S.K.P.

Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai III SEM

SKP Engineering College

Tiruvannamalai – 606611

Department Of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Question Bank on
EE 8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

2018

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Unit I Introduction

Part - A Questions & Answers

1. What are the basic types of rotating electric machines? [May/June 2013]
i) D.C machines ii) Induction machines iii) Synchronous machines.

2. Draw the typical magnetization curve of ferromagnetic material.[ May/June

2013) saturation
C
knee
Flux
densityB(Wb/m2)
A In step

Field strength H (AT/m)

3. Define MMF and EMF. [Nov/Dec 2014]

An electrical effort required to drift the free electrons in one particular direction to constitute a
current is called electromotive force (EMF).

The driving force in a magnetic circuit which causes the production of flux in a magnetic circuit
is called magnetomotive force (MMF). It is the product of number of turns of the magnetizing
coil (N) and current (I) passing through it.

4. what is meant by dynamically induced EMF?[ Nov/Dec2014, May/June 2010]

An induced emf is produced by the movement of the conductor in a magnetic field. thisemf is
called dynamically induced emf.

5. What are quasi-static fields? [May/June2014,Nov/Dec2015 Nov/Dec2015, May/June 2015]

A magneto quasi static field is a class of electromagnetic field in which slowly oscillating
magnetic field is dominant.
6. Define magnetic reluctance. [May/June 2014, May/June 2015]
Magnetic reluctance is a concept used in the analysis of magnetic circuits. It is analogous to
resistance in an electrical circuit,but rather than dissipating electric energy it stores magnetic
energy.
7. Name the main magnetic quantities with their symbols having the following units :
Webers, Tesla, AT/Wb, H/m [Nov/Dec 2015]
Webers- Wb, tesla- T, AT/Wb- ampere turns/webers.

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8. How will you minimize hysteresis and eddy current losses? [Nov/Dec 2015]
The hysteresis loss is minimized by selecting material with small hysteresis loop area while eddy
current loss is minimized by using laminated construction.
9. Define stacking factor. [Nov/Dec 2015]
Magnetic cores are made up of thin, lightly insulated laminations to reduce the eddy current loss.
As a result, the net cross sectional area of the core occupied by the magnetic material is less than
its gross cross section; their ratio being is called the stacking factor. The stacking value is
normally less than one .its value vary from 0.5 to
0.95 .the stacking factor value is also reaches to one as the lamination thickness increases.

10. Whatis meant by statically induced EMF? [May/June 2015]

Conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving or changing the induced emf iscalled
stationary induced emf.

11. Mention the materials suitable for fabrication of permanent magnets. [May/June 2015]
Iron, cobalt, nickel.

12. Give the analogy between electric circuit and magnetic circuit. [NOV/DEC2010]
Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit
Path traced by the current is called electric Path traced by the magnetic flux is defined as
circuit. magnetic circuit.
E.M.F is the driving force in electric circuit, M.M.F is the driving force in the magnetic
the unit is volts. circuit, the unit of which is ampere turns.
The flow of electrons decides the current The number of magnetic lines of force
in conductor. decides the flux.

13. Distinguish between statically and dynamically induced electromotive force.

[NOV/DEC2010]
Conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is moving or changing the induced emf iscalled
stationary induced emf.
An induced emf is produced by the movement of the conductor in a magnetic field. thisemf is
called dynamically induced emf.

14. Define torque? [May/June 2010]

A turning or a twisting force about an axis is defined as torque.

15. State Ampere‟s Law. [May/June 2016]

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is propotional to the electrical current
which serves as its source.

16. Define Leakage Flux. [May/June 2016]

The flux does not follow desired path in a magnetic circuit is called leakage flux.

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Part – B Questions

1. Draw and explain the typical magnetic circuit with air-gap and its equivalent electric circuit.
Hence derive the expression for air-gap flux. [May/June 2013]
2. The magnetic circuit has dimensions:Ac=4*4 cm2, Ig=0.06 cm, Ic=40 cm and N=600 turns.
Assume the value of µr=6000for iron. Find the exciting current for Bc= 1.2 T and the
corresponding flux and flux linkages. [May/June 2013]

3. Compare electric and magnetic circuit by their similarities and dissimilarities. [Nov/Dec2014,
May/June 2015]

4. Compare statically and dynamically induced EMF by their similarities and dissimilarities.
[CO1-H1-Nov/Dec2014, May/June 2014,NOV/DEC2015]
Statically And Dynamically Induced Emf.

5. Discuss AC operation of magnetic circuits. [CO1-H2-Nov/Dec 2014, May/June 2014]

6. Derive an expression for an energy density in a magnetic circuits. [CO1-H3- Nov/Dec 2015,
May/June 2015, May/June 2010]
ENERGY STORED IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD:

7. Explain the power losses that occur in a magnetic material when it undergoes cyclic-
magnetization.[CO1Nov/Dec 2015,May/June 2015,May/June2010,May/June 2016]
8. State properties of magnetic material suitable for fabrication permanent magnet and
electromagnet. [CO1-H3- May/June 2015, May/June 2016]

9. Define inductance of a coil. [CO1-H3-Nov/Dec 2010]

10. Define permeability of a magnetic material and the factors on which it depends.[
Nov/Dec2010]

11. Discuss the detail the following: i) B-H relationship ii) leakage flux iii) fringing

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Unit II Transformers

Part - A Questions & Answers

1. What are the losses in a transformer? [May/June 2013]
i) Hysteresis losses ii) Eddy current losses iii) copper losses.

2. List out any four three phase transformer connections. [May/June 2013]
i) star-star ii) star-delta iii) delta-star iv) delta-delta.

3. What happens if DC supply is applied to the transformer? [Nov/Dec 2014, Nov/Dec2015]

If d.c. supply is given, the current will not change due to constant supply hence mutual induction
is not possible and transformer will not work. The resistance of primary winding is very small
and inductive reactance is zero for d.c. Hence primary will draw very high current for d.c. supply
which may cause damage to the transformer due to extra heat generated.This may cause
saturation of the core.Henced.c. supply is not applied to the transformers.

4. What are the lossesin the transformer? And how those losses are minimized?
[Nov/Dec2014]
i) Hysteresis losses ii) Eddy current losses iii) copper losses.
The hysteresis loss is minimized by selecting material with small hysteresis loop area
while eddy current loss is minimized by using laminated construction.

5. Differentiate between a core and shell type transformer. [May/June 2014]

Core Type Shell Type
The winding encircles the core. The core encircles most part of the
windings.
The cylindrical type of coil are used. Generally , multilayer disc type or sandwich
coils are used.
It has a single magnetic circuit. it has a double magnetic circuit.

6. What is the basic purpose of tertiary winding? [May/June 2014, APRIL/MAY 2015]

i) It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to unbalancing in three phase load.
ii) It redistributes the flow of fault current.

7. What are the no load losses in a two winding transformer and state the reasons for such
losses. [Nov/Dec2015]
The primary current in the transformer under no load condition has to supply iron losses which
includes hysteresis and eddy current losses and small primary copper losses due to the primary
winding resistance.The hysteresis losses due to the cyclic magnetisation of the core due to
alternating current through it while the eddy current losses are due to induced e.m.f in the core
material.

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8. Mention the conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of two winding transformers.
[NOV/DEC2015, NOV/DEC2010, May/June 2010]
i) The supply system voltage and frequency must suit the primary windings of the
transformers.
ii) The voltage ratios of primaries and secondaries of the transformers must be
same.
iii) The transformers that are connected must have same polarity. In case of
three phase transformers the transformers should have same angular displacement and same
phase sequence.

9. Why transformer rating is in KVA? [Nov/Dec2015]

The copper loss (I2R) in the transformer depends on the current „I‟ through the winding while the
iron or core loss depends on the voltage „V‟ as frequency of operation is constant. None of these
losses depend on the power factor (cosϕ) of the load. Therating of the transformer is specified as a
product of these two parameters V*I. Thus the transformer rating is in KVA and not in KW.

10. Define regulation of a transformer. [May/June 2015]

When a transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage, the secondary voltagedecreases
for lagging PF load, and increases for leading PF load because of its internal resistance and
leakage reactance. The change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load expressed
as a percentage of no load or full load voltage is termed as regulation.
%regulation =E2-V2/E2 *100
V2>E2 for leading p.f load
V2<E2 for lagging p.f load
11. State the advantages and applications of auto transformer. [May/June 2015, May/June
2015]
Advantages:
i) Copper required is very less.
ii)The efficiency is higher compared to two winding transformer. iii)The
size and hence cost is less compared to two winding transformer.
Application:
i) For safely starting the machines like induction motors, synchronous motors i.e, as a stator.
ii) To give a small boost to a distribution cable to compensate for a voltage drop i.e, as a booster.

12. What are the no load losses in a two winding transformer and state the reasons for such
losses. [Nov/Dec2010]
The primary current in the transformer under no load condition has to supply iron losses which
includes hysteresis and eddy current losses and small primary copper losses due to the primary
winding resistance. The hysteresis losses are due to the cyclic magnetisation of the core due to
alternating current through it while the eddy current losses are due to induced e.m.f in the core
material.
13. Give the principle of transformers. [May/June 2010]
The principle of mutual induction states that when two coils are inductively coupled and if
current in one coil is changed uniformly then an e.m.f gets induced in the other coil. This e.m.f
can drive a current, when a closed path is provided to it. The transformer works on the same
priniciple.

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14. Define all day efficiency of a transformer. [May/June 2016]
In distribution transformers, the energy output is calculated in (KWh) and energy spent
in supplying the various losses is also determined in (KWh) over its operation for a day. Then
ratio of total energy output to total energy input (output+losses) over a day is calculated. Such
ratio is called energy efficiency or all day efficiency of a transformer.
output energy in kwh during a day
% All day ɳ= * 100
Input energy in kwh during a day

15. What is inrush current in atransformer? [May/June 2016]

When electrical system is turned on, a large current flows that exceeds the steady-state current
value. This current is called an inrush current.

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Part – B Questions

1. Explain the constructional details and working of core type and shell type transformers with
neat sketches. [May/June 2013]
2. Obtain the equivalent circuit of 200/400 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer from the following test
data:
O.C.test: 200V, 0.7A, 70W - on L.V side
S.C test: 15V, 10A, 85W -on H.V side.

Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5KW at 0.8p.f.lagging,the primary voltage
being 200V[May/June 2013]

3. Explain operation of a transformer with necessary vector diagrams: i) on no load and ii) on
load with unity pf, lagging and leading pf. [Nov/Dec2014]

4. Derive an expression for saving of copper when an auto transformer is used [Nov/Dec 2014,
Nov/Dec 2015, May/June 2010]

5. A balanced 3phase load of 150kw at 1000v,0.866 lagging power factor is supplied from
2000v,3phase mains through single phase transformers(assumed to be ideal) connected in
(i)delta-delta (ii) vee-vee.Find the current in the winding of each transformer and the power
factor at which they operate in each case.Explain your calculations with circuit and vector
diagrams. [CO2-H3- Nov/Dec 2012]

6. Explain the priniciple of operation of a transformer. [May/June 2014, Nov/Dec2015, May/June

2015]

7. Enumerate the principle of an ideal transformer. [Nov/Dec 2012]

8. Derive emf equation of transformer. [May/June 2014]

9.A tranformer has a primary winding of 800turns and a secondary winding of 200turns.when the
load current on the secondary is 80a at 0.8 power factor lagging,the primary current is 25a at
0.707 power factor lagging.Determine graphically or otherwise the no load current of the
transformer and its phase with respect to the voltage. [May/June 2013]

10.Derive an expression for maximum efficiency of a transformer.[ May/June 2014, May/June

2015]

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11.A 50KVA, 400/220-V transformer has R1=3.45Ω R2=0.009Ω the values of reactance are
X1=5.2Ω and X2=0.015Ω.calculate for the transformer(i)Equivalent resistance as referred to
primary (ii)Equivalent resistance as referred to secondary (iii) Equivalent reactance as referred to
both primary and secondary (iv)Equivalent impedance as referred to both primary and
secondary(v)Total cu loss,first using individual resistance of the two winding and secondly,using
equivalent resistance as referred to each side. [May/June 2010]

12.A 20KVA,440/220 V, 1-ᶲ,50HZ transformer has iorn loss of 324V. The cu loss is found to be
100W when delivering half-full load current.determine (i)efficiency when delivering full load
current at 0.8 lagging p.f and (ii)the percent of full load when efficency will be maximum.
[Nov/Dec 2014]

13.A 5KVA,2200/220 v,single phase transformer has the following parameters Hv side:
R1=3.4ohms X1=7.2ohms
Lv side: R2=0.028ohms X2=0.060ohms
transformer is made to deliver rated current at 0.8lagging p.f to a load connected on the LV
side.If the load voltage is 220v.Calculate the terminal voltage on H.V side. [May/June 2013]

14.A 25KVA 1-phase transformer,2,200volts to 220volts,has primary resistance of

0.1 ohm and secondary resistance of 0.01 ohm.Find the equivalent secondary resistance and the
full load efficency at 0.8 P.F. If the iron loss of the transformer is 80% of the full load cu loss.
Define “voltage regulation” of a two winding transformer and explain its signification. [CO2-H2-
Nov/Dec2010]
15.Explain the reasons for „tap changing‟ in transformers. State on which winding
the taps are provided and why? [NOV/DEC2010]

16.With a circuit how to obtain equivalent circuit by conducting O.C &S.C test in asingle phase
transformer? [APRIL/MAY 2010,MAY/JUNE 2016]

17.Explian the various three phase transformer connection and parallel operation of three phase
transformer.[ May/June 2016]

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Unit III Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Part - A Questions & Answers

1. What do you mean by co-energy?[ May/June 2013, May/June 2014,

Nov/Dec2015,MAY/JUNE 2016]
The field energy is a function of two variables λ and x, given by W f=Wf(λ,x)=Wf(I,x). The field
energy is the area between the λ-axis and i-λ curve as shown. Then the complementary area of
the i-λ rectangle is called co-energy given by,
W f‟(i,x)=iλ-W f(λ,x)

2. Give examples for multiple excitation systems.[ May/June 2013]

A magnetic field system in which more thatone windings are excited by an external source to
produce magnetic fields is called multiply excited magnetic field system. The examples are
alternators, synchronous motors, d.c. shunt motors etc.

3. Define field energy.[ Nov/Dec 2014]

The relationship i-λ or f-ϕ is basically nonlinear for a magneticcircuit,similar to the B-H
relationship.

4. Draw the general block diagram of lectromechanical energy conversion device.

[ Nov/Dec 2014]
Mechanical system Electrical system
Input device Input device

Coupling medium Coupling medium

magneticfield magneticfield

Output device

Electrical system Output device

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5. What do all practical energy conversion devices make use of the magnetic fields as a
coupling medium rather than electric fields?[ May/June 2014, May/June 2015]
i) The magnetic field is most suited for practical devices.
ii) The energy store in capacity of magnetic field is much higher than that of electrical field.

6. What are the requirements of the excitation systems?[ Nov/Dec 2015] The main
requirement of an excitation system is reliability under all conditions of service, a simplicity
of control, ease of maintenance, stability and fast transient response.

7. What do you meant by SPP?What is its significant?[Nov/Dec 2015]

SPP =Slots/Pole/Phase

of armature surface and relusts in better cooling of windings.

8. Draw the power flow diagram for motor and generator operation.
[May/June 2015, Nov/Dec 2010]

Heat due to coupling field losses

Mechanical losses electrical losses

Mechanical Coupling Electrical

system field system
providing input providing
output

9. In a magnetic circuit with a small air gap, in which part the maximum energy is stored
and why?[May/June 2015, Nov/Dec 2010]
In a magnetic field with a small air gap, the maximum energy is stored in the air gap.The
reluctance of the air gap is much larger than the other parts hence the major part of
m.m.f is required overcome the air gap reluctance due to which most of the magnetic energy is
stored in the air gap.

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10. Write the equation, which relates rotor speed in electrical and mechanical
radian/second.[ May/June 2015]
m

11. In a linear system prove that field energy and co-energy are equal.
[May/June 2010]
The leakage inductance is negligible.
There is no energy loss in the magnetic core. The reluctance of the iron path is neglected as
negligible.

12. Write an expression for the stored energy in magnetic field.[May/June 2010]
dWe=dWf

13. What is meant by winding inductance?[ May/June 2016]

Accoding to lenz‟s law the direction of induced e.m.f is always such that it opposes the
change in current that created it.

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Part – B Questions

1. Derive an expression for the magnetic force developed in a multiply-excited magnetic

systems.[ May/June 2013, Nov/Dec 2014, May/June 2014,Nov/Dec 2015, May/June 2015,
May/June 2010, May/June 2016]

2. Deduce an expression for the Magnetic energy stored in a singly excited electromagnetic relay.
[Nov/Dec2014, May/June 2014, Nov/Dec 2015, May/June 2016,Nov/Dec 2010, May/June
2010].

3. Enumerate the concept of Flow of Energy in Electromechanical Devices.[ Nov/Dec 2015]

4. In the electromagnetic relay

L11=K1/x,L22=K2/x,L12=K3/x
Find the expression for the force on the armature , if

i1=11 sinω1t,i2=I2 sin ω2t

Write an expression for the average force.For what relationship between ω1and ω2,the average
force is (1) maximum (2) minimum.[ May/June 2013]

5. Explain the details of MMF disturbance AC synchronous machine and drive equation of
fundamental MMF? [April/May 2017]
6. Explain about the magnetic field in rotating machines . [Nov/Dem 2016]
7. Drive the torque equation of a round rotor machines. And clearly mede assumption[April/May 2015]

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Unit IV D.C.Generators

Part - A Questions & Answers

1. What is prime mover? [May/June 2010]

The basic source of mechanical power which drives the armature of the generator is called
prime mover.

2. Give the materials used in machine manufacturing? [May/June 2012]

There are three main materials used in m/c manufacturing they are steel to conduct magnetic flux
copper to conduct electric current insulation.

3. What are factors on which hysteresis loss? [Nov/Dec/2014]

It depends on magnetic flux density, frequency & volume of the material.

4. What is core loss? What is its significance in electric machines? [May/June 2013]
When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization, two kinds of power losses occur on
it. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called as core loss. It is important in determining
heating, temperature rise, rating & efficiency of transformers, machines & other A.C run
magnetic devices.

5. What is eddy current loss? [May/June 2013]

When a magnetic core carries a time varying flux, voltages are induced in all possible path
enclosing flux. Resulting is the production of circulating flux in core. These circulating current
do no useful work are known as eddy current and have power loss known as eddy current loss.

6. How hysteresis and eddy current losses are minimized? [Nov/Dec 2015]
Hysteresis loss can be minimized by selecting materials for core such as silicon steel & steel
alloys with low hysteresis co-efficient and electrical resistivity. Eddy current losses are
minimized by laminating the core.

7. State Fleming‟s left hand rule? [Nov/Dec 2015]

The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers are mutually
perpendicular to each other, then forefinger-field thumb-motion middle -current.

8.Write down the emf equation for d.c.generator? [Nov/Dec 2012]

E= (ФNZ/60) (P/A) V. p--->no of poles Z--->Total no of conductorФ--->flux per pole, N---
>speed in rpm.

9.Why the armature core in d.c machines is constructed with laminated steel sheets instead
of solid steel sheets?
Lamination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets provide low reluctance path to
magnetic field.
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10.Why commutator is employed in d.c.machines? [Nov/Dec 2012] Conduct electricity

between rotating armature and fixed brushes, convert alternating emf into unidirectional emf
(mechanical rectifier).

11.Distinguish between shunt and series field coil construction?

Shunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more no of turns. Series field
coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less no of turns.

12.How does D.C. motor differ from D.C. generator in construction? [May/June 2010]
Generators are normally placed in closed room and accessed by skilled operators only.
Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large opening in the frame.
Motors have to be installed right in the place of use which may have dust, dampness,
inflammable gases, chemicals….etc. to protect the motors against these elements, the motor
frames are made either partially closed or totally closed or flame proof.

13.Under What circumstances does a dc shunt generator fails to generate? [May/June

2013]
Absence of residual flux, initial flux setup by field may be opposite in direction to
residual flux, shunt field circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field
resistance; load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.

14.Define critical field resistance of dc shunt generator. [Nov/Dec 2014] Critical field
resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit which will cause the shunt generator
just to build up its emf at a specified field.

15.Why is the emf not zero when the field current is reduced to zero in dc generator? Even
after the field current is reduced to zero, the machine is left out with some flux as residue
so emf is available due to residual flux.

16.On what occasion dc generator may not have residual flux? [May/June 2015]
The generator may be put for its operation after its construction, in previous operation; the
generator would have been fully demagnetized.

17.What are the conditions to be fulfilled by for a dc shunt generator to build back emf?
The generator should have residual flux, the field winding should be connected in such a manner
that the flux setup by field in same direction as residual flux, the field resistance should be less
than critical field resistance, load circuit resistance should be above critical resistance.

18.What is the function of carbon brush used in dc generators? [May/June 2013]

The function of the carbon brush is to collect current from commutator and supply to external
load circuit and to load.

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19.What is the difference between lap winding and wave winding of a DC Machine?
[May/June 2014,Nov/Dec 2015]

S.NO Lap Winding Wave Winding

1. Number of Parallel Path(A)=Poles(P) Number of Parallel Path(A)=2

2. Number of brush sets required is equal to Number of brush sets required is

number of poles always equal to two.

3. Preferable for high current, low Preferable for high voltage, low current
voltage capacity generators. capacity generators.

4. Normally used for generators of Normally used for generators of

capacity more than 500 A. capacity less than 500 A.

20.Define Armature Reaction. [CO4-L3-May/June 2014]

The interaction between main flux and armature flux cause disturbances called
armature reaction.As a result of this cross magnetizing and demagnetizing effect arises.

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Part – B Questions

1. Explain the concept of armature reaction in detail. [Nov/Dec 2015]

2. Describe briefly the different methods of excitation and characteristics of a DC generators

with suitable diagrams. [Nov/Dec 2015]

3. Derive the expression for the EMF equation of DC generator. [Nov/Dec 2015]

4. Show the condition for maximum efficiency of the DC generator: [Nov/Dec 2012]

5. With neat sketch explain the construction and principle of operation of dc generator:
[May/June 2013]

6. Enumerate the concept of Commutation in detail. [Nov/Dec 2015]

7.A 4pole lap wound, d.c generator has a useful flux of 0.07wb per pole.calculated the generator
e.m.f when it is rotatedat a speed of 900rpm with the help of prime mover.Armature consists of
440 number of conductors.Also calculate the generaoted e.m.f if lap wound armature is replaced
by wave wound armature.[May/June 2015]

8. Two seperately excited D.C generator are connected in parallel and supply a load of 200a.the
machine have armature circuit resistance of 0.05ohm, 0.1ohm and induced emf of 425v and
440v respectively.Determine the terminal voltage, current and power output of each
machine.The effect of armature reaction is to be neglected. [May/June 2011]

9. A 4 pole dc machine has a lap connected armature having 60 slots with 8 conductors per slot.
The flux per pole is 30mwb. If the armature is rotaed at 1000rpm find the emf avaliable across
the armature terminals. [May/June 2013]

10. Two shunt generator operating in parallel deliver a total current 250a.one of the machine is
rated 50kw and the other 100kw.the voltage rating of both machine is 500v and have regulatons
6% and 4%. Assuming linear characteristics determine 1) the curent delivered be each machine
and 2) terminal voltage. [May/June 2015]

11. Discuss the performance characteristics of different types of DC generators and explain
them. [May/June 2015]

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Unit V D.C.MOTORS

Part - A Questions & Answers

1. Define back emf in d.c. motor. [May/June 2014]

As the motor armature rotates, the system of conductor come across alternate north and South
Pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The direction the emf induced in
the conductor is in opposite to current. As this emf always opposes the flow of current in
motor operation it is called as back emf.

2. List the application of various types of DC motor. [May/June 2013] SHUNT MOTOR:
Blowers and fans, centrifugal pumps, lathe machines and machine tools etc. SERIES MOTOR:
Cranes, hoists, elevators, trolleys, conveyors and electric locomotives. COMPOUND MOTOR:
Rolling mills, punches, shears, heavy planers and elevators.

3. List the merits and demerits of Swinburne‟s test. [May/June 2015] MERITS:
1)Since constant losses are known,the efficiency can be estimated at any load. 2)Economical as
Less Power is required.
3)The motor is not required to be loaded.
DEMERITS:
1) As it is a no load test it cannot be performed on a series motor.
2) Difficult to know whether there will be a satisfactory commutation at full load.

4. Define Speed regulation of dc motor.

The speed regulation of a d.c .motor is defined as the ratio of change in speed corresponding to
no load and full load condition to speed corresponding to full load. MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION:
%Speed regulation = Nno load - Nfull load / N full load * 100

5. Define Fleming‟s left hand rule .[ Nov/Dec 2015]

The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of right hand are held so that these fingers are mutually
perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of the lines of flux, thumb gives
the direction of the relative motion of conductor and middle finger gives the direction of the emf
induced.

6. When you will say the motor is running at base speed? [Nov/Dec 2005] The speed with
which motor runs when its armature is excited at a rated voltage and the field winding carries
maximum rated current, is called base speed of the motor. It is the rated speed of the motor
which is mentioned on the name plate of the machine
.
7. Summarize the different techniques used to control the speed of DC shunt motor.
[May/June 2011 ]
1. Changing the flux ϕ by controlling the current through the field winding called fluxcontrol

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai III SEM
methods.
2. Changing the armature path resistance which in turn changes the voltage applied across the
armature called rheostatic control.
3. Changing the applied voltage called voltage control method.

8. Describe the torque equation of a DC motor. [May/June 20121]

The torque equation of d.c. Motor is Ta = (1/2π) ϕIa * PZ/A where ϕ
=Flux per pole, P=number of poles, Z=Number of conductors, A=Number of parallel paths and
Ia is armature current .

9. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Flux control method.

Advantages:
1. It provides relatively smooth and easy control.
2. Speed control above rated speed is possible.
3. As the field winding resistance is high, the field current is small. Hence power loss
(I2sh R) in the external resistance is very small, which makes the method more
economical and efficient.
Disadvantages:
1. The sped control below normal rated speed is not possible as flux can be increased only upto
its rated value.
2. As flux reduces, speed increases. but high peed affects the commutation making motor
operation unstable. So there is limit to the maximum speed above normal, possible by this
method.

10. Express the voltage equation of DC motor.

In case of D.C. motor, supply voltage V has to overcome back e.m.f. Eb which is opposing V
and also various drops as armature resistance drop Ia Ra, brush drop etc. In fact the electrical
work done in overcoming the back e.m.f gets converted into the mechanical energy developed in
the armature. Hence the voltage equation of a D.C. motor can be written as,

V = Eb + Ia Ra + Brush drop
11. Demonstrate How to reverse the direction of rotation of dc motor? [Nov/Dec 2013]
Either the field direction or direction of current through armature conductor is reversed.

12. Show at what load does the efficiency is maximum in D.C. Shunt machines. [Nov/Dec
2011]
When load current through the D.C. Shunt motor at that time of maximum efficiency can
be obtained. At maximum efficiency,I2 Ra a= Pi = (Stray +shunt field losses).
Ia = Pi / Ra = √constant losses/Armature resistance

13. Illustrate the circuit model of various types of motors. [Nov/Dec 2015]

SHUNT MOTOR SERIES MOTOR COMPOUND MOTOR

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai III SEM

14. Point out why the Starters necessary for starting DC motors. [Nov/Dec 2012]

15. When a dc motor is directly switched on, at the time of starting, the motor back emf is zero.
Due to this, the armature current is very high. Due to the very high current, the motor gets
damaged. To reduce the starting current of the motor a starter is used.

16. Classify the different methods of speed control in DC motor? [May/June 2015]
For Shunt motor: 1.Armature control,
2. Flux or field control,
3. Applied voltage control.
For Series motor: 1.Rheostatic control,
2. Applied voltage control,
3. Flux control.

17. Explain why Swinburne‟s test cannot be performed on DC series motor. [Nov/Dec
2011]
The Swinburne‟s test is a no load test. On no load, d.c series motor runs at dangerously high
speed and may get damaged. Hence no load condition cannot be performed on
D.C. series motor for testing purpose. Thus the Swinburne‟s test cannot be performed
on D.C. Series motor.

18. Criticize “belt drive not suitable for DC series motor why?”[ May/June 2015]

For belt driven loads, there is possibility of breaking of a belt causing no load condition for the
series motor. But on no load, d.c. series motor tries to run at dangerously high speed and may get
damaged. To avoid such situation, d.c.series motor is not suitable for belt driven loads.

19. Explain the significance of back emf in a DC motor. ?”[ May/June 2015]

After a motoring action, there exists a generating action.There is an induced e.m.f. in the rotating
armature conductors according to Faraday‟s law of Electromagnetic induction.In a d.c. Motor
electrical input i.e. the supply voltage is the cause and hence this induced e.m.f opposes the
supply voltage.(According to lenz‟s law).So as this e.m.f always opposes the supply voltage, it is
called back e.m.f and denoted as Eb.
Eb = ϕPNZ/60A volts

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai III SEM

20. Explain the function of no-volt release in a three-point starter.[ Nov/Dec 2013]
As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR coil produce
enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in ON position against spring
force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a prescribed value then
electromagnet may not have enough force to retain so handle will come back to OFF position
due to spring force automatically.

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S.K.P. Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai III SEM

Part – B Questions

1. Describe briefly the various methods of controlling the speed of a DC shunt motor and
bring out their merits and demerits. Also, state the situations where each method is suitable.
[May/June 2015]

2. Describe Plugging, dynamic and regenerative braking in DC Motor. [May/June 2015]

3. A 230 volts DC Shunt motor on no-load runs at a speed of 1200 RPM and draw a current of
4.5 Amperes. The armature and shunt field resistances are 0.3 ohm and 230 ohms respectively.
Calculate the back EMF induced and speed, when loaded and drawing a current of 36
Amperes.[May/June 2013]

4. Discuss why starting current is high at the moment of starting a DC Motor? Explain the
method of limiting the starting current in DC motors and also. [Nov/Dec 2015]

5. With neat sketch explain three point starter to start the DC Shunt motor.[ May/June 2015]

6. A DC series motor runs at 500 rpm on 220 V supply drawing a current of 50 A. The total
resistance of the machine is 0.15Ω, calculate the value of the extra resistance to be connected in
series with the motor circuit that will reduce the speed to 300 rpm. The load torque being then
half of the previous to the current. [Nov/Dec 2014]
7. A 500V dc shunt motor running at 700 rpm takes an armature current of 50A.Its effective
armature resistance is 0.4Ω. What resistance must be placed in series with the armature to reduce
the speed to 600 rpm, the torque remaining constant? [May/June 2012]

8. Explain briefly the merits and demerits of Hopkinson‟s test? [May/June 2014]

9. A 400 Volts DC Shunt motor has a no load speed of 1450 RPM, the line current being 9
Amperes. At full loaded condition, the line current is 75 Amperes. If the shunt field resistance is
200 Ohms and armature resistance is 0.5Ohm. Evaluate the full load speed. [May/June 2014]

10. With neat circuit diagram explain the conduction of Swinburne‟s test . [Nov/Dec 2005]

11. Illustrate the conduction of Hopkinson‟s test with neat diagram and
procedure. [May/June 2014]

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