 + Δ𝑉𝐿− Δ𝑉𝐶 2

= 𝐼max 𝑅 2 + 𝐼max 𝑋𝐿 − 𝐼max 𝑋𝐶 2

= 𝐼max 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2
The denominator of the fraction plays the role of resistance
and is called the impedance Z of the circuit:
𝑍 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2
where impedance also has units of ohms. Therefore, we can
write this Equation in the form
Δ𝑉max = 𝐼max 𝑍
By removing the common factor 𝐼max from each phasor, we
can construct the impedance triangle. From this phasor
diagram we find that the phase angle - between the current
and the voltage is
−1
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
𝜙 = tan
𝑅 19
Example

In a series RLC circuit, the applied voltage has a maximum value

of 120 V and oscillates at a frequency of 60.0 Hz. The circuit
contains an inductor whose inductance can be varied, a 200 Ω
resistor, and a 4.00 µF capacitor. What value of L should an
engineer analyzing the circuit choose such that the voltage
across the capacitor lags the applied voltage by 30.0°?

Solution

The phase relationships for the voltages

across the elements are shown in Figure.
From the figure we see that the phase angle
is 𝜙 = −60.0°. We find that
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 + 𝑅 tan 𝜙
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 1
2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = + 𝑅 tan 𝜙
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1 1
𝐿= + 𝑅 tan 𝜙
2𝜋𝑓 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
Substituting the given values into the equation gives 𝐿 =
0.84 H.

Exercise

A series RLC AC circuit has 𝑅 = 425 Ω, 𝐿 = 1.25 H, 𝐶 =

3.50 𝜇F, ω = 377 rad/s, and Δ𝑉max = 150 𝑉.
a. Determine the inductive reactance, the capacitive
reactance, and the impedance of the circuit.
b. Find the maximum current in the circuit.
c. Find the phase angle between the current and voltage.
d. Find both the maximum voltage and the instantaneous
voltage across each element. 21
TERIMAKASIH

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